Thit b in: Chiu sng

CHIU SNG
1. GII THIU ............................................................................................... 1
U

2. CC LOI H THNG CHIU SNG ................................................. 5 3. NH GI H THNG CHIU SNG ............................................... 16 4. GII PHP S DNG NNG LNG HIU QU .......................... 30 5. BNG DANH SCH GII PHP.......................................................... 38 6. BNG TNH.............................................................................................. 39 7. TI LIU THAM KHO........................................................................ 39

1. GII THIU
Phn ny gii thiu ngn gn kin thc c s v chiu sng v nhng thut ng cng khi nim c bn s dng trong ngnh lin quan n chiu sng.

1.1. Kin thc c s

T thi k s khai ca vn minh n thi gian gn y, con ngi ch yu to ra nh sng t la mc d y l ngun nhit nhiu hn nh sng. th k 21, chng ta vn ang s dng nguyn tc sn sinh ra nh sng v nhit qua loi n nng sng. Ch trong vi thp k gn y, cc sn phm chiu sng tr nn tinh vi v a dng hn nhiu. Theo c tnh, tiu th nng lng ca vic chiu sng chim khong 20 45% tng tiu th nng lng ca mt to nh thng mi v khong 3 10% trong tng tiu th nng lng ca mt nh my cng nghip. Hu ht nhng ngi s dng nng lng trong cng nghip v thng mi u nhn thc c vn tit kim nng lng trong cc h thng chiu sng. Thng thng c th tin hnh tit kim nng lng mt cch ng k ch vi vn u t t v mt cht kinh nghim. Thay th cc loi n hi thu ngn hoc n nng sng bng n halogen kim loi hoc n natri cao p s gip gim chi ph nng lng v tng chiu sng. Lp t v duy tr thit b iu khin quang in, ng h hn gi v cc h thng qun l nng lng cng c th em li hiu qu tit kim c bit. Tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp, cn phi xem xt vic sa i thit k h thng chiu sng t c mc tiu tit kim nh mong i. Cn hiu rng nhng loi n c hiu sut cao khng phi l yu t duy nht m bo mt h thng chiu sng hiu qu. 1.2. L thuyt c bn v nh sng nh sng ch l mt phn ca rt nhiu loi sng in t bay trong khng gian. Nhng loi sng ny c c tn sut v chiu di, hai gi tr ny gip phn bit nh sng vi nhng dng nng lng khc trn quang ph in t. nh sng c pht ra t vt th l do nhng hin tng sau:
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org

UNEP

Thit b in: Chiu sng Nng sng Cc cht rn v cht lng pht ra bc x c th nhn thy c khi chng c nung nng n nhit khong 1000K. Cng nh sng tng ln v mu sc b ngoi tr nn sng hn khi nhit tng. Phng in Khi mt dng in chy qua cht kh, cc nguyn t v phn t pht ra bc x vi quang ph mang c tnh ca cc nguyn t c mt. Pht quang in: nh sng c to ra khi dng in chy qua nhng cht rn nht nh nh cht bn dn hoc photpho. Pht sng quang in: Thng thng cht rn hp th bc x ti mt bc sng v pht ra tr li ti mt bc sng khc. Khi bc x c pht ra c th nhn thy c, hin tng c gi l s pht ln quang hay s pht hunh quang. Nh c th quan st trn di quang ph in t Hnh 1, nh sng nhn thy c th hin l mt di bng t tn hp nm gia nh sng ca tia cc tm (UV) v nng lng hng ngoi (nhit). Nhng sng nh sng ny c kh nng kch thch vng mc ca mt, gip to nn cm gic v th gic, gi l kh nng nhn. V vy, quan st c cn c mt hot ng bnh thng v nh sng nhn thy c.

Tia cc tm

Tia hng ngoi

Hnh 1. Bc x nhn thy c (Cc s dng nng lng hiu qu, 2005) 1.3 Cc khi nim v thut ng thng dng Lumen: n v ca quang thng; thng lng c pht ra trong phm vi mt n v gc cht rn bi mt ngun im vi cng sng u nhau l mt Candela. Mt lux l mt lumen trn mi mt vung. Lumen (lm) l ng lng trc quang ca Ot, c tng ln ph hp vi phn ng mt ca ngi quan st chun 1 W = 683 lumen ti bc sng 555 nm. Hiu sut ti lp t y l chiu sng duy tr trung bnh c cung cp trn mt mt phng lm vic ngang trn mi Ot cng sut vi chiu sng ni tht chung c th hin bng lux/W/m.

Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org

UNEP

Thit b in: Chiu sng H s hiu sut ti lp t: y l t s ca hiu sut ti mc tiu v ti lp t. Ngun pht sng: B n l mt n v pht sng hon chnh, bao gm mt hoc nhiu n cng vi cc b phn c thit k phn phi nh sng, nh v v bo v n, v ni n vi ngun in. Lux: y l n v o theo h mt cho chiu sng ca mt b mt. chiu sng duy tr trung bnh l cc mc lux trung bnh o c ti cc im khc nhau ca mt khu vc xc nh. Mt lux bng mt lumen trn mi mt vung. cao lp t: cao ca vt hay n so vi mt phng lm vic. Hiu sut pht sng danh ngha: T s gia cng sut lumen danh ngha ca n v tiu th in danh ngha, c th hin bng lumen trn ot Ch s phng : y l mt h s thit lp quan h gia cc kch thc d kin ca c cn phng v cao gia b mt lm vic v b mt ca c. Hiu sut ti mc tiu: Gi tr ca hiu sut ti lp t c xem l c th t c vi hiu sut cao nht, c th hin bng lux/W/m. H s s dng (UF): y l t l ca quang thng do n pht ra ti mt phng lm vic. y l n v o th hin tnh hiu qu ca s phi hp chiu sng. Quang thng v cng sng: n v quc t ca cng sng I l Candela (cd). Mt lumen bng quang thng chiu sng trn mi mt vung (m2) ca mt hnh cu c bn knh mt mt (1m) khi mt ngun nh sng ng hng 1 Candela (ngun pht ra bc x u nhau ti mi hng) c v tr ti tm ca hnh cu. Do din tch ca hnh cu c bn knh r l 4r2, mt hnh cu c bn knh l 1m c din tch l 4m2 nn tng quang thng do ngun 1 cd pht ra l 41m. V vy quang thng do mt ngun nh sng ng hng c cng I s c tnh theo cng thc: Quang thng (lm) = 4 cng sng(cd) S khc nhau gia lux v lumen l lux ph thuc vo din tch m quang thng tri ra. 1000 lumen, tp trung ti mt din tch mt mt vung, chiu sng din tch vi chiu sng l 1000 lux. Cng 1000 lumen chiu sng trn din tch mi mt vung s to ra chiu sng m hn, ch c 100 lux. nh lut t l nghch vi bnh phng nh lut t l nghch vi bnh phng xc nh quan h gia cng sng t mt im ngun v khong cch. nh lut pht biu rng cng nh sng trn mi n v din tch t l nghch vi bnh phng ca khong cch tnh t ngun (v bn cht l bn knh). E=I/d2 Trong E = chiu sng, I = cng sng v d = khong cch
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org UNEP

Thit b in: Chiu sng Mt cch vit khc i khi thun tin hn ca cng thc ny l: E1 d1 = E2 d2 Khong cch c o t im kim tra n b mt pht sng u tin dy tc ca bng n trong, hoc v thy tinh ca bng n m. V d: Nu o cng sng ca mt bng n ti khong cch 1,0 mt c 10,0 lm/m th mt thng lng ti im chnh gia ca khong cch s l bao nhiu? Li gii: E1m = (d2 / d1) * E2 = (1.0 / 0.5) * 10.0 = 40 lm/m Nhit mu Nhit mu, c th hin theo thang tnh Kelvin (K) l biu hin mu sc ca n v nh sng m n pht ra. Tng tng mt tng st c nung u cho n khi n rc ln nh sng da cam u tin, v sau l vng, v tip tc cho n khi n tr nn nng trng Ti bt k thi im no trong qu trnh nung, chng ta c th o c nhit ca kim loi theo Kelvin ( C + 273) v gn gi tr vi mu c to ra. y l nn tng l thuyt v nhit mu. i vi n nng sng, nhit mu l gi tr thc; i vi n hunh quang v n c ng phng in cao p (HID), gi tr ny l tng i v v vy c gi l nhit mu tng quan. Trong cng nghip, "nhit mu v nhit mu tng quan thng c th c s dng hon i cho nhau. Nhit mu ca n lm cho n tr thnh cc ngun sng m, trung tnh hoc mt. Ni chung, nhit cng thp th ngun cng m, v ngc li. hon mu Kh nng hon mu b mt ca ngun nh sng c th c o mt cch rt tin li bng ch s hon mu. Ch s ny da trn tnh chnh xc m chic n c xem xt m phng mt tp hp cc mu kim tra so vi chic n mu, kt qu ca ph hp hon ho l 100. Ch s CIE c mt s hn ch nhng vn l n v o c tnh hon mu ca ngun nh sng c cng nhn rng ri nht.
Nhm hon mu 1A 1B 2 3 4

Bng 1. ng dng ca cc nhm hon mu (Cc s dng nng lng hiu qu, 2005) Ch s hon mu ng dng c trng
chung CIE(Ra) Ra > 90 80 < Ra < 90 60 < Ra < 80 40 < Ra < 60 20 < Ra < 40 Bt k ni no cn c s hon mu chnh xc, v d vic kim tra in mu Bt k ni no cn nh gi mu chnh xc hoc cn c s hon mu tt v l do th hin, v d chiu sng trng by Bt k ni no cn s hon mu tng i Bt k ni no s hon mu t quan trng nhng s biu hin mu sc sai lch r rt l khng th chp nhn c Bt k ni no s hon mu khng h quan trng v s biu hin mu sc sai lch r rt l chp nhn c.

Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org

UNEP

Thit b in: Chiu sng Vic cho rng nhit mu v hon mu u cng m t nhng c tnh ging nhau ca n l mt quan nim sai lm. Cn nhc li rng nhit mu m t s biu hin mu sc ca ngun nh sng v nh sng c pht ra t . hon mu m t mc chnh xc m nh sng biu hin mu trn cc vt th.

