Ky Thuat Truyen Dan SDH Diendandaihoc - VN 12113205052011

K Thut Truyn Dn SDH
Nghim Xun Anh 10. 8. 2004
ii
Mc lc
Phn cp s cn ng b (ng lc cho s ra i ca SDH) 1.1 Gii thiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.2 1.3 1.4 Mng s ..................................
2
2 2 4 5 5 7 7 8 .... 11 14 15 17 17 17 19 19
u im ca truyn dn s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cc vn ca truyn dn s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....................................
SDH l g?
Ti sao cn SDH? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PDH v SDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.4.4 1.4.5 Ba phn cp s PDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nhiu tc /dng tn hiu khc nhau: V d so snh DS1 vi CEPT-1 . Cc phng n nn khng khc nhau: V d B3ZS so vi HDB3 Nhiu th tc ghp knh khc nhau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nhiu kiu t chc/t l phn trm mo u khc nhau . . . . . . . . . .
1.5
Lin kt mng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.1 1.5.2 Khng tng thch gia cc nh sn xut cho thng tin si quang . . . . Kt ni ton cu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6
Thuc tnh v li ch ca SDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.1 1.6.2 s si Nhu cu khch hng tng v xu hng ca mng tng lai . . . . . . . .
SDH trn c quang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.... 1.6.3 1.6.4
20 Cc thuc tnh chnh ca SDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Li ch do SDH mang li . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 21
23 2 Phn cp tn hiu SDH (Tc , Dng tn hiu v Mo u) 2.1 SDH v PDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii 24
MC LC iv 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.2 2.3 Phn cp s cn ng b (PDH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PDH v cc Container SDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 26 27 28

28 28 29
Kt ni im - im SDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Khung SDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 Khi nim khung SDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Khung STM-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . STM-N (N=4, 16 hoc 64) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4
Cc byte truyn ti SDH v mo u ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.4.5 V tr /tn cc byte mo u SDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chc nng ca mo u on lp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chc nng mo u on ghp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mo u on ca khung STM-N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mo u ng VC-3/VC-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
30 32 33 36 37
2.5 2.6
Cc thnh phn ca tn hiu STM-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Container C-n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.6.1 2.6.2 2.6.3 C-4, VC-4, AU-4, AUG v STM-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-3, VC-3, TU-3, TUG-3, VC-4, AUG v STM-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . C-12, VC-12, TUG-2, TUG-3, VC-4, AU-4, AUG v STM-1 . . . . . .
40 42
43 43 45
2.7
n v Lung (TU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.7.1 2.7.2 2.7.3 Mc ch v dung lng ca TU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mi quan h gia TU-n (n=11, 12 hoc 2) vi TUG-2 . . . . . . . . . . TU v STM-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
46 47 48
51 3 ng dng con tr SDH (B tr- Mapping/ghp-Multiplexing) 3.1

3.2 3.3
Con tr STM-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Phn loi con tr STM-1 v v tr con tr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Con tr (H1, H2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1 3.3.2 (H1, H2) vi t cch mt con tr AU-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (H1, H2) vi t cch mt con tr AU-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
53 56 56 67 68 71
3.4 3.5
Con tr TU-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Con tr TU-1/ TU-2 ................................
v MC LC
3.5.1
3.5.2 3.6 3.7
Gi tr lch ti tin TU-1/TU-2
.....................
72
75 75 80 80 85 89 96 97 99
Cc hot ng con tr TU-1/TU-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mo u ng VC-1/VC-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B tr/Ghp tn hiu STM-1 3.7.1 3.7.2 ............................
B tr C-4 vo STM-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B tr/ghp C-3 vo STM-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8 3.9
B tr/ghp C-12 vo STM-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tng kt hot ng ghp/b tr: Din gii tc tn hiu . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.10 Cc tn hiu mc xch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.10.1 Chuyn i gia ch Floating v ch Locked . . . . . . . . . . . .
101 4 nh thi v ng b (Timing and Synchronization) 4.1

4.2
Gii thiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

ng b khung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 4.2.1 Siu khung v mu ng b khung ca mt tn hiu DS1 . . . . . . . . 103
4.2.2 4.2.3
4.2.4
Pht hin mu khung ca mt tn hiu DS1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 DS1 cu trc siu khung m rng (ESF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
ng b khung SDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.3
ng b mng
4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5 4.3.6
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Mc ch ca ng b mng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Cc thuc tnh chnh ca ng b mng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Ba cp ng b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 nh ngha mt s thut ng c s dng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Cc nguyn nhn gy rung pha, tri, trt pha v phase hit. . . . . . . . 114 Phn cp ng h ng b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
4.3.7
4.3.8 4.3.9
Phn loi ng h
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Kin trc ng b mng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 chnh xc ca ng h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
4.3.10 Nhng yu cu i vi tc trt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 4.3.11 Yu cu ng b SDH . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 4.3.12 Trng thi ng b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
MC LC vi 4.4 ng h v khi phc thi gian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 4.4.1 4.4.2

4.4.3 4.4.4 4.4.5
Cc chc nng v hot ng ca ng h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Khi phc thi gian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
M ng truyn nhm m bo mt bit 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 B gi ngu nhin dng cho nn zero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Cu hnh tn hiu nh thi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Danh sch hnh v
1.1
1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9
Mng s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Truyn dn s so vi truyn dn tng t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FDM (tng t) so vi TDM (s) .........................
2
3 4 6 8 11 12 13 14 16 17 18 18 24 25 27 28 29 STM-1 vi cc mo u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Chuyn i Tc /Dng tn hiu PDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dng tn hiu cho DS1 v CEPT-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tm quan trng ca Tc ng h My thu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tm quan trng ca Tc ng h My thu ng b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Khi phc thi gian (nh thi) ca my thu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ghp knh chn bit so vi chn byte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.10 Chn mo u cho cc tn hiu PDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.11 Mi trng sn phm sng nh sng t nhiu nh cung cp . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.12 Kt ni ton cu (DS-n/CEPT-n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.13 Kt ni ton cu (DS-n/CEPT-n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Phn cp tn hiu SDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phn cp tn hiu PDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kt ni u-cui SDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Khung SDH: Mo u v ti tin tch bit nhau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mt khung STM-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Khung ......
2.7 2.8 2.9
Tn ca cc byte mo u ca mt tn hiu STM-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cc byte mo u cho mt tn hiu STM-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cc byte mo u cho mt tn hiu STM-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31 36 37 38
2.10 Cc byte mo u ng VC-4/VC-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
vii
DANH SCH HNH V viii 2.11 n nh bit cho byte G1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.12 Cc thnh phn ca tn hiu STM-N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.13 C-4, VC-4, AU-4 v STM-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.14 C-3, VC-3, TU-3, TUG-3, VC-4, AU-4 v STM-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.15 C-12, VC-12, TU-12, TUG-2, TUG-3, VC-4, AU-4 v STM-1 . . . . . . . . . . 2.16 AUG (hay STM-1) v cc loi TU khc nhau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.17 Dung lng / cu trc khung ca TU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.18 Quan h gia TUG-2 v TU-n (n=11, 12 v 2) .................. 40 41 42 43 44 46 47 48 49 53 54 56 57 59 60 61 62 62 63 65 66 68 69 72 73 74 77 81 82 83
2.19 TU-12 v STM-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 Con tr, ti tin STM-1 v STM-1 .........................
V tr con tr ca bn loi con tr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T chc con tr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phm vi lch ca con tr AU-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iu chnh tn s dng (con tr AU-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iu chnh tn s dng (con tr AU-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iu chnh tn s m (con tr AU-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iu chnh tn s m (con tr AU-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trnh t lung d liu c nhn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.10 Cc trng hp c bit ca iu chnh Tn s Dng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.11 Cc trng hp c bit ca iu chnh Tn s m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.12 Tng v gim cc gi tr con tr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.13 Phm vi lch con tr AU-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.14 Phm vi lch con tr TU-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.15 Cc byte con tr TU-1/TU-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.16 Gi tr lch ti tin TU-1/TU-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.17 Cc v tr ti tin cp cao v cp thp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.18 Byte mo u ng VC-1/VC-2, T chc byte V5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.19 C-4, VC-4, AU-4, AUG v STM-N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.20 C-4, VC-4, AU-4, AUG v STM-N (tip) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.21 B tr CEPT-4 vo C-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ix DANH SCH HNH V
3.22 C-3, VC-3, TU-3, TUG-3, VC-4, AU-4, AUG v STM-N
............
85
86 87 89 90 91 92 93 93 94 95 96 98 99
3.23 C-3, VC-3, TU-3, TUG-3, VC-4, AU-4, AUG v STM-N (tip) . . . . . . . . . 3.24 CEPT-3, C-3 v VC-3 ...............................
3.25 C-12, VC-12, TU-12, TUG-2, TUG-3, VC-4, AU-4, AUG v STM-N . . . . . . 3.26 C-12, VC-12 v TU-12 (tip) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.27 TU-12, TUG-2 v TUG-3 (tip) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.28 Cn ng b E1, C-12, VC-12 v TU-12 3.29 Cn ng b E1, C-12, VC-12 v TU-12 ..................... .....................
3.30 B tr C-12 ng b bit so vi b tr C-12 cn ng b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.31 C-12 ng b byte: 30 knh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.32 C-12 ng b byte: 31 knh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.33 C-12 ng b byte: 31 knh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.34 VC-4-N so vi VC-4-Nc (concatenated) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.35 Con tr AU-4 v Ch th Mc xch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.36 Con tr AU-4 v Ch th Mc xch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Dng tn hiu DS1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Dng siu khung tn hiu DS1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Mu khung DS1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Ch tm kim mu khung v ch duy tr mu khung . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Tn hiu SF DS1 v tn hiu ESF DS1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9
Mu byte khung v cu trc khung STM-1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
S bin i pha gia hai tn hiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Phm vi tn s ca rung pha v tri pha theo G.810 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 V d v o tri pha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.10 nh ngha chc nng ca MTIE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 4.11 Kin trc ng b ha AT&T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
4.12 Cp ngun nh thi gian tch hp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 4.13 Tm quan trng ca chnh xc ng h my thu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 4.14 Tm quan trng ca chnh xc ng h my thu (tip) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
4.15 B nh m khe thi gian ca my thu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
DANH SCH HNH V x 4.16 Yu cu n nh ngn hn i vi STM-N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 4.17 Yu cu n nh ngn hn i vi tn hiu tham kho nh thi . . . . . . . . . . 122 4.18 Byte Bn tin Trng thi ng b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 4.19 Tm quan trng ca ng b ng h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 4.20 Tm quan trng ca ng b ng h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 4.21 Lung bit s nhn mong mun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 4.22 p dng m B3ZS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 4.23 Cc cu hnh nh thi khc nhau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Chng 1 Phn cp s cn ng b (ng lc cho s ra i ca SDH)

Mc ch ca chng Sau khi hon thnh chng ny bn c th M t l do cho s ra i ca cc tiu chun Phn cp S ng b (SDH) bng vic xem xt cc hn ch ca Phn cp S Cn ng b (PDH) nh : nhiu
tc /dng tn hiu PDH khc nhau; nhiu th tc ghp knh khc nhau cho cc tn hiu PDH, v nhiu cch thc t chc mo u v t l phn trm mo u khc
nhau cho cc tn hiu PDH. bng vic nghin cu mc ch ca cc chun SDH v bng vic xem xt c tnh ca mng tng lai M t cc thuc tnh chnh v li ch ca SDH Tm tt chng Mng s: u v nhc im SDH l g? ti sao li phi c SDH? Cc c tnh ca PDH ba phn cp vng nhiu tc v dng tn hiu khc nhau
nhiu k thut nn zero khc nhau nhiu th tc ghp knh khc nhau nhiu kiu t chc mo u v t l phn trm khc nhau
CHNG 1. PHN CP S CN NG B (NG LC CHO S RA I CA SDH) Lin kt mng khng tng thch gia cc nh sn xut cho thng tin si quang kt ni ton cu Cc thuc tnh v li ch chnh ca SDH
1.1
Gii thiu
Hnh 1.1: Mng s
1.1.1 Mng s
Qua my thp k va qua, cc mng thng tin tin ha t mng tng t sang mng s. Cc phng tin truyn ti chim u th ca k nguyn thng tin ban u l dy dn (i dy xon hay cp ng trc) v bu kh quyn (cc ng dng truyn thanh v v tinh). Xu hng ca mng hin i l s dng si quang lm phng tin truyn ti ch o nhng ni m n c th trin khai c. ng thi ny em li cht lng truyn dn tt hn v bng tn (hay dung
lng) ln hn.
Cc dch v c th c tch hp d dng hn vo cc mng s so vi cc mng tng t. Cc dch v thoi qua h thng iu m xung (PCM) c chuyn i thnh lung s liu 64 kbit/s. S liu t my tnh l dng s. Tn hiu
Video, bng cch s dng k thut nn bit, c chuyn thnh mt tn hiu s vi tc tng i ln. Tn hiu Fax c truyn i dng s ca n qua my thp k. Cc dch v ny c th s c ghp tip bi phng thc
TDM v tch hp vo mt lung tn hiu n truyn qua cc mng s.
1.1.2 u im ca truyn dn s
C rt nhiu u im ca truyn dn s so vi truyn dn tng t. Ba u im chnh c tng
kt nh sau:
3 1.1. GII THIU A. Gn nh min dch i vi nhiu (Hnh 1.2) Mt tn hiu suy yu i khi n c truyn qua mt h thng thng tin. Cng tn
hiu gim khi n lan truyn dc theo phng tin truyn dn. Ngoi ra, tn hiu s b lm sai lch bi cc ngun nhiu khc nhau. trung thc ca tn hiu xung cp v i khi s xung cp dn ti mc khng th chp nhn c. Cht lng truyn dn tr nn khng tha mn. Khi mt b lp c t ti nhng ni c cho l thch hp th c tn hiu v nhiu (hay tn hiu khng mong mun) s c khuch i. c c cc b lp c th lc c tt c cc loi nhiu l rt kh khn v tn km. V th dc theo phng tin truyn dn di, nhiu s c tch ly li. Khi tn hiu ti ch ca n, cht lng ca h thng c th hoc khng th chp nhn c, tc l t s tn hiu trn nhiu (S/N) c th tr nn qu nh khi phc tn hiu c pht i. Mt khc, mt h thng truyn
Hnh 1.2: Truyn dn s so vi truyn dn tng t

dn s s gn nh min dch i vi nhiu nu cc b lp ti to c t nhng ni thch hp. Nu mt mc logic "1" (chng hn +5V) c truyn qua mt h thng s, tn hiu s suy yu v b lm sai lch bi nhiu nh trong h thng tng t. Ti im lp, my thu to ra in p ngng pht hin v cc im ly mu (pht hin) nhng khong cch u nhau c quyt nh bi ng h my thu. Nu cng tn hiu thu c ln hn in p ngng pht hin th tn hiu nhn c c khi phc (hay ti to li) thnh mc logic "1". Tc dng ca nhiu s khng lan truyn dc theo phng tin truyn dn
di nh trong h thng tng t B. Tch hp cc dch v Nh c gii
thiu trong phn trn C. D dng ghp knh (xem Hnh 1.3)
Hnh 1.3 trnh by cc bc chnh c yu cu ghp mt s tn hiu tng t thnh mt tn hiu FDM (ghp phn chia theo tn s). Mi tn hiu tng t trc ht c iu ch tr thnh tn hiu c di thng bng cch s dng mt tn hiu sng mang vi tn
s sng mang chng hn nh f 1 . Mt b Lc Thng Di phi c p dng hn ch tn hiu iu ch vo di tn ca chnh n. Bc th 3 l ghp tt c cc tn hiu thng di ny vo mt tn hiu FDM truyn i. i vi TDM, mt chuyn mch in t (logic) c s dng nhn lung d liu (chng hn nh c 8 bit mi ln) t mi tn hiu s.
c
4 PHN NG CHO S
CHNG 1. CP S CN B (NG LC RA I CA SDH)
Hnh 1.3: FDM (tng t) so vi TDM (s)

Th tc ny nhm chn cc tn hiu tc thp, tng tn hiu mt, vo mt lung d liu
tc cao hn.
Ta c th thy rng cng ngh TDF d dng hn FDM . Do gi thnh cc h thng
TDM cng thp hn.
1.1.3 Cc vn ca truyn dn s
Mt s vn ca truyn dn s i hi phi c nhng gii php. Hai vn chnh c tho
lun y
A. ng b C vi l do i hi mt mng s phi hot ng cng ng b cng tt. Mt h thng s c thit k mang nhiu tn hiu ng thi qua cng mt phng tin truyn dn. Nu khng c phng n ng b c th chp nhn c th cc tn hiu s s b mo. Khong cch ng truyn tr nn ngy cng di hn do thng tin ton cu tr thnh mt hot ng hng ngy ca i sng x hi. Vic thiu ng b gia my pht v my
thu lm cho cht lng ng truyn d dng c th tr nn khng th chp nhn c.

Mt trong nhng nhim v quan trng nht l t c ng b khung ca mt lung d liu. t c ng b khung, ti my pht, mt mu khung c chn mt cch c chu k vo lung d liu thng tin. Vn ng b khung ny s c nghin cu sau
trong chng ny. B. Khi phc thi gian Nh trnh by
trong Hnh cc im ly mu (hay pht hin) c yu cu ti my thu hay b lp ti to. Cc im ly mu ny phi c "t" bi mt ng h chnh xc ca my thu. ng h cng chnh xc th gi thnh cng cao. chnh xc ng h s c tho lun trong Chng 7.Tuy nhin, cc ng h chnh xc ti my thu khng khi phc li lung d liu nhn c. Cc ng h phi c ng b vi lung d liu ti gim thiu li bt. iu ny cng s c tho lun trong chng ny. Tm li, thc hin khi phc thi gian ti my thu ta cn c ng h chnh xc s dng cng ngh nn khng.
5 1.2. SDH L G?
1.2 SDH l g?
Qu khng d dng nh ngha SDH ch bng mt vi t. Nhng mt s khi nim s c
a ra y. SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) hay phn cp s ng b c ngun gc t SONET (Mng Quang ng b) ca M, l mt thut ng ni ti tc , dng tn hiu v cc hot ng c ch ra trong b tiu chun ca ITU-T. Tuy nhin y khng lit k tn cc b
tiu chun ny.

SDH thc hin mt h cc tiu chun (hay giao thc). N c th v s giao tip vi cc mng hin c c xy dng trn cc tiu chun vng. SDH c th v s tr thnh mt tiu chun cng nghip cho thng tin si quang bng rng ton cu. Mng thng tin ny c th c b sung bi cc h thng cp ng v/hoc v tuyn cho cc ng dng ng truyn c ly ngn
v/hoc tc thp.
Khi mng s ca quc gia c trin khai mt phn thng qua cc chun SDH th cc vng SDH ny c th c kt ni ti nhng vng c trin khai vi cc tiu chun phi
SDH (thng c ni ti l cc chun cn ng b PDH). Mt s nt c bit ca SDH gm:

A. Cung cp cc giao tip quang ti tc STM-1, STM-4, STM-16, STM-64 v STM-256 vi tc tng ng l 155,52 Mbit/s, 2,5 Gbit/s, 10 Gbit/s v 40 Gbit/s v s c trnh
by sau trong Chng 2.

B. Cung cp cc phn t mng duy nht cc mng PDH c th c kt ni ti hay
giao tip vi cc mng SDH

B ghp xen r (ADM), h thng kt ni cho s DCS hay H thng mch vng s DLC vv... s cung cp cc giao tip gia h thng SDH v h thng PDH, chng hn nh chuyn i dng hoc tc tn hiu. Chng hn nh mt b kt ni cho s DCS c th
i din cho im giao tip gia cc mng SDH v PDH. C. Cung cp cc kh nang tch hp OAM&P trong mi phn t mng NE Cc mng SDH SDH cung cp cc knh thng tin s liu truyn cc bn tin OAM&P gia cc Phn t Mng NE hay gia cc H thng iu hnh (OS) vi NE trong cng mt khung tn hiu mang ti tin. iu ny tit kim c thit b v to ra s linh hot cho qu trnh vn hnh.
1.3 Ti sao cn SDH?

Nhu cu v tiu chun SDH c th c nhn t cc gc khc nhau. Tuy nhin nhng quan im sau ch mang tnh cht c nhn ca tc gi:
A. Mc tiu ca SDH Nhm n gin ha kt ni gia cc nh khai thc mng bng cch cho
php kt ni cc thit b do nhiu nh sn xut khc nhau ti mc m kh nng tng thch c th t c mc si quang. Ni cch khc kh nng tng thch cn bng l mc ch ca SDH B. S khng hon ho ca PDH
(s c tho lun sau)
CHNG 1. PHN CP S CN NG B (NG LC CHO S RA I CA SDH)
C. Nhu cu v cc dch v bng rng Cc dch v bng rng chng hn nh SMDS(Dch v chuyn mch s liu nhiu Megabit), Video theo yu cu v truyn hnh phn gii cao HDTV (High Definition TV), c th c thc hin d dng bng cng ngh thng tin si quang, m cng ngh ny khng cho php nhiu hn mt tiu chun lin kt mng. i u ny c minh ha nh sau: i vi thc t hin nay, mi vng PDH c cc tn hiu
Hnh 1.4: Chuyn i Tc /Dng tn hiu PDH
vi tc v dng ring ca chng. Hnh 1.4(A) ch ra mt tn hiu thoi "abc"c s
ha bi h thng PCM lut . Gi s lung s liu s ny c truyn i m khng c s chuyn i thch hp v c nhn bi mt my thu s dng cng ngh PCM lut A th tn hiu c khi phc s khng pht ra m thanh "abc". V vy, mt b chuyn i nh trn Hnh 1.4(B) phi c s dng. N
bao hm s chuyn i t lut sang lut A v khung 24 knh sang khung 32 knh. Bt k s chuyn i no cng i hi mt lng thi gian s l ti thiu. Lung s liu mt dng trc tin phi c a vo b nh m. B chuyn i sau s x l mt s lng bit nht nh, chng hn 8 bit mt lc v chuyn i tn hiu t mt dng ny sang mt dng khc. Ta c th hnh dung rng khong thi gian bit t 1hayt 2 (Hinhf 1.4)(C))c i hi lm thi gian x l. Nu cc tn hiu c chyn i c tc thp, khong thi gian bit ln dng lm thi gian x l. Tuy nhin nu cc tn hiu c tc cao, khong thi gian bit chng hn nh t 2 khng ln thc hin bt k s chuyn i no.
b b b
Nu khng c cc tiu chun SDH th c hai tn hiu s lut v lut A cho thng tin si quang s khng th t ti tc vi chc Gbit/s. Do khng th t c kt ni ton cu. Tm li, i vi thng tin bng rng i hi phi c mt tiu chun thng tin ton cu.
7 1.4. PDH V SDH Bng 1.1: Ba phn cp s theo vng Nht bn 64 kbit/s Chu u 64 kbit/s [E-0] 2,048 Mbit/s [E-1; CEPT-1] 8,448 Mbit/s[E-2; CEPT-2] 34,368 Mbit/s[E-3; CEPT-3] 44,736 Mbit/s[DS3] 91,053 Mbit/s[DS3C]
97,728 Mbit/s
M 64 kbit/s[DS-0] 1,544 Mbit/s [DS1] 6,312 Mbit/s[DS2]
1,544 Mbit/s
6,132 Mbit/s
32,064 Mbit/s
139,294 Mbit/s[E-4; CEPT-4]
274,176 Mbit/s[DS4] 397,2 Mbit/s
1.4 PDH v SDH

Mt trong nhng l do cho s ra i ca SDH l c tnh khng hon ho ca PDH. S khng hon ho c th hin qua Phn cp s theo vng Nhiu tc , dng tn hiu khc nhau Nhiu phng n nn khng khc nhau Nhiu th tc ghp knh khc nhau Nhiu cch thc t chc tn hiu mo u v t l phn trm mo u khc nhau
1.4.1 Ba phn cp s PDH

Nh c th thy trong Bng 1.1 c ba phn cp tn hiu s theo vng hin ang c s dng bi cc quc gia khc nhau. Tc v dng ca mt s tn hiu ny s c xem xt v so snh ch ra ti sao li cn thit cc tiu chun ton cu trong cc mng quang. Phn cp Bc M, Chu u v Nht Bn gm cc tn hiu vi tc nh cho trong bng trn. im khc bit gia
phn cp Bc M v Chu u l phn cp Bc M s dng m ha PCM lut cn Chu u s dng m ha PCM lut A. Cn phi cp rng cc tn hiu ny theo truyn thng c truyn qua cc h thng phi quang (chng hn i dy xon, cp
ng trc hoc v tuyn). Khi cc mng tin ha ngy cng nhiu sang cc mng trn c s si quang th cc tn hiu ny s c truyn theo cc n v tn hiu bng rng qua cc tuyn si quang. V d, Cc h thng si quang ca AT&T c s
CHNG 1. PHN CP S CN NG B (NG LC CHO S RA I CA SDH)
dng rng ri, FT Series G c hai tc 417 Mbit/s v 1,7 Gbit/s. Bng cch s dng WDM
(ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng) th tc cao nht t c l 3,4 Mbit/s.
Do c ba phn cp tn hiu theo vng nn nht thit phi chuyn i t mt dng ny sang mt dng khc kt ni cc tn hiu t cc vng khc nhau. Tuy nhin mi chuyn tr nn d dng hn nu nh ch c duy nht mt phn cp tn hiu s v khi khng cn thit phi thc
hin bt k chuyn i no. Gii php ca SDH - mt v duy nht mt phn cp:
Mt tn hiu STM-1 (155,52 Mbit/s) c thit k mang mt tn hiu E-4 tc 139,264 Mbit/s vi dung lng tha dnh cho dung lng mo u phc v chc nng
qun l mng. Mt STM-1 c th mang 3 tn hiu CEPT-3 Khng c k hoch no cho vic mang cc tn hiu CEPT-2 qua SDH c xut Mt STM-1 c th mang 63 tn hiu CEPT-1
Gii php ny hp nht nhiu phn cp s PDH khc nhau vo mt v duy nht mt phn cp tn hiu s s to ra kt ni ton cu d dng hn trong mi trng PDH. Cc tn hiu STM-N
(N=1,4,16 v 64) s c tho lun trong Chng 2.
1.4.2 Nhiu tc /dng tn hiu khc nhau: V d so snh DS1 vi CEPT-1

C hai tn hiu DS1 v CEPT-1 c mt khong thi gian khung l 125 s, chnh l khong thi gian gia bt k hai mu lin tip ca mt tn hiu tng t. Mi mu gm 8 bit tc ly mu
l 1/8000 ca mt giy hay 125 s. 8000 mu trn giy ny l tc ly mu Nyquist cho s
ha tn hiu. Trong th gii thng tin s, n v chung c s dng so snh cc h thng khc nhau l bit/s. Khong thi gian 125 s tr thnh n v thi gian chun. V vy thi gian c cho l b lng t thnh cc khung 125 s. Trc tin, mt khung DS1 nh ch ra trn
Hnh 1.5: Dng tn hiu cho DS1 v CEPT-1 Hnh s c xem xt. Khung 125 s c dn u bi mt bit k tip bi 24 khe thi gian,
9 1.4. PDH V SDH
mi khe thi gian mang 8 bit thng tin. Khe thi gian 8 bit ny c th c s dng mang tn hiu thoi, s liu hoc tn hiu hnh. Khi mt khung 193 bit/125 s c hnh thnh. Bit khung dn u c thit k t c ng b khung ca lung bit d liu. Ni n gin hn, t c ng b khung tc l t c mt bit du hay mt bit c ti my thu. Bit du ny xc nh im bt u ca mt khung 125 s. V vy, ti my thu, mt khi ng b khung c thit lp, mi thng tin 8 bit khi c th c phn phi chnh xc ti ch ca n. my thu ca h thng ny t c ng b khung, mt tn hiu DS1 i hi 12 bit khung, cc bit ny hnh thnh mt mu khung. 12 bit khung ny c phn b qua 12 khung. Khong thi gian 12 khung c gi l mt siu khung. Bn cnh s cn thit v thit lp ng b khung, bt k mt h thng s no cng i hi mt s loi tn hiu iu khin c bit ti vi tn bo hiu. Tn hiu bo hiu c th c s dng thc hin cc chc nng iu khin khc nhau, chng hn nh gim st, chc nng qun l, bo dng cng nh gim st trng thi hot ng ca h thng truyn dn. i vi mt tn hiu DS1, c mt khong 125 s mang 193 bit, mt bit cho ng b khung v 192 bit c chia s u vi 24 ngi s dng (knh). Khng cn bit no d cho bo hiu. Ta cn s sp t c bit truyn cc bit bo hiu c cp ti trn. S sp t ny c gii thch nh sau. Trong mi siu khung DS1, trong cc khung th 6 v th 12, cc bit c t ngha nht (hay trng s nh nht) LSB ca mi khe thi gian b ly trm cho mc ch truyn bo hiu. Phng n ny c gi l bo hiu trm bt. Nu DS1 c s dng truyn tn hiu thoi, vic mt i bit c t ngha nht mt ln trong su khung s khng gy ra s xung cp cht lng m c th pht hin ra c bi khch hng. Do , i vi thng tin thoi, mt knh 64 kbit/s (8 bit/mu 8000, tc l dung lng 8 bit c s dng truyn tin. Mt knh thoi c pht biu l mt knh 64 kbit/s. Tuy nhin, i vi truyn d liu, bo hiu trm bit gi ra rng bit c t ngha nht ca mi khe thi gian s khng c s dng truyn d liu. Bt th 8 ca mi khe thi gian c th c s dng lm chc nng mo u. Ni cch khc, i vi thng tin d liu ta s ch s dng 7 bit u tin ca mi khe thi gian 8 bit truyn ti d liu. Vi cch lm nh vy, s an ton cho d liu c pht i. i vi thng tin d liu hin i, chng hn nh cc dch v ISDN, mt knh sch (64 kbit/s) c yu cu. Do , phng thc bo hiu trm bit nh m t trn tr thnh mt dng thc khng mong mun. Kt qu l mt dng tn hiu mi cho DS1 c pht trin. Mt Siu Khung M Rng(ESF) c to ra, m rng mt tn hiu DS1 qua hai siu khung. Bng cch p dng ESF s khng cn n bo hiu trm bit. Mt knh sch 64 kbit/s c th t c bng vic n nh li 24 bit du (bit khung) c phn b qua khong thi gian 24 khung. Ni cch khc, trong khung 193 bit (hay 125 s), bt u tin khng cn c s dng duy nht cho mc ch ng b khung. Tip theo, mt khung CEPT-1 s c tho lun. S khc bit gia mt khung DS1 v mt khung CEPT-1 l ch khung DS1 l mt h thng 24 knh trong khi khung CEPT-1 l mt h thng 32 knh. Khung CEPT-1 32 knh (mt khong thi gian 125 s ging nh trong DS1) c dn u bi mt khe thi gian (hay knh) chuyn dng dng truyn thng tin v khung cho mc ch ng b khung, v mang cc tn hiu iu khin. Cn mt khe thi gian na l TS s 16 cng c s dng truyn bo hiu. Ni cch khc, mt khung CEPT-1 c hai knh s 0 v 16 c n nh cho cc chc nng mo u. Chng tng ng vi cc bit du v cc bit bo hiu trm bit cho mt tn hiu siu khung DS1. Kt qu l mt tn hiu CEPT-1 c 30 knh,
10 CHNG 1. PHN CP S CN NG B (NG LC CHO S RA I CA SDH)
Bng
1.2: Tng kt cc tn hiu DS1 1,544 24 t tp trung hn (phn b qua nhiu khung)
DS1 v CEPT-1 CEPT-1 2,048 32/30 Tp trung hn
Tc tn hiu (Mbit/s) S knh T chc mo
(tp trung trong hai knh)
cc khe thi gian th 2 n 15 v t 17 n 31 ca mi khung c s dng cho truyn thng

tin. Do , mt h thng nh th i khi c gi l h thng 30 knh. Mt tn hiu CEPT-1 c th c ni ti nh mt tn hiu 32 knh vi tc 2,048 Mbit/s (32 khe thi gian 8 bit/khe
thi gian 8000 khe thi gian /giy) hay mt h thng 30 knh (t quan im ca ngi s dng cui cng). T nhng g tho lun trn, ta c th thy rng c mt s im khc bit gia mt tn hiu DS1 v mt tn hiu CEPT-1 v tc v dng tn hiu. Chng c tng kt trn Bng 1.2. Ta c th thy rng bn cnh tc khc nhau ca hai tn hiu, s khc bit chnh gia chng l t chc ca cc bit mo u ca chng. i vi tn hiu DS1, cc bt mo u thuc loi phn b, trong khi i vi tn hiu CEPT-1 cc bit mo u thuc loi tp trung. thng tin ton cu, s cn thit chuyn i mt tc /dng ny sang mt dng khc l iu khng th trnh khi. Tuy nhin nh c tho lun trc y rng i vi mng s ton cu tc cao, mt phn cp hp nht cn phi s dng mt tc /dng tt nht cho cc tn hiu ca n. Ta phi quyt nh xem mt phng thc mo u phn b hay tp trung s c s dng cho phn cp hp nht mi ny. T quan im khai thc bng tn, mt tn hiu DS1 chc chn tt hn mt tn hiu CEPT-1. Hiu sut truyn dn t 99,48 % (1-1/193) v 93,75 (1-2/32) tng ng cho mt DS1 v mt CEPT-1. Tuy nhin t quan im thit k h thng, mt tn hiu vi mo u tp trung c u im hn so vi cu trc mo u phn b. iu ny c th thy t thc t sau. Mt tn hiu ISDN (23B+D hay 2B+D) c cng dng vi tn hiu CEPT-1 vi s tch bit ti tin (cc knh B mang thng tin) vi mo u (knh D cho ng d liu thc hin cc chc nng mo u) Gii php ca SDH - Module ha v mo u tp trung Trong sut tp ti liu ny ta s tho lun v mt tn hiu SDH c cc c tnh sau:
Tc l mt tn
tn hiu c modun ha tc hiu STM-N c tc bng
N155,52 Mbit/s (tc ca STM-1).
Trong mt khung 125 s, cc bit mo u thuc loi tp trung, cc byte mo u v ti tin l hon ton tch bit.
11 1.4. PDH V SDH
1.4.3 Cc phng n nn khng khc nhau: V d B3ZS so vi HDB3

Mt h thng s c th c s dng truyn mt tn hiu s chng hn nh d liu my tnh
hay c th c s dng truyn mt tn hiu tng t c s ha, chng hn nh tn hiu thoi. Bt k h thng s no cng phi c th phn pht cc tn hiu ny ti ngi s dng vi cht lng tt. Ni khc i, sau khi h thng s phn pht tn hiu s qua mt khong cch di, tn hiu khi phc c (hoc l d liu hoc l tn hiu thoi) phi cng ging tn hiu pht i t ngun tn hiu cng tt. Do , h thng s duy tr c mt cht lng c th chp nhn c, lung bit s nhn c phi c khi phc vi cng t bit li cng tt. mt my thu khi phc tn hiu vi mt t l li bit chp nhn c, h thng s i hi mt ng h thi gian gii m ng b v chnh xc bn cnh mt knh t nhiu. C hai vn ring bit
lin quan ti ng h h thng. Tc hay chnh xc ca ng h ng b ng h h chnh xc ng
Hnh 1.6: Tm quan trng ca Tc ng h My thu

Trc tin, s cn thit c mt ng h chnh xc s c tho lun trong phn ny. y, ng h my thu c gi thit l c ng b vi ng h my pht, s lng bit c gii m ti my thu s khc vi s lng bt c pht i ti my pht. Hnh minh ha vn ny. Gi thit l c 100 bit c pht i t
my pht trong 1 giy. Tc ng h hay tc
bit c cho l 100 Hz hay 100 bit/s. Ti my thu, mt trong cc trng hp sau c th xy ra.
A. Nu ng h my thu c cng tc vi tc ca ng h my pht (Hnh 1.6(A)) th my thu s gii m dng sng nhn c thnh 100 bit. Do c 100 xung ng h trong khong thi gian mt giy. ng h my thu ny c cho l c chnh xc 10do
tc ca n chnh xc bng tc ca ng h my pht.
B. Nu ng h my thu c tc chm hn ng h my pht, chng hn 99 xung ng h thay v 100 trong khong thi gian 1 giy th my thu s gii m dng sng nhn c

thnh 99 bit tc l 1 bit it hn nhng g c pht i (Hnh 1.6(B)). chnh xc ca
ng h ny c tho lun sau.

C. Nu ng h my thu c tc nhanh hn ng h my pht, chng hn 101 xung thay v 100 xung trong khong thi gian 1 giy th my thu s gii m dng sng nhn c thnh
101 bit, 1 bit nhiu hn nhng g c pht i (Hnh 1.6(C)).

ng h c s dng trong v d ny c cho l c chnh xc 102. S d nh vy l v tc danh nh l 100 xung ng h trong 1 giy, s xung ng h ti thiu l 99 v s xung ng h ti a l 101. S xung ng h lch so vi s xung danh nh l 1. Do , ta nhn c
1 xung ng h b thiu hoc tha 100 xung ng h danh nh gi l chnh xc ca ng h s c tho lun chi tit trong Chng 4.
(1.1)
ng b ng h
Hnh 1.7: Tm quan trng ca Tc ng h My thu ng b

Tip theo, tm quan trng ca ng h ng b ti my thu s c tho lun. Ni khc i, cu hi t ra l: liu c khng khi ch c
mt ng h my thu chnh xc c cng tc vi ng h my pht (gi thit h thng khng c nhiu)? Khi c mt ng h chnh xc ti my thu, ta c th t c cng s lng bit ti my thu nh nhng g c pht i t my pht. Tuy nhin, mc d ta c mt ng h chnh xc ti my thu, khi ng h khng ng b vi dng sng nhn c th do nhiu knh cng vi ng b ng h khng tt dn ti dng sng nhn c c th c gii m sai. Chng hn "1" c th c gii m thnh "0" v ngc li. iu ny c th d dng nhn ra t Hnh 1.7. Trong hnh ny, hai trng hp ng b ng h thu c ch ra. C hai trng hp c ng h cng chnh xc, tuy nhin trng trong trng hp 2, ng h b tr mt phn rt nh ca khong thi gian ng h. i vi trng hp 1, lung bit tn hiu c khi phc l "101001010010.." trong khi i vi trng hp 2, tn hiu c khi phc l "100(?)00101(?)001(?)0...". Tn hiu c khi phc ca trng hp 2 c 3 bit (bit s 3, 8 v 11, mi bt c ch ra bi du ?) khc vi tn hiu trong trng hp 1. Chng hn, trong khong thi gian xung ng h th 3, dng sng nhn c c mt in p hi thp
13 1.4. PDH V SDH
hn quyt hiu thnh trong

trng nghin lun vn
in p ngng nh. Do , tn khi phc tr "0" thay v "1" nh

hp 1. Ngi ta cu v i n kt rng khc phc ny, ng h
Hnh 1.8: Khi phc thi gian (nh thi) ca my thu

my thu cn phi ng b vi lung bt s ti. ng h chnh xc khi c th c s dng gii m mi bit mt cch chnh xc. Chc nng ny thng c ni ti nh chc nng khi phc thi gian ca my thu. Chc nng ny c ch ra trn bi s khi ca mch khi phc thi gian ca my thu trn Hnh 1.8. Dng sng (A) l lung d liu nhn c, y nhiu b b qua. Ngun ng h, thm ch vi tc ng h chnh xc c th lch pha vi lung s liu ti nh c ch ra bi cc dng sng (A) v (B). C mt s c hi rng cc bit ti c th
c gii m sai do ng b ng h km gia ng h my thu v ng h my pht.

By gi, nu mt vng kha pha c p dng ng b ng h my thu vi lung d liu ti (c to ra bi ng h my pht) th ng h my thu s c mt pha chnh xc vi
lung d liu. S lng bit li khi c th c gim thiu.

thc hin khi phc thi gian, lung bit pht i phi m bo mt bit 1. Tc l tn hiu s phi cha nhiu chuyn tip t 1 sang 0 v t 0 sang 1. Cng ngh c s dng thay i mt tn hiu s c t chuyn tip ny sang mt tn hiu c nhiu chuyn tip c gi l cng ngh nn khng. Nn khng c th c thc hin bi s dng m ng truyn hoc
b ngu nhin ha (xo trn).

Rt nhiu m ng truyn c to ra cho mc ch ny. Cc m ng truyn ph bin
nht c lit k nh sau:
1. Tn hiu DS1 p dng m AMI (o du lun phin) hay lng cc, v B8ZS (cho ISDN, hoc cc ng dng DS1 tng lai) 2. DS2 p dng m B6ZS 3. DS3 p dng m B8ZS 4. CEPT-1, CEPT-2 v CEPT-3 p dng m HDB3 5. CEPT-4 p dng m CMI(o Du M)
14 CHNG 1. PHN CP S CN NG B (NG LC CHO S RA I CA SDH) 6. Ethernet (Mng LAN) p dng m Manchester.
Trong s cc loi m ng truyn, hai trong s c s dng rng ri l B3ZS (thay th 3 s 0 lng cc: xem Bng ) c s dng truyn tn hiu DS3 trong cc mng s Bc M. i vi ng dng ny, c 3 s 0 lin tip phi c thay th bng 1 trong 4 mu nh trong Bng. Tc l, mt nhm 3 s 0 lin tip s c truyn i l 00- (0 V, 0 V, sau l -A V), 00+ (0 V, 0 V, sau l +A V), +0+ (+A V, 0 V, sau l +A V), hoc -0- (-A V, 0 V sau l -A V). Mt khc m HDB3 (Lng cc mt cao 3 s 0 c php- xem Bng) c s dng truyn CEPT-1, CEPT-2 v CEPT-3. Trong trng hp ny, b s 0 lin tip s c thay th bi 000-, 000+, +00+, hoc -00-. Ta c th thy l c B3ZS v HDB3 l cc m lng cc v c s dng m bo mt bit 1. M B3ZS hoc HDB3 c s dng m bo mt bit 1 nh th no? Chng s c tho lun trong Chng 4. Phng php m ng truyn l
mt trong hai phng php c th p dng t c vic nn khng hay thay th khng.
Vy th nu phi quyt nh phng php no nn c s dng lm tiu chun cng nghip? Ni khc i, i vi truyn dn SDH, phng php no s c s dng t c khi phc
thi gian? Gii php ca SDH - S dng b ngu nhin ha nn khng.
1.4.4 tc nhau
Nhiu th ghp knh khc
Hnh 1.9: Ghp knh chn bit so vi chn byte

i vi bt k h thng s no, khai thc dung lng h thng mt cch c hiu qu ngi ta p dng Ghp Knh Phn Chia Thi gian thc hin chc nng ghp ti my pht v chc nng tch knh ti my thu. My thu ca mt h thng s s c tho lun trc tin. Ti my thu mt dng sng i din cho mt chui 0 v 1 vi s kt hp ngu nhin. Sau khi thc hin gii m dng sng nhn c thnh lung bit nh phn, cng vic tip theo l phn phi (tch knh) cc lung bit nh phn ny ti chnh xc ch (ngi dng) ca chng. Hot ng
15 1.4. PDH V SDH
ghp ny c yu cu bi v lung bit nhn c thng (nu khng ni l lun lun) i din
cho s kt hp thng tin t nhiu ngi s dng. Trc khi thc hin chc nng ghp ny c th
bn s t ra mt s cu hi sau: 1. Mi ngi s dng ti mi thi im nn nhn bao nhiu bit (1, 8 hay 16, hay l gi tr khc)?
2. Bit no trong byte 8 bit, bit nhn c u tin hay bit nhn c cui cng l bit c
nghia nht (MSB), gi thit rng mi ngi s dng nhn 8 bit mt lc? Ni khc i, ta nn truyn bit c ngha nht trc hay truyn bit c t ngha nht ca mi byte trc? iu ny c bit quan trng nu ta chuyn i tn hiu s m ha thnh tn hiu tng t. S d nh vy l mi bit trong byte 8 bit c trng lng khc nhau trong vic khi phc m lng. tr li nhng cu hi ny, ta phi bit th tc ghp c s dng ti my pht. Trc tin, ta bit rng mt b ghp kt hp mt s tn hiu s tc thp mt dng thc c t chc thnh mt tn hiu tc cao hn n c th c truyn qua tuyn tc cao (xem Hnh
1.9). Trong v d ny m knh tc thp s c ghp vo mt lung bit tc cao truyn
i. i vi knh 1, lung bit l b b , ..., b 1,...; i vi knh s 2 lung bit l b b , ..., b 2,...; v i vi knh s m lung bit l b mb2m, ..., b ,...; C hai cch ghp cc lung bit s ny: (1) ghp chn bit hoc (2) ghp chn byte nh trnh by trn Hnh. Tc l ta c th nhn mt bit ti mt thi im t mi ngi s dng hoc mt byte ti mt thi im. Nu ghp knh theo kiu chn bit c p dng th lung bit tc cao s l b b , ...b mb21b22...b2m..... Nu ghp theo
11 21 n 12 22 n 1 nm 11 12 1
kiu chn byte c p dng th lung bit tc cao s l b b ...b 1b12b22...b 2 ... By gi bn
c th mun bit loi ghp knh c ngnh cng nghip vin thng s dng. Trc k nguyn SDH ngnh cng nghip s dng c hai phng php. Mt s h thng s p dng ghp knh theo kiu chn bit trong khi mt s khc li p dng ghp knh kiu chn byte. V l do ny v lm cho thng tin ton cu tr nn d dng hn ngi ta quyt nh ch mt th tc ghp knh. Gii php ca SDH - Th tc ghp knh: Ghp knh kiu chn byte c p dng cho cc sn phm SDH Ghp mt s nhnh tc thp vo tn hiu tc cao c chun ha. Th tc ghp ny s c tho lun trong Chng 2. Bit c ngha nht (MSB) ca mt byte SDH (lun l 8 bit) lun c truyn i trc tin. Vic n nh byte nh sau (b , b , b , b , b , b , b , b )
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
11
21
y b l MSB c truyn i u tin, v b l LSB (Bit c it ngha nht) c truyn i sau cng.
8 1
1.4.5 Nhiu kiu t chc/t l phn trm mo u khc nhau

Ta bit rng c ba phn cp s theo vng vi cc tc v dng tn hiu ca chng. By gi, t l phn trm cc tn hiu ny c s dng cho ng b khung v bo
hiu s c tnh ton.
Ta c th xc nh t l phn trm mo u cn thit cho bt c h thng truyn dn s no theo nhiu cch khc nhau. n gin v d dng so snh gia cc h thng khc nhau, vic xc
nh t l phn trm mo u cho cc ng dng tn hiu thoi s c tnh ton nh sau: % mo u = C C C

t t i
100%
(1.2)
y C = tng dung lng h thng, C = dung lng yu cu truyn tin

t i
Chng hn, tn hiu T1 i hi t l phn trm mo u sau truyn DS1 vi tc 1,544 Mbit/s mang 24 knh thoi %OH = 1, 544 10 bit 24 64 10 bit
6 3
1, 544 106 bit
= 0, 52%
Vi cch xc nh ny, ta c th tnh ton phn trm mo u cho CEPT-1, CEPT-2, CEPT-3
v CEPT-4 vv...
Kt qu tnh ton cho thy t l phn trm mo u ca cc tn hiu tng khi tc tn hiu tng. Gim gi thnh l mt ng c thc y ng sau nhng ng dng cng ngh mi trong mng vin thng. V cng ngh mi dn ti vic tng tc truyn dn trong mng. Bng cch tng tc truyn dn, ta c th truyn nhiu thng tin qua h thng tc cao hn so vi h thng tc thp hn. iu ny s cho php mt nh cung cp dch v gim c chi ph truyn tin. Tuy nhin, ta c th thy rng khi tc truyn dn tng ln t l phn trm mo u cng tng theo. iu ny l ng cho c cc tn hiu s ITU-T v Bc M. N ng rng phn trm dung lng c s dng cho truyn tin gim khi tc truyn dn tng. Nu mt ngy no
tc tng n 10 hay 20 Gbit/s ta c th phi s dng ti 30 % hoc cao hn ca tng dung lng h thng truyn tn hiu mo u. iu ny chc chn khng phi l mt c tnh tn hiu s mong mun. i u s u g lm tng mo trong mi trng PDH? Trc ht, phng php c dng
Hnh 1.10: Chn mo u cho cc tn hiu PDH trong PDH l b sung cc bit (hay byte) mo u vo lung bit s c xem xt. Nh ch ra trn Hnh 1.10, 30 tn hiu thoi c s ha, mi tn hiu c tc 64 kbit/s, c ghp vo mt tn hiu CEPT-1 tc 2,048 Mbit/s. T l phn trm mo u c tnh ton l OH vo khong 6,25 %. Lng mo u ny l do 2 byte c s dng cho truyn tn hiu ng b khung v bo hiu. Tn hiu tip theo l E-2 c tc l 8,448 Mbit/s, c ghp t 4 lung E-1. Trong qu trnh ghp ny mo u b sung (chng
1
hn cc bit nhi) phi c chn vo cng vi 4 tn hiu E-1. Lng mo u b xung OH cng vi mo u ca giai on ghp knh trc
2
OH chim 9,09% tn hiu E-2. vv... Do c kh nng l khi tc tn hiu vt ra ngoi E-4
1
th mo u tng cng yu cu truyn tn hiu tc cao c th nm ngoi tm kim sot,
17 1.5. LIN KT MNG
chng hn 30 % tng dung lng h thng. iu ny c th xy ra do c s d tha trong s

OH , OH , OH ... nu vic n nh v thit kt cc bit mo u nhm thc hin cc chc nng
iu khin khng c ln k hoch chu o.
Do c tnh mo u vi t l khng c nh cp trn ca cc tn hiu E-1, E-2 ... Cc
nguyn nhn ca vic tng lin tc phn trm mo u gm: S lng ph v d tha. Cc tn hiu PDH l khng c tnh cht modun. Gii php ca SDH - t l phn trm mo u c nh. Ti sao "t l phn trm mo u c nh" l c th? S d nh vy l do vic chn mo u tn hiu SDH c ln k hoch t trc. Ni cch khc SDH c kh nng OAM&P tch hp sn c trong mi phn t SDH v cc chc nng mo u ny c nghin cu k lng bi y ban ITU-T SDH. Ni cch khc dung lng mo u c nh ca SDH c s dng thc hin tt c mi chc nng OAM&P c lp ra bi y ban ny. Trong khi mt tn hiu STM-4 c tc 2,5 Gbit/s s cn nhiu hn 4 ln lng bit OAM&P ca STM-1 thc hin tt c cc chc nng mo u. Tm li, phn cp tn hiu SDH mang tnh cht modun. Tc ca mt STM-N= N tc ca STM-1.
1.5 Lin kt mng

1.5.1Khng tng thch a cc nh xut cho thng tin si quang
gi sn
Hnh 1.11: Mi trng sn phm sng nh sng t nhiu nh cung cp Hnh 1.11 ch ra cuc cch mng h thng si quang ca 3 nh cung cp. Hin nhin l chng khng tng thch vi nhau cht no.
1.5.2 Kt ni ton cu
Do tn ti cc tiu chun vng nh cp trn nn vic kt ni ton cu s phi chi ph ln hn v trong mt s trng hp khng thc hin c. Vic chuyn i gia tn hiu Bc M
18 C ( I
CHNG 1. PHN CP S N NG B NG LC CHO S RA CA SDH)
Hnh 1.12: Kt ni ton cu (DS-n/CEPT-n)

v Chu chuyn knh sang (2) u phi thc hin i (1) t tn hiu 24 32 knh v ngc li
chuyn i gia nn dn lut sang lut A v ngc li (Hnh 1.12). S chyn i ny s tnh thm gi thnh vo chi ph ca ngi s dng. Tuy nhin, vi nhng trng hp tc tn hiu rt cao, vic chuyn i l khng kh thi (nh trnh by trong phn trc) m gi s c thc hin c th chi ph cng rt tn km. Do vy cc tiu chun vng l nhng nguyn nhn ca s phc tp trong thit k v chi ph thng tin cao do s chuyn i lun lun c yu cu kt ni cc h thng s dng cc tiu chun vng. V l chng ta nn c mt tiu chun cho tt c cc tn hiu tc cao m c th c truyn ti bt k ni no trn th gii m khng cn n s chuyn i. Gii php ca SDH - Kt ni ton cu
Hnh 1.13: Kt ni ton cu (DS-n/CEPT-n) By gi gi thit ch c duy nht mt tiu chun ton cu nh SDH. Mng tc cao da trn tiu chun SDH ny phi song song tn ti vi hai h thng theo vng hin c l cc mng s Bc M v mng s Chu u. thc hin thng tin ton cu th vic chuyn i l iu bt buc. vic thit k kh thi v kim sot gi thnh h thng ta phi thc hin mi s chuyn i cn thit khi cc tn hiu cn tc thp. Hnh 1.13 ch ra kiu chuyn i ny. Lu rng vic chuyn i t mt tc /dng tn hiu 24 knh lut sang 32 knh lut A c thc hin trong min tc thp nh trong trng hp phi thc hin trong th gii PDH. Truyn dn t M sang Chu u s c m t y. Cc tn hiu DS3 c chuyn i thnh cc tn hiu CEPT-1 hay CEPT-4, v cc tn hiu ny tip tc c b tr/ghp vo tn hiu SDH, STM-16. Tn hiu PDH ny s tip tc c tch thnh cc tn hiu CEPT-1, tn hiu s tc thp nht
19 1.6. THUC TNH V LI CH CA SDH
Chu u. Cui cng tn hiu CEPT-1 ny s c chuyn i thnh 30 tn hiu thoi nu tn

hiu gc DS3 M l cc tn hiu thoi. Sau ny ta s hiu vic b tr/ghp t cc tn hiu PDH
vo mt tn hiu SDH v ngc li c thc hin nh th no.
1.6 Thuc tnh v li ch ca SDH

Trong phn ny, bn cnh cc thuc tnh v li ch m SDH mang li th chi ph cho qun l
mng v nhng yu cu ca khch hng i vi mng ca h s c tho lun.
1.6.1 Nhu cu khch hng tng v xu hng ca mng tng lai

Bn cnh nhu cu cao v cc dch v bng rng c tho lun trc y c mt s im v
xu hng mng v nhu cu khch hng i hi phi tho lun xa hn. Tng chi ph qun l mng - yu cu tch hp OAM&P
Trong qu trnh pht trin ca mng vin thng, nhiu loi hnh thit b t nhiu nh sn xut khc nhau, nhiu mng c ring ln cng cng, mng quc t ... thuc cc hng khai thc mng khc nhau c kt ni vi nhau. iu ny lm cho gi thnh qun l mng tng ln khng ngng. Mt nh cung cp dch v vin thng ln c th phi chi ph ti thiu 50% tng doanh thu hng nm ch c c cc chc nng OAM&P. Gii php cho vn qun l mng gi thnh cao ny l tch hp OAM&P ny vo tt c cc phn t mng. Cc h thng PDH khng c kh nng ny, khng ging nh mng SDH c kh
nng ny. Khch hng c nhng yu cu sau i vi mng ca h Dch v bng rng tch hp Loi tr giao tip c quyn ca nh sn xut Kt ni thit b t nhiu nh cung ng Kh nng nng cp kiu modun Qun l mng c tng cng Gim st, kim tra v kim k t xa M rng cc kh nng OAM&P ti ngi s dng cui cng M rng thng tin ton cu Xu hng pht trin ca mng Si quang l mi trng truyn ti c a chung Nhu cu v dch v bng rng tng Qun l mng tr nn phc tp v tn km Cc tng i c cc giao din
quang trc tip
20 CHNG 1. PHN CP S CN NG B (NG LC CHO S RA I CA SDH) tin cy cao hn ca cc mng cn ci thin

Da trn cc phn tch cho ti nay v thng tin trong mi trng PDH, SDH chc chn c th
c mong i gii quyt phn ln cc bi ton gp phi trong PDH vi gi thnh hp l.
1.6.2 SDH trn c s si quang

Bn cnh c tnh modun ca cc tn hiu SDH, c hai l do na lm cho SDH tr thnh tiu chun ton cu. Cc tiu chun ny s cung cp mt chun quc t cho pht trin cc mng
truyn thng trn ton th gii vi cc c im sau: Linh hot Tin cy Hon ton c th qun l Ph hp cho pht trin Ph hp vi cc nhu cu v dch v mi A. Cc mng trn c s si quang : rng bng tn ln v nng lc mng d tha B. Cc mng si quang : Cht lng tuyt vi
1.6.3 Cc thuc tnh chnh ca SDH

Cc thuc tnh ca SDH s c tho lun xuyn sut ti liu ny. Tuy nhin cc thuc tnh
chnh c lit k v m t ngn gn nh sau: H cc giao tip chun Cung cp mt giao tip chung: giao tip c th l STM-1 (155,52 Mbit/s), STM-4 (662,08 Mbit/s), STM-16 (2,48832 Gbit/s) hay STM-64 (9,95328 Gbit/s). Cc tn hiu ny c t l phn trm mo u khng thay i, chim 22% tng dung lng tn hiu
m bo kh nng nng cp (c tnh modun): STM-16 gm 16 STM-1 hay 4
STM-4. V vy, tc tn hiu ca mt STM-16 chnh xc bng 16155,52 Mbit/s (tc ca STM-1).
Cho php t thit b linh hot: do c tnh modun nn chng hn nu h thng truyn ti l STM-16 bng cch s dng B Ghp Xen/R (ADM), tn hiu tc thp hn chng hn nh tn hiu STM-1 c th c tch ra v/hoc ghp xen vo
ti bt c im no trn mng. Mo u v ti tin tch bit
21 1.6. THUC TNH V LI CH CA SDH
Cc bit khung tp trung: nh s c tho lun trong Chng 2, SDH c mt mu

khung F628 hex (hay 1111 0110 0010 1000), c n nh cho cc byte A1 v A2.
Cc byte ny xc nh im bt u ca mt khung 125 s.

Cc bit bo hiu (mo u) tp trung: Cc bit bo hiu chnh, c bit mo u yu cu cho truyn ti tn hiu, chim ba ct u tin ca mt tn hiu STM-1. iu ny
cho php thit k b thu pht n gin hn. Mng ng b: Trong mng SDH, mt khi khung c nhn ra th ti tin ca thng tin khch hng tr nn c th c gii m mt cch duy nht.
Cc tnh nng Vn hnh, Qun l, Bo dng v Gim st (OAM&P) tch hp: tt c mi
thit b SDH thc hin hoc chc nng ca thit b kt cui on, thit b kt cui ng hoc l mt thit b kt cui tuyn. i khi mt thit b thc hin chc nng ca c ba. Mi trong s ba loi thit b SDH c mt lng dung lng mo u xc nh trc thc hin cc chc nng OAM&P. Mo u ny s c tho lun trong Chng 2. Kh nng tng thch vi mng hin c v mng tng lai: SDH c th truyn tn hiu DS1, DS2, DS3, CEPT-1, CEPT-3 v CEPT-4. CEPT-2 c cho rng khng hp dn hay cn thit trong cc ng dng mng tng lai. V vy ngi ta quyt nh khng to ra tnh tng thch vi cc tiu chun SDH cho tn hiu ny. Tin ha sang mng bng rng trong tng lai: Mng bng rng ang v s c xy dng trn cc tuyn si quang. Cc mng xng sng ca SDH cng c thc hin bi cc tuyn si quang.
1.6.4 Li ch do SDH mang li

Li ch m SDH em li khc nhau i vi tng ngi khc nhau. Mt nhm ngi no c th d on mt lot nhng li ch thit thc hn nhng ngi khc. Li ch chnh y do vic trin khai SDH mang li theo nh iu tra m tc gi c c t cc chuyn gia SDH khc nhau s c m t Chi ph gim xung c mong i do cc yu t sau: (1) giao tip chun c n gin ha, cc thit b c th c ti s dng trong nhiu thit b SDH khc nhau, (2) loi tr cc giao tip c quyn ca nh cung cp, iu ny s dn ti s cnh tranh v thit b v cui cng lm gim chi ph cho ngi tiu dng v (3) chi ph vn hnh gim do cc thit b c thit k chnh xc cng dung lng mo u v vi dung lng mo u ln, dn ti chi ph cho vn hnh v qun l mng c mong i gim xung. Hin nay trong mi trng PDH, nhiu qu trnh vn hnh thng c thc hin theo phng thc "cha chy"do cc th tc khng theo tiu chun v dung lng mo u khng y . Kh nng vn hnh c tng cng nh dung lng cc byte mo u d tha c phn b cho tt c cc thit b SDH. Gim st hot ng t u ti cui c th tr thnh mt chc nng to tuyn ca mng SDH. Vic gim st, kim tra v kim k t xa s d dng hn mng hin c. Qun l mng c th c tng cng mt cch d dng khi mng pht trin.