2. CC LOI H THNG CHIU SNG

Phn ny m t cc chng loi v thnh phn ca nhiu h thng chiu sng khc nhau.

2.1 n si t (GLS)
n nng sng hot ng nh mt vt th xm, pht ra cc bc x c la chn, hu ht din ra vng c th nhn thy c. Bng n c mt b phn chn khng hoc np kh. Mc d b phn ny ngn s oxy ha ca dy tc n bng vonfam, n khng ngn nga bay hi. Bng n b ti i l do vonfam b bay hi ngng li trn b mt tng i mt ca bng. Nh b phn np kh tr, tnh trng bay hi s c ngn chn v trng lng phn t cng ln th hiu qu ca n cng cao. i vi nhng loi n thng, hn hp agon nit vi t l 9/1 c s dng do chi ph thp. Kripton hoc Xenon ch c s dng trong nhng ng dng c bit nh n chu k khi bng n kch thc nh gip b p li chi ph cao v khi hiu sut l vn cc k quan trng. Vic np kh c th lm dn nhit t dy tc, v vy dn nhit thp l rt quan trng. n np kh thng hp nht cc dy ch trong dy dn chnh. Mt khe h nh c th gy phng in, c kh nng ko theo dng in mnh. V khe nt ca dy tc thng bo hiu kt thc tui th ca n nn cc cu ch mch s khng d b h hng.

Bc x c th nhn thy c Tht thot do dn nhit v i lu Bc x tia hng ngoi

Hnh 2. n si t v s nng lng ca n si t (y ban v s dng nng lng hiu qu, 2005) c im Hiu sut 12 lumen/Ot Ch s hon mu 1A Nhit mu m (2.500K 2.700K) Tui th ca n 1 2.000 gi
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org UNEP

Thit b in: Chiu sng

2.2 n Halogen-Vonfam
n halogen l mt loi n nng si t. Loi n ny c dy tc bng vonfam ging nh n si t bnh thng m bn s dng ti nh, tuy nhin bng n c bm y bng kh halogen. Nguyn t vonfam bay hi t dy tc nng v di chuyn v pha thnh mt hn ca bng n. Cc nguyn t vonfam, oxy v halogen kt hp vi nhau ti thnh bng to nn phn t vonfam oxyhalogen. Nhit thnh bng gi cho cc nguyn t vonfam oxyhalogen dng hi. Cc phn t ny di chuyn v pha dy tc nng ni nhit cao hn tch chng ra khi nhau. Nguyn t vonfam li ng li trn vng mt hn ca dy tc-khng phi chnh xc nhng v tr m chng b bay hi. Cc khe h thng xut hin gn cc im ni gia dy tc vonfam v dy u vo bng molypen, ni nhit gim t ngt.

Hnh 33 n halogen vonfam c im Hiu sut 18 lumen/Ot Ch s hon mu 1A Nhit mu m (3.000K- 3.200K) Tui th ca n 2 4.000 gi

u im Gn hn Tui th di hn Sng hn nh sng trng hn (nhit mu cao hn)

Nhc im Gi cao hn Nhiu tia hng ngoi hn Nhiu tia cc tm hn Kh cm gi

2.3 n hunh quang 2.3.1 c im ca n hunh quang n hunh quang c hiu sut ln hn n si t tiu chun t 3 n 5 ln v c tui th t 10 n 20 ln. Dng in chy qua cht kh hoc kim loi bay hi c th gy ra bc x in t ti nhng bc sng nht nh tu theo thnh phn cu to ho hc v p sut kh.
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org

UNEP

Thit b in: Chiu sng

B khi ng

Chn lu
Hnh 4a. n hunh quang

Bc x nhn thy c

Tht thot do dn nhit v i lu Hnh 4b. S dng nng lng ca n hunh quang Pha bn trong thnh thy tinh c mt lp photpho mng, c chn hp thu bc x UV v truyn bc x ny vng c th nhn thy c. Quy trnh ny c hiu sut khong 50%. n hunh quang l loi n catt nng, do catt c nung nng l mt phn trong quy trnh ban u. Catt l nhng dy tc Vonfam vi mt lp bari cacbonat. Khi c nung nng, lp ny s cung cp cc electron b sung gip phng in. Lp pht x ny khng c nung qu, nu khng tui th ca n s gim xung. n s dng thy tinh natri cacbonat, mt cht truyn tia cc tm km. Lng thy ngn nh, thng l 12mg. Nhng loi n mi nht ang s dng hn hp thy ngn, do liu lng gn t n 5mg. iu ny gip duy tr p sut thy ngn ti u trn di nhit rng hn. c tnh ny rt hu ch cho chiu sng bn ngoi v chiu sng cc c nh gn hc tng. 2.3.2 n hunh quang T12, T10, v T5 khc nhau nh th no? Bn loi n ny khc nhau v ng knh (t 1,5 inch hay 12/8 inch i vi T12 n 0,625 hay 5/8 inch i vi n T5). Hiu sut ca cc loi n ny cng khc nhau. n T5 & T8 cho hiu sut cao hn 5 phn trm so vi n T12 40 Ot, v hai loi ny c a chung lp t nhiu hn trong cc h thng chiu sng. 2.3.3 nh hng ca nhit

Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org

UNEP

Thit b in: Chiu sng n hunh quang t c hiu sut hot ng tt nht khi nhit mi trng vo khong 20 n 30C. Nhit thp hn c th lm gim p sut thy ngn, c ngha l nng lng tia cc tm to ra s gim; v vy s c t nng lng tia cc tm tc dng vi photpho v kt qu l to ra t nh sng hn. Nhit cao c th lm dch chuyn bc sng ca tia cc tm, lm cho bc sng gn vng quang ph nhn thy c. Bc sng di hn ca tia cc tm s c t tc dng vi photpho hn, v v vy hiu sut sng s b gim. nh hng chung l hiu sut sng gim hn nu nhit mi trng ln hn hoc nh hn mc nhit ti u. c im Halogen photphat Hiu sut 80 lumen/Watt (b iu khin HF tng hiu sut thm 10%) Ch s hon mu 2-3 Nhit mu Bt k Tui th ca n 7 15.000 gi Photpho ha tr ba Hiu sut 90 lumen/Ot Ch s hon mu -1B Nhit mu Bt k Tui th ca n 7 15.000 gi

2.3.4 n hunh quang compact

Loi n hunh quang compact xut hin gn y m ra mt th trng hon ton mi ca ngun sng hunh quang. Nhng chic n ny cho php thit k b n nh hn nhiu, c th cnh tranh vi loi n nng sng v n hi thy ngn trn th trng chiu sng c hnh trn hoc vung. Sn phm bn trn th trng c b iu khin gn lin (CFG) hoc iu khin tch ri (CFN).

c im Hiu sut 60 lumen/Ot Ch s hon mu 1B Nhit mu- m, Trung bnh Tui th ca n 7 10.000 gi Hnh 5 : CFL

2.4 n hi Natri
2.4.1 n hi Natri cao p
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org UNEP

Thit b in: Chiu sng n hi Natri cao p (HPS) c s dng rng ri trong cc ng dng chiu sng ngoi tri v chiu sng cng nghip. Hiu sut cao l c im u vit hn ca loi n ny so vi n halogen kim loi v nhng ng dng ny khng i hi hon mu cao. Khc vi n thy ngn v n hologen kim loi, n HPS khng c cc in cc khi ng, balat chn lu bao gm tc-te in t cao p.ng h quang c lm bng gm, c th chu c nhit ln n 2372F. ng c np kh xenon gip to h quang cng nh hn hp kh thy ngn v natri.

ng h quang

B khi ng

Hnh 6. n hi natri Bc x nhn thy c

Bc x tia hng ngoi 0.5% UV bc x tia cc tm

Tht thot do dn nhit v i lu

S dng nng lng ca n hi Natri cao p

Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org

UNEP

Thit b in: Chiu sng

c im
Hiu sut 50 - 90 lumens/Watt (ch s hon mu tt hn, hiu sut thp hn) Ch s hon mu 1 2 Nhit mu m Tui th ca n 24.000 gi, duy tr quang thng c bit tt Lm nng 10 pht, lm nng tr li trong vng 60 giy S dng n sodium ti p sut v nhit cao hn s lm n phn ng cao hn. Bao gm 1-6 mg natri v 20mg thy ngn Kh np l Xenon.Tng lng kh s cho php gim lng thy ngn, nhng s kh khi ng n hn. ng h quang c t trong mt bng n c lp khuych tn gim chi. p sut cng cao, di bc sng cng rng v ch s hon mu cng tt, hiu sut cng thp. 2.4.1 n hi Natri h p Mc d n hi Natri h p (LPS) tng t nh h thng hunh quang (v chng u l h thng h p), nhng loi n ny thng c xp vo h n HID. n LPS l ngun sng thnh cng nht, nhng cht lng li km nht trong tt c cc loi n. L ngun nh sng n sc, tt c cc mu m LPS th hin l en, trng, hoc bng ca mu xm. n LPS c th s dng trong mc in p t 18-180. n LPS thng c hn ch s dng cho cc ng dng ngoi tri nh chiu sng an ninh hoc chiu sng ng ph v cc ng dng h p trong nh khng cn cht lng mu tt (nh cu thang). Tuy nhin, v hon mu km nn nhiu th khng cho php s dng chng cho chiu sng ng ph. c im Hiu sut 100 200 lumen/Ot Ch s hon mu 3 Nhit mu Vng (2,200K) Tui th ca n 16,000 gi Khi ng 10 pht, lm nng tr li ln n 3 pht

2.5 n hi thy ngn

n hi thy ngn l kiu n HID c nht. Mc d c tui th cao v chi ph ban u thp, n c hiu sut km (30 n 65 lumen trn watt, cha k tht thot balat chn lu) v pht ra nh sng mu xanh yu. C l vn quan trng nht lin quan n n hi thy ngn l lm sao thay th chng bng nhng loi n HID hoc hunh quang c hiu sut v hon mu tt hn. n hi thy ngn loi r, pht ra nh sng mu xanh da tri-xanh l cy, gm c ng h quang vi cc in t Vonfam c hai u. Nhng chic n ny c hiu sut thp nht trong h n HID, quang thng gim nhanh v ch s hon mu thp. Do nhng c im ny nn cc ngun sng HID khc thay th n hi thy ngn trong
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org UNEP

10

Thit b in: Chiu sng

Hnh 7. n hi thy ngn v s dng nng lng c im Hiu sut 50 - 60 lumen/Watt (tr phn L) Ch s hon mu 3 Mu nhit Trung gian Tui th ca n 16.000 24.000 gi, duy tr quang thng km in cc th ba c ngha b iu khin n gin hn v r hn.Mt s nc s dng MBF cho chiu sng ng ph ni m loi n SOX vng c xem l khng ph hp. ng h quang cha 100 mg thy ngn v kh agon.V bng thch anh Khng c catt nung trc, in cc th ba vi khe h ngn hn bt u phng in. Bng n bc photpho bn ngoi. N cung cp nh sng b sung s dng tia cc tm khc phc xu hng phng nh sng mu xanh da tri/xanh l cy V thy tinh bn ngoi ngn bc x cc tia cc tm.