Kh nng duy tr (hay tin cy) l mt trong c im hp dn nht ca mng SDH. Hai cu hnh mng nhm t c kh nng duy tr mng l vng t khi phc v mng mt
li trn c s DCS.
Khng c nghn bng tn do cc mng SDH tc cao c xy dng trn cc tuyn si
quang c dung lng kh ln t 155,52 Mbit/s ln ti 10 Gbit/s thm ch ti 40 Gbit/s.
Chng 2 Phn cp tn hiu SDH (Tc , Dng tn hiu v Mo u)

Mc ch ca chng ny Sau khi kt thc chng ny bn c th: M t Phn cp S ng b (SDH): loi tn hiu, tc tn hiu, v dng tn hiu M t Phn cp S Cn ng b (PDH): Loi tn hiu, tc tn hiu v dng tn hiu;
v s chuyn tip t PDH sang SDH bng vic s dng khi nim Container (C-n: n=11,
12, 2, 3, v 4)
Nhn bit mt "ng (path)", mt "on ghp knh" hoc mt "on lp" ca mt kt
ni im - im SDH. Tho lun nhng n nh byte mo u on v ng SDH v cc chc nng ca chng

nh ngha cc tn hiu SDH khc nhau. C-n, VC-n, TU-n, TUG-n, Au-n v AUG (Container, Container o, n v Lung (nhnh), Nhm n v Lung, n v Qun
l v Nhm n v Qun l Tm tt chng Mt kt ni im - im ca tuyn SDH: nh ngha ng, on ghp v on lp. Cc loi khung SDH v cu trc khung STM-1, STM-4, STM-16 v STM-64. Cc byte mo u ng, on ghp v on lp SDH: nh ngha v ng dng Thnh phn tn hiu SDH STM1:
Container (C-11, C-12, C-2, C-3 v C-4), Cc Container o (VC-11, VC-12, VC-2, VC-3 v VC-4) Cc n v lung (TU-11, TU-12, TU-2 v TU-3) n v Qun l (AU-3 v AU-4) Cc nhm TU (TUG-2, TUG-3) v Nhm AU (AUG)
23
24
CHNG 2. PHN CP TN HIU SDH (TC , DNG TN HIU V MO U)
2.1 SDH v PDH

Hin ti c bn tn hiu: STM-1, STM-4, STM-16 v STM-64 c s dng trong phn cp SDH nh ch ra trn Hnh 2.1. Mt STM-1 (tn hiu SDH c bn) c s dng truyn mt tn hiu PDH 139 Mbit/s hoc tng ng, chng hn nh tn hiu H4 ISDN (xem Bng 2.1). Vi mo u b sung, tn hiu 139 Mbit/s ny s hnh thnh mt tn hiu STM-1 155,52 Mbit/s. Bn cnh tn hiu 139 Mbit/s, c nhiu lung cp thp hn c th c truyn bi mt tn hiu
STM-1. Cc ng dng ny s c tho lun trong Chng 3.

Bn tn hiu STM-1 c ghp vo mt tn hiu STM-4, v bn tn hiu STM-4 c ghp vo mt tn hiu STM-16 tc 2,48832 Mbit/s (16155,52 Mbit/s). Mt ln na bn tn hiu STM-16 c ghp tip vo mt tn hiu STM-64 c tc SDH cao nht hin nay 9953,28 Mbit/s (thng c gi l tn hiu 10 Gbit/s). Hai tham s c bn ca mt STM-N (N=1, 4, 16
hay 64) l:
Hnh 2.1: Phn cp tn hiu SDH
Tc tn hiu Dng tn hiu hay cu trc khung
Php tnh tc tn hiu v m t cu trc khung s c tho lun trong chng ny. Mt tn hiu STM-N c tnh cht mun. Tc l mt STM-N c tc tn hiu chnh xc N ln tc
ca mt STM-1. Tc ca mt tn hiu STM-N
= N Tc ca mt tn hiu STM-1 = N 155,52 Mbit/s
2.1.1 Phn cp s cn ng b (PDH)

Nh c ch ra trong Bng 2.1, c ba phn cp tn hiu vng c s dng cho thng tin ton
cu: mt cho cc mng s Bc M, mt cho cc mng Chu u v mt cho Nht Bn. Ba phn cp s theo vng ny c minh ha bng biu trn Hnh 2.2. Cc tn hiu ny l khng ng
25 2.1. SDH V PDH Bng 2.1: PDH v cc Container SDH Tc Mc phn cp s 0

1 2 3
(Mbit/s)
Tn hiu ch
Bc M 0,064 1,544 6,312 44,736 274,176
Nht bn Chu u ISDN 0,064 0,064 1,544 H11 2,048 H12 6,312 8,448 32,064 95,728 34,368 139,264 H31 H32 H4 -
nh cho SDH C-11 C-12 C-2 C-3 C-3 C-4 -
b nhng s trng gi l cc tn b.
gn ng b trong mt hp. V vy, chng c hiu cn ng
Hnh 2.2: Phn cp tn hiu PDH

i vi cc mng s Bc M, 24 tn hiu thoi s ha (64 kbit/s mi knh), hoc tng ng c ghp vo mt tn hiu DS1. C khong 0,5 % dung lng mo u c b sung vo dung lng ti 1,536 Mbit/s hnh thnh lung bt DS1 ny. Bn tn hiu DS1 c ghp vo mt tn hiu DS2 tc 6,312 Mbit/s. Trong s cc bt ny, mo u b sung cng c chn vo. Sau by tn hiu DS2 c ghp vo tn hiu s cao nht trong s tn hiu PDH theo chun Bc M. Hin nay tn hiu DS3 c truyn i nh mt n v ti qua h thng si quang, chng hn nh h thng thng tin quang AT&T NS FT-Series G c th truyn hoc l chn (9) tn hiu DS3 hoc 36 tn hiu DS3. Chng c tc 417 Mbit/s v 1,7 Gbit/s tng
26
ng m khng cn phi dng ti Ghp knh theo Bc sng (WDM). Nu WDM c s dng th dung lng c th tng gp i v thm ch cn cao hn na. Tuy nhin bn cnh cc h
thng cp ng trc c th c s dng mang cc tn hiu DS3.

i vi cc h thng Chu u, 32 tn hiu thoi hoc tng ng c ghp vo mt lung bit s 2,048 Mbit/s, c bit ti vi tn CEPT-1 hay E-1. Bn tn hiu E-1 c ghp vo mt tn hiu E-2 tc 8,448 Mbit/s. Bn tn hiu 8,448 Mbit/s hnh thnh mt tn hiu E-3 34,368 Mbit/s. Mt tn hiu E-4 tc 139,264 Mbit/s gm bn E-3. H thng Nht bn, cc tn hiu DS1, DS2 ging nh cc tn hiu Bc M. Tuy nhin nm (5) tn hiu DS2 c ghp vo mt
tn hiu 32,064 Mbit/s. Ba tn hiu 32,064 Mbit/s ny hnh thnh mt tn hiu 97,728 Mbit/s.
2.1.2 PDH v cc Container SDH

m bo a SDH vo mng PDH rng khp mt cch nhp nhng, SDH cn hi tt c cc tiu chun vng, k c tt c cc tn hiu ISDN. V mc ch ny, SDH nh ngha mt s Container (C-n: n=11, 12, 2, 3 hoc 4: xem Bng 2.1) mang cc tn hiu PDH ny. Cc container s c m t trong chng ny. Lu rng tn hiu ISDN H11 c bit ti nh l tn hiu ISDN tc c bn vi dng khung 23B + D (B cho knh mng thng tin v D cho knh thng tin d liu: c hai loi knh c cng tc 64 kbit/s) trong cc mng s Bc M.
Cc thnh phn tng ng ca n trong cc mng s ITU-T l H12.

C-11 (Container mc 1, loi 1) c thit k mang mt tn hiu DS1 1,544 Mbit/s hay mt tn hiu ISDN H11, v C-12 (Container mc 1 loi 2) c thit k truyn ti mt tn hiu CEPT-1 tc 2,048 Mbit/s hoc mt tn hiu ISDN H12. Trc y c hai loi container mc 2 (cc tn hiu C-2: C-21 mang mt tn hiu DS-2 v C-22 mng mt tn hiu CEPT-2). Tuy nhin nhu cu i vi truyn tn hiu CEPT-2 trn mng SDH gim i. Do , cc tiu chun SDH hin ti nh ngha duy nht mt loi container mc 2 truyn ti mt tn hiu DS-2. V n c gi l C-2, ch khng phi l C-21. Tuy nhin, c hai tn hiu DS1 v CEPT-2 s tip tc tn ti trong mng PDH. Do , tn P-21 c th c s dng ch ra tn hiu PDH mc 2 loi 1 c s dng truyn mt tn hiu DS1. Cc container C-11, C-12 v C-2 c bit n
nh cc lung nhnh cp thp.

i vi cc tiu chun SDH ban u, c mt xut cho vic truyn bn tn hiu CEPT-3 thay v ba qua mt tn hiu SDH STM-1. xut ny c a ra trn c s thc t rng mt tn hiu STM-1 c dung lng 155,52 Mbit/s ln truyn bn tn hiu E-3. Hai loi container
mc 3 c nh ngha (C-31 cho mt tn hiu E-3 v C-32 cho mt tn hiu DS3).

i vi cc tiu chun SDH hin ti, ngi ta quyt nh rng mt STM-1 nn c s dng truyn ba (khng phi l 4) tn hiu E-3. iu ny lm cho n tng thch hn vi truyn ti DS3. V vy, mt tn hiu STM-1 mang ba container C-3 c th c s dng truyn hoc l ba tn hiu E-3 hoc l ba tn hiu DS3. V phn mc th t, tn hiu "DS4" tng mt ln c xut cho phn cp s Bc M nhng b tht bi do s trin khai nhanh chng ca thng tin si quang. Tn hiu DS4 khng cn c hi c p dng trong cc mng s Bc M ngoi tr mt s im l t. V vy i vi cc tiu chun SDH, ngi ta quyt nh ch c mt loi Container mc 4 l C-4, c s dng truyn mt tn hiu E-4 hoc mt tn hiu
ISDN H4. Cc container ny C-3, C-4 c bit n nh l cc lung nhnh cp cao.
27 2.2. KT NI IM - IM SDH
2.2 Kt ni im - im SDH
hiu mng SDH, qun l mng v vn hnh mng ta phi tm hiu cc byte mo u SDH,
chng hn cc byte ng b khung, byte kim tra chn l vv... Cc chc nng qun l mng c thc hin bi ba tp byte mo u SDH c tn l mo u ng, on ghp knh v on lp. Ni khc i, ta phi c kh nng nhn bit mt "ng", mt "on ghp knh" v mt "on ti to" ca bt c kt ni im - im SDH no. Hnh 2.3 ch ra mt kt ni im - im in hnh c giao tip vi cc mng PDH. . Mt ng (path) l mt kt ni logic gia
Hnh 2.3: Kt ni u-cui SDH

im m ti mt dng khung chun ca tn hiu c tc cho c nhm li v im m ti dng khung chun ca tn hiu c tch ra. Mt Thit b u cui Tuyn (PTE) l mt phn t mng SDH thc hin ghp/tch cc ti tin container o VC-n (s c tho lun sau). Chng c th khi to, truy cp, sa i hay kt cui mo u tuyn VC-n, hoc c th thc
hin bt k s kt hp no ca cc hot ng ny. V d v cc PTE: B ghp knh tc thp H thng kt ni cho bng rng H thng truy cp vng thu bao
Mt on ghp knh l mt mi trng truyn dn cng vi cc thit b lin quan, c yu cu cung cp phng tin truyn tin gia hai phn t mng (NE) lin k, mt phn t khi im t tn hiu ng dy (line signal) v phn t kia kt cui tn hiu ng dy (line signal). Mt Thit b Kt cui on ghp (MSTE) l mt phn t mng khi to v/hoc kt cui cc tn hiu STM-N. Chng c th khi to, truy nhp, sa i hay kt cui mo u on ghp,
hoc c th
thc hin bt k s kt hp
no ca cc hot ng ny. Cc v d v MSTE gm: u cui ng quang u cui v tuyn B ghp knh cp cao H thng kt ni cho bng rng
28
Mt on lp (ti to) l mt phn ca phng tin truyn dn bao gm cc im kt cui, gia (A) mt phn t kt cui mng NE v mt b lp, hoc (B) hai b lp ti to. Mt Thit b Kt cui on Lp ti to RSTE l mt phn t mng thc hin ti to mt tn hiu STM-N cho tuyn truyn dn c ly xa. Chng c th khi to, truy nhp, sa i hoc kt cui mo u on ti to hoc c th thc hin bt k s kt hp no ca cc hot ng ny. Mt on lp r rng c ngha l mt tuyn SDH kt ni hai phn t mng lin k v trong c t nht mt phn t l b lp ti to. Mt on ghp knh hin nhin l mt tuyn SDH kt ni hai b ghp knh SDH lin k hoc hai thit b kt cui lin k thc hin mt s chc nng ghp knh. Mt h thng kt ni cho s hay mt u cui v tuyn hot ng ging nh b ghp knh cng c th lm vic nh mt MSTE.
2.3 Khung SDH

Trong phn ny, khi nim khung SDH v khung SDH STM-1 s c m t ngn gn. Tip , m t v mt khung STM-N (N4) s c cp.
2.3.1 Khi nim khung SDH

Cu trc mo u tp trung s dng trong tn hiu s ITU-T CEPT-1, ISDN (23B+D) v cu trc khung 2 chiu s dng trong SONET cng c s dng trong cc tiu chun SDH. Do , mt khung SDH s c mt s byte mo u chim phn bn tri ca mt khung SDH nh trn Hnh 2.4.
Hnh 2.4: Khung SDH: Mo u v ti tin tch bit nhau
2.3.2 Khung STM-1
Khung STM-1 c cu trc 9 hng 270 ct nh ch ra trn Hnh 2.4. Th t truyn dn c thc hin t tri qua phi v t trn xung di, bt u t byte u tin (hng 1 ct 1).
1. Ti tin ca STM-1 c cu trc 9 hng, mi hng 261 byte (tng ng vi 261 ct) v c
dung lng 2349 byte hay 150,336 Mbit/s. N c thit k truyn mt tn hiu ITU-T E-4 139,264 Mbit/s hoc tng ng.
29 2.3. KHUNG SDH
2. Cc byte mo u on lp chim mt vng 39 byte v c dung lng 27 byte hay 1,728 Mbit/s. 3. Cc byte mo u on ghp knh c th c xem l cc byte mo u on ghp knh cng vi cc byte con tr AU-n. L do l s c lm sng t sau. AU-n (n=3 hoc 4 s c tho lun sau) c dung lng 9 byte v mo u on ghp knh c dung lng 45 byte.
2.3.3 STM-N (N=4, 16 hoc 64)

Mt khung STM-N c hnh thnh bng cch ghp N (N=4, 16 hoc 64) khung STM-1 theo phng thc ghp xen byte. STM-4 c to thnh bng cch ghp xen byte 4 khung STM-1 vo mt khung 1080 ct v c tc 622,08 Mbit/s ( 4 155, 52M bit/s). Nh trn Hnh 2.5(A) cho thy mt byte "A" t STM-1 s 1 c k tip bi mt byte "B" t STM-1 s 2 vv... iu cn lu l bn khung STM-1 ny phi c ng chnh khung trc khi ghp. Do mi khung STM-1 c ba byte A1 k tip bi ba byte A2 c n nh cho vic ng b khung nn vic chnh khung ng rng 12 byte u tin ca tn hiu STM-4 phi l cc byte A1; ba byte t STM-1 s 1, ba byte t STM-1 s 2, ba byte t STM1 s 3 v ba byte t STM-1 s 4. 12 byte A1 ny li c k tip bi 12 byte A2 c hnh thnh theo cng phng thc nh vi cc byte A1. Mt khung
Hnh 2.5: Mt khung STM-4 STM-16 c th c hnh thnh theo phng thc ging nh vi khung STM-4. Khung ny c 144 (916) ct mo u cng con tr v tng cng 4320 (16270) ct hay byte trong 1 khung 125 s. C hai cch to tn hiu STM-16: (1) ghp 4 tn hiu STM-4 hoc (2) ghp 16 tn hiu
30
STM-1. Cch th nht c gi l ghp hai giai on trong khi cch th hai c gi l ghp
mt giai on.
Mt khung STM-64 cng c hnh thnh theo phng thc nh m trn i vi cc tn
hiu STM-4 hay STM-16.
2.4 Cc byte truyn ti SDH v mo u ng

2.4.1 V tr /tn cc byte mo u SDH
Mo u truyn ti ca STM-1 gm hai phn:(1) mo u on lp nm cc hng t 1 ti 3 v ct 1 ti 9. v (2) mo u on ghp knh nm hng t th 5 ti 9 ct t 1 ti 9 nh trn Hnh 2.6 hay Hnh 2.7. AU-n, hay chnh xc hn l cc con tr AU-3 hoc AU-4 (s c tho
Hnh 2.6: Khung STM-1 vi cc mo u

lun trong Chng 3) chim hng s 4 t ct s 1 ti ct s 9. V mt l thuyt cc byte con tr ny c th c xem l mt phn ca mo u on ghp knh. Lu rng cc con tr ny v mo u on truyn ti c v tr c nh trong 1 khung 125 s. Ni theo cch khc, cc byte con tr c pha c nh so vi khung STM-1. Mt khc mo u ng (path overhead) VC-3 hoc VC-4 c th chim bt k ct no trong cc ct t s 10 ti 270 ca khung STM-1. Ta ni rng mo u ng l "ng" hay "tri ni" so vi khung 125 s. Tc l mo u ng VC-3/VC-4 c pha bin i so vi khung STM-1, hay chnh xc hn l bin i so vi cc byte
(A1, A2). c trnh by trong phn sau. Tuy nhin mt s im cn cp l:

Tn v chc nng ca cc byte mo u truyn ti v byte mo u ng VC-3/VC-4 s
31 2.4. CC BYTE TRUYN TI SDH V MO U NG
Ct
Hng 1 A1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 270 J1 S dng quc gia R F1 D phng ngi dng S dng quc gia BIP-8 vt ng B3
A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 Cc byte ng b khung
1
B1 2 BIP-8
E1 nghip
Byte ph thuc mi trng
MDB
D1 T. tin
D2 T. tin s liu
MDB
R D3 R R D phng T. tin s liu D phng
C2 Nhn t.hiu G1 T.thi ng F2
Byte ph thuc mi trng
3
s liu H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3 Cc byte con tr AU-n
4
B2 B2 B2 K1 R R K2 R R
BIP-24 D4 R R D5 R R D6 R R
APS
D phng
APS
D phng
ngi dng H4 a
T. tin s liu T. tin D phng

D7 R R D8 R R D4 R R
T. tin s liu T. tin D phng s liu D phng D phng
T. tin s liu T. tin s liu D phng D phng
khung F3 PUC K3
s liu T. tin s liu
D10 R R D11 R R D12 R R T. tin D phng cho tng lai s liu D phng T. tin s liu D phng
APS
N1
S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2
SSM Dnh
Dnh cho tng lai
FEBE
nghip v
S dng quc gia NOB Mo u ng
Mo u truyn ti
VC-4/VC-3 PUC: Knh ngi s dng ng (tuyn)

APS:
Chuyn mch bo v t ng FEBE: Ch th li khi u xa SMM: Bn tin trng thi ng b NOB: Byte ngi iu hnh mng : byte pht trin trong tng lai (ang c nghin cu thm) R: cc byte t trc cho s dng quc gia (bn byte trong RSOH v 2 byte trong MSOH)
Lu : Hng u tin ca SOH l cc byte khng c xo trn (ngu nhin ha).
Hnh 2.7: Tn ca cc byte mo u ca mt tn hiu STM-1 1. Cc byte ch ra bi "X" c n nh cho s dng quc gia. 2. Cc byte ch ra bi "4" l cc byte ph thuc mi trng truyn dn. 3. Cc byte "R" l byte d phng cho tng lai 4. Hng con tr: c chia lm ba nhm, mi nhm gm mt tp con tr (H1, H2 v H3) v mi tp c n nh cho mt tn hiu DS3. Mt STM-1 c th c dng truyn mt tn hiu B-ISDN chng hn nh ATM hoc mt tn hiu FDDI. Mc ch ban u ca STM-1 l dng mang mt tn hiu E-4 tc 139,264 Mbit/s. Khi ch duy nht mt tp (H1, H2) v ba byte H3 l cn thit. Cc ng dng con tr ca cc chun SDH s c nghin cu chi tit trong Chng 3.
32
2.4.2 Chc nng ca mo u on lp

1. Su byte u tin ca mo u on lp ca STM-1 l gm ba byte A1 tip n l ba byte
A2 (xem Hnh 2.6) dng cho mc ch ng b khung. Mu ng b khung c dng s

hex F628 (1111 0110 0010 1000). (A1, A2) s c phn b trong tt c cc tn hiu STM-1 trong mt STM-N. Tc l, vi mt tn hiu STM-16, s c 48 ( 16 3) cp (A1,
A2) do c ba cp (A1, A2) cho mi tn hiu STM-1. Chc nng ng b khung c s dng ng b gia u pht v u thu.
2. Byte J0 (d vt) l byte duy nht trong khung STM-1. N c dng truyn lp i lp
li mt ia ch im truy cp on (Section Access Point Identification), nh mt my thu on (section receiver) c th kim tra tnh lin tc kt ni ca n ti my pht nh. Ni dung ca bn tin ny khng b hn ch theo tiu chun do n c th c lp trnh bi ngi s dng ti c hai u pht v thu. 3. Byte B1 (BIP-8) c phn b trong mi STM-1 nhm gim st li on lp. Chc nng ny l nh mt m kim tra chn l 8 bit (Bit Interleaved Parity 8 code) s dng lut chn l chn. B1 c tnh ton trn tt c cc bt ca khung STM-N trc sau khi thc hin ngu nhin ha. Vic tnh ton ny c thc hin trn c s tng bit mt. B1 sau khi tnh ton c t vo v tr ca B1 trong khung STM-1 th nht trc khi ngu nhin ha. Byte B1 ny c ch nh duy nht cho STM-1 th nht ca mt tn hiu STM-N. Vic tnh ton B1 c thc hin nh sau: Bt th n ca B1 = N 9270
1
tt c cc bit "1" ca bt th n ca tt c cc byte [n =1..8]
Thut ton chn l chn l tng cc bit "1" trong thng tin v "1" ca s chn l c
cng vo (nu "1" c s dng l s chn) l mt s chn. Chng hn vi n=1, tng s bt "1" tnh theo cng thc trn l 157 v mt bt "1" c cng vo s dn tng s bt "1" l mt s chn ( 157 + 1 = 158). Khi gi tr ca bit th nht ca B1 s l 1. Ngc li nu tng trn l mt s chn th khi cng thm 1 s "1" ca s chn l qui c s cho
kt qu l v khi bt tng ng vi tr s n s c gi tr 0.
4. Byte F1: l knh ngi s dng v c dnh ring cho mc ch ngi iu hnh mng v c dng truyn s liu trong cc ng dng bo dng trm lp. Mt khuyn ngh cho byte ny l dng nhn dng mt on s c trong mt chui cc on lp. Nu mt trm lp pht hin c s c trong on lp ca n, n c th chn vo byte ny mt chui 6 bt nhn dng trm lp v mt m 2 bit xc nh bn cht s c. Byte ny
c xc nh duy nht cho STM-1 th nht ca mt tn hiu STM-N.

5. Byte E1: byte ny dng lm knh nghip v. Nh tt c cc byte khc ca khung, n c s ln lp trong mt giy l 8000 ln, to ra mt knh 64 Kbit/s, c th c dng cho cc
kt ni thoi/s liu phc v cc mc ch bo tr cc trm lp. Byte E1 c xc nh duy nht cho khung STM-1 th nht ca mt tn hiu STM-N.
6. Knh thng tin s liu (DCC) gm cc byte D1, D2 v D3 l mt knh bn tin 192 Kbit/s. Knh ny dnh cho vic to ra cc bn tin t bn trong hay bn ngoi v bn tin c bit ca nh sn xut. Cc byte ny c xc nh duy nht cho STM-1 th nht ca mt tn hiu STM-N. Knh DCC phc v cc mc ch vn hnh, bo dng v qun l
cc trm bao gm:
lp trn ng truyn SDH
Cnh bo Bo dng Kim tra Gim st Qun l Cc nhu cu thng tin khc gia cc thit b u cui
2.4.3 Chc nng mo u on ghp

1. Byte B2: C ba byte B2, khng phi l mt nh trong phn mo u on lp, c phn b trong mi STM-1 gim st li ca mt on ghp. Chc nng ny l nh mt m kim tra chn l 24 bit (BIP-24) s dng lut chn l chn. BIP-24 c mt trong tt c cc khung STM-1 ca khung tn hiu STM-N. BIP-24 c tnh ton trn tt c cc bit trong khung STM-1, ngoi t ba hng u tin ca mo u on lp RSOH v t vo cc byte B2 trong vng mo u on ghp MSOH ca khung k tip trc khi thc hin ngu nhin ha. V d kt qu ca BIP-24 ca khung tn hiu STM-1 th n s c t vo 3
byte B2 ca khung STM-1 th n+1. BIP-24 khng phi tnh ton li ti mi trm lp m
c tnh ton li ti mi b ghp knh [2]. Lu rng BIP-n c hnh thnh trn c s cc nhm n bit, c th nh sau: Bt th nht ca t m BIP-n c to nn bi tt c cc bt th nht ca cc nhm n bit cn gim st. Bt th hai ca BIP-n c to ra trn c s cc bt th hai ca cc nhm n bit v c nh vy n khi bit th n ca t m BIP-n c to ra. Gi tr ca mi bit ca BIP-n c xc nh theo qui c chn l chn tng t nh i vi BIP-8 (B1).
2. Cc byte bo v t ng K1, K2: dnh cho bo hiu chuyn mch bo v t ng (APS-
Automatic Protection Switching), chng hnh thnh knh truyn thng tin cnh bo v lnh chuyn mch d phng khi h thng chnh c s c [2]. Hai byte ny c xc nh duy nht cho khung STM-1 th nht ca tn hiu STM-N. Chi tit v hot ng ca cc byte ny s c trnh by trong Chng x. 3. Byte E2 (orderwire) c s dng lm knh nghip v tc 64 kbit/s. Knh ny c s dng truyn thng tin thoi khi bo dng cc trm ghp hay xen/tch knh hay cc u cui xa (remote terminal). Byte ny cng ch c xc nh duy nht cho STM-1 th nht ca tn hiu STM-N. 4. Knh thng tin s liu 576 Kbit/s (D4 D12), thc hin cc chc nng ging nh chc
nng ca cc byte D1D3 ca mo u on lp. Tc l dng cho vic vn hnh v qun
l b ghp knh trn ng truyn SDH. Cc byte ny cng ch c n nh cho khung STM-1 th nht ca tn hiu STM-N. 5. Cc byte Z1, Z2: Bn byte ny c dng trong tng lai. Hin nay gi tr ca chng cha c qui nh v chc nng cng cha c nh ngha [2].
6. Byte S1 s dng cc bit t 5 ti 8 truyn bn tin (SSM) trng thi ng b. C th l
ch s cht lng Q ca ng h trm ny truyn ti trm khc. Bng 2.2 ch ra gi tr cc bt thnh phn cho bn mc ng b theo chun ITU-T. Trong bng ny
c hai thnh gi
34
Bng 2.2: Gi tr cc bt thnh phn ca S1 1110 1111 Cc bt t 5-8 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110
0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101
D tr M t mc cht lng ng b D tr SDH D tr ng b, cha xc nh cht ng h cc b (khuyn ngh G.812; Q=4) lng D tr D tr D tr ng h chun s cp (khuyn ngh Ngun nh thi thit b ng b (SETS); Q=5 G.811; Q=2) D tr D tr D tr ng h trung chuyn (khuyn ngh D tr G.812; Q=3) Khng s dng cho ng b Q=6 (*) Lu : (*) Bn tin ny c th m phng li ca thit b v s c m phng bi tn hiu AIS on ghp
Bng 2.3: Gi tr byte M1 trong cc khung STM-1 Byte M1 234 5678 000 0000
000 0001 000 0010 000 0011
Din gii (s khi b li) 0 1 2 3 .. .
Byte M1 234 5678 001 1000 001 1001 001 1010 .. . 111 1111
Din gii (s khi b li) 24 0 0 .. . 0
.. . Lu : Bt 1 khng c s dng.
Bng 2.4: Gi tr byte M1 trong cc khung STM-4 Byte M1 234 5678 Din gii Byte M1 Din gii
(s khi b li)
234 5678
(s khi b
li) 24 0 0 .
.. 000 0000
000 0001 000 0010 000 0011
0 1 2 3 .. .
110 0000 110 0001 110 0010 .. . 111 1111
.. . Lu : Bt 1 khng c s dng.
0000 0001 0000 0010 0000 0011
Din gii (s khi b li) 0 1 2 3
Byte M1 1234 5678 0000 0100 0000 0101 .. . 1111 1111
Din gii (s khi b li) 4 5 .. . 255
tr cc
thnh phn bt cn ch
l (1) ch ra rng cht lng ng b cha c xc

nh v (2) ra hiu rng cc on truyn dn ny khng nn s dng cho ng b. Cc
m cn li c dnh cho cc mc cht lng c nh ngha bi cc nh qun l ring.

Nh s tr gip ca S1, c th l cc bit t 5 n 8 m vic quyt nh chuyn cp ng h c th c thc hin. Chng hn nu cht lng ng h ca on ghp ny cao hn
th ng h ny s c s dng cho ng b. Cc bt t 1-4 ca S1 c s dng ring bi nh khai thc mng.

7. Byte M1: c gi l byte ch th li u xa on ghp knh (MS-REI). M1 ch th li u xa trong BIP-24 khi ln lt so snh tng bt trong t m ny vi t m tng ng to ra ti u thu. N l mt bn tin c u cui thu pht tr li u pht, nh u cui pht c th nhn c trng thi li ca u thu. Ti cc mc STM-N, byte ny c th
mang cc gi tr trong khong (0255) cc khi bt c pht hin nh t m kim tra s ging nhau (so snh tng bit) ca t m BIP-24N (B2). Do STM-1 c 3 byte B2 tng ng vi 24 bit kim tra chn l do M1 ng vi phn cp STM-1 s c gi tr t 0 ti 24 tng ng vi s li khi (xem Bng 2.3) Cc gi tr nm ngoi khong [0 24] c hiu l khng c li. Tng t nh vy i vi STM-4 gi tr M1 c din gii trong Bng 2.4. Ring i vi STM-16 v STM-64, s dng tt c 8 bit trong byte M1 nh trong cc Bng 2.5 v 2.6.
36
0000 0001 0000 0010 0000 0011
Din gii (s khi b li) 0 1 2 3
Byte M1 1234 5678 0000 0100 0000 0101 .. . 1111 1111
Din gii (s khi b li) 4 5 .. . 255
2.4.4 Mo khung STM Mt tn c 12 byte A1 A2, 4 byte J0
u on ca N
hiu STM-4 (Hnh 2.8) km theo bi 12 byte v 8 byte
s dng quc gia cho hng s 1. Cc byte ny khng c ngu nhin ha (scrambling). Phn ln vic n nh byte ging nh cc byte ca STM-1. Lu rng cc byte trng l dnh cho cc tiu chun trong tng lai, v A1 ... A1 ng rng c mt chui byte A1
nm gia hai byte c ch ra.
4 9 8 7 6 5 3 2
D11 D A K 1 Z E
S D10 B D A
D12 D E K 2 F J
Con tr? AU36 byt
M A 2
Hnh 2.8: Cc byte mo u cho mt tn hiu STM-4

Mt tn hiu STM-16 (Hnh 2.9) c 48 byte A1 k tip bi 48 byte A1, 16 byte J0 v 32 byte s dng cho mc ch quc gia trong hng s 1 v cc byte trong hng ny khng b xo trn (hay ngu nhin ha). Phn ln vic n nh byte ging nh i vi n nh byte
ca tn hiu STM-1. Cc khong trng l cc byte dnh cho nhu cu trong tng lai. Tn hiu STM-64: c th t c theo phng thc n nh byte nh trn.
36
S B A
B A 1 Z
A Z 1
2 J
2 J
2 J
Hnh 2.9: Cc byte mo u cho mt tn hiu STM-16
2.4.5 Mo u ng VC-3/VC-4
Mo u ng POH (Path Overhead) c ghp cp container o VC. POH cha tt c
cc thng tin cn thit m bo cho s vn chuyn ca cc container. Cc thng tin v trng thi
ca tt c cc lung s c th bit c nh cc gi tr d liu ca mo u ng POH.

Mo u ng VC-3/VC-4 c gi l mo u ng cp cao, gm 9 byte (xem Hnh 2.10): d vt ng J1, gim st li ng B3, nhn tn hiu C2, trng thi ng G1, knh ngi s dng tuyn F2, ch th a khung H4, knh ngi s dng tuyn F3, knh chuyn mch bo v t ng K3 v byte cho ngi iu hnh mng N1. Cc byte mo u ny c th c
phn loi nh sau: byte thng tin im - im : J1, B3, C2 v G1 cc byte ch nh ti tin: H4, F2 v F3 Byte ngi iu hnh mng: N1
1. Byte J1: Mc ch ca byte to vt ng l truyn lp i lp li mt mu nhn dng im truy cp ng cp cao ca VC-n u cui ng thu c th xc minh s kt ni lin tc ca n ti my pht nh. Mu
144 byte
B2A1 D7 D4 D1 B1 D1 S1
D11 D A2 K Z E 4
D12 D K F E J 9
nhn dng im truy cp ng c th s dng (1) chui c dng t do gm 64 byte hoc (2) mu dng E.164 gm 16 byte (nh ch ra trong Bng ). 15 byte tip theo c s dng truyn 15 k t ASCII c yu cu cho dng
s E.164.
Byte J1 l byte u tin ca cc khung container o bc cao VC-4 v VC-3. V tr ca
byte J1 trong khung STM-1 c ch ra bi con tr AU-4 PTR, AU-3 PTR.
144
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Z B A1 4
11 J
11
A Z 5
M A 9
A S B
J 9
38
Hnh 2.10: Cc byte mo u ng VC-4/VC-3
Bng 2.7: Cc k t ASCII cho Dng s E.164 1CCC 0XXX ..

.
CCCC XXXX .. .
Du bt u khung byte 2 . ..
0XXX XXXX byte 16 0XXXXXXX: K t ASCII ca chui E.164 CCCCCCCC: Kt qu ca tnh ton CRC-7 ca khung trc
Dng mu: mt khung 16 byte c xc nh truyn s E.164. Byte u ca chui l

mt du bt u khung v cha kt qu ca php tnh CRC-7 qua khung trc . CRC-7
c a thc sinh sau: (2.1) g(X) = 1 + X + X

3 7
a thc ny c s dng tnh ton cc bit kim tra chn l cho mi bn tin. 2. Byte B3 (BIP-8): c phn b trong mi VC-3, VC-4 hoc VC-4-Xc (mt tn hiu mc
xch s c tho lun trong Chng sau) cho chc nng gim st cc hot ng li ca ng (path) ni gia hai container o bc cao VC-4, VC-3 hoc VC-4-Xc. N s dng lut chn l chn ging nh cc byte B1 v B2. B3 c tnh ton trc khi ngu nhin ha thng qua tt c bit ca VC-3, VC-4
C?c byte con tr? AU M?o ??u ?o?n gh? M?o ??u ?o?n l?p
G1 F3 H4 F2 K?n N1 C2 B3 K3 J1
n ?ng ?i s? d?ng 1?ng byt
?ng (PUC ?ng
MSOH RSO
hoc VC-4-Xc trc . B3 c t (trc khi b ngu nhin ha hay xo trn) vo v tr byte B3 ca VC-3, VC-4 hoc VC-4-Xc hin
ti.
3. Byte C2: l byte nhn tn hiu dng ch r cu to ti tin hay ni cch khc l thng bo kiu b tr (Mapping) c s dng trong vic hnh thnh container o bc cao VC-4
K?nh T? mE ki?mh?nh m?nghi? chuy?n m?ch th? ?a khun Ch?NhEnv? t? BI b?o t?nth?i ?? Byte ?i?u tra Tr?ngl? N ch?n v?t
270
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Bng 2.8: C2, cc ng dng ca Byte Nhn Tn Hiu M C2 (nh phn) 0000 0000
0000 0001
M C2 (Hex) 00 01
0000 0010 0000 0011 0000 0100 0001 0010 0001 0011 0001 0100 0001 0101
02 03 04 12 13 14 15
Loi ti tin Khng ti C ti/khng c bit (C th c s dng cho tt c cc ti tin khng cn s phn bit hoc t c s phn bit bng cc bin php khc chng hn nh cc bn tin t cc h iu hnh. Cu trc TUG TU kiu locked (s sm b loi b) B tr lung cn ng b 34,368 Mbit/s vo C-3 B tr lung cn ng b 44,736 Mbit/s vo C-3 B tr lung cn ng b 139,264 Mbit/s vo C-4 B tr cho ATM B tr cho MAN B tr cho FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)
hoc VC-3. Byte C2 c th c gn cc gi tr trong Bng 2.8. Ti u thu, tn hiu sau

khi gii ngu nhin th tr gi tr C= 0000 0000 cn cc gi tr khc ca C2 c ngha l s
dng container o VC-4 hoc VC-3.

4. Byte G1: l byte trng thi ng (path status byte). G1 c dng truyn ngc v thit b pht (1) bn tin v trng thi tuyn hay ng (path) v (2) hiu sut ca tuyn.Tnh nng ny cho php trng thi v hiu sut tuyn (path) ca mt ng hon ton song cng c gim st ti (1) bt k u no trong hai u thu pht v (2) ti bt
k im no dc theo ng (path).
Hnh 2.11 ch ra t chc byte G1. Bit t 1 ti 4 truyn s m cc khi bt c pht hin
l li nh m BIP-8 (B3). Trong mi byte (8 bit) ta c th c (a) khng bit li (b) 1 bit li (c) 2 bit li (d) 3 bit li (e) 4 bit li (f) 5 bit li (g) 6 bit li
(h) 7 bit li (i) 8 bit li Do c 9 kh nng 2 < 9 < 2 Bit 5 ca byte G1 dng cho ch th s c u xa (cc tiu chun c th sa chc nng ny bng vic s dng ba bit trong Hnh 2.11). Hin nay cc bit 6, 7 v 8 cha c n nh.
3 4
40 PHN (TC HIU V
CHNG 2. CP TN HIU SDH , DNG TN MO U)
Hnh 2.11: n nh bit cho byte G1

5. Byte F2, F3: l knh cho ngi s dng tuyn (path), n cp mt knh truyn d liu cho
ngi s dng tuyn.

6. Byte H4: l byte ch th a khung trong trng hp d liu thng tin c b tr trong a
khung gm nhiu container cp thp hn.

7. Byte K3: t bt 1 n 4 dng cho knh chuyn mch bo v t ng APS. Cc bt ny c ch nh cho bo hiu APS bo v ti cc mc ng VC-4 hoc VC-3. Cc bit t
5 8 dng lm knh d tr. Bn bit ny dng cho cc chc nng khc trong tng lai, cha c nh ngha c th. 8. Byte N1: l byte iu hnh mng. c ch nh cung cp chc nng gim st kt ni chuyn tip (TCM).
2.5 Cc thnh phn ca tn hiu STM-1

Hnh 2.12 minh ha tng th cc thnh phn ca tn hiu STM-N. Chi tit vic b tr/ghp t cc container tc thp vo tn hiu SDH STM-N s c trnh by trong chng sau. Tuy nhin hnh v ny c gii thch ngn gn nh sau: Mt C-4 [container mc 4: mang mt tn hiu 139,264 Mbit/s, chng hn nh mt tn hiu CEPT-4] c b tr trc tip, vi mo u ng VC-4, vo mt VC-4 [Container o mc 4]. Cc con tr AU-4 c b sung vo VC-4 ny hnh thnh mt mt AU-4 [n v qun l mc 4]. AU-4 ny tng ng vi mt AUG (Nhm AU). Sau cc byte mo u on ghp v mo u
on lp c thm vo hnh thnh mt STM-1. N tn hiu STM-1 sau khi c chnh khung s c ghp vo mt tn hiu STM-N. Mt C-3 [Container mc 3: dnh cho b tr tn hiu 34,368 Mbit/s] c ghp trc tip, cng vi cc byte mo u ng VC-3, vo mt VC-3. Ba byte con tr TU-3 c thm vo mt VC-3 hnh thnh mt TU-3 [n v lung mc 3] gn tng ng vi mt TUG-3 [Nhm TU mc 3]. Qu trnh ny s c trnh by trong phn sau. Ba TUG-3 c ghp/b tr xen byte vo mt VC-4 nh trng hp C-4, c chuyn thnh mt AU-4, mt AUG v mt STM-1.
H th hi
2.5. CC THNH PHN CA TN HIU STM-1
41
C-3 [Container mc 3 cng c th c s dng b tr tn hiu 44,736 Mbit/s] c b

tr trc tip vo mt VC-3. Sau cc con tr AU-3 c b sung vo VC-3 ny to nn mt tn hiu AU-3. Ba AU-3 c ghp/b tr theo kiu xen byte vo mt AUG ging
nh trng hp C-4 c chuyn thnh mt STM-1.

C-2 [Container mc 2 dng b tr tn hiu 6,312 Mbit/s] c b tr trc tip cng vi cc byte mo u ng VC-2 vo mt VC-2. Cc con tr TU-2 c b sung vo VC-2 ny hnh thnh mt TU-2 (n v lung mc 2; mt TU-2 TUG-2; Nhm TU mc 2). By TUG-2 c ghp/b tr theo kiu xen byte vo mt VC-3. Sau cc byte con tr AU-3 c thm vo VC-3 ny to thnh mt tn hiu AU-3. Ba tn hiu AU-3 c ghp/b tr theo kiu xen byte vo mt AUG v cng nh trng hp C-4, n c
chuyn thnh mt STM-1.

C-12 [Container mc 1, loi 2 dng b tr tn hiu 2,048 Mbit/s] c b tr trc tip vi cc byte mo u ng VC-12 to nn mt tn hiu VC-12. Cc con tr TU-12 c thm vo tn hiu VC-12 ny to thnh mt TU-12. Ba TU-12 c ghp/b tr
42
xen byte vo mt TUG-2. T TUG-2 vo mt STM-1 cho ng dng C-12 ny ging ht
nh trong trng hp C-2.

C-11 [Container mc 1, loi 1 dng b tr tn hiu 1,544 Mbit/s] c b tr trc tip vi cc byte mo u ng VC-11 vo mt VC-11. Cc con tr TU-11 c thm vo VC-11 ny hnh thnh mt TU-11. Bn TU-11 c ghp/b tr xen byte vo mt TUG-2. T TUG-2 vo mt STM-1 cho ng dng C-11 ny ging ht nh trong trng
hp C-2.
T Hnh 2.12 v m t ngn gn cc thnh phn ca tn hiu SDH trn y, mi quan h
gia cc tn hiu va tho lun s c nh ngha theo mt dng ngn gn hn nh sau. C-m + mo u VC-m VC-n + Con tr TU-n VC-k + con tr AU-k AUG + RSOH + MSOH VC-m; m=11, 12, 2, 3 hoc 4 TU-n; n=11, 12, 2 hoc 3 AU-k; k=3 hoc 4 STM-1 (a) (b)
(c)
(2.2)
2.6 Container C-n
H 2. CV A v ST
(d) Trong cc tiu chun SDH hin nay c 6 kch c container l C-11, C-12, 2C-2, C-3 v
C-4 nh ch ra trong Bng 2.1. Su container ny c chia lm 2 nhm: (1) cc container cp cao l C-4 v C-3; v (2) cc container cp thp l C-2, C-12 v C-11. i khi ngi ta gp C-11 v C-12 vo mt tn chung l C-1. Mi tn hiu DS1 tc 1,544 Mbit/s hay mt tn hiu ISDN H11 c th c t vo mt Container-11 (C-11). Mt tn hiu CEPT-1 2,048 Mbit/s hay mt tn hiu ISDN H12 c th c t vo mt C-12. Mt tn hiu DS2 6,312 Mbit/s s c b tr vo mt C-2 trong khi mt tn hiu DS3 44,368 Mbit/s hay mt tn hiu ISDN H32 s c
43 2.6. CONTAINER C-N
cha trong mt C-3. Lu rng container dng cha mt tn hiu CEPT-3 34,368 Mbit/s
hoc mt tn hiu ISDN H31 cng l C-3. Tuy nhin vic b tr hai C-3 ny l khc nhau. iu ny c th thy c t Hnh 2.12 khi CEPT-3 i theo ng bn phi qua VC-3, TU-3, TUG-3, VC-4, AUG v cui cng l STM-N. Mt khc tn hiu DS3 44,736 Mbit/s i theo ng bn tri qua VC-3, AU-3, AUG v cui cng l STM-N. Chi tit v th tc b tr/ghp knh s c tho lun trong Chng 3. Tc PDH cao nht CEPT-4 139,264 Mbit/s hoc mt ISDN H4 s
c b tr vo mt C-4.
2.6.1 C-4, VC-4, AU-4, AUG v STM-1

Mt Container C-4 chim 9 hng 260 ct trong khong thi mt khung 125 s. Ni cch khc, C-4 c tc 149,76 Mbit/s ( 9 260 bytes64Kbit/s trn 1 byte). Vi vic b sung mt ct mo u ng VC-4 (POH) vo mt C-4 nh nh ngha bi 2.2(a) ta c th t c mt
VC-4 c cu trc 9261 (xem Hnh 2.13).

Sau , mt con tr AU-4 9 byte c b sung vo mt VC-4 hnh thnh mt AU-4 nh nh ngha bi 2.2(c). By gi 27 byte mo u on lp (RSOH) v 45 byte mo u on ghp (MSOH) c b sung vo mt tn hiu AUG hnh thnh mt tn hiu SDH STM-1 nh c ch ra bi 2.2(d). Qu trnh ny c trnh by trn Hnh 2.13. T Hnh 2.12 ta c th thy rng mt AUG tng ng vi mt AU-4. Vy th ti sao mt AU-4 c gi l AUG? S d gi nh vy bi v mt AUG c th c dng mang hoc l mt AU-4 hoc ba AU-3. T ng dng AU-3, mt nhm (ba) tn hiu AU-3 s hnh thnh mt AUG. Trng hp ng dng 3 AU-3 s c tho lun trong phn sau. M t chi tit v ng dng ca c AU-4 v AU-3 s
c trnh by trong Chng 3.
2.6.2 C-3, VC-3, TU-3, TUG-3, VC-4, AUG v STM-1
Hnh 2.14: C-3, VC-3, TU-3, TUG-3, VC-4, AU-4 v STM-1
44
Nh ni trn hoc l mt tn hiu CEPT-3 34,368 Mbit/s hoc mt tn hiu DS3 44,736 Mbit/s c th c b tr vo mt container C-3. Do phn cp Bc M khng c s dng
nc ta nn y ta ch quan tm n C-3 dng b tr tn hiu CEPT-3.

Mt container C-3 chim 9 hng 84 ct trong mt khong thi gian khung 125 s. C-3 c tc 48,384 Mbit/s. Chn byte mo u ng VC-3 POH c b sung vo C-3 to thnh mt VC-3 nh c nh ngha bi 2.2(a). Mt VC-3 c cu trc 885 hay dung lng 48,96 Mbit/s. hnh thnh mc tn hiu tip theo l TU-3 th ba byte con tr TU-3 nh c nh ngha trong 2.2(b) phi c chn vo ct th 86. Ct ny c 6 byte chn c nh chim vng cn li (xem hnh bn tri pha di ca Hnh 2.14). Qu trnh ny hon chnh mt TUG-3 c cu trc 9 86. Lu rng tn hiu TU-3 c 85 ct cng thm 3 byte con tr TU-3 trong khi mt TUG-3 c 86 ct. V vy TU-3 c dung lng 49,152 Mbit/s khng ng nht vi mt TUG-3 c dung lng 49,536 Mbit/s. Ai c th t cu hi, nu mt TU-3 gn nh ng nht vi mt TUG-3, vy th sao li c thm mt tn l TUG-3? Nh vy c tha khng? iu ny xin tr li l khng v ta c th thy t Hnh 2.12, mt TUG-3 c th c hnh thnh t mt tn hiu TU-3 hoc t mt nhm tn hiu TUG-2. Chnh xc hn, mt tn hiu TUG-3 cha by (7)
tn hiu TUG-2. V th, n l mt tn hiu nhm.

Sau ba tn hiu TUG-3 c ghp/b tr xen byte vo mt VC-4 m tn hiu ny ngoi ba TUG-3 ra cn cha hai ct nhi c nh v mt ct mo u ng VC-4 nh ch ra trn Hnh 2.14 (VC-4 khng c ch ra r rng trn hnh ny nhng Hnh 2.13 cho thy mt VC-4 c n gin ha). Chn byte con tr AU-4 c b sung vo mt tn hiu VC-4 nh c nh ngha bi 2.2(c) hnh thnh mt tn hiu AUG. By gi, 27 byte mo u on lp (RSOH) v 45 byte mo u on ghp (MSOH) s c b sung vo mt tn hiu AUG hnh thnh nn tn hiu SDH STM-1. Qu trnh ny c trnh by trn Hnh 2.14. Cc ng dng s dng
C-3 truyn ti ba tn hiu E-3 34,368 Mbit/s s c tho lun trong Chng 3.
Hnh 2.15: C-12, VC-12, TU-12, TUG-2, TUG-3, VC-4, AU-4 v STM-1
45 2.7. N V LUNG (TU)
2.6.3 C-12, VC-12, TUG-2, TUG-3, VC-4, AU-4, AUG v STM-1
By gi container cp thp theo tiu chun ITU-T C-12 s c tho lun bng vic m t mi
quan h gia C-12 ny v STM-1. Container C-12, mang mt tn hiu CEPT-1 tc 2,048 Mbit/s hoc tng ng chng hn nh mt tn hiu ISDN H12, c dung lng ti tin 34 byte
trong khong thi gian 125 s. Din gii c c dung lng ny s c tho lun di y. Mt byte mo u ng VC-12 (hoc l V5, J2, N2 hoc K4) c b sung vo C-12 nh c nh ngha bi 2.2(a) hnh thnh mt container o VC-12. Sau mt byte (hoc l V1, V2, V3 hoc V4) hot ng nh mt con tr TU-12 (hay i khi c ni n nh l con tr TU-1 nhm n gim ha) c b sung vo tn hiu VC-12 nh c nh ngha bi 2.2(b) hnh thnh TU-12 vi dung lng 36 byte. Cn phi cp y rng c tng cng bn byte, mi byte trong khong thi gian 125 s lm chc nng con tr TU-12. Con tr bn byte (V1, V2, V3 v V4) ny s c tho lun trong Chng 3. Lu rng dung lng 36 byte ny ca mt TU-12 tng ng vi dung lng 4 ct trong
mt khung STM-1 125 s. Ba TU-12 c ghp xen byte vo mt TUG-2 vi dung lng 12
ct. By TUG-2 sau c ghp xen byte vo vng ti tin ca TUG-3. Lu rng TUG-3 c cu trc 9 hng 86 ct: mt ct gm Ch th Contr Rng (NPI) cng vi cc byte nhi c nh, mt ct nhi c nh (c th c s dng truyn ti tin khi cn cho cc tiu chun trong tng lai), v 84 ct c phn b u cho by TUG-2 (xem Hnh 2.15). Tc l do 84/7=12, nn dung lng cho mi TUG-2 l 12 ct. Mi TUG-2 mang ba TU-12, mi TU-12 chim 4 (12/3) ct. Ni cch khc, mt TU-12 i hi 36 byte (4 ct 9 byte/ct=36 byte). Tt c nhng iu ny s c tho lun trong mc 2.7. T TUG-3 ti VC-4 ri ti AUG v STM-1 ging nh trnh by trong mc 2.6.2 v c ch ra trn Hnh 2.14.
2.7 n v Lung (TU)

Trong phn trc, cc thnh phn ca mt khung STM-1 (hay AUG) di dng container C-n (n=4, 3, 12) c tho lun. C mt s tn hiu trung gian quan trng i vi cc ng dng ca mt container. V d, ghp C-12 vo mt STM-1 ta phi to VC-12, TU-12, TUG-2, TUG-3, VC-4, AU-4 v AUG. V vy bc u tin cho ng dng ny l hiu k cng v TU-n. Ta c th thy trn Hnh 2.12, cc phn t chnh ca cc thnh phn tn hiu ny l cc n v lung TU-11, TU-12, TU-2 v TU-3. Cng t hnh ny ta c th thy mc ch ca TU l truyn ti v chuyn mch mt container, tc l mt tn hiu STM-1 con. Hnh 2.12 c th c n gin ha bi Hnh 2.16 nhm lin h mt tn hiu STM-1 ti bt k tn hiu lung no. Thng qua TUG-2, TUG-3, VC-4 v AU-4, 63 TU-12 c th c b tr/ghp vo mt AUG. Cng vy, ba (3) TU-3 c th c ghp/b tr vo mt tn hiu AUG thng qua TUG-3, VC-4 v AU-4. Tp ng dng ny c thit k cho cc h thng s ITU-T. Trong phn ny, mc ch v dung lng ca mi TU-n: Mi quan h gia mt tn hiu TU-n v mt TUG-2; v mi quan h gia mt tn hiu TU-n v mt tn hiu STM-1 s c nghin cu.
46 PHN SDH TN U)
CHNG 2. CP TN HIU (TC , DNG HIU V MO
Hnh 2.16: AUG (hay STM-1) v cc loi TU khc nhau Bng 2.9: Dung lng ca TU v ng dng ca n Loi TU s ct cn thit 12 4 3 Dung lng s byte /khung 108 36 27 s byte /siu khung 432 144 108 tc (Mbit/s) 6,912 2,304 1,728 ng dng
TU-2 TU-12 TU-11
DS2 (6,312 Mbit/s) CEPT-1 (2,048 Mbit/s) DS1 (1,544 Mbit/s)
2.7.1 Mc ch v dung lng ca TU

Mc ch ca mi TU-n thnh phn, tr TU-3, c th thy c t Bng 2.9. 1. TU-11 c thit k truyn tn hiu DS1 c tc 1,544 Mbit/s. Mi ct ca mt STM-N (N=1, 4 hay 16) hay AUG c
tc 0,576 Mbit/s (64 kbit/s/byte 9 byte/ct).

V vy, n i hi 3 ct ca AUG hay 27 byte trn 1 khung 125 s TU-11 cha c
DS1.
2. TU-12 c thit k truyn tn hiu CEPT-1 c tc 2,048 Mbit/s. V vy chim 4
ct (36 byte /khung) ca khung AUG mt TU-12 cha mt tn hiu CEPT-1. 3. TU-2 c thit k truyn DS2 c tc 6,132 Mbit/s. N i hi 12 ct (108 byte trn mt khung) ca AUG TU-2 cha c DS2. thun li ta xem mt tn hiu TU-11, TU-12 hay TU-2 nh mt tn hiu c cu trc khung
1 byte rng 27, 36 hoc 108 byte cao tng ng trn mi khong 125 s nh ch ra trn Hnh
2.17. V d truyn mt CEPT-1, tn hiu CEPT-1 v tn hiu mo u kt hp vi n, byte k byte s c b tr vo cc byte s 1, 2, 3 v 4 ca hng th nht, sau vo cc byte s 1, 2, 3 v 4 ca hng th hai v c tip tc nh vy. Mt khc (xem Hnh 2.17(B)) ta c th thy byte u tin ca mt khung 136 s nhn byte u tin ca CEPT-1 v mo u kt hp vi n; byte th hai s nhn byte th hai t CEPT-1 v c tip tc nh vy. Hn th na,
47
2.7. N V LUNG (TU)
Hnh 2.17: Dung lng / cu trc khung ca TU
t Hnh 2.17(C), qung thi gian 4 khung 125 s c nh ngha cho mt siu khung hay a
khung 500 s. Tc l trong mt siu khung c bn khung 125 s, mi khung c dn u bi mt byte mo u (hoc l V1, V2, V3 hoc V4). Mt siu khung bt u t byte V1.
Bn byte mo u ny s c nghin cu chi tit trong Chng 3. Byte ch th a khung H4 ca mo u ng VC-n (n=3 hoc 4) c s dng ch th pha ca a khung 500 s ny. Nu H4=(XXXXXX00), y "X" l bit khng quan tm, th khung 125 s ny l khung u tin ca mt a khung 500 s. Byte u trong khung 125 s l V1 (byte con tr TU-n th nht). Tng t, nu H4=(XXXXXX01) th khung 125 s ny l khung th hai ca a khung 500 s. Byte u tin ca khung 125 s ny l V2 (byte con tr TU-n th 2). iu tng t c th c
p dng cho trng hp H4=(XXXXXX10) v H4=(XXXXXX11).

By gi, dung lng ca mi TU s c bn tho t mt quan im khc. V d, TU-12 c dung lng 4 ct hay 36 byte trn 1 khung. Do c bn khung trong mt siu khung nn TU-12
c dung lng 144 (436) byte trong mt a khung, trong khi TU-11 c dung lng l 108 byte/siu khung v TU-2 c 432 byte/siu khung. Lu rng mt tn hiu TU-n (n=11, 12 hay 2) vi bn byte con tr ca n (V1V4) hnh thnh mt tn hiu VC-n nh trnh by trn Hnh 2.17(C). Chi tit mi quan h gia mt tn hiu TU-n v mt tn hiu VC-n s c tho lun trong Chng 3.
2.7.2 Mi quan h gia TU-n (n=11, 12 hoc 2) vi TUG-2

Ngoi tn hiu TU-n(n=11, 12 hay 2), mt tn hiu trung gian khc cn thit x l vic b tr / ghp C-11, C-12 hoc C-2 vo mt STM-1, l TUG-2 (Nhm n v lung - mc 2). Ta
48
bit rng 1. Mt TU-11 i hi 3 ct ca AUG mang mt DS1, tc 1,544 Mbit/s 2. Mt TU-12 cn 4 ct mng mt tn hiu CEPT-1 tc 2,048 Mbit/s. 3. Mt TU-2 cn 12 ct mang mt tn hiu DS2 tc 6,312 Mbit/s. (2.3) Bi s chung nh nht ca (3, 4 v 12)=12 Tc l, nu mt khung AUG hay mt khung STM-1 c 12, 24, 36 hay n12 ct(n = s nguyn
dng) th ta c th s dng khung ny truyn bt k TU-n (n=11, 12 hoc 2) no. Mt TUG-2 (mt nhm 12 ct c bit ca mt khung AUG) c gii thiu cho mc ch ny. Do
, mt tn hiu TUG-2 c 12 ct v c th th truyn 1. Mt tn hiu TU-2 hay mt tn hiu DS2. 2. Ba tn hiu TU-12 hay ba tn hiu CEPT1 3. Bn tn hiu TU-11 hay bn tn hiu DS1.
Hnh 2.18: Quan h gia TUG-2 v TU-n (n=11, 12 v 2)

nh Hnh 2.18 ch ra. Cn phi ni ti
y rng nu ba TU-12 c mang bi mt TUG-2 th ghp xen byte s c p dng. V d, nu bn ct cn cho TU-12 th nht l "A", "A", "A" v "A"; bn ct cn cho TU-12 th 2 l "B", "B", "B" v "B"; v bn ct cn cho TU-12 th ba l "C", "C", "C" v "C" th TUG-2 s mang tn hiu vi trnh t "ABC", "ABC", "ABC" v
"ABC" nh ta thy trn Hnh 2.18.
2.7.3 TU v STM-1
Hnh 2.19(A) ch ra phn ti tin ca mt khung STM-1, bt u bng mt ct mo u ng VC-4 (POH). Trng hp mt STM-1 c s dng truyn khng g ngoi TU-12 s c
49
2.7. N V LUNG (TU)
Hnh 2.19: TU-12 v STM-1
tho lun. Mi STM-1 c th mang 63 TU-12. Ct u tin sau ct POH c phn b cho
TU-12 th nht; ct th hai dnh cho TU-12 th 2 vv... S d nh vy l v cc chun SDH s dng phng thc ghp xen byte. Hnh 2.19(B) ch ra bn ct ng c cho TU-1 th nht trong mt khung STM-1. Con tr AU-4 s ch ra im bt u ca ti tin STM-1, ti tin ny c dn u bi mo u ng VC-4. Mt khi POH c nhn bit th bn ct ca tn hiu TU-12
s c nh v chnh xc. Ni cch khc
1. Mo u ng VC-4 c pha "ng" so vi khung STM-1. 2. Nhng pha gia bn ct ca TU-12 u tin (TU-12 s 1) c quan h pha c nh so vi mo u ng VC-4. Cc byte mo u kt hp vi mi TU-12 trong mi khung ti tin 125 s l hoc V1, V2, V3 hay V4 (xem Hnh 2.19(C)). Mi trong s bn byte mo u ny dn u khung TU-12 36 byte. Chng 3 s tho lun v V1, V2, V3 v V4 v ta s thy y l cc byte mo u c thit k cho chc nng con tr ti tin. Con tr (V1, V2) s tr n im bt u ca mt container o VC-12 trong TU-12. Byte khi u ny c gi l V5. Khong thi gian 500 s ca mt a khung c dn u bi byte V5 c gi l mt VC-12 cho mt container C-12. ng dng mang 63 CEPT-1 qua 63 C-12, 63 VC-12, 63 TU-12, 21 TUG-2, 3 TUG-3 trong mt tn hiu STM-1 s c tho lun trong Chng 3.
50
Chng 3 ng dng con tr SDH (B tr- Mapping/ghp-Multiplexing)

Mc ch ca chng Sau khi hon thnh chng ny, bn c th M t cc con tr AU-4/AU-3/TU-3 (H1, H2, H3 v H4): cc vng con tr, chc nng ca con tr, to v phin dch con tr.
Tho lun v vic b tr/ghp mt tn hiu C-4 (cho mt tn hiu CEPT-4) v mt tn hiu
C-3 (cho mt CEPT-3 hay mt DS3) vo mt tn hiu STM-1.