2.6 n kt hp
n kt hp thng c miu t l n hai trong mt. n kt hp hai ngun sng bao xung quanh bi mt bng n np kh. Mt ngun l ng phng thy ngn thch anh (nh n thy ngn) v ngun kia l dy tc Vonfam c mc ni tip vi n. Dy tc ng vai tr nh mt balat chn lu ng phng in n nh cng sut dng in, v v vy khng cn balat chn lu na. Dy tc n Vonfam c qun theo cu trc bao quanh ng phng in v c mc ni tip vi n. Lp bt hunh quang bn trong thnh n
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org UNEP

11

Thit b in: Chiu sng

c im Cng sut danh ngha c trng 160 W Hiu sut t 20 n 30 Lm/W H s cng sut cao 0,95 Tui th 8000 gi

Hnh 8. n kt hp

2.7 n halogen kim loi

n halogen hot ng tng t n halogen vonfram. Khi nhit tng, hp cht halogen din ra s phn tch, gii phng kim loi v pha h quang. Halogen ngn thnh n bng thch anh khi b kim loi c tnh kim tn cng. c im Hiu sut 80 lumen/Ot Ch s hon mu 1A 2 ty thuc vo hn hp halogen Nhit mu 3,000K 6,000K Tui th ca n 6.000 24.000 gi, duy tr quang thng km Khi ng 2-3 pht, lm nng li 10-20 pht La chn v mu, kch thc v chng loi ca MBI a dng nht so vi cc loi n khc. Chng l loi n hin i hn so vi hai loi n phng in cng cao khc, do chng c hiu sut tt hn. Bng cch thm cc kim loi khc vo thy ngn, c th pht ra quang ph khc. Mt s chic n MBI s dng in cc th ba khi ng, nhng nhng chic khc, c bit n trng by nh hn, i hi xung nh la in p cao.

Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org

UNEP

12

Thit b in: Chiu sng

Bc x c th nhn thy Hnh 9. n halogen kim loi v s dng nng lng Bc x tia hng ngoi Bc x tia cc tm Tht thot do dn nhit v i lu

2.8 n LED
n LED l loi n mi nht b sung vo danh sch cc ngun sng s dng nng lng hiu qu. Trong khi n LED pht ra nh sng nhn thy c di quang ph rt hp, chng c th to ra "nh sng trng. iu ny c thc hin nh n LED xanh c ph photpho hay di mu -xanh da tri-xanh l cy. n LED c tui th t 40.000 n 100.000 gi ty thuc vo mu sc. n LED c s dng trong nhiu ng dng chiu sng, bao gm bin bo li thot, n tn hiu giao thng, n di t, v nhiu ng dng trang tr khc. Mc d cn mi m, cng ngh n LED ang pht trin nhanh v rt ng ha hn trong tng lai. Ti n tn hiu giao thng, mt th trng th mnh ca LED, tn hiu n ch huy bao gm 196 n LED ch tiu th 10W trong khi n nng sng s tiu th 150W. Cc c tnh khc nhau v kh nng tit kim nng lng ri vo khong t 82% n 93%. Cc sn phm LED xut hin di nhiu dng khc nhau bao gm c n thanh, bng iu khin v vt trong n LED, thng ch s dng 1-5W mi n bo hiu, em li hiu qu tit kim ng k so vi n nng sng vi li th tui th lu hn, gip gim yu cu bo tr.

2.9 Thnh phn chiu sng

2.9.1 Ngun pht sng/Mt phn x Yu t quan trng nht khi lp n, ngoi bng n ra chnh l mt phn x. Mt phn x nh hng n lng nh sng n tip cn c vng cn chiu sng cng nh cch thc phn phi chiu sng. Ni chung mt phn x thng dng khuch tn (mi trng c
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org UNEP

13

Thit b in: Chiu sng sn hoc c trng bt) hay dng phn quang (c nh bng hoc trng nh gng). Mc phn x ca vt liu phn x v hnh dng mt phn x nh hng trc tip n hiu qu v hiu sut lp n. Mt phn x khuch tn thng thng c hiu sut phn x t 70-80% khi cn mi. Vt liu phn x cao hay bn khuch tn loi mi c h s phn x ln ti 85%. B khuch tn thng thng hp thu v pht tn nhiu nh sng hn l phn chiu nh sng tp trung vo khu vc yu cu. Cng vi thi gian ch s phn x c th gim xung do bi bn tch t hay do hin tng vng m n UV gy ra. Mt phn quang hiu qu hn nhiu v chng pht huy ti a kh nng quang hc v h s phn chiu nn cho php kim sot nh sng v ch ng ngt chun xc hn. Trong iu kin mi, chng vn m bo c ton b ch s phn x trong phm vi 85-96%. Khi b c, nhng gi tr ny khng b hao ht qu nhiu nh mt phn x thng thng. Vt liu c s dng nhiu nht l nhm ant ha (h s phn x 85-90%) v si bc c cn thnh lp kim loi (h s phn x 91-95%). Nhm trng c s dng t hn (h s phn x 88-96%) v mt phn x quang hc phi c gi sch th mi c hiu qu, do vy khng nn s dng chng trong cc cm dy cu ch h kiu cng nghip v chc chn chng s b bi bn.

Hnh 10. B n gng quang hc

Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org

UNEP

14

Thit b in: Chiu sng 2.9.2 B phn ph tr B phn ph tr c s dng trong thit b chiu sng bao gm: Chn lu: Mt thit b hn ch dng in gip gim in tr m ca cc loi n phng in. i vi n hunh quang, thit b ny gip tch t lng in p ban u cn thit khi bt n. B nh la: Thit b ny dng bt n halogen kim loi v n hi natri c cng cao. Bng di cho bit c tnh chiu sng ca cc th sng thng c s dng: Bng 2: c tnh chiu sng ca cc th sng thng c s dng
Loi n n si t Lum / Ot Phm vi 8-18 TB 14 Ch s hon ng dng c trng mu Hon ho Gia nh, khch sn, chiu sng chung, chiu sng khn cp Tui th (Gi) 1000

n hunh quang

46-60

50

Tt, c Vn phng, ca hng, bit khi c bnh vin, gia nh lp bc Rt tt Khch sn, ca hng, gia nh, vn phng

5000

n hunh quang compact (CFL) n thy ngn cao p (HPMV)

40-70 44-57

60 50

800010000 5000

Trung bnh Chiu sng chung trong nh my, ga ra, xe, chiu sng bng n pha Hon ho Trng by, chiu sng bng n pha, khu trin lm sn vn ng, khu vc xy dng

n halogen

18-24

20

2000-4000

n hi Natri cao p (HPSV) SON n hi Natri h p (LPSV) SOX

67-121

90

Trung bnh Chiu sng chung trong nh my, kho hng, n ng Km Lng ng, ng hm, knh, n ng

600012000 600012000

101-175

150

Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org

UNEP

15

Thit b in: Chiu sng

3. NH GI H THNG CHIU SNG

Phn ny bao gm ni dung thit k h thng chiu sng ni tht v phng php nghin cu s dng nng lng hiu qu ca h thng chiu sng. Phn ny cng a ra ch s chiu sng cn thit cho mi loi cng vic khc nhau theo tiu chun ca n .

3.1 Thit k h thng chiu sng

3.1.1 Lng nh sng cn thit Mi cng vic u yu cu mc chiu sng nht nh ln b mt c th. m bo chiu sng tt l iu cn thit thc hin cc cng vic cn chiu sng. Vic chiu sng tt cho php mi ngi lm vic t nng sut cao hn. Thng thng c sch phi cn 100 n 200 lux. V th cu hi u tin i vi nh thit k l chn c mc chiu sng ph hp. y ban quc t v chiu x (CIE) v Hi cc k s nh sng (IES) a ra cc mc chiu sng cho cc loi cng vic khc nhau. Nhng ch s ny t tr thnh tiu chun quc gia v quc t trong thit k chiu sng (Bng nu pha di). Cu hi th hai l v cht lng n. Trong hu ht trng hp, cht lng c hiu l hon mu. Ph thuc vo tng loi cng vic m ta c th chn cc loi n khc nhau da trn ch s hon mu.
Mc chiu sng (lux) Chiu sng chung i vi cc phng v khu vc hoc khng c s dng thng xuyn hoc/v cc cng vic cn chiu sng bnh thng hay n gin 20 50 70 100 150 200 300 450 1500 V d v cc khu vc hot ng Chiu sng dch v ti thiu ti cc khu vc i li bn ngoi, cc ca hng ngoi tri, cc chung gia sc Li i b v bc ln xung. Khu vc ni hi. Trm bin th, gian l,.v...v. Khu vc i li trong nh my, ca hng v phng ct tr Chiu sng dch v ti thiu Gia cng ngui va v gia cng c kh, quy trnh chung trong ngnh ha cht v thc phm, cc hot ng c sch v lp h s thng thng. Gi treo, kim tra, phng thit k, gia cng ngui tinh v dy chuyn my mc, nhum mu, cng vic thit k quan trng Gia cng ngui rt tinh v gia cng c kh, cng c v dy chuyn my mc i hi s chnh xc n tng chi tit nh, cc linh kin in t, o v kim tra cc b phn phc tp (c th c chiu sng cc b) Nhng cng vic cn s chnh xc n tng chi tit, v d nh cc b phn rt nh ca cng c, ch to ng h, chm khc