M t cc con tr TU-1/TU-2 (V1, V2, V3 v V4): cc vng con tr, chc nng con tr,
to v phin dch con tr.

Tho lun v vic b tr/ghp mt tn hiu C-2 (cho mt tn hiu DS2), mt tn hiu C-12 (cho mt tn hiu CEPT-1) hay mt tn hiu C-11 (cho mt tn hiu DS1) vo mt tn hiu
STM-1. M t cc tn hiu mc xch SDH Tm tt chng

Phn loi con tr STM-1: (1) ng dng CEPT-4; (2) ng dng DS3: (3) ng dng CEPT-3
v (4) cc ng dng DS2/CEPT-1 v DS1

Cc con tr (H1, H2) v (V1, V2): phm vi gi tr con tr, cc chc nng con tr (nh ch th iu chnh tn s, ch th lch ti
tin v c d liu mi), to v phin dch con tr.
Hn na, cc byte mo u ng VC-1/VC-2 : V5, J2, N2 v K4 B tr tn hiu CEPT-4 vo mt STM-1 thng qua container C-4, VC-4, AU-4 v AUG.
B tr/ghp cc tn hiu DS3 vo mt STM-1 qua C-3, VC-3, AU-3 v AUG; v b tr/ghp cc tn hiu CEPT-3 vo mt STM-1 qua C-3, VC-3, TU-3, TUG-3, VC-4, AU-4
v AUG
51
52 CHNG 3. NG DNG CON TR SDH (B TR- MAPPING/GHP-MULTIPLEXING)
Bng
3.1: SDH E4
Cc lung cp cao v cp thp SDH Cc byte con tr (H1, H2, H3)
Nhnh cp cao (tc cao) Nhnh cp thp (tc thp)
DS3 E3
DS2 (H1, H2, H3) E1 (V1, V2, V3) DS1 * i vi ng dng E3, hai tp con tr (H1, H2, H3) l cn thit
B tr/ghp mt (1) DS2 (cn ng b hoc ng b bit) vo mt STM-1 qua C-2, VC-2,
TU-2, TUG-2, TUG-3, VC-4, AU-4 v AUG; v ba (3) DS1 (cn ng b, ng b bit hoc ng b byte) vo mt STM-1 qua C-11, VC-11, TU-11, TUG-2, VC-3, AU-3 v
AUG Tn hiu mc xch: cu trc khung v ch th mc xch.
3.1 Con tr STM-1

Con tr c s dng cho vic b tr cc lung tn hiu khc nhau vo mt tn hiu STM-1. C hai loi con tr c s dng cho cc chc nng b tr/ghp ny trong cc ng dng SDH.
l (H1, H2, H3) v (V1, V2, V3). Nhng ng dng ca cc con tr ny c tng kt nh sau: 1. Cc lung cp cao (High order tributaries): Ch mt tp byte con tr, (H1, H2 v H3) l cn thit
2. Cc lung cp thp (Low order tributaries): C hai tp byte con tr, (H1, H2, H3) v (V1,
V2, V3) c yu cu Bng 3.1 ch ra cc lung SDH cp cao v cp thp v mi quan h ca chng vi cc tp con tr v cc ng dng ca chng (con tr) s c tho lun trong chng ny. Nh ch ra trong Bng 3.1, mt STM-1 mang mt tn hiu E4, chc nng b tr/ghp i hi mt tp con tr (H1, H2, H3). mang N tn hiu E4 qua mt tn hiu STM-N, n i hi N tp con tr. i vi tt c cc contaier khc c tc thp so vi tc truyn ti SDH, mt tn hiu STM-1 c th c phn pht cho nhiu container tc thp. V vy, nhiu tp con tr trong mt tn hiu STM-1 l cn thit cho th tc ghp/b tr cc tn hiu cp thp ny. V d, Hnh 3.1 ch ra rng c ba AU-3 nm trong vng ti tin ca STM-1. Vic mi AU-3 s nm u trong ti tin ny c quyt
nh bi cc byte con tr kt hp vi mi AU-3. C ba tp con tr (c bit n vi tn "con tr AU-3" v nm t ct s 1 ti ct s 9 ca hng th 4 trong mt khung STM-1 125 s) c s dng ch th v tr ca ba ti tin AU-3. Mc ch ca con tr l cung cp mt phng php cho php ng chnh linh hot v "ng" container o VC bn trong khung AUG. "ng" c ngha l VC c php "tri ni" trong khung AUG. V
53 3.2. PHN TR STM-1 V TR LOI CON V TR CON
Hnh 3.1: Con tr, ti tin STM-1 v STM-1
th, con tr c kh nng iu tit nhng khc bit khng ch v pha ca VC v mo u on

lp m cn c v tc khung na. Sau y l danh sch cc c im quan trng ca con tr
STM-1. Phn loi con tr (xem Hnh 3.2 ) Cc byte con tr AU-n (n=3 hoc 4), H1, H2 v H3 Cc byte con tr TU-3, H1, H2 v H3 Cc byte con tr TU-2/TU-12/TU-11, V1, V2, V3 v V4 V tr con tr Chc nng con tr Ch th gi tr ( lch) con tr Ch th iu chnh tn s Biu th c d liu mi NDF To con tr ti u pht v lut to con tr Phin dch con tr ti u thu v lut phin dch Cc c im trn s c miu t chi tit trong cc phn tip theo.
3.2 Phn loi con tr STM-1 v v tr con tr
C mt s loi byte con tr. Theo quan im chc nng con tr, c con tr AU-n (n=3 hoc 4), con tr TU-3 v con tr TU-2/TU-12/TU-11. Nhng theo quan im ng dng, cc con tr c
th c phn lm bn loi v c m t nh sau: A. ng dng CEPT-4: Bn trong khung STM-1 hng s 4 ct t 1 n 9 c dnh ring cho cc byte con tr AU-4 [nh c ch ra trn Hnh 3.2 (A)]. Khi mt tn hiu STM-1 c s dng truyn mt tn hiu C-4 (mang mt tn hiu E4 hoc tng ng qua mt tn
hiu VC-4) nh ch ra trn Hnh 3.2(A), ch 5 trong s 9 byte c cp pht ca cc v tr cp trn l c s dng lm con tr. Tc l H1 v H2 l cc byte con tr trong khi ba byte H3 c ch nh lm byte hot ng con tr. S d nh vy l v ch mt C-4 duy nht s c b tr vo mt ti tin STM-1. V vy, ch mt tp byte con tr (H1 v H2) l cn thit. Cc byte H1 th hai v th ba khng c s dng nhng c n nh lm mt byte c bit, Y=(1001UU11). y U l bit khng c qui nh. Tng t cc byte H2
th hai v th ba khng c s dng v c n nh lm cc byte 1=(11111111). Byte
H3 s c trnh by sau.
Hnh 3.2: V tr con tr ca bn loi con tr

B. ng dng DS3: C hai container C-3 khc nhau nh trnh by trong Chng 2, mt dng truyn mt tn hiu DS3 trong khi container kia dng truyn mt tn hiu E-3. V vy s c hai loi con tr dng b tr hai container khc nhau ny. Trc ht, v tr con tr s c tho lun khi mt tn hiu STM-1 c s dng truyn ti ba tn hiu DS3
55 3.2. PHN LOI CON TR STM-1 V V TR CON TR
qua ba C-3 [sau qua 3 VC-3, 3 AU-3 v 1 AUG (Hnh 2.12)]. N i hi ba tp con
tr AU-3 cho mc ch ny. Tt c cc byte con tr ny chim hng th 4 ct t 1 n 9 ca khung STM-1 125 s nh ch ra trn Hnh 3.2(B). Lu rng H1, H2 v H3 c t xen byte trong hng th 4 ca khung STM-1. Ba byte con tr (H1, H2 v H3) cho VC-3 th nht nm cc ct s 1, 4 v 7 nh c ch ra bi vng trn s 1. Ba byte con tr (H1, H2, H3) cho VC-3 s hai nm cc ct s 2, 5 v 8 nh c ch ra bi vng trn s 2; v ba byte con tr (H1, H2, H3) cho VC-3 s 3 nm cc ct 3, 6 v 9 nh c ch
ra bi vng trn s 3 trn Hnh 3.2(B). C. ng dng CEPT-3: hiu cc byte con tr loi 2 ca C-3 ta cn hiu mt trong ba chc nng ca con tr AU-4. Mt chc nng ca con tr AU-4 c s dng ch ra im bt u ca mo u ng VC-4. iu ny c ch ra trn Hnh 3.2(C). Lu rng mt tn hiu VC-4 nm tri ni so vi khung STM-1. Mt khi v tr mo u ng VC-4 c xc nh bi con tr AU-4 th container o VC-4 cng c xc nh. Mt VC-4 c cu trc 9 hng 261 ct nh ch ra trn Hnh 2.13. VC-4 ny c th c dng truyn ba container C-3, tc l ba tn hiu CEPT-3 hoc tng ng. V vy ba tp con tr (con tr TU-3) c yu cu ch ra cc v tr ca ba C-3 ny bn trong VC-4. Cng ging cc ng dng k trn, c ba byte kt hp vi mi con tr, tc l H1, H2 v H3. Trong mt ti tin VC-4, ct u tin c ch nh cho mo u ng VC-4, hai ct tip theo c dnh ring cho cc tiu chun tng lai cn hin ti th c phn b cho cc byte nhi c nh. Cc byte con tr TU-3 (H1, H2, H3) cho C-3 th nht chim ct s 4 ca ti tin VC-4. Cc byte con tr (H1, H2, H3) cho C-3 th 2 chim ct s 5; v cc byte con tr (H1, H2, H3) cho C-3 th 3 chim ct s 6 ca ti tin VC-4. Ba tp con tr TU-3 ny ch chim ba hng u tin ca ti tin VC-4. Ni cch khc, ch ba byte u ca mi ct con tr (ct s 4, 5 v 6 ca ti tin VC-4) c dng lm cc byte con tr, v 5 byte pha di l cc byte nhi c nh nh c ch ra trn Hnh . D. ng dng DS2/CEPT-1 v DS1: Tp con tr SDH cui cng l (V1, V2, V3 v V4) c ch nh cho vic b tr
Mt tn hiu C-2, mang tn hiu DS2 hoc tng ng vo mt tn hiu VC-2 v
sau vo mt tn hiu TU-2.

Mt tn hiu C-12, mang tn hiu E1 hoc tng ng vo mt tn hiu VC-12 v
sau vo mt tn hiu TU-12

Mt tn hiu C-11, mang tn hiu DS1 hoc tng ng vo mt tn hiu VC-11 v
sau vo mt tn hiu TU-11. V vy, chng c ni ti nh cc con tr TU-1/TU-2. TU-1 c dng ch cc lung TU-11 v TU-12. V tr ca chng (V1, V2, V3 v V4) l tri ni so vi khung STM-1
125 s. Tuy nhin v tr ca chng li c nh so vi mt tn hiu VC-4. S dng vic
ghp/b tr cc tn hiu E1 vo mt STM-1 gii thch v tr ca cc byte con tr TU-12 (V1, V2, V3 v V4). Ta c th b tr ln ti 63 tn hiu E1 vo mt tn hiu STM-1 hay mt ti tin VC-4. Mi E1 i hi mt tp byte con tr (V14) bn trong mt cu trc a khung hay siu khung 500 s. V d y l b tr tn hiu E1 th nht. Con tr AU-4 s xc nh v tr bt u ca vng ti VC-4 m vng ny th lun c dn u bi mo u ng VC-4. Mt khi v tr mo u ng VC-4 c xc nh nh ch ra trn Hnh 3.2(D) th khung 125 s u tin ca a khung 500 s c xc
nh. Ba khung 125 s
cn li c xc nh theo cng phng thc. Byte con tr u tin V1 c t ngay sau byte mo u ng VC-4 u tin (J1) ca khung 125 s th nht; byte con tr th 2 V2 c t ngay sau byte mo u ng VC-4 th nht (J1) ca khung 125 s th 2 v c tip tc nh vy. Tc l 4 byte con tr TU-12, t V1 n V4, c phn b qua siu
khung (hay a khung) TU 500 s.

Tiu chun trn c p dng cho vic b tr/ghp cc tn hiu DS1 hay DS2. Tc l v
tr ca cc byte con tr TU-11 hay TU-12 c xc nh theo cng phng php.
3.3 Con tr (H1, H2)

Hai byte con tr SDH (H1, H2) gm 16 bit c phn chia thnh ba trng nh sau: C d liu mi (NDF): chim bit t 1 n 4 v c gi l bit N.
Cc bit cha c n nh: bit 5 v bit 6 (SS) c n nh l (10) nu con tr c s dng l AU-4, AU-3 hoc TU-3 cn cc gi tr khc khng c xc nh v u thu s
b qua.
Ch th gi tr ( lch -offset) con tr: chim cc bit t 7 n 16 (10 bit) v c chia lm
hai nhm: nhm cc bit tng (incremental bits): bit s 7, 9, 11, 13 v 15 (5 bit I ) dng ch th ng chnh tn s dng
nhm cc bit gim (decremental bits): bit s 8, 10, 12, 14 v 16 (5 bit D) dng
chi th ng chnh tn s m
Hnh 3.3: T chc con tr Hnh 3.3 cho thy t chc t con tr
(H1,H2). M t chi tit chc nng ca cc byte con tr ny c trnh by trong cc phn sau.
3.3.1 (H1, H2) vi t cch mt con tr AU-4

Trong phn ny con tr AU-4 s c m t bng s tham chiu n Hnh 3.4. Cc byte con tr AU-4, H1 v H2 nm trong cc ct s 1 v 4 hng s 4 ca mt khung STM-1. Cc ct th 2
57 3.3. CON TR (H1, H2)
v 3 ca hng ny khng c s dng cho bt k mc ch c bit no ti thi im ny; tuy

nhin mi trong s 2 byte ny c n nh mt mu Y=1101UU11. U biu th bit khng c xc hng s byte hot H3 nm n 9. hot khng nh. Ct s 5 v 6 4 hin c gn cc ton "1". Ba byte ng con tr trong cc ct t 7 Trong iu kin ng bnh thng cn ng chnh
Hnh 3.4: Phm vi lch ca con tr AU-4 tn s m hoc dng th ba byte H3 mang cc knh gi. Khi ng chnh tn m c yu cu (tc l khi ti tin cn truyn qua mt tn hiu STM-1 c tc cao hn tc bnh thng ca n) th khong thi gian c s dng truyn ba byte H3 s c s dng truyn ti tin. Khi ng chnh tn s dng c yu cu, v tr ba byte ngay sau byte H3 cui cng s mang cc byte nhi. iu ny nhm to nn mt tc thch hp do ti u vo di tc biu kin (danh nh) ca n. Cc hot ng ny s c tho lun trong cc phn sau. Phm vi gi tr con tr Khi gi tr lch (offset) con tr bng 0 th ti tin (VC-4) s bt u ti byte u tin ngay sau byte H3 cui cng. Ni cch khc, byte mo u ng VC-4 u tin (J1) s nm ti byte u tin sau byte H3 cui cng hay trong ct th 10, hng th 4 ca khung STM-1. Nu gi tr lch con tr bng 1 th byte J1 nm v tr cch byte H3 cui cng 3 byte hay ct th 13 hng th 4 ca khung STM-1. Nu gi tr lch con tr l 782 th byte J1 nm hng th 3 ct 268 ca khung STM-1 k tip nh ch ra trn Hnh 3.4. Do , ta c th pht biu nh sau v gi tr lch con tr AU-4.
58 CHNG 3. NG DNG CON TR SDH (B TR- MAPPING/GHP-MULTIPLEXING) Phm vi lch gi tr bnh thng ca con tr AU-4: (0782)
l v sao mt trng 10 bit c dnh ring cho ch th gi tr lch trong t m con tr
(H1, H2) (xem Hnh 3.3). Do 2 = 1024 > 782 v 2 = 512 < 782.
10 9
ng chnh tn s dng
Khi nim v ng dng ca ng chnh tn s dng s c tho lun nh s dng Hnh 3.5. Nu gi tr lch con tr bng 0, mo u ng VC-4 hay chnh xc hn l byte J1 s nm ti byte sau byte H3 cui cng; nu gi tr lch con tr l 1, byte J1 s nm ti byte th 4 k t byte H3 cui cng [ y 4 3 1 +1]; nu gi tr lch con tr l 2, byte J1 s nm ti byte th 7 k t byte H3 cui cng [ y 7 3 2+1] vv... Qui lut ny c th c tng qut ha
nh sau. V tr ca byte J1 byte th N sau byte H3 cui cng, trong N c cho nh sau: (3.1) N = 3 (gi tr lch con tr) +1 y 3 c s dng l do c cc vng 3-byte c ch nh cho mi gi tr lch. Trong Hnh 3.5 ta gi thit con tr (H1, H2) l (0110100000000011) trong khung STM-1 s
1. y gi tr lch con tr l 3, ti tin VC-4 s bt u ti byte th 10 sau byte H3 cui
cng [ y N = 10 33+1] theo (3.1). Trong Hnh 3.5 ba byte lin tip vi k hiu (3 3 3) ch ra cc v tr 3-byte m byte u tin ca n c s dng t byte J1 khi gi tr lch con tr l 3. V tr ny l im bt u ca ti tin VC-4 ca khung STM-1 th nht. Khi lung nhnh c tc thp hn tc biu kin ca n th ng chnh tn s dng phi c p dng. Trong iu kin hot ng bnh thng (khi ng chnh tn s m v dng khng c yu cu) khung ti tin VC-4 c 9 261 = 2349 byte chim vng c ch ra bi vng nt m trn Hnh 3.5. Gi thit rng khung ti tin u tin ang c truyn v khung ti tin th hai ang c hnh thnh. i khi trong khong thi gian ny h thng pht hin tn hiu n c tc thp hn tc biu kin ca n. iu ny c ch ra bi du "X", ti t=t ca khung ti tin th 2 ca Hnh 3.5. Cc hot ng din ra ti u pht v u thu s c trnh by nh sau:
s
Ti u pht, 5 bit I ca (H1, H2) ca khung STM-1 th 3 (l con tr gn nht sau khi mt lung d liu tc thp hn b pht hin) phi b o t (00001) sang (11110) (nh c
ch ra trn Hnh 3.5 hay Hnh 3.6). Do lung d liu vo c tc thp hn tc biu kin ca n, cc byte nhi phi c chn vo lung bit ra iu chnh tn s tn hiu (hay tc ) cho tn hiu SDH STM-1 c th duy tr tc biu kin ca n l 155,52 Mbit/s. Nu "nhi" khng c p dng duy tr tc STM-1 th b nh m s b rng di mc ngng ca n. V h qu l h thng s khng hot ng chnh xc. Sau khi truyn i byte H3 cui cng, ba byte nhi s c truyn i. Thng thng mt h thng s s gi mt tn hiu ch th nhi cng vi d liu (cc byte nhi) cho u thu bit v tr chnh xc ca cc byte nhi. i vi cc tiu chun SDH, cc byte nhi lun c t ngay sau byte H3 cui cng nh khng ch th b sung no v cc v tr byte nhi l cn thit. By gi, khung ti tin th 2 (vng nt m th 2) cha 2352 (2349+3; 2349 l dung lng ti tin VC-4 biu kin) byte, thay v 2349 byte. Byte ti tin cui cng b y 3 byte v bn phi, v kt thc ti byte th 12 tnh t byte H3 cui cng. V vy, byte J1 ca khung ti tin tip theo nm byte th 13 (10+3; y 10 ch v tr ca byte J1 ca khung trc) k t byte H3
cui cng. Tc l gi tr lch con tr mi c tng ln 1 t 3 c gi tr mi l 4. (H1, H2) by gi tr thnh (0110100000000100). Khng
59 3.3.
CON TR (H1, H2)
Hnh 3.5: iu chnh tn s dng (con tr AU-4)
c bt c s iu chnh tn s no k c m hoc dng c php trong vng ba khung tip theo (tc l khung s 4, 5 v 6, nh ch ra trn Hnh 3.6).
Hnh 3.6 c th c s dng tng kt cc chc nng va m t trn Hnh 3.5. Trong v d ny gi tr con tr c gi thit l 3 ti khung s 1. Trong khi truyn lung bit ca khung s 2 (sau khi cc byte con tr ca khung s 2 c truyn i) h thng pht hin mt lung d liu n c tc thp. Cc byte con tr sn sng tip theo l cc byte ca khung s 3. Tt c 5 bit I trong t m (H1, H2) ca khung s 3 phi b o. Ba byte nhi c t ngay sau byte H3 cui cng. Byte cui cng ca VC-4 s b y v bn phi mt v tr 3-byte do VC-4 ny cha ba byte nhi (b sung). Byte J1 ca VC-4 k tip s bt u ti v tr th 4. Ta cn phi ch rng mc d byte J1 nm v tr (4 4 4) nh ch ra trn hnh ny, gi tr con tr ca khung s 5 l v ngha. u thu khng cn gi tr con tr ny thc hin bt c chc nng no lin quan ti con tr. Ni cch khc, khung s 3, t m (H1, H2) ch c s dng pht hin s o ca trng bit I. Gi tr con tr ca n khng c ngha l g c. i vi 3 khung tip theo (4, 5
v 6), gi tr con tr phi c gi nguyn l 4 nh trong v d ny.

Ti u thu, my thu gii m gi tr lch con tr v n t c gi tr l 3 trong khi nhn khung STM-1 th nht. T m con tr ny c 5 bit I vi gi tr "00001". Khi n xc nh khung ti tin VC-4 bt u ti byte th 10 k t byte H3 cui cng. Ti khung STM-1 th 3, my thu pht hin cc bit I b o t (00001) sang (11110). N s b i ba byte sau byte H3 cui cng do chng l cc byte nhi c thm vo lung d liu trong qu trnh iu chnh tn s. My thu cng s xc nh li khung ti tin VC-4 mi vi byte J1 nm byte th 13 k t
byte H3 cui cng [c ch ra bi vng nt m th 3 ca Hnh 3.5.]
60 (B
CHNG 3. NG DNG CON TR SDH TR-
MAPPING/GHP-MULTIPLEXING)
Hnh 3.6: iu chnh tn s dng (con tr AU-4)

T v d ny c th thy rng lch con tr tng t gi tr 3 ti khung STM-1 s 1 ln gi tr 4 ti khung STM-1 s 3. Do , cc bit l ca trng lch con tr ca t con tr (H1,
H2) c gi l cc bit tng, hay bit I (xem Hnh 3.3).
iu chnh tn s m
K tip, khi nim v ng dng ca iu chnh tn s m s c tho lun bng vic tham kho ti Hnh 3.7. Ti khung STM-1 s 1, nu (H1, H2)=(0110100000000011), tc l gi tr lch con tr l 3 th ti tin VC-4 s bt u ti
byte th 10 k t byte H3 cui cng [ y N = 10 33+1 t (3.1)]. Lu rng gi tr con tr ny to ra chui 5 bit D c gi tr (00001). Khung ti tin VC-4 9261 (hay 2349) byte c ch ra bi vng m nt ca Hnh 3.7. By gi, nu ta gi thit rng khung ti tin u tin ang c truyn i v khung ti tin th hai ang c hnh thnh v h thng pht hin ra lung tn hiu n c tc nhanh hn tc biu kin ca n. im pht hin c ch ra bi du "X" ti thi im t=t (f vit tt ca faster) ca khung ti tin ca Hnh 3.7. Cc hot ng din ra ti u pht v u thu s c m t nh sau:
f
Ti u pht, cc bit D ca (H1, H2) ca khung STM1-1 th 3 phi b o t (00001) sang (11110) nh ch ra trn Hnh 3.7 hay Hnh 3.8. Do lung d liu vo nhanh hn tc biu kin, b nh m ca h thng s b trn nn my pht phi tm cch no trnh c tnh trng trn cho b nh m truyn lng thng tin ny. Bt c thi im no khi b nh m b trn th h thng s dn ti mt mt mt s bit thng tin v cht lng truyn dn b gim. Trong cc tiu chun SDH, thun li ngi ta quyt nh s dng v tr 3 byte H3 gii quyt yu cu iu chnh tn s m. Khong thi gian c cp pht cho vic truyn 3 byte H3 s khng c s dng truyn cc byte H3 (c ch ra bi cc byte nhi m trong VC-4 th 2 trn Hnh 3.7). Thay v iu , khong thi gian ba byte ny c s dng truyn ti tin. iu ny s cho php b nh m nm di mc ngng trn ca n v c ch ra bi vng
61 3.3.
CON TR (H1, H2)
Hnh 3.7: iu chnh tn s m (con tr AU-4)
nt m th 2 ca Hnh 3.7. Ni cch khc khung ti tin th 2 (vng t m th 2) cha 2349

byte nh mi ti tin VC-4 khc. Tuy nhin c 3 byte chim v tr ca vng ba byte H3. Byte ti tin cui cng s b y i ba byte v been tri v kt thc ti byte th 6 k t byte H3 cui cng. Tc l gi tr lch con tr mi b gim i1 gi tr t 3 sang gi tr mi l 2. V (H1, H2) tr thnh (0110100000000010). Khng c s iu chnh tn s no (hoc m hoc dng) c php trong vng 3 khung k tip (khung s 4, 5 v 6 trong Hnh 3.8). Hnh 3.8 c th c dng tng kt cc chc nng va c m t trn Hnh 3.7. Cn lu rng mc d byte J1 nm v tr (2 2 2) nh trn hnh ny nhng gi tr con tr ca khung ny, tc l khung STM-1 s 3 l v ngha. Ni khc i, ti khung STM-1 s 3, t con tr (H1, H2) vi gi tr (0110100101010110) khng mang li gi tr con tr l 2 m l 342. Con s 342 khng i din cho gi tr lch con
tr. V vy, gi tr con tr l v ngha.

Ti u thu, my thu gii m gi tr lch con tr v n t c gi tr 3 trong khi nhn khung STM-1 s 1. Sau n xc nh rng khung ti tin VC-4 bt u ti byte th 10 k t byte H3 cui cng. Ti khung STM-1 th 3, my thu pht hin rng 5 bit D b o t (00001) sang (11110). My thu phi t 3 byte t khong thi gian thng c mang ba byte H3 vo
lung bit ti tin nh mt phn ca lung d liu.

Sau khi ba byte chim v tr ba byte H3 c st nhp vo VC-4 th 2 (xem Hnh 3.7), im bt u ca VC-4 th 3 s khc vi VC-4 trc. Ni cch khc, my thu cng s xc nh li mt khung ti tin VC-4 mi vi byte J1 nm byte th 7 sau byte H3 cui cng [c ch ra bi vng t m th 3 ca Hnh 3.7]. Ch rng 7 23+1; y 2 gi tr lch con tr
v 3 v tr 3-byte lun c yu cu cho mi gi tr con tr.
62 (B
Hnh 3.8: iu chnh tn s m (con tr AU-4)

T v d ny (Hnh 3.7 v Hnh 3.8), ta c th thy rng gi tr lch con tr gim t gi tr 3 ca khung STM-1 s 1 sang gi tr 2 ca khung STM-1 s 3. V vy, cc bt chn ca trng lch con tr ca t con tr (H1, H2) c gi l cc bit gim, hay cc bit D (xem Hnh 3.3). kt thc tho lun iu chnh tn s m,
vic t ba byte chim v tr 3 byte H3 s c
Hnh 3.9: Trnh t lung d liu c nhn

xem xt vi vic tham kho Hnh 3.9. Ghi nh rng cc v tr 3-byte H3 c s dng truyn lung bt d liu (thng tin) khi iu chnh tn s m c yu cu bi h thng nhm loi b s cn thit ca vic truyn bo hiu (hay ch th) iu khin ti my thu.Gi s byte nm hng s 3 ct 269 l bit th nht ca lung bt c nhn. Byte ct 270 ca cng hng l byte th 2 c nhn. Ba byte chim cc v tr 3 H3 l cc byte th 3, 4 v 5 c nhn. Chng c k tip bi byte t hng s 3 ct 10. Trnh t nhn ch ra trn Hnh 3.9 ging nh trnh t pht
my pht. 3.8). Cc trng hp c bit: overflow v underflow

Hai trng hp c bit ca gi tr lch con tr l trn mc v di mc (overflow and
underflow) gi tr lch s c tho lun y.
63 3.3. CON TR (H1, H2)
A. Vt mc (trn) gi tr con tr: nu lch con tr l782 trong khung s N v yu cu

iu chnh tn s dng c pht hin th 5 bit I ca khung s (N+1) b o. Gi tr con tr ca khung tip theo phi c tng ln 1. Cu hi t ra y l "gi tr lch con
tr cho khung s (N+2) l bao nhiu?"

B. Di mc gi tr con tr: Nu lch con tr l 1 khung th N v yu cu iu chnh tn s m c pht hin th 5 bit D ca khung s (N+1) b o. Gi tr con tr khung tip
theo phi b gim i 1. Cu hi t ra l "gi tr lch con tr cho khung (N+2) l bao
nhiu?"
Hnh 3.10: Cc trng hp c bit ca iu chnh Tn s Dng

Trc ht, xem Hnh 3.10, gi tr con tr vt mc s c tho lun. Du "125 s" ch bin gii gia hai khung STM-1 lin k c dn u bi mt byte ng b khung A1. By gi, ti khung STM-1 u tin, gi tr con tr c gi thit l 782. Khung ti tin VC-4 s 1 (cu trc 9 261 dn u bi byte mo u ng VC-4 - J1) s bt u ti hng s 3 ct 268 ca khung STM-1 s 1. Trong khong thi gian khung ti tin s 1 ang c truyn, khung ti tin th 2
c hnh thnh. Hnh 3.10 hi khc tt c cc hnh trc y m t cc khung STM-1, chng hn Hnh 3.5 hay Hnh 3.7. Trong hnh ny, khung ti tin VC-4 s 2 c du "X" ang c hnh thnh trc khi cc byte mo u truyn ti ca khung STM-1 th 2 c truyn i. Ni cch khc, khung ti tin VC-4 b gi c du "X" cha sn sng truyn i khi t m con tr STM-1 th 2 (H1, H2) sn sng c cp nht (hay b thay i) v c truyn i. Nu h thng pht hin rng tn hiu ti c tc thp hn tc biu kin ca n, ch th iu chnh tn s dng phi c pht ra. Nm (5) bit I ca t m con tr (H1, H2) s b o ti khung STM-1 s 2.Ba byte phi c nhi ngay sau byte H3 cui cng iu chnh tn s (hay tc ) ca tn hiu u ra ti gi tr thch hp ca n. Kt qu l byte cui cng ca khung ti tin VC-4 s 1 s b y v bn phi 3 byte khi v tr trc ca n. N s kt thc ti hng th 3 ct 270 ca khung STM-1 s 3, thay v kt thc ti hng s 3 ct 268. [Lu rng con tr (H1, H2) nm
hng th 4 ca mi khung STM-1].

i vi khung ti tin tip theo (khung s 2) byte ti tin u tin J1 phi di chuyn 3 byte v bn phi t v tr trc ca n (hng th 3 ct 268). Tc l byte J1 (nu c th) s nm ti hng th 3 ct 271 ca khung STM-1 theo phng trnh (3.1). Tuy nhin v tr ny khng
tn ti. iu ny ch ra rng byte J1 phi c di ti v tr byte tip theo ca khung STM-1. V tr ny s nm hng s 4 ct th nht ca khung STM-1 nhng v tr ny khng phi l v tr byte ti tin. Do J1 l mt phn ca ti tin, n khng th nm trong vng mo u on (on ghp hay on ti to). Byte J1 phi c di ti vng ti tin l ct th 10 hay cao hn ca mt khung STM-1. Ni cch khc, byte J1 phi c t ti vng ti tin sn c gn nht (byte u tin nm ngay bn phi ca byte H3 cui cng). V tr ny c lch con tr = 0. Do phm vi lch con tr bnh thng ca (H1, H2) l (0 782) nn mi quan h sau l ng 782 + 1 0 Tc l gi tr lch con tr cho khung STM-1 s 3 tng t 782 v 0 (xem Hnh 3.12). Theo cc tiu chun SDH hot ng ny c thc hin bi h thng mt cch t ng. V vy ta
hiu rng khung STM-1 s 3 khng i hi mt con tr mc d con tr thc cht c gi tr 0. l v sao ngi ta thng ni rng c hai khung STM-1 khng c con tr nu gi tr lch
con tr tri qua tnh trng vt mc. Trong v d ny (xem Hnh 3.10) khung STM-1 s 2 v s 3 khng c cc gi tr con tr c ngha. V vy my thu c th l i gi tr con tr ca khung STM-1 s 2 v 3. Ti thiu trong vng 3 khung tip theo, gi tr con tr s gi nguyn (gi tr 0) v byte J1 s nm hng th 4 ct 10 ca mi khung STM-1. iu ny c ch ra trn Hnh 3.10 vi mt gi tr con tr hp l i vi khung STM-1 s 4, 5 v 6. Tip n, trng hp di mc gi tr lch con tr s c tho lun bng vic tham chiu n Hnh 3.11. Gi thit gi tr con tr l 0 ti khung STM-1 th nht. Khung ti tin VC-4 s 1 (c dn u bi byte mo u ng VC-4 J1) s bt u ti hng th 4 ct 10 ca khung STM-1 s 1. Trong thi gian khung ti tin s 1 c tryn i, khung ti tin th hai c hnh thnh. Nu h thng pht hin thy tn hiu vo c tc nhanh hn tc biu kin, ch th iu chnh tn s m phi c pht ra. Nm (5) bit D ca con tr (H1, H2) s b o ti khung STM-1 s 2. Cc v tr 3-byte thng c dnh truyn ba byte H3 phi c s dng truyn ba byte d liu (thng tin) hp l. Kt qu l byte cui cng ca khung ti tin s 2 s b y v bn tri 3 byte tnh t v tr trc ca n. Khung ti tin ny s kt thc ti hng th 3 ct 268 ca khung STM-1 s 3 thay v kt thc ti hng th 3 ct 270. Do J1 l mt phn ca
3.3.
3.
tr
bi
ch
CON TR (H1, H2)
65
ti tin nn s di chuyn ti tin trn phi t J1 vo vng ti tin ch khng vo vng dnh cho
mo u on (on lp hay on ghp). Do , byte J1 phi c t ti v tr ti tin sn c gn nht, l v tr byte cui cng trc byte con tr u tin H1. V tr ny c gi tr lch con tr l 782. Ni cch khc, do phm vi lch con tr bnh thng l (0782) nn ta c th
nhn thy rng mi quan h sau l ng. 0 - 1 782

Ngha l gi tr lch con tr cho khung STM-1 s 3 gim t 0 n 782 (xem Hnh 3.12). Qu trnh ny c thc hin mt cch t ng nh trong trng hp vt mc (overflow). Do ta c th ni khung STM-1 s 3 khng yu cu con tr mc d thc cht con tr c gi tr 782. Ta c th pht biu rng c hai khung STM-1 khng c con tr nu gi tr lch con tr tri qua tnh trng di mc (underflow). V vy my thu c th l i gi tr con tr ca khung STM-1 s 2 v s 3. i vi t nht 3 khung tip theo, gi tr con tr phi c gi nguyn
66 (B
Hnh 3.12: Tng v gim cc gi tr con tr

(=782), v byte J1 s nm hng th 3 ct 268 ca mi khung STM-1. iu ny c ch ra
trn Hnh 3.12 vi gi tr con tr hp l cho cc khung STM-1 s 4, 5 v 6. Cc trng hp c bit ca vt mc v di mc con tr c th c tng kt nh sau:
A. Khi iu chnh tn s dng c yu cu, gi tr lch con tr s tng ln 1 t gi tr trc ca n. iu ny c ch ra theo chiu kim ng h, v d (0 + 1) 1, (1 + 1)
2, ... v (782 + 1) 0.
B. Mt khc, khi iu chnh tn s m c yu cu gi tr lch con tr s gim i 1 t gi tr trc ca n. iu ny c ch ra theo chiu ngc kim ng h, v d (1 - 1) 0,
(2 - 1) 1, ... v (0 - 1) 782. To v phin dch con tr (H1, H2)

Con tr AU-4 cung cp mt bin php cho php ng chnh ng v linh hot VC-4 trong khung STM-1. Vic to con tr (H1, H2) ny ti my pht v phin dch con tr ny ti my thu phi
tun theo mt
s lut nht nh. Cc
im sau tng kt cc lut to con tr AU-4 ti my pht.

A. (Lut 1) Trong hot ng binh thng, con tr ch ra v tr chnh xc ca VC-4 trong AU hay khung STM-1. Chnh xc hn, con tr xc inh v tr ca byte mo u ng VC-4 u tin (tc l J1). C d liu mi NDF hay trng N-bit phi c t gi tr "0110"
trong iu kin lm vic bnh thng. B. (Lut 2) Gi tr con tr ch c th c thay i theo lut 3, 4 hoc 5.
C. (Lut 3) Nu iu chnh tn s dng c yu cu, gi tr con tr hin ti c gi i vi tt c 5 bit I o. C hi iu chnh dng sau (tc l khong thi gian 3 byte sau byte H3 cui cng) c lp y bng thng tin gi. Gi tr con tr ca khung sau phi c tng ln 1. Khng c bt k hot ng tng hay gim ca Lut 3 hay Lut 4 c php
trong vng ti thiu 3 khung sau hot ng ny.
67 3.3. CON TR (H1, H2)
C. (Lut 4) Nu iu chnh tn s m c yu cu, gi tr con tr hin ti c gi i vi tt

c 5 bit D o. C hi iu chnh m sau (tc l v tr 3 byte H3) v ghi bi d liu thc. Gi tr con tr ca khung tip theo phi b gim i 1. Khng hot ng tng hay gim sau (Lut 3 hay Lut 4) c php trong vng ti thiu 3 khung sau hot ng
ny.
E. (Lut 5) Nu ng chnh VC thay i v mt l do no khc cc Lut 1 hoc 2, gi tr con tr mi s c gi km bi NDF c gi tr 1001. NDF ch xut hin trong khung u tin cha gi tr mi ny. V tr mi ca VC bt u t s xut hin u tin ca lch c ch ra bi con tr mi. Khng hot ng tng hay gim c php trong vng 3
khung sau hot ng ny.

Nhng Lut c p dng ti my pht to con tr s hp l ti u thu cho vic phin
dich con tr. Cc im sau tng kt cc lut phin dch con tr AU-4 ti my thu:
A. (Lut 1) Trong khi hot ng bnh thng, con tr ch ra v tr chnh xc ca VC-4 trong AU hay khung STM-1. Chnh xc hn con tr xc nh v tr ca byte mo u VC-4 u tin (J1). C d liu mi NDF hay trng bit N phi c nhn l "0110" trong chu k
lm vic bnh thng. Chi tit hn v NDF ny c m t trong (C), (D).

B. (Lut 2) Bt k s thay i no t gi tr con tr hin ti b l i tr khi gi tr mi nht qun no c nhn 3 ln lin tc, hoc c thc hin trc bi Lut 3 hay 4. Bt k
gi tr mi nht qun no c nhn 3 ln lin tc c mc u tin cao hn Lut 3 hoc 4.

C. (Lut 3) Nu a s cc bit I ca t m (H1, H2) b o th my thu s phin dch thnh hot ng iu chnh tn s dng. Ni cch khc, my thu s loi b cc bit c mang bi c hi chn dng ny (tc l ba byte theo sau byte H3 cui cng). Lu rng My thu
s nhn ti thiu ba con tr sau vi gi tr c tng ln 1 t gi tr trc ca n.

D. (Lut 4) Nu Nu i a s 5 bit D ca t m (H1, H2) b o, my thu s phin dch thnh hot ng iu chnh tn s m. Ni cch khc, my thu s t cc bit c mang bi c hi iu chnh tn s m (tc l v tr ba byte thng b chim dng bi 3 byte H3) vo lung d liu thc t (xem Hnh 3.7). Lu rng my thu s nhn ti thiu ba con tr tip
theo vi gi tr b gim i1 t gi tr trc ca n.
3.3.2 (H1, H2) vi t cch mt con tr AU-3

Cc v tr ca cc tp con tr AU-3 c ch ra trn Hnh 3.2(B). Mt STM-1 c th mang ba tn hiu AU-3, v vy 9 byte trong hng th 4 ca mt khung STM-1 c th c s dng cha ba tp con tr AU-3 nh c ch ra trn Hnh 3.13. Lu rng ba tp con tr ny phi c ghp xen byte vo hng th 4 ca khung STM-1. Bt c mt tp byte con tr AU-3 no (H1, H2, H3) cng thc hin chc nng ging chc nng ca con tr AU-4 c m t trong phn trn. T chc ca (H1, H2) cng ging ht t chc (H1, H2) ca con tr AU-4. Con tr AU-3
ny c cng phm vi gi tr con tr (0 782) nh trong ng dng AU-4 nh c th thy trn Hnh 3.4 v 3.13.
68 (B
Hnh 3.13: Phm vi lch con tr AU-3

Do con tr AU-3 thc hin chc nng ging nh con tr AU-4, duy nht mt chc nng s c tho lun ngn gn y. Tp byte con tr (H1, H2, H3) chim ct s 1, 4 v 7 c ch nh cho tn hiu AU-3 th nht. Nu (H1, H2) c gi tr lch con tr bng 0 th byte u tin ca cc byte mo u ng VC-3 th nht s nm hng th 4 ct 10 ca khung STM-1. Tng t i vi tn hiu AU-3 th 2, nu (H1, H2) c gi tr lch con tr bng 0 th
byte u tin ca cc byte mo u ng VC-3 th hai s nm hng th 4 ct th 11 ca khung STM-1. i vi tn hiu AU-3 th 3, nu (H1, H2) c gi tr lch con tr bng 0 th byte u
tin ca cc byte mo u ng VC-3 th 3 s nm hng s 4 ct 12 ca khung STM-1.

Lu rng ba tp byte con tr ny cho ba tn hiu AU-3 hot ng c lp. Chng hn, (H1, H2) ca tn hiu AU-3 th nht c th c gi tr lch con tr l 1, trong khi (H1, H2) ca
AU-3 th 2 c th c gi tr lch con tr bt k trong khong (0 782). V tn hiu AU-3 th 3 c th c gi tr con tr ging hoc khc gi tr con tr ca tn hiu AU-3 th nht v AU-3 th 2.
3.4 Con tr TU-3

Loi con tr SDH th 2 l con tr TU-3 c ch ra trn Hnh 3.2(C) hay Hinh (n ch ra v tr ca cc con tr TU-3 trong mt khung VC-4. Mt cu hi c t ra l: Nu mt tn hiu STM-1 c th mang hoc 3 tn hiu DS3 hoc 3 tn hiu E-3 th chng nn c x l theo cng phng thc. Nhng chng c x l hon ton khc nhau, v sao? Ni cch khc ti sao ba tp con tr TU-3 khng nm cng mt ni ging nh ba tp con tr AU-3 ? L do mang tnh cht lch s. Cc tiu chun SDH ban u cho php bn thay v ba tn hiu E-3 c ghp/b tr
69 3.4.
CON TR TU-3 Hnh 3.14: Phm vi lch con tr TU-3
vo mt tn hiu STM-1. Quyt nh c a ra do mt thc t rng tn hiu STM-1 c tc

155,52 Mbit/s > 4 34,368 Mbit/s (tc ca 1 E-3). Chn byte trong hng th 4 ni m cc con tr AU-3 nm s khng c dng cho bn tp t m con tr 3-byte (H1, H2, H3) vi tng cng l 12 byte. Do vy, mt vng v tr con tr th 2 c xc nh nh Hnh 3.14)
ch ra.
Ai c th hi, i vi cc chun SDH hin nay mt tn hiu STM-1 c d nh mang ba (khng phi 4) tn hiu E-3 ta c th s dng v tr con tr c s dng bi ba tn hiu AU-3. Quyt nh s dng vng con tr th 2 thay cho vng con tr th nht l khng quan trong. Thc t sau c th c s dng gii thch l do. i vi phn cp s Bc M, DS3 l tn hiu tc cao nht. Mt khc tn hiu E-4 l tc d cao nht ca phn cp s ITU-T. Trong khi , tn hiu E3 l mc th 2 di tn hiu E-4. Vic x l cc con tr ca tn hiu E-4 v tn hiu E-3 mt cch khc bit v cc con tr ca tn hiu DS3 v tn hiu E-4 theo cch ging nhau hon ton mang tnh t nhin. Quyt nh ny c th thy trn Hnh 3.2. Hnh (A) cho tn hiu E-4 v hnh (B) cho tn hiu DS3. C hai chim cng mt v tr. Hnh (C) ch ra rng con
tr TU-3 hin nhin l mt mc thp hn con tr AU-4.

Cu hi th 2 cng thng c t ra: Ti sao ba tp t m con tr TU-3 c b tr theo chiu dc? (xem Hnh 3.2 v Hnh 3.14). S d chng c sp xp nh vy l v ba tn hiu TU-3 phi c ghp xen byte vo mt vng ti tin STM-1, tc l VC-4 ca tn hiu STM-1. Trnh t pht mt tn hiu STM-1 l t tri qua phi v t trn xung di. T Hnh 3.14) ta c th thy sau khi H1 u tin (c n nh cho tn hiu TU-3 th nht) c pht i ta phi pht byte H1 cho tn hiu TU-3 th 2. Sau l H1 cho tn hiu TU-3 th 3 s c pht i. Ba byte
H1 c b tr gn nhau. Tng t, tt c ba byte H2 v ba byte H3 tng ng ni ui nhau c pht i. V vy, (H1, H2, H3) cho mi tn hiu TU-3 phi c b tr theo chiu dc nh
ch ra trn hnh v.
Lu rng khung VC-4 khng c quan h pha c nh vi AUG hay khung STM-1. S khc pha ca con tr TU-3 ny so vi khung AU c mang bi con tr AU-4 (H1, H2). Ni cch khc, mt con tr AU-4 xc nh v tr ca khung VC-4 hay byte mo u ng VC-4 u tin (tc l J1). C hai ct dnh cho tng lai nhng hin ti chng c s dng mang cc byte nhi c nh. Sau hai ct ny, byte H1 ca con tr TU-3 u tin s c t vo. Byte H1 ca con tr TU-3 th 2 s k tip byte ny v byte H1 ca TU-3 th 3 hay TU-3 cui cng c t
vo v tri byte tip theo (xem Hnh 3.14, mi con tr TU-3 gm 3 byte (H1, H2, H3)).
Cng ging nh cc ng dng ca con tr AU-3 v AU-4, con tr TU-3 c t m con tr 2-byte (H1, H2). i vi cc ng dng AU-2, c ba byte c s dng cho hot ng con tr nhng i vi ng dng AU-3 hay TU-3 th ch duy nht mt byte hot ng con tr H3 l cn thit. Chng thc hin cng chc nng (H1, H2, H3) ca con tr AU-n (n=3, 4). Mc ch ca con tr TU-3 l nhm cung cp mt bin php cho php ng chnh ng (dynamic) v linh hot VC-3 trong khung TU-3 c lp vi ni dung thc ca VC-3. Cc v tr ca ba con tr TU-3 c yu cu cho vic ng chnh ba VC-3 c trnh by trn Hnh 3.14. T chc t m con tr (H1, H2) cng ging nh t chc ca con tr AU-4, xem Hnh 3.3. C mt s khc bit gia cc con tr AU-3 v TU-3 l s khc bit v phm vi lch con tr bnh thng. i
vi cc con tr TU-3, gi tr lch con tr c Di gi tr bnh thng nm trong khong (0 764)

nh c th thy Hnh 3.14. V vy, mt con tr TU-3 vn cn mt trng 10 bit mang gi tr lch ny. Gi tr lch con tr TU-3 c bao hm trong t m (H1, H2) ch nh v tr ca
byte ni m VC-3 bt u nh c th thy trn Hnh 3.14.

Nu c lch gia tc khung TU-3 v tc khung VC-3, gi tr con tr s c tng ln hay gim xung khi cn thit km theo byte ng chnh m hoc dng tng ng. Cc hot ng con tr tip theo phi c tch bit bi ti thiu ba khung vi gi tr con tr khng thay
i. Yu cu ny cng ging ht nh i vi con tr AU-4.

Nu tc khung ca VC-3 qu thp so vi tc khung ca khung AUG th ng chnh VC-3 phi lm chm thi gian mt cch c chu k v con tr phi c tng ln 1. Hot ng ny c ch ra qua vic o 5 bit I ca t m con tr (H1, H2) nhm cho php b phiu tn nhim a s 5-bit ti u thu. Byte ng chnh dng cha thng tin gi nm ngay sau byte H3 trong khung TU-3 c cha cc bit I o. Cc con tr TU-3 sau s c mt gi tr lch mi. Nu tc khung ca VC-3 qu nhanh so vi tc ca khung AUG th ng chnh VC-3 phi lm nhanh thi gian mt cch co chu k v con tr phi b gim i 1. Hot ng ny c ch ra qua vic o 5 bit D ca t m con tr (H1, H2) nhm cho php b phiu a s ti u thu. Byte ng chnh m nm trong byte H3 trong khung TU-3 c cha cc bit D. Ni cch khc, v tr byte H3 by gi mang thng d liu thc. Cc con tr TU-3 sau s c mt gi tr
lch mi.
C d liu mi NDF cng ging nh trong con tr AU-4 cho php mt s thay i bt k v gi tr ca con tr nu s thay i l do s thay i v VC-3. Bn bit N c cp pht cho
71 3.5. CON TR TU-1/ TU-2
c cho php sa li. Gii m c th c thc hin bng vic chp nhn NDF khng li nu
ti thiu ba bit trng hp (khi so snh). Hot ng bnh thng cng c ch ra bi m "0110" trong cc bit N. C d liu mi c ch ra bi vic o sang m "1001". ng chnh mi c
ch ra bi gi tr con tr km theo NDF v c hiu lc vi lch c ch ra.

Vic to v phin dch con tr TU-3 p dng cc lut ging nh c s dng to v
phin dch con tr AU-4.
3.5 Con tr TU-1/ TU-2

Trong phn ny, loi con tr th 3 v th 4 s dng trong cc mng SDH tc l cc con tr TU-11, TU-12 v TU-2 ( n gin, cc con tr ny c gi l con tr TU-1/TU-2) s c tho lun. Tng t nh AU-n (n=3 hoc 4) hay con tr TU-3, mt con tr TU-1/TU-2 cung cp mt phng thc cho php ng chnh ng v linh hot cc ti tin ng b SPE (Synchronous Payload Envelope) ca TU-11, TU-12 hay TU-2 trn trong siu khung TU (hay a khung vi
qung thi gian khung 125 s) c lp vi ni dung thc ca "envelope". khung 125 s (xem Bng 2.9 v Hnh 2.17 trong Chng 2) s c xem li trong phn ny. A. i vi cc ng dng TU-11: C 27 byte / khung 125 s v vy c 108 byte / siu khung hay a khung B. i vi cc ng dng TU-12: C 36 byte / khung 125 s v vy c 144 byte / siu khung hay a khung C. i vi cc ng dng TU-2: c 108 byte / khung 125 s v vy c 432 byte / siu khung hay a khung i vi bt k ng dng no mi khung 125 s c dn u bi mt trong bn byte mo u TU-n (n=11, 12 hay 2) sau: V1, V2, V3 hay V4. Ti thi im hin ti, V1 v V2 c s dng lm cc con tr VT (tng t nh H1 v H2). V3 lm hot ng con tr (ging nh H3) v V4 c dnh cho cc tiu chun trong tng lai (xem Hnh 3.15). T chc ca V1 v V2 ging nh ca H1 v H2. Tc l c ba trwongf trong t m 16 bt (V1, V2) ny. A. Trng C D liu Mi NDF: Bn bt u ca V1 v V2 (xem Hnh ) c ch nh cho cng mc ch nh i vi (H1, H2) cho cc con tr AU-n v TU-3.
B. Trng kch thc TU: 2 bit (s 5 v s 6); (bit5 v bit 6)=(00) cho TU-2, (10) cho TU-12 hiu v tr v chc nng ca con tr TU-2/TU-1 (V1 V4), cu trc 4 khung hay siu
v (11) cho TU-11. y chnh l mt im khc bit chnh gia con tr AU-n (hay TU-3) v con tr TU-1/TU-2. i vi cc con tr AU-n v TU-3 cc bit s 5 v 6 khng c qui nh
C. Trng gi tr con tr: 10 bit cui cng ca V1 v V2; mt ln na, c hai nhm bt gi tr
con tr, cc bit s 7, 9, 11, 13 v 15 l cc bit I (tng), trong khi cc bit s 8, 10, 12, 14 v 16 l cc bit D (gim).
72 (B
Hnh 3.15: Cc byte con tr TU-1/TU-2 Bng 3.2: Kch c TU v phm vi gi tr lch con tr Kch c 00
10 11
Ch nh cho TU-2 TU-12 TU-11
Phm vi lch con tr TU (trong mt siu khung 125 s) 0 427 0139 0 103
Cng nh cc ng dng ca con tr AU-n (n=3 hoc 4) hay TU-3 NDF ca con tr
TU-1/TU-2 l mt c cu cho php mt thay i bt k v gi tr con tr, v c th l thay i c ca TU-1/TU-2 nu s thay i l do s thay i v ti tin. Khi s thay i c lin quan n kch c ca TU th s c mt s chuyn tip d liu mi trong tt c cc TU trong TUG-2. Khi NDF c gi tr (0110) c truyn i c
ngha l con tr hot ng bnh thng. Nu my thu nhn c gi tr NDF = 1001 ngha l s c mt s ng chnh mi cho ti tin, v c kh nng l kch c TU. Khi mt kch c mi c ch ra, tt c cc con tr TU (t 1 n 4) trong nhm TU s ng thi ch th mt NDF mi c cng c vi kch c mi. Ging nh cc con tr
AU-n v TU-3, lut b phiu a s c th p dng cho cc con tr TU.
3.5.1 Gi tr lch ti tin TU-1/TU-2

Bng 3.2 lit k ch nh bit kch c TU ca t m con tr (V1, V2) v phm vi lch con tr c php php i vi cc ng dng TU khc nhau. Ch th kch c TU, cc bt s 5 v 6 ca t m (V1, V2) nh sau: (Bit 5, 6) = (00) ch ti tin lung TU-2 ang c truyn i, (Bit 5, 6) = (10) ch ti tin lung TU-12 ang c truyn i v (Bit 5, 6) = (11) ch ti tin lung TU-11 ang c truyn i. Bng 3.2 cng ch ra phm vi gi tr lch con tr cho cc ng dng TU-11, TU-12 v TU-2. i vi cc ng dng TU-11, phm vi l (0 103); i vi cc
ng dng TU-12, phm vi l (0 139) v i vi cc ng dng TU-2, phm vi l (0 427).

Do phn ln cc chc nng c thc hin bi cc con tr ti tin AU-3 hoc TU-3 cng c thc hin bi con tr TU-1/TU-2 nn cc con tr TU-1/TU-2 s c trnh by ngn gn
73 3.5. CON TR TU-1/ TU-2
nh tho nng khc con nhn bit
sau. Thay v lun cc chc ny, hai s bit gia hai tp tr ny s c mnh. S khc l
Hnh 3.16: Gi tr lch ti tin TU-1/TU-2 A. Cc bt s 5 v 6 ca t m (H1, H2) khng c ngha c bit i vi cc chun hin ti mc ngi ta khuyn ngh l gn cho chng gi tr (10) cho cc ng dng AU-3 v AU-4. Tuy nhin, i vi t m con tr TU-1/TU-2 (V1, V2) th hai bit ny c qui nh nh trong Bng 3.2 hay Hnh 3.15. B. im bt u ca ti tin l khc nhau. V d khi gi tr lch con tr bng 0 th i vi cc ng dng AU-n hay TU-3 ti tin hay byte J1 s bt u ngay sau byte H3 cui cng. Mt khc ti tin hay byte V5 (byte mo u ng u tin ) s bt u sau byte V2 i vi

cc ng dng TU-1/TU-2. iu ny c ch ra trn Hnh 3.17, y cc vng c bao
bi ng vin kp dnh cho b tr ti tin.
Hnh 3.17: Cc v tr ti tin cp cao v cp thp

Hnh 3.16 s c s dng m t gi tr lch con tr TU-1/TU-2, phm vi lch, iu chnh tn s dng v m ca cc ng dng TU khc nhau. Trc tin, ch th gi tr lch con tr cho cc ng dng TU-11 s c tho lun bng vic xem xt Hnh 3.16(A). Hnh ny biu din siu khung ca TU-11. Khi 10 bit cui cng ca t m con tr (V1, V2) c gi tr con tr bng 0 th byte u tin ca ti tin TU-11 s nm ti byte k tip byte V2. Byte u tin ny ca ti tin TU-11 l byte u tin ca mo u ng VC-11 tc l byte V5. iu ny khc vi cc hot ng ca con tr AU-n. i vi AU-n, nu gi tr lch con tr bng 0 th mo u ng POH ca VC-4 s nm ngay sau byte H3 thay v byte H2. S d nh vy l v i vi cc ng dng STM1, byte sn sng u tin cho
SPE (Synchonous Payload Envelope) ca STM-1 sau con tr (H1, H2) l byte nm ngay sau H3. Nhng mt khc i vi cc ng dng TU-11 byte sn sng u tin cho SPE ca VC-11 nm ngay sau V2 ch khng phi l V3. iu ny c ch ra trn Hnh 3.17 trong cc vng c bao bi ng nt kp l dnh cho ti tin. Cng vy. byte ti tin u tin l byte u tin ca mo u ng. i vi ng dng lung cp cao (AU-4, AU-3 hay TU-3) th byte ny l byte J1 cn vi cc ng dng lung cp thp, byte
ny l byte V5.
V d th hai v ng dng TU-11 [trong Hnh 3.16(A)] s c m t: Nu gi tr lch l 77 th V5 s nm byte trc byte V1 k tip. Cc chc nng tng t c th p dng cho TU-12 v TU-2 nh ch ra trn Hnh 3.16(B) v (C). Tip theo, iu chnh tn s dng v m cho cc ng dng TU-1/TU-2 s c m t vi s tham kho ti Hnh 3.16(C) (m t siu khung TU-2). Tuy nhin nguyn tc c s dng cho TU-2 c th p dng cho TU-11 v TU-12. Cng ging gi cc ng dng AU-4 khi con tr TU-2 ch ra s cn thit vic iu chnh tn s dng th d liu (nhi) s c t vo byte ngay sau byte hot ng con tr (V3). Mt khc,
khi iu chnh tn s m c yu cu, H3 s b ghi bi d liu thc.
75 3.6. MO U NG VC-1/VC-2
Bng 3.3: So snh AU-n v TU-1/TU-2. Cc tham s Cu trc AU-n/TU-3 Cu trc TU-1/TU-2 Cc byte kt hp vi con tr H1 H2 H3 H4 V1 V2 V3 V4 Cc byte mo u ng J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1 V5 J2 N2 K4
3.5.2 Cc hot ng con tr TU-1/TU-2

Cc hot ng thay i tng hay gim gi tr con tr cho cc ng dng TU-1/TU-2 ging ht
nh i vi cc ng dng AU-4. Vic to v phin dch cc con tr VT cng rt ging vi cc
hot ng ny ca cc con tr AU-n vi nhng sa i sau.