Chiu sng chung dnh cho ni tht

Chiu sng cc b b sung i vi nhng cng vic i hi s chnh xc v th gic

3000

Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org

UNEP

16

Thit b in: Chiu sng 3.1.2 Thit k chiu sng ni tht Quy trnh thit k chiu sng tng bc c minh ha pha di c km theo v d. Hnh sau nu cc thng s ca mt khng gian thng gp.

cao lp t

cao trn nh

Bn lm vic Chiu di Hnh 11. Phng c cc kch thc

Bc 1: Quyt nh mc chiu sng cn thit ln b mt lm vic, loi n v ngun pht sng Phi tin hnh nh gi s b v loi chiu sng cn thit, thng th quyt nh c a ra da trn tnh kinh t v tnh thm m. i vi cc cng vic vn phng bnh thng cn mc chiu sng 200 lux. i vi khng gian vn phng s dng iu ha, chng ta nn chn n tup hunh quang 36W b i. Ngun pht sng c ph men s, thch hp cho loi n trn. Cn c bng h s s dng cho b n ny t nh sn xut tnh ton chi tit hn. Bc 2: Thu thp s liu phng theo mu di y: Kch thc phng Chiu di Chiu rng Din tch sn nh Chiu cao trn nh Trn nh Tng L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 10 10 m m m 100 2 m p.u p.u
UNEP

3,0 0,7 0,5

H s phn x b mt

Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org

17

Thit b in: Chiu sng Sn nh Chiu cao b mt lm vic tnh t sn nh Chiu cao b n tnh t sn nh L7 L8 L9 0,2 0,9 2,9 p.u m m

Ch s phn x thng s dng i vi L5, L6, L7 l: Trn Tn Sn nh g nh Vn phng c iu ha 0,7 0,5 0,2 Cng nghip nh Cng nghip nng Bc 3: Tnh ch s o phng 0,5 0,3 0,3 0,2 0,1 0,1

Ch s phng

Di x Rng Cao x (Di + Rng)

= 10 X 10 / [2 *(10 + 10)] = 2,5 Bc 4: Tnh h s s dng H s s dng c nh ngha nh l t l phn trm ca lumen n trn pht ra ngun sng v truyn n b mt lm vic. H s ny bao gm c nh sng trc tip pht ra t ngun pht sng cng nh nh sng phn chiu ra ngoi b mt cn phng. Nh sn xut s cp cho mi b n mt bng CU ring ly t bo co th nghim trc quang. S dng bng c sn t nh sn xut c th quyt nh h s s dng lp cc loi n khc nhau nu bit h s phn x ca tng v trn nh, bit loi ngun pht sng v xc nh c ch s o phng. i vi n tup i, h s s dng l 0,66 tng ng vi ch s o phng l 2,5 Bc 5: Tnh s mi lp cn thit bng cch p dng cng thc sau: Trong : N = S mi lp E = Mc lux cn thit ln b mt lm vic A = Din tch (L x W) F = Tng lng dng (lumen) ca tt c cc n trong mt mi lp UF = H s s dng ly t bng i vi mi lp LLF = H s tht thot nh sng. H s ny tnh hao mn theo thi gian ca lng nh sng pht ra t n v lng bi tch t trn mi lp v trn tng nh.
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org UNEP

18

Thit b in: Chiu sng LLF = Lumen n MF x Ngun sng MF x B mt cn phng MF Ch s LLF thng gp Vn phng c iu ha 0,8 Cng nghip sch 0,7 Cng nghip khng sch 0,6 200 100 N = 2 3050 0,66 0,8 = 6,2; nh vy s cn n tup i 6 nos. Tng s n 36W l 12. Bc 6: B tr cc b n m bo tnh ng u Mi b n u c xc nh mt t l khng gian so vi chiu cao. Trong cc phng php thit k trc y, t l ng u, ngha l t l chiu sng ti thiu so vi chiu sng trung bnh c gi mc 0,8 v t l hp l ca khng gian so vi chiu cao c xc nh m bo tnh ng u. Trong cc thit k hin i c kt hp gia vic tit kim nng lng v vic chiu sng th quan im ch o l m bo ng u t 1/3 ti 1/10 ph thuc vo tng loi cng vic. Ch s c p dng cho loi n trn l 1,5. Nu t l thc t cao hn ch s c nu, chiu sng ng u s gim xung. i vi mu b tr lp n, tham kho hnh 12. Ngun pht sng gn tng ch nn chim 1 na khng gian hay t hn.

Khng gian lm vic

Lp n

Hnh 12. B tr n
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org

UNEP

19

Thit b in: Chiu sng Khng gian gia cc b n = 10/3 = 3,33 m Chiu cao lp t = 2,0 m T l khng gian so vi chiu cao = 3,33/2,0 = 1,66 Con s ny gn vi dung sai v v vy c chp nhn. Tt hn nn chn b n c SHR ln. Lm vy c th gim s mi lp v ti trng chiu sng lin kt.

3.2 Mc chiu sng p dng cho cc loi cng vic / hot ng / a im khc nhau
3.2.1 Cc xut chiu sng Phm vi chiu sng: Mc chiu sng ti thiu i vi khu vc ni tht khng c ngi lm vic l 20 lux (tnh trn IS l 3646). H s khong 1,5 cho thy s chnh lch rt quan trng d l nh nht trong mc nh hng ca vic chiu sng. V vy, phm vi chiu sng sau c a ra.

20305075100150200300500750100015002000lux Bin nh sng: Bi v cc tnh hung din ra rt khc nhau d cng mt ng dng c s dng cho khu vc ni tht khc nhau hay cng mt loi hot ng trong cc iu kin khc nhau, bin nh sng c a ra cho mi kiu ni tht hay mi loi hot ng ph hp vi mt ch s chiu sng duy nht. Mi bin bao gm ba mc lin tc trong phm vi chiu sng c xut. i vi khu vc lm vic th ch s trung bnh (R) ca mi bin cho thy mc chiu sng dch v c xut s c s dng tr khi mt hay nhiu h s sau c p dng.

Ch s cao (H) ca bin nn c s dng trong cc trng hp c bit, h s phn x hay tng phn thp xy ra, cc sai s nu chnh lu s rt tn km, vic chiu sng l bt buc, chnh xc hay nng sut cao l yu t quan trng v kh nng th gic tt ca ngi lao ng c th gip thc hin iu ny. Tng t, ch s thp (L) ca bin c th c s dng khi h s phn x v tng phn cc k cao, tc v chnh xc khng quan trng v cng vic c tin hnh khng thng xuyn. Chiu sng xut Bng sau nu bin chiu sng xut cho cc cng vic v hot ng khc nhau. Ch s c lin quan n yu cu th gic ca cng vic, n s tha mn ca ngi s dng, n kinh nghim thc tin v n nhu cu s dng nng lng c sinh li.

Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org

UNEP

20

Thit b in: Chiu sng 3. Luyn kim v sn xut thp Xng nung kt Sn nh my Thng trn, bung qut, bung sng, my lnh, trm truyn L, l ng Chung B iu khin L bng chuyn, li i Sn xut thp Xng nung chy in Xng sn xut thp oxi kim Chung Sn l chuyn, bung c B iu khin Bung cha st vn To khun kim loi v nhit luyn Ty g thi, l ging, bung ti v x l nhit, xng ti sinh axit Bung ty g v lm sch, my cn th, my cn ngui, cn tinh, dy chuyn m thic v m km, phn on Chung B iu khin My cn dy, hon thin sn phm, x l v kim tra thp Kim tra thp l/tm thp L c Xng t ng Khng cn vn hnh bng tay i khi cn vn hnh bng tay Cn vn hnh bng tay lin tc Phng iu khin B iu khin Xng phi t ng Sn cht liu, c, lc khun, lm sch, mi, ty ra xm c th, to li th Hn tinh, to li tinh Kim tra L rn (chc chn xy ra chn ng mnh) Chung Kim tra 4. Sn phm gm s Trn, c khun, lm sch Gm Mi, c khun, p, lm sch, o gt, trng bng, nung Trng men, t mu Lm thy tinh Gian l, un cong,
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org

150-200-300 100-150-200 100-150-200 200-300-500 30-50-100 150-200-300 100-150-200 150-200-300 200-300-500 100-150-200 150-200-300 100-150-200 200-300-500 200-300-500 300-500-700 30-50-100 100-150-200 200-300-500 200-300-500 200-300-500 200-300- 500 200-300-500 300-500-750 300-500-750 200-300-500 300-500-750 150-200-300 200-300- 500 500-750-1000 100-150-200
UNEP

21

Thit b in: Chiu sng Bung trn, to hnh, ct, mi, nh bng, lm cng 200-300-500 Vt cnh, ct ta trang tr, khc n mn, m bc 300-500-750 Kim tra 300-500-750 5. Ha cht, du kh, v cc sn phm ha hc v ha du Li i bn ngoi, bc ln xung, bc thang v thang 30-50-100 Khu vc my bm v van bn ngoi 50-100-150 My bm v bung my nn kh 100-150-200 Xng ch bin c iu khin t xa 30-50-100 Xng ch bin c s can thip bng tay 50-100-150 Khu vc lm vic thng xuyn trong xng ch bin 150-200-300 Phng iu khin xng ch bin 200-300-500 Nh sn xut thuc v ha cht tinh ch Nh sn xut thuc Mi, nghin, trn, sy kh, nn vin, kh trng, ra, iu ch dung 300-500-750 dch, y, y np, ng gi, lm cng Nh sn xut ha cht tinh ch Li i bn ngoi, bc ln xung, bc thang v thang 30-50-100 Xng ch bin 50-100-150 Tinh ch ha cht 300-500-750 Kim tra 300-500-750 Sn xut x phng Khu vc chung 200-300-500 Quy trnh t ng 100-200-300 Bng iu khin 200-300-500 My mc 200-300-500 Sn phm sn Chung 200-300-500 Quy trnh t ng 150-200-300 Bng iu khin 200-300-500 Trn hn hp c bit 500-750-1000 Phi mu 750-100-1500 6. K thut c kh & sn xut thp xy dng Chung 200-300-500 Chn la 300-500-750 Sn xut kim loi tm p, ct, t dp, nghin, dp ni, tin, gp 300-500-750 Gia cng ngui, vch du, kim tra 500-750-1000 Xng c kh v cng c Gia cng ngui th v gia cng c kh 200-300-500 Gia cng ngui va v gia cng c kh 300-500-700 Gia cng ngui tinh v gia cng c kh 500-750-1000

Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org

UNEP

22

Thit b in: Chiu sng Phng o c 750-1000-1500 Xng t dp Chung 300-500-750 Gia cng chnh xc 1000-1500-2000 Xng hn Hn x v hn h quang, hn im th 200-300-500 Hn va, hn ng, hn im 300-500-750 Hn tinh, hn im tinh 750-1000-1500 Xng lp rp Gia cng th, v d nh b khung v my mc loi nng 200-300-500 Gia cng va, v d nh cm ng c, cm thn xe 300-500-750 Gia cng tinh, v d nh cm my mc vn phng 500-750-1000 Gia cng tht tinh, v d nh b cng c 750-1000-1500 Gia cng t m, v d nh sn xut ng h 1000-1500-2000 Xng kim tra v th nghim Gia cng th, v d nh s dng ng h o, kim tra cm lp rp 300-500-750 loi ln Gia cng trung bnh, v d nh kim tra b mt sn 500-750-1000 Gia cng tinh, v d nh s dng thc chia , kim tra my mc 750- 1000-1500 c chun xc cao Rt tinh xo, v d nh kim tra cc chi tit nh phc tp 1000-1500-2000 Gia cng t m, v d nh kim tra cc chi tit c kch thc rt nh 2000 Xng sn v bung phun nc Ngm, phun th 200-300-500 Chun b, sn thng, phun v hon thin 200-500-750 Sn mn, phun v hon thin 500-750-1000 Kim tra, sa li v phi kt hp 750-1000-1500 Xng m B, bn 200-300-500 nh bng v mi nhn 300-500-750 nh bng v mi nhn ln cui 500-750-1000 Kim tra 7. K thut in v in t, v sn xut thit b in Sn xut cp v dy dn cch in, cun sn bng v ngm cun, 200-300-500 cm my c ln, cm my n gin Lp rp c va, v d nh in thoi, ng c loi nh 300-500-750 Cm chi tit c chun xc cao, v d nh thit b vin thng, hiu 750-1000-1500 chnh, kim tra v nh c Cm chi tit c chun xc cao 1000-1500-2000 Sn xut thit b in Bng mch in In la 300-500-750 Ghp cc linh kin bng tay, hn 500-750-1000 Kim tra 750-1000-1500
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org UNEP

23

Thit b in: Chiu sng B dy dn, b chm, th nghim v nh c 500-750- 1000 B khung 750-1000-1500 Kim tra v th nghim Th ngm 150-200-300 Kim tra chc nng v an ton 200-300-500 8. Thc phm, ung, thuc l v l m Chung 200-300-500 Kim tra 300-500-750 ng hp, bo qun v lm lnh Xp hng v phn loi nguyn liu th 500-750-1000 Chun b 300-500-750 Hng ng hp v ng chai Ni chng 200-300-500 Quy trnh t ng 150-200-300 Dn nhn v ng gi 200-300-500 Hng ng lnh Khu vc ch bin 200-300-500 ng gi v ct kho 200-300-500 ng chai, nu bia v chng ct Cng on ra v x l chnh, ra chai 150-200-300 Kim tra chnh 200-300-500 Kim tra chai Khu vc ch bin 200-300-500 Rt y chai 500-750-1000 Ch bin du n v cht bo Tinh ch v trn 200-300-500 Sn xut 300-500-750 My nghin, lc v ng 200-300-500 Bnh ngt Chung 200-300-500 Trang tr bng tay, lm ng 300-500-750 Sn xut scla v mt 200-300-500 Quy trnh t ng 150-200-300 Trang tr bng tay, kim tra, ng gi 300-500-750 Ch bin thuc l Chun b nguyn liu, sn xut v ng gi 300-500-750 Quy trnh bng tay 500-750-1000 9. Dt & sn xut si D kin, ra 200-300-500 Nhum khi v pha mu 200-300-500 Sn xut si Xoay trn, lun dy, cun... 300-500-750 Mc si (Ko si) 750-1000-750 Sn xut vi Dt kim 300-500-750
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org UNEP

24

Thit b in: Chiu sng Dt Si ay v si x gai 200-300-500 Len si to 300-500-750 Si len xe loi va, si len mn, si bng 500-750-1000 Si len xe loi mn, si lanh mnh, si tng hp 750-1000-1500 Sa 1000-1500-2000 Kim tra 1000-1500-2000 Hon thin vi Nhum 200-300-500 Cn, x l ha cht... 300-500-750 Kim tra Vi mu xm 750-1000-1500 Thnh phm 1000-1500-2000 Sn xut thm Cun, chiu ri 200-300-500 To mu, xn ta, vin, ly nha m v lm kh nha m 300-500-750 Thit k, dt, sa 500-750-1000 Kim tra Chung 750-1000-1500 Nhum mnh 500-750-1000 10. Cng nghip thuc da v sn xut thuc da Lm sch, thuc da v ko cng, b, ct, v bo, nhi 200-300- 500 Hon thin, ghp 300-500-750 Gia cng thuc da Chung 200-300-500 L, nh bng 300-500-750 Ct, chia phn, xem qua v may 500-750-1000 Xp loi, phi kt hp 11. Sn xut qun o, giy dp, v vi Chun b vi 200-300-500 Ct 500-750-1000 Phi hp 500-750-1000 May 750-1000-1500 L 300-500-750 Kim tra 1000-1500-2000 May tay 1000-1500-2000 Hng dt kim, an My dt kim sn phng 300-500-750 My dt kim vng 500-700-1000 Mi khu chng v my vt s 750-1000-1500 Khu mt xch hay khu thnh hng thng 750-1000-1500 Sa v hon thin bng tay 1000-1500-3000 Kim tra 1000-1500-2000 Sn xut gng tay
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org

UNEP

25

Thit b in: Chiu sng Sp xp v phn loi L, dt, ct May Kim tra Sn xut m Np, bn, tinh ch, to dng, nh c, nghin, l Lm sch, to g, hon thin May Kim tra Sn xut giy dp Thuc da v si tng hp Sp xp v phn loi Ct da v ng Thao tc chun b Bn ct v l Chun b nha lm cc, lm khun, lt, hon thin, phng giy dp Cao su Ra, trn, bc, lm kh, nh bng, lu ha, cn, ct Bc lt, sn xut v hon thin 12. G mc v my ca g loi ln Chung Li ca Xp loi Xng lm mc Ca th, gia cng ngui tinh nh c, bo, ri ct, gia cng c kh va v gia cng ngui Gia cng c kh v gia cng ngui tinh, ri ct tinh, hon thin Sn xut g Kho vt liu th Kho hng hon thnh Ghp g v lp ghp, ca th, ct Gia cng c kh, nh bng th v lp ghp, nh bng Phng cng c Bung phun nc Gia cng mu Gia cng sch ng t Phn loi lp g mt Khm g, p, rp ni v lp Kim tra ln cui Sn xut nm Kim tra vi Nhi, bc n, ct, may
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org

500-750-1000 300-500-750 500-750-1000 1000-1500-2000 200- 300-500 300-500-750 500-750-1000 1000-1500-2000 750-1000-1500 750-1000-1500 750-1000-1500 1000-1500-2000 750-1000- 1500 200-300-500 300-500-750 150-200-300 300-500-750 500-750-1000 200-300-500 300-500-750 500-750-1000 50-100-150 100-150-200 200-300-500 300-500-750 300-500-750 300-500-750 200-300-500 750-1000-1500 300-500-750 500-750-1000 1000-1500-2000 300-500-750 500-750-1000
UNEP

26

Thit b in: Chiu sng Lm m Ghp li Vin dy 13. Nh my giy v giy in My nghin bt giy, xng chun b Sn xut giy v ba cc tng Chung Quy trnh t ng Kim tra, phn loi Quy trnh sn xut giy Chung In lin hp Sn phm in Xng c ch Lm khun, sp ch in, ph bng tay v my Lp trc, phn loi Bung sp ch Sp ch bng tay, ln khun v chia ch Bn kim loi nng c kim loi nng Bn sp nh hay th sp nh Nim yt Bng c chiu sng Chiu sng chung Kim tra my in Sa bn in th Sao nh sChung Sot chun xc, sa li, khc n mn Sao nh v kim tra Bung my in My in Lm sn trc Kim tra t in ng sch Gp, dn, gii l v khu Ct, tp hp, rp ni 14. Nha v cc sn phm nha cao su Xng t ng Khng cn iu khin bng tay C th cn iu khin bng tay Cn iu khin bng tay thng xuyn Phng iu khin B iu khin Xng phi t ng Trn, cn, c p, phun,
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org

300-500-750 750-1000-1500 200-300-500 200-300-500 150-200-300 300-500-750 200-300-750 300-500-750 200-300-500 500-750-1000 500-750-1000 500-750-1000 200-300-500 300-500-750 500-750-1000 200-300-500 300-500-750 500-750-1000 300-500-750 750-1000-1500 750-1000-1500 300-500-750 300-500-750 750-1000-1500 300-500-750 500-750-1000 30-50-100 50-100-150 200-300-500 200-300-500 200-300-500 200-300-500
UNEP

27

Thit b in: Chiu sng p v hn thi, sa tm, ct mp tm, nh bng, hn phun In, kim tra Sn xut cao su Chun b khi lm do, cn Cn, chun b gin khung, ct khi c p, c khun Kim tra