A. Thut ng VC-4 hay VC-3 SPE s c thay th bi VC-11, VC-12 hay VC-2 trong tt c
cc lut c m t trc y cho cc ng dng AU-n

B. Lut b sung cho vic to con tr: nu kich c TU trong mt TUG-2 thay i th NDF dng m t con tr AU-n cn phi c ng thi gi i trong tt c cc TU vi kch c mi
ny trong nhm .
C. Lut b sung cho phin dch con tr: Nu NDF vi gi tr 1001 v kch c mi ca TU nhn c mt cc ng thi trong tt c cc TU trong mt AUG-2 th cc con tr trng hp
ny vi kch c mi s thay th con tr hin ti ngay lp tc.

kt thc tho lun v con tr STM-1 c hai im khc bit chnh gia cc con tr ti tin
AU-n v cc con tr ti tin TU-1/TU/2 c tng kt nh sau:

A. Cc bit th 5 v th 6 ca mt t m con tr 16-bit khng c s dng trong cc ng dng AU-n (n=3 hoc 4) hay trong cc ng dng TU-3 nhng chng li c s dng ch ra kch c TU i vi cc ng dng TU nh c tho lun trong phn trc v c kt
li trong Bng 3.2.

B. Khi ga tr lch con tr l 0, byte mo u ng POH c t ngay sau byte H3 i vi cc ng dng AU-n nhng n c t ngay di V2 thay v V3 i vi cc ng dng
TU.
3.6 Mo u ng VC-1/VC-2
Trc khi m t chc nng ca cc byte mo
u ng POH VC-1/VC-2 (V5, J2, Z6 v Z7),
mt vi iu lin quan n V5 s c n li y, nh ch ra trong Bng

A. i vi cc ng dng TU-1/TU-2, cc byte con tr V1 v V2 c cng mc ch/chc nng nh cc byte con tr H1 v H2 cho cc ng dng AU-n hay TU-3 vi hai s khc bit
chnh c ni n trn

B. i vi cc ng dng TU-1/TU-2, byte hot ng con tr V3 c cng mc ch v chc
nng nh byte hot ng con tr H3 cho cc ng dng AU-n hay TU-3.

C. i vi cc ng dng TU-1/TU-2, byte con tr V4 c d phng trong khi H4 c s
dng byte lm ch th a khung cho cc ng dng AU-n hay TU-3.

D. Tuy nhin, t Bng 3.3 ta c th thy mt khc bit chnh gia VC-4 POH v VC-1/VC-2 POH v s lng byte c dng cho POH. Ni cch khc, ng dng VC-3/VC-4 i hi tng cng 9 byte mo u ng (J1, B3, C2, G1, F2, H4, F3, K3 v N1) trong khi ng dng TU-1/TU-2 ch di hi 4 byte mo u ng (V5, J2, N2, K4). L do chnh l v
TU-1/TU-2 c tc tn hiu thp hn nhiu tc ca VC-3 hoc VC-4.

E. i vi cc chun SDH ban u ngi ta cho rng mt byte mo u ng l cho cc ng dng cp thp. V vy ch mt byte V5 c k vng l thc hin cc chc nng c thc hin bi cc byte B2, C2 v G1 ca cc byte mo u ng VC-4 POH. S d nh vy l v ba byte quan trong nht trong s 9 byte mo u ng VC-4 hay VC-3 l cc byte G3, C2 v G1. Ba byte mo u ng cn li l J2, N2 v K4 cho cc ng dng VC-11, VC-12 hay VC-2 sau ny mi c b sung vo cc chun SDH. Tip theo bn byte ny s c tho lun nh ch ra trn Hnh 3.18, (m t t chc bit ca byte mo u
POH ca TU-1/TU-2 V5).

Ta cn bit rng byte J2 ng sau v cch V5 125 s, N2 cng 125 s sau byte J2 v K4 125 s sau N2. Mi quan h ny 125s gia bt c 2 byte mo u ng lin tip cng ng cho 2 byte con tr TU-2/TU-1 lin tip nh ch ra trn Hnh 3.18(B). Trc khi tho lun chc nng ca cc byte mo u ng VC-2/VC-1 cc mi quan h quan trng sau y gia con tr AU-4, mo u ng VC-4, con tr TU-1/TU-2, mo u ng VC-1/VC-2, TU-1/TU-2 v VC-1/VC-2 s c nhc li. iu ny gip cho vic m t mo u ng VC-1/VC-2 c d
dng hn. 1. Con tr AU-n nh v mo u ng VC-4 hay chnh xc hn l byte J1 (xem Hnh 2.19(B) trong Chng 2.
2. Mt khi v tr ca mo u ng VC-4 c xc nh, v tr con tr TU-1/TU-2 (tc V1)
c th c xc nh (cng xem hnh ny). 3. Con tr V1 ny xc nh im bt u ca siu khung TU-1/TU-2 500 s nh ch ra trn Hnh 2.19(B) v Hnh 3.18(A).
4. T m con tr TU-1/TU-2 (V1, V2) v phn mnh xc nh v tr khung hay siu khung
ti tin VC-1/VC-2 nh c ch ra trn Hnh 3.18(A) hoc (B). Trong Hnh 3.18, nu cc byte (V1, V2, V3, V4) c gp vo th n l TU-11, TU-12 hay TU-2 (hnh A), cn nu cc byte ny khng c gp vo (hnh B) th tn hiu s l VC-11, VC-12 hay VC-2. Do khong thi gian gia V5 v J2, J2 v N2, N2 v K4 l 125 s nn bn khong ny hnh thnh nn mt siu khung hay a khung VC-1/VC-2 500 s; hay mt gi ti tin VC-1/VC-2 (Payload Envelope). Cc chc nng ca B3 (gim st li), C2 (nh nhn tn hiu) v G1 (thng bo li hoc trng thi tuyn) c tho lun trong Chng 2. nghin cu cc chc nng ca cc byte
3.6.
H By V 2, by
MO U NG VC-1/VC-2
77
mo u ng VC-11/VC-12/VC-2 (byte V5), s rt hu ch nu ta xem li cc chc nng c

thc hin bi B3, C2 v G1. Vic xem li ny s lm cho ngi c d hiu hn v mc ch /
chc nng ca byte VT POH (V5).
A. B3, byte BIP-8 ca VC-4 POH, l mt m kim tra chn l 8 bit c dng kim tra nhng vi phm lut chn l trn tuyn. N c tnh ton qua Gi ti tin ng b (SPE). Mt khc, truyn ti TU-1/TU-2, byte mo u ng V5 c t chc nh sau: Cc bit 1 v 2 ca V5 [BIP-2 trong Hnh 3.18(C)] c s dng gim st li tc l mt phng thc kim tra chn l trn bit c ch nh:
Bit s 1 l chn l chn c tnh ton trn tt c cc bit l (1, 3, 5 ...) ca tt c cc
byte trong TU-1/TU-2 SPE trc .

Bit s 2 l chn l chn c tnh ton trn ton b bt chn (2, 4, 6 ...) ca tt c cc
byte trong TU-1/TU-2 SPE trc . Lu : Tnh ton BIP-2 bao hm c cc byte mo u ng VC-1/VC-2 nhng khng bao hm cc con tr TU-1/TU-2. G1, byte trng thi tuyn ca VC-4 POH, c cp pht truyn ngc tr li bn thng bo trng thi u cui tuyn nh Li Khi u Xa (FEBE) v cc Ch Th S C u Xa
78 CHNG 3. NG DNG CON TR SDH (B TR- MAPPING/GHP-MULTIPLEXING) (RDI, xem Hnh 2.11, Chng 2 v mt thit b u cui ng (VC-4 PTE) gc V vy, i vi truyn ti TU-1/TU-2: Bit s 3 ca V5 c s dng lm ch th Li-Khi-u-Xa (FEBE) ca ng VC-1/VC-2. Li ny c gi ngc tr li Thit b u cui ng VC-1/VC-2 PTE gc nu mt hay nhiu li b pht hin bi BIP-2, trong khi Bit s 8 ca V5 c s dng lm VC-1/VC-2 Path RDI C2, byte nhn tn hiu ng ca VC-4 POH, c cp pht ch ra cu trc ca VC-4 SPE (xem Bng 2.8). V vy, i vi truyn ti TU-1/TU-2. Bit s 5 n 7 ca byte V5 cung cp mt nhn tn hiu VC-1/VC-2 (xem Bng ). Tm gi tr nh phn c th ng vi 3 bit ny. V d, tng t nh Nhn Tn Hiu ng (byte C2), m 0 [(L1, L2, L3)=(000)] ch ra rng tuyn VC-1/VC-2 khng c trang b v m 1[(L1, L2, L3)=(111)] ch ra rng tuyn VC-1/VC-2 c trang b vi ti khng xc nh. Su m cn li c dnh nh ngha theo yu cu trong vic b tr VC-1/VC-2. Mt im khc bit gia C2 v (L1, L2, L3) l thnh phn sau l mt hm ca kch c TU, chng hn nh TU-11, TU-12 hay TU-2. Ni cch khc, byte C2 mt mnh c th ch ra tn hiu m STM-1 ang mang, nhng (L1, L2, L3) khng th. Chng hn nh (L1, L2, L3)=(010), mt m vi gi tr 2 c gn ch ra truyn ti tn hiu cn ng b. Tn hiu ny c th l mt DS1, mt E1 hay mt tn hiu DS2. Thng tin ph tr bn cnh (L1, L2, L3) c yu cu ch nh loi tn hiu duy nht. l A. Khi cc bit s 5 & 6 ca cc con tr TU-1/TU-2 l (11) trong khi (L1, L2, L3)=(010) th VC-1/VC-2 SPE ang mang tn hiu cn ng b DS1. B. Khi cc bit s 5 & 6 ca cc con tr TU-1/TU-2 l (10) trong khi (L1, L2, L3)=(010) th VC-1/VC-2 SPE ang mang tn hiu cn ng b CEPT-1. Cn ba byte con tr na bn cnh V5 c n nh lm mo u ng VC-1/VC-2. Chng l J2, N2 v K4 v vic cp pht cho chng l tm thi. Hin nay, cc byte ny c n nh cho cc mc ch sau: Byte J2: c s dng truyn lp i lp li mu nhn dng im truy cp ng cp thp (tc l VC-1/VC-2) v vy mt thit b u cui ng pha thu c th xc minh s kt ni lin tc ca n ti my pht nh Mu nhn dng ny s dng dng s E.164; mt khung 16 byte c xc nh truyn s E.164 ny; khung 16 byte ny ging nh khung 16 byte c nh ngha cho byte J1. Byte N2 ang c xem xt cung cp chc nng gim st kt ni trung chuyn (tandam) theo cng phng thc nh byte N1 (Byte Ngi iu Hnh Mng NOB) trong mo u ng cp cao (VC-3/VC-4); Chc nng ny s khng lm nh hng ti phng tin gim st kt ni im u- im cui (BIP-2) ca V5. Byte K4 Vn ang c nghin cu
79 3.6. MO U NG VC-1/VC-2
Bng 3.4: Nhn tn Kch c TU* 11

11 11 11 11 11 11 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
hiu VC-1/VC-2 (cc bit 5 7 ca V5) Nhn dng VC c qui nh TU-11 khng c trang b TU-11 c trang b nhng khng xc nh B tr cn ng b cho DS1 B tr ng b bit cho DS1 B tr ng b byte cho DS1 TU-11 khng c ch nh TU-11 khng c ch dnh TU-11 khng c ch nh TU-12 khng c trang b TU-12 c trang b nhng khng xc nh B tr cn ng b cho CEPT-1 B tr ng b bit cho CEPT-1 B tr ng b byte cho CEPT-1 TU-12 khng c ch nh TU-12 khng c ch nh TU-12 khng c ch nh TU-2 khng c trang b TU-2 c trang b nhng khng xc nh B tr cn ng b cho DS2 TU-2 khng c ch TU-2 khng c ch TU-2 khng c ch TU-2 khng c ch TU-2 khng c ch
Nhn tn hiu 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
nh nh nh nh nh
* Kch c VT c ch th bi bit 5 & 6 ca t m 16 bit (V1, V2)
3.7 B tr/Ghp tn hiu STM-1

Tc tn hiu v cc dng khung SDH c tho lun trong Chng 2 v con tr AU-n (n=3 hoc 4) v con tr TU-n (n=11, 12, 2 hoc 3) va c m t trong chng ny. By gi l lc ta phi nghin cu cch thc b tr/ghp cc container khc nhau vo mt tn hiu STM-1 (xem Hnh 2.12 trong Chng 2). Danh mc sau y cung cp tt c cc ng dng hin ti v
tim nng trong tng lai: C-4 c b tr vo VC-4 (k hiu b tr vo) AU-4 AUG STM-1 C-3 c b tr vo vC-3 TU-3 TUG-3 VC-4 ... STM-1 C-2 c b tr vo VC-2 TU-2 TUG-2 VC-3 AU-3 AUG STM-1 1. DS2 cn ng b C-2 2. DS2 ng b bit C-2 C-12 c b tr vo VC-12 TU-12 TUG-2 VC-3 AU-3 AUG STM-1 1. CEPT-1 cn ng b C-12 2. CEPT-1 ng b bit C-12 3. CEPT-1 ng b byte C-12, 30 knh 4. CEPT-1 ng b byte C-12, 31 knh B tr C-11 vo VC-11 TU-11 TUG-2 VC-3 ... STM-1 1. DS1 cn ng b C-11 2. DS1 ng b bit C-11 3. DS1 ng b byte C-11
rng mt tn hiu DS1 1,544 Mbit/s hay mt tn hiu CEPT-1 2,048 Mbit/s c th l mt tn hiu cn ng b, ng b bit hoc ng b byte. Nhng mt tn hiu DS2 6,312 Mbit/s c th hoc l tn hiu cn ng b hoc mt tn hiu ng b bit trong khi mt tn hiu CEPT-3 (34,368 Mbit/s), mt tn hiu DS3 (44,736 Mbit/s) v mt tn hiu CEPT-4 (139,264 Mbit/s) l cc tn hiu cn ng b thng thng. nh ngha v tn hiu cn ng b, ng b bit, ng
b byte c m t trong Chng 1.
3.7.1 B tr C-4 vo STM-1

B tr trc tip mt tn hiu CEPT-4 tc 139,264 Mbit/s vo mt tn hiu STM-1 c tho lun trong phn ny. T qu trnh b tr ny ta c th thy c ba im th v v th tc b
tr/ghp SDH. A. C cc lut duy nht cho b tr mt container C-4 vo mt tn hiu STM-1;
81 3.7. B TR/GHP TN HIU STM-1
B. C cc mi quan h duy nht gia C-4, VC-4, AU-4, AUG v mt tn hiu STM-1 (Hnh 3.19 v ) C. Chi tit v b tr mt tn hiu CEPT-4 vo mt Container.
Trc tin, cc bc chnh c s dng b tr mt container C-4 vo mt tn hiu STM-1
(tc VC1) sau:
l mt C-4 4 AU-4 AUG STMc m t nh
Hnh 3.19: C-4, VC-4, AU-4, AUG v STM-N
1. Mt C-4 gm mt tn hiu CEPT-4 hoc tng ng chng hn nh tn hiu ISDH H4, vi tc tn hiu l 139,264 Mbit/s. Mt container C-4 c th c xem l mt cu trc 9 260 byte trong khong thi gian 125 s. M t chi tit bc ny (t CEPT-4 vo C-4) s c trnh by sau vi tham kho
ti Hnh 3.20v 3.21.

2. Mt tp 9 byte mo u ng VC-4 (J1, B3, C2, G1, F2, H4, F3, K3 v N1) c b
sung vo C-4 hnh thnh mt khung ti tin ng b VC-4 (xem Hnh 3.19 v 3.20). V vy, mt tn hiu VC-4 c cu trc 9 261 byte trong khong thi gian 125 s.
3. Chn (9) byte khc ca con tr AU-4 [chi tit xem Hnh 3.2(A), ch 4 byte tc l H1, H2
v ba byte H3 c s dng] c chn vo khung VC-4 t c mt AU-4 (ging ht AUG - xem Hnh 3.19 v 3.21). rng con tr AU-4 xc nh v tr mo u ng hay chnh xc hn l v tr ca J1. Ni cch khc, con tr AU-4 xc nh khung VC-4 v khung ny li quyt nh v tr ca conainter C-4.
4. AUG cng thm Mo u on Ghp (MSOH) v Mo u on Lp (RSOH) hon thin
mt khung STM-1 (xem Hnh 3.19 v 3.20). 5. N khung STM-1 sau c th c ghp vo mt STM-N (N=4, 16 hay 64).
82 (B
Hnh 3.20: C-4, VC-4, AU-4, AUG v STM-N (tip)

By gi chi tit ghp mt tn hiu CEPT-4 vo mt container C-4 s c xem xt bng vic tham kho ti Hnh 3.21. Container C-4 c cu trc 9 hng 260 ct. Mi hng c gi l mt khung con v c t chc ng nht c s dng mang nhiu loi thng tin. Hng 260 byte hay khung con ny c chia thnh 20 block (khi) tc l tt c 9 hng ca container C-4 c t
chc byte ging nh t chc ch ra trn hnh ny. Mi khi c 13 byte v c dng thc sau: Mt khi 13 byte = Mt byte c bit + 12 byte thng tin Ta c th phn loi 20 khi ny thnh 4
loi:
A. Mt khi c dn trc bi mt byte "W": Khi th nht gm byte "W" v 12 byte "thng tin" (hay byte I), l 1 lung bt t tn hiu CEPT-4. Byte "X" gm 8 bit thng
tin t lung CEPT-4.

B. Mt khi c dn trc bi byte "X": cc khi th 2, 6, 10, 14 v 18 mang byte "X" cng vi 12 byte "I". Byte "X"c 1 bit iu khin (ch th) nhi (hay ng chnh), 2 bit thng tin mo u ang c nghin cu bi U ban SDH, v 5 bit c d phng cho
cc tiu chun tng lai. bit

C. Mt khi c dn trc bi byte "Z": Khi th 20 gm 1 byte "Z" v 12 byte "I". Byte "Z" c 5 bit thng tin, 1 bit cho s dng trong tng lai, v 1 bit dnh cho c hi nhi
(hay ng chnh).
D. Mt khi c dn u bi byte "Y" : 13 khi cn li, mi khi gm 1 byte "Y" v 12
byte "I". Byte "Y" c 8 bit danh cho tng lai.
3.7. B TR/GHP STM-1
TN HIU
H 4
83
Mt container C-4 mang tn hiu CEPT-4 hay tn hiu tng ng ca n vi tc 139,264

Mbit/s nh th no? Tc tn hiu c th linh hot nh th no? H thng hp thu s thay i v tc t tc danh nh ca tn hiu nh th no? V nhiu cu hi khc c th c tr
li bng vic nghin cu Hnh 3.20 mt cch k cng.

A. Trong Hnh 3.21 ta c th thy rng c 9 khung con (hng) trong 1 khung STM-1 125 s.
Mi hng c cng t chc bit v c mt byte VC-4 POH dn hng .

B. Trong mi khung con, bn cnh cc byte mo u truyn ti, c 260 byte dnh cho dung
lng VC-4 SPE. Tc l trong mi hng c Mt byte mo u ng POH (byte u tin ca VC-4 SPE) 1934 bit thng tin (ti tin) trn 1 khung con c tnh nh sau: 20 (128)+8+6=1934 trong 20 l ch 20 block, mi block gm 12 byte (8 bit) "I", s 8 th 2 l byte "W" 8 bit thng tin cho lung s liu v 6 l 6 bit "I" trong byte "Z".
84 CHNG 3. NG DNG CON TR SDH (B TR- MAPPING/GHP-MULTIPLEXING) 5 bit iu khin nhi (CCCCC), mt trong mi byte "X". Do s sp t ny c thc hin trn c s 125 s nn c hi ng chnh v th cng c thc hin trn c s 125 s. Nhm 5 bit C iu khin c hi nhi tc l:
Nu (CCCCC)=(00000), bit S l mt bit d liu; tc l nu h thng quyt nh
s dng bit "S" tryn ti 1 bit t lung bit CEPT-4 th my pht s to ra 5 s 0 cho 5 bit C ny, tri li cc bit C s c truyn vi 5 bit "1". Nu (CCCCC)=(11111), bit S s l bit nhi B phiu a s s c s dng ra quyt nh nhi trong b gii ng b nhm bo v chng li cc li bit n v kp trong cc bit C. Lu rng i vi cc ng dng b phiu a s th ta ch cn ba bit C thay v 5 bit. V vy, i vi cc dch v mi trong tng lai, hai bit C d tha c th c s dng trn (phng din l thuyt) cho truyn ti tin.
Mt bit c hi nhi (S) trong byte "Z": c s dng iu tit tn hiu c tc cao hn tc c th c truyn bi cc bit thng tin (I) c cp. Hot ng
ny s c trnh by trong phn sp ti. Hai bit knh thng tin mo u (OO): ang c nghin cu. Cc bit con li l cc bit nhi c nh (RRR ... R): 13 byte + 5 5 bit +1 bit= 130 bit
V phng din l thuyt chng c th c s dng cho cc tiu chun tng lai.
Dung lng d phng ny l 9,36 Mbit/s chim khong 6% dung lng STM-1. Bng
cch cng 9,36 Mbit/s ny vo 139,264 Mbit/s (s c tho lun sau), ta c th c lng dung lng ca STM-1 ti a l 148,68 Mbit/s nu ton b dung lng 9,36 Mbit/s c s dng. Nu 2 bit C khng dng n c m t trn cng c dng
truyn tin tc th dung lng STM-1 ti a c th s l 139,32 Mbit + (130 + 2) 9 8000 = 148,82 Mbit/s C. T t chc bit ca khung con VC-4 SPE va m t trn, tc CEPT-4 c rt ra nh sau: 8000 khung 9 khungcon 1934
s khung
bit
khungcon
= 139,248 Mbit/s
Tc danh nh CEPT-4 = 139,264 Mbit/s Nu bit S c s dng th tc d liu = 8000 9 1935 = 139,320 Mbit/s y 1934 l s lng bt dnh cho ti tin trong 1 khung con (hng) c tnh ton
trn. Tc l trong Hnh 3.21, nu ch cc v tr "I" ca container C-4 c s dng truyn tn hiu CEPT-4 th CEPT-4 s c tc 139,248 Mbit/s. Tuy nhin CEPT-4 c tc danh nh l l 139,264 Mbit/s nhng n c th c tc thc l 139,264 Mbit/s X ppm (parts per million = phn triu). Do ta c th s dng bit c hi ng chnh "S" iu tit tc cao hn 139,248 Mbit/s (ch tnh ring cho bit I). Khi mi bit "S" (1 bit/khung con) c s dng truyn d liu ta c th c 1935 bit trong mt khung con c th c s dng truyn thng tin. iu ny to ra mt tc tn hiu ti a l 139,32 Mbit/s nh c tnh trn; tc ny ln hn 139,264 Mbit/s + X ppm. Cc tiu chun hin ti iu ha tc tn hiu (139,248 Mbit/s, 139,32 Mbit/s) c th x l
mt tc
trong khong t 139,264
Mbit/s-115ppm v 139,264 Mbit/s+400 ppm.
85 3.7. B TR/GHP TN HIU STM-1
3.7.2 tr/ghp vo 1
B C-3 STM-
Hnh 3.22: C-3, VC-3, TU-3, TUG-3, VC-4, AU-4, AUG v STM-N Trong Chng ?? ta bit c hai
ng dng khc nhau cho container C-3: mt cho b tr

tn hiu CEPT-3 tc 34,368 Mbit/s v ng dng kia cho b tr tn hiu DS3 tc 44,737 Mbit/s. Trng hp b tr CEPT-3 s c tho lun y. Mt tn hiu CEPT-3 hoc tng ng c b tr vo mt container C-3. Cc bc chnh cho vic b tr/ghp ba container C-3 vo mt tn hiu STM-1 (tc l C-3 VC-3 TU-3 TUG-3 VC-4 AU-4 AUG
STM-1) c tng kt trn Hnh 3.19.

1. Mt C-3 (9 84 byte: xem Hnh 3.24) gm mt tn hiu CEPT-3 hay bt c mt tn hiu tng ng khc (chng hn nh ISDN H31) vi tc 34,368 Mbit/s. Chi tit b tr
mt CEPT-3 vo C-3 s c tho lun sau vi s tham chiu ti Hnh 3.24. . 2. Chn byte mo u ng VC-3 tc l J1, B3, C2, G1, F2, H4, F3, K3 v N1 c b sung vo mt C-3 hnh thnh mt khung VC-3 (9 85 byte) (xem Hnh 3.22, 3.23 hay 3.24 )
3. Ba byte con tr TU-3 (H1, H2, H3) c b sung vo mt VC-3 hnh thnh mt TU-3.
iu ny c ch ra rt r bi vng t m trong Hnh 3.23. Lu rng VC-3 SPE c pha "floating" so vi con tr TU-3.
4. Su byte nhi c nh c b sung vo cng ct vi cc byte con tr TU-3 cho cc
ct c hon thin. Khi khung TUG-3 9 86 byte c hnh thnh.
86 NG SDH
CHNG 3. DNG CON TR (B TRMAPPING/GHPMULTIPLEXING)
Hnh 3.23: C-3, VC-3, TU-3, TUG-3, VC-4, AU-4, AUG v STM-N (tip) 5. Ba TUG-3 c ghp xen byte hnh thnh mt khung VC-4 c cha mt ct mo u ng VC-4 POH v hai ct nhi c nh bn cnh ba TUG-3 (xem Hnh 3.23). Sau hai ct nhi ny l mt ct (ba byte con tr cng vi 6 byte nhi c nh) t TUG-3 s 1, mt ct (3 byte con tr cng vi 6 byte nhi c nh) t TUG-3 s 2 v mt ct (ba byte con tr cng 6 byte nhi c nh) t TUG-3 s 3. Cc ct theo sau cc ct con tr ny l danh cho ba VC-3: mt ct cho TUG-3 (hay VC-3) s 1, mt ct na dnh cho TUG-3 s 2, tip theo l mt ct khc cho TUG-3 s 3 vv... VC-4
6. Chn byte na ca con tr AU-4 c chn vo khung VC-4 t c AU-4 cng chnh
l AUG (xem Hnh 3.23). Lu rng ging nh trng hp b tr CEPT-4, con tr AU-4 quyt nh v tr ca mo u ng VC-4, chnh xc hn l v tr ca J1. Ni cch khc, con tr AU-4 xc nh v tr khung VC-4 v v pha mnh VC-4 xc nh v tr ca C-4.
7. AUG cng vi Mo u on Ghp (MSOH) v Mo u on Lp (RSOH) hon thin
mt khung STM-1 (xem Hnh 3.22 v 3.23 ). 8. N khung STM-1 sau c th c ghp vo mt tn hiu STM-N (N=4,16 hay 64) Cc bc trn dng ghp mt tn hiu CEPT-3 vo mt tn hiu STM-1 s c tho lun theo mt quan im khc, phng thc t trn xung di vi s tham kho Hnh 3.23. Trong mt tn hiu STM-1, con tr AU-4 trc tin xc nh v tr bt u ca khung VC-4 (mt cu trc 9 261). Khung VC-4 ny ly byte "J1" lm byte u tin ca n. Mt khi v tr byte "J1" c xc nh, ct u tin ca khung
VC-4 c thit lp. Sau khi ct ny c nhn ra, hai ct nhi c nh tip theo c b sung vo tr thnh cc ct th 2 v th 3 ca VC-4. Ct th 4 c dnh cho TUG-3 th nht; ct ny c ba byte c n nh lm con tr TU-3 s 1,
87 3.7. B TN HIU TR/GHP STM-1
Hnh 3.24: CEPT-3, C-3 v VC-3
v 6 byte nhi c nh c dng lm y ct ny. Tng t, cc ct th 5 v th 6 c

dnh cho TUG-3 s 2 v s 3 mang cc con tr ca TU-3 s 2 v 3. Nn lu rng c mt
s khc bit gia TU-3 v TUG-3. TUG-3 gm 6 byte nhi c nh trong ct con tr TU-3.
Nh trn va m t c 261 ct cho mt khung VC-4. V ba trong s c n nh cho ct mo u ng v hai ct nhi c nh, s c 258 ct cn li dnh cho ba TU-3 hay TUG-3. Mi TU-3 chim 86(258/3) ct; mt ct dng cho con tr TU-3 v nhi c nh v 85 ct c n nh lm mt khung VC-3. Trong s 85 ct, mt ct dng lm mo u ng VC-3. V vy
mt khung C-3 c cu trc 9 84 byte (nh ch ra trn Hnh 3.24).

By gi chi tit b tr tn hiu CEPT-3 vo C-3 s c tho lun c tham chiu ti Hnh 3.24. Container C-3 c mt cu trc 9 hng 84 ct. Cc hng th nht, th 2 v 3 c nhm vi nhau v c gi l nhm Lung 1 (hay T1). Tng t cc hng th 4, 5 v 6 to thnh T2 trong khi cc hng th 7, 8 v 9 to nn T3. Tt c cc nhm 3 hng (tc l T1, T2 v T3) c
cu trc thng tin ging nhau nh c ch ra trn Hnh 3.24.