300-500-750 750-1000-1500 150-200-300 300-500-750 300-500-750 750-1000-1500

3.3 Phng php lun nghin cu s dng nng lng hiu qu trong h thng chiu sng
Cc tip cn nh gi v cc gii php ci tin chiu sng c th lin quan n cc bc sau. Bc 1: Lp bng kim tra cc yu t trong h thng chiu sng v my bin p iu kin theo mu in hnh sau. Cng sut danh ngha, s lng v tnh trng s dng
ST T a im nh my Loi thit b chiu sng v chn lu Cng sut danh ngha ca n v chn lu S lng S dng/Ca I/II/III/ngy

My bin th chiu sng /m t cng sut danh ngha v s lng :

ST T a im nh my Cng sut danh ngha ca my bin th chiu sng (kVA) S lng c lp t iu kin o c Vn/Ampe/kW/Nng lng

Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org

UNEP

28

Thit b in: Chiu sng Trong trng hp cc bng phn phi sn c dng, thay v my bin p, cu ch danh ngha c th c nh gi theo mu trn thay cho my bin th kVA. Bc 2: Vi s tr gip ca lux k, hy tin hnh o c v cung cp t liu v mc lux cc a im nh my khc nhau ch lm vic, gi tr lux ban ngy v ban m cng vi s lng n "BT" trong khi o c. .Bc 3: Cng vi s h tr ca my phn tch trng ti xch tay, hy o v ghi li mc tiu th in v in p cc im u vo khc nhau, c th l bng phn phi hoc my bin p chiu sng cng lc vi thi gian kim k mc chiu sng. Bc 4: So snh gi tr lux o c vi tiu chun. S dng nhng gi tr lm tham chiu v xc nh v tr ca cc khu vc c chiu sng t v cc khu vc c chiu sng nhiu. Bc 5: Phn tch t l hng hc v tui th thc ca n v chn lu t cc d liu trc. Bc 6: Da vo cc nh gi v c lng k lng, c th a ra mt s gii php ci tin sau: Gii php s dng ti a nh sng mt tri qua cc tm lp trong sut, mi che nh sng pha bc, vv. Thay th n bng n s dng nng lng hiu qu hn, phi ch n cc yu t nh ngun pht sng, ch s hon mu v mc lux m cn so snh tui th n. Thay th cc chn lu bng cc chn lu s dng nng lng hiu qu hn, phi ch n cc yu t v tui th v cng sut, ngoi ra cn phi ch n tht thot in nng. La chn mu ni tht phn x nh sng. Thay i s b tr tu theo tng nhu cu. Cung cp cc thit b iu khin theo nhm / n l khi chiu sng s dng nng lng hiu qu chng hn nh: Loi iu chnh in p theo kiu tt/m ( iu khin chiu sng) Cng tc/cm iu khin theo nhm B cm bin chim ch Thit b iu khin quang in Thit b iu khin vn hnh b hn gi c hc Thit b iu khin vn hnh my nhn tin Cc chng trnh iu khin chiu sng c lp trnh ha Lp t b iu chnh/b iu khin in p vo s dng nng lng hiu qu v tng tui th ca n, khi lm s xut hin ngun in p v dao ng cao hn. Cc v d v vic s dng cc loi n tit kim nng lng nh n LED thay th loi n c s dng trong cc bng iu khin/cc khu vc c thit b o c, vv.

Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org

UNEP

29

Thit b in: Chiu sng

4. GII PHP S DNG NNG LNG HIU QU

Mc ny a ra cc phng thc c th bo ton nng lng bng cch ng dng quy trnh cng ngh chiu sng tt.

4.1 S dng chiu sng t nhin

Tin ch ca vic chiu sng t nhin thay th chiu sng bng in vo ban ngy c nhiu ngi bit n nhng cng ngy cng b b qua c bit cc vn phng c trang b iu ho khng kh hin i v cc khu thng mi nh khch sn, trung tm mua bn vv. Nhn chung, cc nh my cng nghip s dng nh sng ban ngy theo mt s mu, nhng h thng chiu sng ban ngy c thit k khng ng c th dn n nhng phn nn t nhn vin hoc dn n vic s dng thm cc n in vo ban ngy. Lu mt ng dng cn mc chiu sng l 500 lux. tnh ton tht thot do phn x v khuych tn bn trong h thng ca s trn nh, gi nh rng 40% nh sng mt tri xuyn qua ca s trn nh lan ta trong khng gian. Do vy, vo ngy c nng, khong 2% din tch trn nh c s dng lm ca s. b cho cc gc mt tri thp, iu kin sng m, ca s trn nh bn, vv. din tch ny tng gp i ln ti khong 4%. tnh ton cho iu kin my m trung bnh, con s ny tng ln ti 10% hoc 15%. Mt vi phng php kt hp chiu sng ban ngy l: S dng chiu sng pha bc nu khung mi che loi rng ca l loi cng nghip chung; thit k ny ph hp cho v tuyn 23 bc, ngha l pha bc n . pha nam n , chiu sng pha bc c th khng ph hp tr khi s dng knh khuych tn gim bt nh sng mt tri trc tip. Cc thit k i mi c th ph hp v chng loi tr chi ca nh sng ban ngy v rt hp vi ni tht. Cc di knh chy sut b ngang ca mi nh theo cc khong u c th cung cp chiu sng tt, ng nht trong cc xng cng nghip v cc nh kho. Mt thit k tt kt hp vi cc ca s trn nh lm bng cht liu FRP cng vi trn gi trong sut v trong m c th cung cp chiu sng khng c nh sng chi, trn gi cng gim hi nng t nh sng t nhin. S dng ca vi mi vm FRP c kin trc c bn c th loi tr vic s dng n in trong hnh lang ca cc nh cao tng. Cng nn s dng nh sng t nhin t ca s. Tuy nhin, ca s nn c thit k tt trnh nh sng chi. Nn s dng cc gi nh sng cung cp nh sng t nhin khng c nh sng chi.

Hnh 13. Chiu dng nng lngbngqu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu Hng dn s sng t nhin hiu mi che cacbonat tng hp www.energyefficiencyasia.org Hnh 15. Ca c mi vm FRP

UNEP

30

Thit b in: Chiu sng

4.2 Gim s lng n gim lng chiu sng tha

Gim s lng n l mt phng php hiu qu gim tiu th nng lng chiu sng. Trong mt vi ngnh cng nghip, gim chiu cao lp t ca n, cung cp b n hiu qu v sau tho n s m bo vic chiu sng hu nh khng b nh hng g. Gim s lng n nhng khng gian trng ni khng c hot ng lm vic cng l mt khi nim hu ch. C mt vi vn v gim bt n lin quan n s kt ni gia n v chn lu trong cc gi n c nhiu n. C chn lu ni tip v chn lu song song. Hu ht chn lu l c mc ni tip. T l khong 50/50, chn lu ni tip chuyn thnh song song khi s dng chn lu in t. Vi chn lu ni tip, khi tho mt n ra khi chn lu, n cn li s khng sng ng cch v s hng nu vn tip tc hot ng. Nhng n khng c tho c th s khng sng hoc s nhp nhy hoc sinh ra nh sng rt yu. Do vy, vi chn lu ni tip chng ta cn tho tt c n ra khi chn lu. Chn lu s tip tc s dng nng lng, t 10W n 12W vi chn lu t v t 1W n 2W vi chn lu in. Chn lu song song c th rt bt m khng gy qu nhiu vn v thng c tiu th bi cc nh sn xut chy t hn mt n so vi cc nhn hiu danh ngha.

4.3 Chiu sng theo cng vic

Chiu sng theo cng vic ngha l cung cp chiu sng tt theo yu cu ch tp trung vo din tch thc, cng vic c thc hin trong khi vic chiu sng chung cho xng hoc vn phng ch gi mc thp hn; v d n gn vo cc my mc hoc n bn. C th tit kim c nng lng bi v n c cng sut thp cng c th to ra chiu sng theo cng vic tt. Khi nim v chiu sng theo cng vic nu c thc hin mt cch hp l th c th gim s lng chm n chiu sng chung, gim cng sut ca n, tit kim ng k nng lng v cung cp vic chiu sng tt hn v cng to ra mi trng thm m v d chu hn. mt vi nh my dt, gim cao ca cc chm n tup lm tng thm chiu sng v cng gim c gn 40% s chm n. nhn thy li ch kp ca vic tiu th nng lng thp hn v chi ph thay th thp hn. mt vi ngnh k thut, chiu sng theo cng vic trong cc thit b my mc c cung cp bi cc n hunh quang compact (CFL). Thm ch trong cc vn phng, chiu sng theo bn khu bit bng cc n hunh quang compact (CFL) c th c a chung hn, thay v cung cp s lng ln n tup hunh quang chiu sng chung ng b.

4.4 La chn n v b n hiu sut cao

Chi tit v cc loi n thng dng c tm tt bn di. T danh sch ny, kh nng tit kim nng lng ca n c th c xc nh bng cch thay th bng nhng loi hiu sut hn. Bng 3. Thng tin v cc loi n thng c s dng
Loi n Cng sut danh ngha ca n tnh bng ot (Tng cng sut gm c tht thot chn lu tnh bng ot) Hiu sut tnh bng Lumen/Ot (Gm c
tht thot chn lu khi s dng)

Ch s hon mu

Tui th n

Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org

UNEP

31

Thit b in: Chiu sng

Loi n Cng sut danh ngha ca n tnh bng ot (Tng cng sut gm c tht thot chn lu tnh bng ot) 15,25,40,60,75,100,150,2 00, 300,500 (khng chn lu) 75,100,150,500,1000,200 0 (khng chn lu) 200,300,500,750,1000,15 00, 2000 (khng chn lu) 20,40,65 (32,51,79) 18,36,58 (29,46,70) 5, 7, 9,11,18,24,36 (8,12,13,15,28,32,45) 9,13,18,25 (9,13,18,25) ngha l cng sut danh ngha gm c tiu th chn lu). 160 (chn lu bn trong, cng sut danh ngha gm c tiu th chn lu) 80,125,250,400,1000,200 0 (93,137,271,424,1040,20 85) 250,400,1000,2000 (268,427,1040,2105) 70,150,250 (81,170,276) 70,150,250,400,1000 (81,170,276,431,1060) 35,55,135 (48,68,159) Hiu sut tnh bng Lumen/Ot (Gm c
tht thot chn lu khi s dng)

Ch s hon mu

Tui th n

Phc v chiu sng chung (GLS) (Bng n nng sng) Halogen Vonfam (Cc n) Halogen Vonfam (Cc kp) n tup hunh quang (c lp y bng Agon) n tup hunh quang (c lp y bng Kripton) n hunh quang compact (CFLS) ( khng c v lng knh) n hunh quang compact (CFLS) ( c v lng knh) n hn hp thu ngn n hi thu ngn cao p (HPMV) n Halogen kim loi (Cc n) n Halogen kim loi (Cc kp) n hi natri cao p (HPSV) n hi natri h p (LPSV)

8 n 17 13 n 25 16 n 23 31 n 58 38 n 64 26 n 64 48 n 50

100 100 100 67 n 77 67 n 77 85 85

1000 2000 2000 5000 5000 8000 8000

18 38 n 53

50 45

5000 5000

51 n 79 62 n 72 69 n 108 90 n 133

70 70 25 n 60

8000 8000 >1200 0 >1200 0

Nhng v d sau v thay th n l rt thng dng. Lp n halogen kim loi thay cho n hi natri/thu ngn n halogen kim loi c ch s hon mu cao khi c so snh vi n hi natri v thu ngn. Nhng n ny cung cp nh sng trng hiu qu Do , n halogen kim loi l la chn cho cc ng dng ch trng v mu sc, trong yu cu v mc chiu sng cao hn. Nhng n ny rt thch hp ng dng cho cc dy chuyn sn xut, cc khu kim tra, ca hng bn tranh, vv. Nn lp n halogen kim loi nu cn
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org UNEP

32

Thit b in: Chiu sng hon. Lp n hi natri cao p (HPSV) cho cc ng dng khng cn nhiu hon mu n hi natri cao p (HPSV) mang li nhiu hiu qu hn. Nhng c tnh hon mu ca HPSV l rt thp. Do , nn lp n HPSV cho cc ng dng nh chiu sng ng, sn, vv. Lp n ch bo panen LED thay th n dy tc. n ch bo panen c s dng rng ri trong cc ngnh cng nghip gim st, biu th hng hc, bo hiu, vv. n dy tc thng thng c s dng cho cc mc ch nhng c nhng bt li sau: o Tiu th nng lng cao (15W/n) o Hng hc n cao (tui th hot ng t hn 10.000 ting) o Rt nhy cm vi nhng dao ng v in p n LED c nhng u th sau so vi n dy tc. o Tiu th in t hn (t hn 1W/n) o Chu c dao ng in p cao trong vic cung cp in. o Tui th hot ng lu hn (hn 1.00.000 gi) Nn lp n LED thay cho n ch bo bng panen khi thit k. Cc loi n c s dng ph thuc vo chiu cao lp t, hon mu cng l mt yu t nh hng. Bng bn di tm tt kh nng thay th cng vi kh nng tit kim. Bng 4: Tit kim bng cch s dng n hiu qu hn
n ang dng GLS (n nng sng) Thay th bi n hunh quang compact (CFL) n hi thu ngn cao p (HPMV) Halogen kim loi n hi natri cao p (HPSV) n tup mng (Kripton) n tup (Kripton) n hi thu ngn cao p (HPMV) Halogen kim loi n hi natri cao p (HPSV) n hi thu ngn cao p (HPMV) Halogen kim loi n hi natri cao p (HPSV) n hi natri h p (LPSV) n hi natri cao p (HPSV) n hi natri h p (LPSV) n hi natri h p (LPSV) Kh nng tit kim nng lng, % 38 n 75 45 n 54 66 66 n 73 9 n 11 31 n 61 54 n 61 48 n 73 48 n 84 41 37 34 n 57 62 35 42 42

n tup tiu chun (Argon) n halogen vonfam

n hn hp thu ngn n hi thu ngn cao p (HPMV) Halogen kim loi n hi natri cao p (HPSV)

S c mt vi hn ch nu hon mu l mt yu t quan trng. Nn ch rng trong hu ht cc trng hp, b iu khin v b n cng phi thay i. S tit kim c nhiu nu phi hp chiu sng c thit k li bng cc n v b n hiu sut cao hn. Cng vic pht trin ng k ang c thc hin ci tin hiu sut ca cc b n. Vi n tup nhng ni khng c bi, nhng b n vi quang hc phn chiu c th c s dng thay th n loi vng lm c v men hnh l si theo li c truyn hoc n
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org UNEP

33

Thit b in: Chiu sng hc tng c chp n bng axit acrilic. Ln o ny c chp nhn v c thc hin rt nhiu vn phng v to nh thng mi.

4.5 Gim in p dy dn chiu sng

Hnh 15 biu th hiu qu khc nhau ca in p trong hiu sut sng v tiu th in ca n tup hunh quang. Nhng khc bit tng t quan st thy cc n phng kh nh n hi thu ngn, n halogen kim loi v n hi natri; bng bn di tm tt nh hng. Do , gim in p dy dn chiu sng c th tit kim nng lng min l chp nhn s st gim hiu sut sng. rt nhiu khu vc, in p li vo ban m cao hn bnh thng, v th gim in p c th tit kim nng lng v cung cp hiu sut sng danh ngha. Mt vi nh sn xut hin cung cp my phn ng v my bin th lm cc sn phm tiu chun. Nhiu ngnh cng nghip s dng nhng thit b ny v bo co tit kim ln ti 5% n 15%. Nhiu ngnh cng nghip gp phi vn v in p ban m cao hn c th c thm li ch t vic gim s hng hc sm ca n. Bng 5: S khc bit v hiu sut sng v tiu th in
Chi tit Hiu sut sng in np Hiu sut sng in np Hiu sut sng in np Hiu sut sng in np Hiu sut sng in np Hiu sut sng in np in p thp hn 10% n hunh quang Gim 9% Gim 15% n HPMV Gim 20% Gim 16% n hn hp thu ngn Gim 24% Gim 20% n halogen kim loi Gim 30% Gim 20% n HPSV Gim 28% Gim 20% n LPSV Gim 4% Gim 8% in p cao hn 10% Tng 8% Tng 81% Tng 20% Tng 17% Tng 30% Tng 20% Tng 30% Tng 20% Tng 30% Tng 26% Gim 2% Tng 3%

Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org

UNEP

34

Thit b in: Chiu sng

4.6 Chn lu in t
Chn lu in t thng thng c s dng cung cp in p cao hn thp n tup v hn ch dng in trong sut thi gian hot ng bnh thng. Chn lu in t l b dao ng chuyn i tn s cung cp t khong 20.000 Hz ln ti 30.000 Hz. S tht thot trong chn lu in t cho n tup ch khong 1W, trong khi 10W n 15W vi bm gi tiu chun. Bng bn di biu th lng tit kim gn ng khi s dng chn lu in t . Bng 6: Lng tit kim khi s dng chn lu in t
Loi n n tup 40W n hi Natri h p 35W n hi Natri cao p 70W Vi chn lu in t thng thng 51 48 81 Vi chn lu in t 35 32 75 Lng in tit kim, Ot 16 16 6

Li ch na l hiu sut ca n tup tng dng in cao hn, dn n tit kin thm nu chn lu c nh gi mt cch lc quan cung cp hiu sut sng ging vi bm gi thng thng. V th, c th tit kim c khong 15W n 20W vi mi n tup bng cch s dng chn lu in t. Vi chn lu in t, b khi ng b loi b v n tup lp tc sng m khng b nhp nhy. Rt nhiu ngnh cng nghip lp chn lu in t vi s lng ln cho n tup. Hot ng c th tin cy c min l chn lu in t c mua t cc nh sn xut c cng nhn. Chn lu in t cng c dng cho n tup hunh quang loi 20W v 65W, n CFL loi 9W &11W, n LPSV loi 35W v n HPSV loi 70W. By gi chng u c nhng gi tr thng mi.
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org UNEP

35

Thit b in: Chiu sng

4.7 Chn lu in t tn hao thp cho n tup

Tht thot trong bm gi in t tiu chun ca n tup vo khong 10W n 15W. C th tit kim c khong 8W n 10W vi mi n tup bng cch s dng bm gi in t t tht thot. Tit kim l do s dng nhiu ng v cc lp cn mng thp t tht thot trong bm gi dn n tht thot thp hn. Mt s ln cc ngnh cng nghip tin hnh o c ny.

4.8 Thit b hn gi, b chuyn mch nh sng khuch tn hoc m v b cm bin chim ch
iu khin t ng tt cc n khi khng cn thit c th tit kim c nhiu nng lng. C th s dng thit b hn gi n gin hoc thit b hn gi c lp trnh cho mc ch ny. B hn gi c th phi thay i, khong 2 thng mt ln tu thuc vo ma. S dng thit b hn gi l mt phng php iu khin tin cy. Cng tc chuyn mch c th c s dng thay i chiu sng tu thuc vo lng nh sng ban ngy Nn cn thn m bo rng b cm bin c lp ni khng c bng rm, tia sng ca xe c v s quy ry ca chim chc. Bin tr cng c th c s dng kt hp vi iu khin quang in; tuy nhin thng thng bin tr in t c n ch ph hp lm m n nng sng. C th lm m n tup hunh quang nu chng c hot ng vi chn lu in t, chng c th c lm m bng cch s dng my bin p t ng ng c ho hoc bin tr in t (ph hp lm m n hunh quang; hin ti nhng thit b ny phi nhp khu). B cm bin chim ch siu m v hng ngoi c th c dng iu khin chiu sng trong cc ca-bin v vn phng ln. Hin nay, n c loi cm bin chim ch hng ngoi n gin. Tuy nhin b cm bin chim ch siu m th phi nhp khu. Nn lu rng b cm bin chim ch tinh vi c s dng nc ngoi c s kt hp pht hin siu m v hng ngoi; nhng b cm bin ny tch hp mt b vi x l mi n v tip tc quan trc b cm bin, iu chnh mc nhy cm nh gi lc quan hiu sut. B vi x l c lp trnh ghi nh nhng c im thay i v c nh trong mi trng ca chnh n; iu m bo nhng tn hiu nhn c t nhit lp v thit b chuyn ng nh qut c lc ra. cc nc pht trin, khi nim v gi n tup c chn lu in t, bin tr iu khin quang in v b cm bin chim ch ang c cp n l mt gi hon chnh. Cc phng php iu khin sau rt hu ch. Khu vc chung u s dng chiu sng t nhin, c thit b iu khin chiu sng t nhin. S dng phng php lm m lin tc nhng khu vc t hot ng nh c sch, vit v hi tho. S dng lm m tng bc (iu chnh tt/bt) nhng khu vc vn ng nhiu nh i b v ly hng trn gi. Lun lun gn b cm bin chim ch bng siu m t nht t 20,88 cm n 27,84 cm t ng dn HVAC trn b mt v sn khng rung do khng c s d tm ngoi ca
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org UNEP

36

Thit b in: Chiu sng hoc khng gian m. nhng ni c cm gic lm ch cng vic cao nh cc vn phng t v phng hi tho, thng c cc cng tc iu khin chiu sng qu ti bng tay Nu s chiu sng c th t ng tt hoc tt bng tay khi mi ngi vn trong phng, hy t thm chiu sng ban m li ra c an ton. Nhiu thit b iu khin chiu sng c in p ring v yu cu trng ti danh ngha. m bo nh r mu thit b ph hp vi in p v trng ti danh ngha ng vi ng dng. Phng hi tho S dng b cm bin chim ch cng ngh kp cc phng hi tho ln d tm ti u nhng chuyn ng tay nh nhng v chuyn ng c th mnh hn. B cm bin chim ch hng ngoi b ng c gn vo gc hoc trn nh c s dng cho cc phng hi tho nh v trung bnh. Lun lun c cng tc iu khin chiu sng qu ti bng tay. Phng ng nh iu khin trng ti phch cm in nh chiu sng b sung, mn hnh my tnh, l si v qut xch tay bng phch cm trn c iu khin bng mt b cm bin chim ch. Gn b cm bin chim ch c nhn di k sch hoc bn v v tr m n khng th d tm c nhng chuyn ng bn ngoi phng ng. Nh v sinh S dng b cm bin siu m gn trn cho cc nh v sinh c bung nh. iu khin chiu sng bn ngoi S dng bng iu khin chiu sng c ng h hn gi v t bo quang in iu khin chiu sng bn ngoi bt lc hong hn v tt lc bnh minh v tt chiu sng khng nhm bo v sm hn vo bui ti tit kim nng lng.

4.9 n tup hunh quang T5

n tup hunh quang hin ang c dng n l loi T12 (40w) v T8 (36W). T12 ngha l ng knh ng l 12/8'' (33,8mm), T8 ngha l ng knh l 8/8'' (26mm) v T5 ngha l ng knh 5/8 (16mm). C ngha l n T5 mng hn n tup mng 36W. u im ca n T5 l v ng kinh nh, hiu sut ngun pht sng c th ci thin khong 5%. Tuy nhin, n ny ngn hn khong 50mm so vi n T12 v T8, ngha l b n hin nay khng th s dng c. Hn na, T5 c th hot ng ch vi mt chn lu in t. Nhng n ny c nc ngoi l loi 14W, 21W, 28W v 35W. Hiu sut ca n T5 35W l khong 104 lm/W (nguyn n) v 95 lm/W (vi chn lu in t) trong khi n T8 36W l khong 100 lm/W (nguyn n) v 89 lm/W (vi chn lu in t). N ch ci thin rt t vo khong 7% nhng nh s dng b n nhm siu phn x vi hiu sut cao hn, n T5 c tc dng ci thin ton b hiu sut trong khong t 11% n 30%. n T5 c mt lp bc bn trong vch knh chn thu ngn b hp thu trong knh v photpho. iu gim ng k nhu cu thu ngn t khong 15 miligam xung 3 miligam mi n N c li nhng nc c lut cht thi nghim ngt.
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org UNEP

37

Thit b in: Chiu sng Ti chu u, n T5 c s dng kh ln thay loi n T8 36W, 13,92cm. di ngn hn cho php tch hp trong cc m hnh to nh tiu chun. Vi vi chn lu mi, b n nh v phng, tit kim khng gian cng nh nguyn liu sn xut. Hoa K dn dn chp nhn cng ngh ny v n T8 4ft ch tiu th khong 35W 13,92 cm. Nhn chung, ti Hoa K, trng tm vn l kim sot quang hc tt hn l hiu sut n.

4.10 Bo dng chiu sng

Bo dng rt quan trng vi hiu sut nh sng. Mc sng s gim theo thi gian do s lo ho ca n v bi trong gi n, n v b mt phng. Cng mt lc cc yu t ny c th gim tng chiu sng l khong 50% hoc hn trong khi , n tip tc s dng y in. Nhng bo dng gi c bn di y gip ngn chn iu ny. Lau sch bi gi n, n v thu knh t 6 n 24 thng mt ln. Thay thu knh nu chng chuyn mu vng. Lau sch hoc sn li phng nh mi nm mt ln v phng ln 2 n 3 nm mt ln. Lau sch bi b mt n v bi lm gim lng sng chng phn x. Nn ch tp hp treo n li. Nhng n thng dng, c bit l n nng sng v n hunh quang thng tht thot t 20% n 30% hiu sut sng qua thi gian hot ng. Nhiu chuyn gia v chiu sng xut nn thay ng thi tt c n trong h thng chiu sng iu ny gip tit kim nhn lc, gi chiu sng cao v trnh gy tc dng ng sut cho chn lu ca cc n sp hng.

5. BNG DANH SCH GII PHP

Mc ny bao gm cc gii php s dng nng lng hiu qu quan trng nht Gim mc chiu sng tha xung mc tiu chn bng cch iu chnh, tho n, vv. (Bit hiu ng in trc khi tho n). Tch cc iu khin chiu sng bng ng h hn gi, thit b lm tr, t bo quang in, v/hoc b cm bin chim ch. Lp cc n hiu sut cao chiu sng kiu si t, chiu sng bng hi thu ngn, vv. Hiu sut (Lumen/Ot) ca cc cng ngh khc nhau t tt nht n km nht xp x nh sau: hi Natri h p, hi Natri cao p, halogen kim loi, hunh quang, hi thu ngn, si t Chn cn thn chn lu v n c cng sut cao v hiu sut lu di, h thng hunh quang khng dng c vi n hunh quang Compact v chn lu in t. Nn lu h thp gi n s dng t hn. Lu chiu sng t nhin, ca s trn nh, vv. Lu sn tng bng mu sng hn v s dng t n chm chiu sng hoc cng sut thp hn. S dng chiu sng theo cng vic v gim chiu sng nn. Ti nh gi iu khin, loi v chin lc chiu sng bn ngoi. Tch cc iu khin n. Thay i nhng tn hiu ang dng t nng sng sang LED.
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org

UNEP

38

Thit b in: Chiu sng

6. BNG TNH
Phn ny ny khng c bng tnh tch ri. Cc bng tnh dng tin hnh kim ton nng lng c gii thch trong mc phng php lun tin hnh "Nghin cu s dng hiu qu nng lng ca h thng chiu sng".

7. TI LIU THAM KHO

M hnh ny c iu chnh kh nhiu t cun "Thc hnh bng tay tt nht Chiu sng" xut bn nm 2005 do Cc s dng nng lng hiu qu, B nng lng, n . www.bee-india.nic.in. Chng trnh mi trng Lin hip quc (UNEP) chn thnh cm n Cc s dng nng lng hiu qu (BEE) v cho php s dng thng tin ca mnh cho Hng dn ny. Cc ti liu ngun tham kho khc gm: CIE (Commission International de lEclairage) and IES (Illuminating Engineers Society) Designing with Light- A lighting Handbook - Anil Walia-International Lighting Academy Handbook of Functional requirements on Industrial Buildings-SP-32- Bureau of Indian Standards. IS 3646 (Part I): 1992 Efficient Use of Electricity in Industries- Devki Energy Consultancies Pvt. Ltd., Vadodara Energy Audit Reports of the National Productivity Council Websites / Product Information CDs of the following manufacturers: Crompton Greaves Lighting Division Bajaj Electricals GE lighting, USA Watt Stopper Inc, USA Vergola India Ltd Lighting reasearch centre, USA LBNL , USA Copyright:
Copyright United Nations Environment Programme (year 2006) This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission from the United Nations Environment Programme.

Bn quyn:
Copyright Chng Trnh Mi Trng LIn Hip Quc (nm 2006)

Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org

UNEP

39

Thit b in: Chiu sng

n bn ny c th ti xut bn ton b hoc mt phn v cho bt k mc ch gio dc hay phi li nhun no m khng c s cho php c bit t ngi gi bn quyn vi iu kin phi nu ngun ca n bn. NEP mong rng s nhn c bn sao ca bt k n phm no c s dng n bn ny nh ngun thng tin. Khng s dng n bn ny bn li hay cho bt k mc ch thng mi no khc m khng c s cho php trc t Chng trnh Mi trng ca Lin hp quc.

Disclaimer:
This energy equipment module was prepared as part of the project "Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction from Industry in Asia and the Pacific" (GERIAP) by the National Productivity Council, India. While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the contents of this publication are factually correct and properly referenced, UNEP does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this publication, including its translation into other languages than English. This is the translated version from the chapter in English, and does not constitute an official United Nations publication

Khuyn co:
Mo un thit b nng lng ny c thc hin l mt phn ca d n Gim Pht Thi Kh Nh Knh t Hot ng Cng Nghip Khu vc Chu v Thi Bnh Dng (GERIAP) bi y ban Nng sut Quc gia n . Mc d c gng nhiu m bo ni dung ca bo co ny l chnh xc v ph hp tham kho, UNEP khng c trch nhim v tnh chnh xc hay hon thin ca ni dung v s khng chu trch nhim v bt k mt mt hay thit hi m c th lin quan trc tip hay gin tip cho vic s dng hay da vo ni dung ca bo co ny gy ra, bao gm c bn dch sang cc th ting khc ngoi ting Anh. y l bn dch t ting Anh v khng phi l n bn chnh thc ca Lin hp quc.

Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org

UNEP

40