Hng th nht v th 2 ca T1, T2, T3 c cng t chc bit nhng hng th ba c t chc bit hi khc mt cht. Hng u tin v hng th 2 gm 60 byte thng tin [60 43+3(53)+3]. Trong hnh ny, 8I c ngha l 1 byte thng tin 8 bit. Mi hng cng cha 22 byte "R" (d tr) (224+1+5+1+5+5+1), v 2 byte "X". Mi byte "X" c 6 bt d tr cho tng lai v 2 bit iu khin ng chnh. Tt c hnh thnh nn 84 byte cho mi hng. Mt khc, hng th 3 gm 58 byte thng tin, 23 byte "R", 1 byte "X", 1 byte "Y" v 1 byte "Z". Byte "Y" c 7 bit d tr v
mt bt c hi ng chnh, trong khi byte "Z" c 7 bit cho d liu v mt cho c hi ng chnh.
A. Trong mi khung con 3-hng (3 hng 84 ct, T1, T2, T3) c: 1431 bit thng tin c tnh nh sau 60 8 + 608+588+7 =1431 y hai s 60 xut pht t hng 1&2, mi hng c 60 byte thng tin, 58 t hng s 3 c 58 byte thng tin, v 7 t byte "Z" c 7 bit thng tin. Hai nhm 5 bit iu khin nhi (C C C C C , i=1 v 2). (C C C C C ) c s dng iu khin S cn (C C C C C ) c dng iu khin S . Nu C C C C C =00000 th bit S l bt d liu Nu C C C C C =11111 th bit S l bit nhi
i i i i i 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 i i i i i i i i i i i i
B phiu a s s c s dng a ra quyt nh nhi trong b gii ng b nhm bo v khi cc li bit n v kp trong cc bit C. Lu rng i vi cc ng
dng b phiu a s ta ch cn ba bit C thay v 5 bit. V vy, i vi bt k dch v

no trong tng lai, 2 bit C d ny v mt l thuyt c th c s dng cho truyn
ti tin. Hai bit c hi nhi (S , S ): mt bit trong byte "Y" v mt bit trong byte "Z". Chng
c s dng iu ha d liu c tc cao hn 34,344 Mbit/s (s thy trong
1 2
phn di y). Cc bit con li l cc bit nhi c nh (RRR ...R): 8 (22 + 22 + 23) + 5 6 + 7=573 bit
C 22 byte "R" cho hng th nht v hng th 2, 23 byte "R" cho hng th 3, 6 bit "r" trong 5 byte "X" v 7 bit "r"trong byte "Y". Chng c th c s dng cho tng
lai. Dung lng d tr ny l 13,752 Mbit/s hay khoang 8,8% dung lng STM-1.
Bng vic b sung 13,752 Mbit/s ny vo 34,392 Mbit/s (s thy di y) ta c th c tnh c dung lng ti a ca C-3 l khong 48,144 Mbit/s nu tt c dung lng d phng c s dng. Nu 2 bit C d c cp trn cng c s dng
cho ti tin th dung lng C-3 ti a s l 34,392 Mbit/s + (573 + 2)3 8000=48,192 Mbit/s B. T t chc bit ca VC-3 SPE va m t trn, tc CEPT-3 c rt ra: khungcon bit 8000 khung s3 khung1431 khungcon = 34,344 Mbit/s Tc danh nh CEPT-3 = 34,368 Mbit/s
Nu bit S c s dng th tc d liu = 8000 3 1433 = 139,320 Mbit/s
Tc l nu ta ch s dng cc bit I ca container C-3 truyn mt tn hiu CEPT-3 th CEPT-3

s c tc 34,344 Mbit/s. Tuy nhin, mt tn hiu CEPT-3 c tc danh nh l 34,364 Mbit/s c th c tc thc l 34,368 X ppm. V vy, ta phi s dng cc bit c hi ng chnh "S" iu ha tc cao hn 34,344 Mbit/s khi ch s dng duy nht cc bit "I". Khi tt c cc bit "S" (2 bit trong 1 khung con 3-hng) c s dng truyn d liu, tc tn hiu ti a t 34,392 Mbit/s ln hn 34,368 Mbit/s + X ppm. Cc tiu chun hin ti iu ha tc tn hiu (34,344 Mbit/s, 34,392 Mbit/s) c th x l mt tn hiu c tc trong khong t
34,368
Mbit/s-700 ppm n
34,368 Mbit/s+700 ppm.
89 3.8. B TR/GHP C-12 VO STM-1
3.8 B tr/ghp C-12 vo STM-1

Mt Container C-12 c th c s dng b tr mt tn hiu cn ng b, ng b bit, ng
b byte 30 knh. Trng hiu cn ng C-12 s c nhng khc ng b v tt c ba trng cn k. Cc b tr/ghp 63 knh hay ng b byte 31 hp b tr/ghp mt tn b tho lun chi tit. Tip , bit gia trng hp cn hp khc s c gii thch bc chnh ca qu trnh
Hnh 3.25: C-12, VC-12, TU-12, TUG-2, TUG-3, VC-4, AU-4, AUG v STM-N
container C-12 vo mt tn hiu STM-1 (tc l C-12 VC-12 TU-12 TUG-2 TUG-3 VC-4 AU-4 AUG STM-1) c c kt trong Hnh 3.25. Tuy nhin, t TUG-3 n STM-1 tc l TUG-3 VC-4 AU-4 AUG STM-1 ging ht nh khi b tr mt tn hiu C-4 (mang tn hiu CEPT-4 nh trnh by trn) vo mt tn hiu STM-1. V vy cc bc ny s c b qua v ch tho lun cc bc chnh cho qu trnh b tr/ghp 63 C-12 vo
mt tn hiu STM-1 ti khi hnh thnh TUG-3. Cc bc ny bao gm: 1. Mt C-12 gm 1 tn hiu CEPT-1 hay bt c tn hiu tng ng no khc c tc 2,048 Mbit/s. Chi tit b tr mt tn hiu CEPT-1 vo mt container C-12 s c trnh by sau cng vi Hnh 3.28.
2. Mt byte mo u ng c b sung vo mt C-12 hnh thnh mt khung VC-12
c cu mus [xem
trc 1 35 trong khung 125 Hnh 3.26(C)]. Lu rng V5
c xem l byte u tin ca ti tin VC-12. Byte mo u ng VC-12 c b sung l V5 cho khung 125 s th nht, J2 cho 125 s th 2, N2 cho 125 s th 3 v K4 cho khung 125 s th 4. Mt siu khung VC-12 500 s c dung lng 140 byte ti tin. 3. Bn byte con tr TU-12 (V1 V4) c thm vo VC-12 to thnh mt TU-12 (xem Hnh 3.26). Cc byte con tr TU-12 dn u bn khung 125 s trong mi siu khung 500 s. Tc l V1 dn u khung s 1, V2 dn u khung s 2, v vv.... TU-12 c cu trc 1
90 DNG TR-
CHNG 3. NG CON TR SDH (B MAPPING/GHPMULTIPLEXING)
Hnh 3.26: C-12, VC-12 v TU-12 (tip)
36 byte trong mt khung 125 hay n chim 4 ( 36 byte/ (9 byte/ct))ct ca mt
khung STM-1. 4. Ba TU-12 (mi TU-12 c 4 ct) c ghp xen byte vo mt TUG-2 c dung lng 12 ct.
5. By TUG-2 c ghp xen byte hnh thnh mt TUG-3 c mt ct nhi c nh b
sung v mt ct khc vi 3 byte Ch Th Con Tr Rng (NPI) v 6 byte nhi c nh. TUG-3 ny c cu trc 9 byte 86 byte ( 127+2: 12 ct /1 TUG-2, 7 TUG-2/TUG-3, v hai ct b sung)[xem Hnh 3.27].
6. Ba TUG-3 c ghp xen byte vo mt VC-4 c 1 thm ct mo u ng VC-4 (gm
9 byte: J1,B3, C2, G1, F2, H4, F3, K3 v N1) bn cnh ba tn hiu TUG-3 ny. Bc ny ging ht nh khi b tr/ghp cc tn hiu C-3 tc 34,368 Mbit/s vo mt tn hiu STM-1 (xem Hnh 3.23.
7. Cc bc cn li t mt VC-4 n mt tn hiu STM-1 hay mt STM-N ging nh trng
hp b tr/ghp mt tn hiu CEPT-4 hay ba tn hiu CEPT-3 vo mt tn hiu STM-1. By gi chi tit qu trnh b tr mt tn hiu CEPT-1 vo mt container C-12 s c trnh by cng vi Hnh 3.28. Mt container o VC-12 (dn u bi byte V5) c cu trc 4 khung
91 3.8. B
TR/GHP C-12 VO STM-1
Hnh 3.27: TU-12, TUG-2 v TUG-3 (tip)
125 s, mi khung c cu trc 1 35 byte. Khung 125 s th nht c dn u bi byte V5,

khung th 2 dy u bi byte J2, khung th 3 dn u bi byte N2 v khung th 4 dn u bi
byte K4. A. Trong khong thi gian mt siu khung 500 s c 1023 bit thng tin (thuc ti tin) c tnh nh sau:
3 32 8 + 31 8 + 7=1023 bit y 3 32 8 xut pht t 3 khi (32 8I) trong ba khung 125 s u, 31 8 t khung
125 s th 4, v 7 t byte trc khi(31 8); trong byte ny, bit u l bit c hi ng
chnh th 2 (S .
2
B. Hai nhm 3 bit iu khin nhi (C C C , i=1 v 2); hai bit C t byte nm trn khi (32 8I) ca khung 125 s th 2, v 2 t khung tip theo. V vy c hi ng chnh c thc hin trn c s 500 s. Nhm 3 bit C ny iu khin c hi nhi
i i i
Nu C C C =000 th bit S l bit d liu

i i i i
Nu C C C =111 th bit S l bit nhi

i i i i
B phiu a s s c s dng a ra quyt nh nhi trong b gii ng b nhm bo v chng li cc li bit n v kp trong cc bit C. C. Hai bit c hi nhi (S , S ): c s dng iu ha tn hiu c tc cao hn tn hiu c th c mang bi cc bit thng tin I (s c tho lun sau).
1 2
D. Cc bit cn li l cc bit nhi c nh (RRR...R):
92 DNG CON
CHNG 3. NG TR SDH (B TRMAPPING/GHPMULTIPLEXING)
Hnh 3.28: Cn ng b E1, C-12, VC-12 v TU-12 5 8 + 2 2 + 6=50 bit /(500 s)

C 5 byte "R" trong 1 siu khung, 2 bit
"RR" trong hai byte ch th iu khin u tin v 5 bit "RRRRR" trong byte ch th iu khin th 3. Chng c th c s dng cho tng lai. Dung lng d tr ny l 0,1 Mbit/s. Bng cch b sung 0,1 Mbit/s ny vo 2,050 Mbit/s (s thy di y), ta c th c lng dung lng ti a ca VC-12 l khong
2,150 Mbit/s nu ton b dung lng 0,1 Mbit/s ny c s dng. 2,050 Mbit/s + 0,1 Mbit/s = 2,150 Mbit/s
E. T t chc bit ca khung con VC-12 SPE va m t trn, tc CEPT-1 c rt ra nh
sau: 2000
500
s s
1023
bit
500s
= 2,046 Mbit/s
= 2,050 Mbit/s
Nu 2 bit S c s dng th tc d liu = 2000 (1023+2)
Tc danh nh CEPT-1 = 2,048 Mbit/s
Tc l nu ta ch s dng cc v tr "I" ca container C-12 truyn tn hiu CEPT-1 th

CEPT-1 s c tc 2,046 Mbit/s. Tuy nhin, CEPT-1 tc danh nh l 2,048 Mbit/s c tc thc l 2,048 Mbit/s X ppm. Do , ta phi s dng cc bit c hi ng chnh "S" iu ha tc cao hn 2,046 Mbit/s s dng duy nht cc bit "I". Khi c 2 bit S c s dng truyn d liu, tc tn hiu ti a tr thnh 2,050 Mbit/s ln hn 2,048 Mbit/s + X ppm. Cc
93 3.8. B C-12 VO TR/GHP STM-1
Hnh 3.29: Cn ng b E1, C-12, VC-12 v TU-12 tiu chun hin ti iu ha tc tn hiu (2,046 Mbit/s, 2,050 Mbit/s) c th iu khin mt
tn hiu CEPT-1 vi tc t 2,048 Mbit/s-980 ppm ti 2,048 Mbit/s+980 ppm. Bn c th t hi l do vi sao hai bit S (bit c hi ng chnh) cn c s dng trong ng dng ny. Cu tr li nh sau: Nu ch 1 bit S c s dng th s c tng ng l 1024 (1023 + 1) bit trn 1 siu khung 500 s c th c s dng cho
truyn ti tin. Khi tc tn hiu tr thnh 2,048 Mbit/s ng bng tc danh nh ca mt tn hiu CEPT-1. Vy khi xy ra trng hp tc tn hiu vo ln hn tc danh nh mt cht th C-12 s khng th tip nhn tn hiu ny. V vy, hai bit S s l cn thit thay v 1. B tr ti tin C-12 c th l ti tin cn ng b hoc l ti
Hnh 3.30: B tr C-12 ng b bit so vi b tr C-12 cn ng b

tin ng b bit. Hnh 3.30 ch ra s khc bit gia hai qu trnh b tr tn hiu C-12 cn ng b va m t v tn hiu C-12 ng b bit.Do tn hiu l ng b nn khng cn nhi bit. Bn cnh iu ny vic b tr C-12 ng b bit hu nh ging vi b tr C-12 cn ng b. Sau y
s lit k nhng khc bit gia chng.

Trc tin, byte "X" sau byte mo u ng V5 mang "10" v 6 bit "R" trong trng hp
94 CHNG 3. NG DNG CON TR SDH (B TR- MAPPING/GHP-MULTIPLEXING) ng b bit thay v c 8 bit "R" nh trong trng hp cn ng b
Byte "Y" sau byte J2 mang "10", bn bit thng tin mo u "O" v 2 bit "R" i vi trng hp ng b bit. Byte ny mang cc bit iu khin nhi, 4 bit "O" v hai bit "R"
trong trng hp cn ng b.
Byte ng trc byte N2 cng l mt byte "Y" trong khi i vi trng hp cn ng b
n l mt byte d tr "R"
Byte ng sau N2 l byte d tr cho trng hp ng b. Mt khc trong trng hp cn
ng b n ging nh byte ng sau byte J2.

Byte ng sau byte K4 li l mt byte "X" cho trng hp ng b bit. Trong trng hp cn ng b , byte ny mang them 2 bit iu khin na, 5 bit d tr v chi mt bit c hi
ng chnh.
i vi trng hp ng b bit, do tn hiu l ng b nn c 4 khi 32 8I mang 32 knh CEPT-1. i vi trng hp cn ng b, ch c ba khi 32 8I cng vi 1 khi 31
8I. Do , thay v mt byte "X" ta phi s dng byte ng trc khi 31 8I mang ti tin CEPT-1. Do bn cht cn ng b, byte ny mang 7 bit "I" v mt bit c hi ng chnh S .
2
Hnh 3.31: C-12 ng b byte: 30 knh Bt c byte no khc khng c cp trn u nh nhau cho c phng php b tr ng b bit v cn ng b. Kh nng th 3 ca ghp /b tr C-12 l b tr ti tin ng b byte 30 knh. Qu trnh ghp ti tin 30 knh ny c trnh by trn Hnh 3.31.
a khung 500 s mang tng cng 140 byte. Khung 125 s u tin gm 1 byte mo u
ng VC-12 (byte V5), mt byte "X", 1 byte "R", 15 byte ti tin cc knh t 1 n 15, 1 byte "M" cho tn hiu ng chnh a khung, 15 byte ti tin na cho cc knh t 16 n 30 v 1 byte
3.8. B
TR/GHP C-12 VO STM-1
95
"R" na. Khung 125 s th 2, th 3 v th 4 rt ging vi khung 125 s u tin tr ngoi l

sau: Byte V5 c thay th bi byte J2 trong khung th 2, N2 trong khung th 3 v K4 trong
khung th 4. Lu rng trong mi khung 125 s khung byte d tr u tin "R*" c th c s dng cho khe thi gian 0 nu cn thit. Cc byte d tr khc l cc bit nhi c nh ti thi im hin ti. Chng c th s c s dng trong tng li. Kh nng b tr/ghp C-12 th 4 l b tr ti tin ng b byte 31 knh. Vic b tr ti tin 31 knh ny c trnh by trong Hnh 3.32. Thc t ging nh trng hp ng b byte 30 knh ngoi tr mt iu l byte "M" c thay th bi mt byte ca ti tin 31 knh, tc l knh 16. V vy cc khe cho knh t 16 ti 30 trong ng dng trc tr thnh knh t 17 n 31. Hnh 3.30, 3.31 v 3.32 ch ra ch TU "kha" v TU "ng". S khc bit gia chng, mc ch ca chng v chuyn i t ch ny sang ch khc s c trnh by sau. Ch "locked-kha" c th s sm b loi b khi cc tiu chun trong tng lai.
3.9 Tng kt hot ng ghp/b tr: Din gii tc tn hiu

Phn trn trnh by cc qu trnh b tr nhiu loi ti tin nh CEPT-1, CEPT-3 v CEPT-4 vo mt tn hiu SDH STM-1. thit k h thng (phn cng hoc phn mm), ta cn bit cc loi tc tn hiu khc nhau t mt container bt k ti tn hiu STM-1. V d mt tn hiu CEPT-1 tc 2,048 Mbit/s c b tr vo mt container C-12 m trc tin c chuyn vo VC-12, sau vo TU-12, vo TUG-2, vo TUG-3, vo VC-4, vo AU-4, vo AUG v cui cng l vo 1 tn hiu STM-1. Cc tc tn hiu ca C-12, VC-12, TU-12, TUG-2, TUG-3, VC-4, AU-4 v AUG s rt hu ch i vi ngi thit k h thng. V vy, cc tc ny s c din gii trong phn ny. lm iu ta cn nh li rng 1 byte trong mt STM-N 64) (N=1, 4, 16 hay c tc 64 kbit/s hay 0,064 Mbit/s, mt ct STM-N c tc 0,576 Mbit/s. Trc ta bt u t ng b tr tn CEPT-1. Mt 12 t C-12 vi
ca tin hot hiu VCmt
Hnh 3.33: C-12 ng b byte: 31 knh
97 3.10. CC TN HIU MC XCH
byte con tr TU-12 b sung hnh thnh mt tn hiu TU-12 chim 4 ct ca khung STM-1.
V vy tc ca 1 TU-12 v VC-12 tng ng l 2,304 Mbit/s v 2,240 Mbit/s [hay 4 0,576 Mbit/s v (2,304-0,064 Mbit/s)]. Bn byte mo u ng (V5, J2, N2, K4) c b sung vo
C-12 to nn 1 VC-12. iu ny dn ti tc 2,176 Mbit/s (2,240-0,064) cho C-12.

Mt tn hiu CEPT-3 tc 34,368 Mbit/s c chuyn sang 1 VC-3 tc 48,960 Mbit/s.
Tc ny c din gi nh sau:
Mt TUG-2 chim 12 ct ca khung STM-1 v c tc l 9,612 Mbit/s ( 12 0,576 Mbit/s). Mt VC-3 c hnh thnh t 7 lung TUG-2 v mt ct mo u ng VC-3 v c tng cng l 85 (equiv7 12 + 1) ct. Do tc ca VC-3 l 48,960 Mbit/s ( 85 0,576
Mbit/s).
S khc nhau gia mt C-3 v mt VC-3 l mt ct mo u ng VC-3. V vy tc ca VC-3 l 48,384 Mbit/s ( 48,960-0,576). Mt VC-3 v 3 byte con tr TU-3 hnh thnh nn mt TU-3. V vy tc ca TU-3 l 49,152 Mbit/s ( 48,960+3 times0,064). T Hnh 3.23 ta c th thy rng ct c cha con tr TU-3 c 6 byte nhi c nh trong mt khung TUG-3. V vy tc ca mt TUG-3 l 49,536 Mbit/s ( 49, 152 + 6 0, 064). Ba TUG-3 vi 1 ct mo u ng VC-4 v 2 ct nhi c nh to nn 1 tn hiu VC-4 (xem Hnh 3.23). V th tc ca mt VC-4 l 150,336 Mbit/s ( 3 49, 536 + 0, 576 + 2 0, 576). Do 9 byte con tr AU-4 c b sung vo 1 VC-4 hnh thnh nn 1 tn hiu AU-4 nn AU-4 c tc l 150,912 Mbit/s ( 150, 336 + 9 0, 064). Lu rng mt tn hiu AU-4 cng chnh l 1 tn hiu AUG. Cui cng, tn hiu STM-1 c to ra bng vic b sung 27 byte mo u on lp (RSOH) v 45 byte mo u on ghp (MSOH) nn tc ca n l 155,52 Mbit/s ( 150,912 + (27
+ 45) 0,064)). Din gii tc ca tt c cc tn hiu quan tm (H thng ITU-T) c thc hin trong phn trn v c trnh by trn Hnh 3.33.
3.10 Cc tn hiu mc xch

C hai loi tn hiu mc xch SDH c th c mt vi gi tr ng dng trong cc mng SDH. l AU-4-Nc v TU-2-mc. Vic tho lun s bt u t tn hiu AU-4-Nc. Ta bit rng mt tn hiu AU-4 c thit k mang mt container C-4 c dung lng 149,76 Mbit/s (xem Hnh 3.33). Nu c cc dch v trong tng lai i hi dung lng ln hn 149,76 Mbit/s ta cn mt phng tin chuyn ch ti tin cho cc dch v ny. Mt AU-4-Nc c thit k cho mc ch ny. Hnh 3.34 din t mt AU-4-N hay C-4-N tiu chun vi N=4 hoc 16 nm trong mt tn hiu STM-N (N=4 hoc 16). Khung ny gm N ct byte mo u ng VC-4. Nu cu trc mc xch l cn thit th c duy nht mt ct byte mo u ng VC-4 c yu cu nh ch ra trn Hnh 3.34(A). Ct mo u ng VC-4 ny c chc nng ging ht nh mo u ng VC-4 c m t phn trc. C (N-1) ct nhi c nh theo sau ct mo u ng VC-4 k trn. Hai VC-4-Nc c xut c tc tn hiu l 599,04 Mbit/s v 2396,16 Mbit/s tng ng cho N=4 v N=16. Mt AU-4 c mt con tr 9 byte c trnh by trn Hnh 3.34. Chn byte ny l H1, Y, Y, 1*, 1*, H2, H3, H3 v H3 [Hnh (A)]. V vy, mt tn hiu AU-4-Nc c 9N byte con tr AU-4 [Hnh 3.34(A)]. Ni cch khc, c N nhm con tr 9-byte (H1, H2) cho mt tn hiu AU-4-Nc. Con tr AU-4 th nht c cc chc nng thng thng. V gi tr lch con tr ca
con tr
98
CHNG 3. NG DNG CON TR SDH (B TR- MAPPING/GHP-MULTIPLEXING)
Hnh 3.34: VC-4-N so vi VC-4-Nc (concatenated)
AU-4 th nht ny c phm vi bnh thng ca n nh c m t trong mc 3.3.1. T chc con tr c v li trong Hnh 3.35(B): bn bit "N", 2 bit "S", 5 bit "I", 5 bit "D". Hnh 3.35(C) cho thy t chc con tr ca cc con tr AU-4 th 2, 3, ... v th N. Kiu n nh con tr ny c s dng lm ch th mc xch v khng cn thc hin cc chc nng ca mt con tr AU-4 thng thng, v d nh con tr AU-4 u tin. Ch th mc xch ny quyt nh rng cc b x
l con tr s tin hnh trn AU-4 u tin ca AU-4-Nc.

Tng t nh cc AU-4, m TU-2 c th c mc ni hnh thnh mt TU-2-mc, nu ti tin i hi mt dung lng ln hn dung lng C-2 6,784 Mbit/s. Cc lut s dng mc ni cc TU-2 c th c nhm vo 3 loi: (1) mc ni cc TU-2 k nhau trong VC-3 cp cao hn: (2) mc ni kiu chui cc TU-2 trong VC-4 cp cao hn; v (3) mc ni o cc TU-2 trong VC-4 cp cao hn. Trong trng hp mc ni cc TU-2 k nhau trong VC-3 cp cao hn ta c th p dng ch th mc xch "1001" trong cc bit t 1 ti 4, "khng xc nh" trong cc bit 5 v 6, con li l "1" cho cc bit t 7 n 16 ca con tr TU-2. N hon ton ging vi AU-4-Nc v c ch ra trn Hnh 3.35(C). Mc xch quyt nh rng b x l con tr TU-2 thc hin tt c cc hot ng nh c ch ra bi con tr TU-2 u tin trong TU-2-mc, nh trong xu AU-4-Nc. Lu rng trong loi mc xch ny VC-2-mc cha mo u ng container o n
xut hin trong
VC-2 s 1 ca VC-2-mc.
Mc xch tun t cc TU-2 trong VC-4 cp cao hn cho php truyn ng thi mt vi TU-2-mc v TU-3 trong cng mt ti tin VC-4. Chi tit ca loi mc xch ny ang c nghin
cu thm.
Loi mc xch TU-2 th 3 l mc xch o cc TU-2 trong VC-4. Loi mc xch ny cho php truyn mt VC-2-mc trong m TU-2 m khng s dng ch th mc xch trong cc byte
con tr. N ch i hi thit b kt cui ng cung cp chc nng mc xch.
N i hi cc tn hiu n v Lung c mc ni ti u pht ca tuyn c pht ra vi cng gi tr con tr. Cc n v lung ti mi giao tip s c gi trong mt VC-4 cp cao hn.
Khi VC-4 cp cao hn c kt cui, cc ....
99
3.10. CC TN HIU MC XCH
Hnh 3.35: Con tr AU-4 v Ch th Mc xch
3.10.1 Chuyn i gia ch Floating v ch Locked

i vi tiu chun hin ti, c hai phng php (ch ) ghp cc cu trc n v lung. La chn ny c th s sm b loi b khi b tiu chun. Hai ch ny l:
A. Ch ch TU Floating (ng) : Trong floating, bn khung VC-n 125
s lin tip (n=11, 12 hay 2) c t chc thnh mt a khung 500 s nh c ch ra trn Hnh 3.25, 3.26, 3.28, 3.31, 3.32... 3.34. Pha ca a khung ny c ch ra bi byte ch th v tr a khung H4 ca VC-m POH (m=3 hoc 4).Khi hai bit cui cng ca H4 l (00), n ch ra khong 125 s u tin trong a khung 500 s; khi hai bit cui ca H4 l (01), n ch
ra khong 125 s th 2 trong a khung 500 s vv... B.Ch Locked (kha) : Mt khc, trong ch TU kha, truyn ti l qu trnh b tr c nh ti tin c cu trc ng b vo mt VC-m (m=3 hoc 4). iu ny c ngha l mt quan h pha trc tip gia thng tin lung v v tr ca thng tin d trong VC-m. Ni cch khc, thng tin v lung l c nh v c th nhn bit tc th v tr ca n so vi con tr AU-m kt hp vi VC-m. V vy, khng con tr TU no c yu cu v tt c cc byte ca mt TU hay TUG u sn sng dng cho ti tin. Phn hnh v vi du "locked mode" trong Hnh 3.36 c dng gii thch khi nim ny. V d, i vi con tr TU-12, c 36 byte trong khung 125 s. Byte u tin c n nh lm con tr TU-12, V1, V2, V3 hoc V4 trong ch floating. Mt byte khc, c th l byte th 2, V5 ca khung 125 s ny c n nh lm VC-12 POH. 31 byte cn li sn sng dng lm ti tin. i vi mt hot ng ch locked, cc chc nng ny khng cn b yu cu, tt c 36 byte thay v 34 byte c th c s dng cho b tr ti tin. ng dng ny ca hot ng ch locked ca TU-12 th c m rng cho TU-11 v TU-2.
100CH DNG TR-
NG 3. NG CON TR SDH (B MAPPING/GHPMULTIPLEXING)
Hnh 3.36: Con tr AU-4 v Ch th Mc xch

Hnh 3.36 ch ra s chuyn i gia hai ch floating v locked. Byte u ca mi khong
125 s khng cn c s dng lm mt con tr TU-n (n=11, 12 hay 2), v vy n c d tr v c th c s dng b tr ti tin. Tng t byte V5 (byte th 2) trong ch locked cng c d tr. a khung VC-n 500 s l khng cn thit. Vai tr ca byte ch th a khung H4 trong ch locked l xc nh cc khung bo hiu 2 v 3 ms cho vic b tr ti tin ng b byte, chng hn nh b tr C-12 ng b byte (ch ra trn Hnh 3.31 hay 3.32).
Chng 4 nh thi v ng b (Timing and Synchronization)

Mc ch ca chng Sau khi hon thnh chng ny ban c th M t ng b khung: mc ch v ng dng ca n, vic tho lun s bt u chnh v cp ng b Tho lun v ng b mng: mc ch ca n, cc thuc tnh, tnh nng
M t s khc bit gia ng b mng ring v ng b mng cng cng. Tho lun v phn cp ng h c s dng trong mng s.
Tho lun v cc phng php nn zero khc nhau nn cc bit 0 lin tc trong lung bit s nhm ci thin kh nng khi phc nh thi ti my thu, cc phng thc ny l
m ng truyn v ngu nhin ha. Tm tt chng

Cc vn ch yu lin quan ti thng tin k thut s nhm t c cht lng truyn tin v qun l thng tin (IM&M)cao bao gm : khi phc thi gian, ng b mng v
ng b khung. ng b khung
ng b c s khung SONET/SDH: n c th dng nh v cc byte con
tr v bt
c byte mo u truyn ti no khc.

ng b mng: mc ch ca n, cc thuc tnh chnh v thc hin ng b mng,; ba cp ng b; phn cp ng h ng b mng: strata 1, 2, 3 v 4; cu trc ng b, cc yu cu v chnh xc ca ng h, cc yu cu v t l trt i vi nhiu loi ng h stratum khc nhau; ng h v khi phc thi gian (cc chc nng v hot ng ca ng h ; khi phc thi gian bng vic s dng m ng truyn hay cc b ngu nhin
ha, v cu hnh nh thi).
101
CHNG 4. NH THI V NG B (TIMING AND SYNCHRONIZATION) 102
Cc yu cu ng b SDH v cc bn tin trng thi ng b
4.1 Gii thiu

Do nhng tin b v cng ngh cng nh nhu cu v cc dch v ISDN bng rng tng mnh,
cc mng thng tin (ring hoc cng cng) ang tin ha sang cc mng s. Vic truyn thng tin qua cc mng s c rt nhiu thun li. Tuy nhin cng c nhng vn phc tp lin quan ti truyn dn s. t c cht lng Truyn tin v Qun l thng tin cao th cc vn ny cn phi c gii quyt tha ng. Trong s cc vn ny ni ln ba vn chnh rt quan
trng sau: A. Khi phc thi gian Mt h thng s phi mang lung bit s t ngun (my pht) ti ch ca tn hiu (my thu) vi mt cht lng c th chp nhn c. Mt my thu phi khi phc lung bit s ny sang dng tn hiu s ca n. Nu ngun tn hiu l mt my tnh hay mt thit b u cui th tn hiu khi phc c khi c th c phn pht trc tip ti ngi nhn nh ca n. Mt khc, nu thng tin mang lu lng thoi th tn hiu s khi phc ny phi c bin i ngc li sang dng tng t v pht ti ngi nhn. Trong bt c trng hp no, tn hiu s c khi phc nht thit phi ging tn hiu c pht i t ngun ca n. Nu khng hon ton ging th li to ra trong d liu phi c gim ti mc ti thiu. t c mc ch ny, ng h my thu phi c chnh xc nht nh so vi ng h c s dng ti my pht. Cng vy, mi quan h v pha ca ng h my thu v ng h my pht phi c gi nguyn mt trng thi xc nh. Cng ngh c ng dng nhm t c mc ch ny c gi l "phng thc khi phc thi gian" B. ng b mng Thng tin ton cu tr thnh mt hot ng khng th thiu c trong x hi ngy nay. Cc mng khc nhau (cng cng hay ring: chuyn mch hay khng chuyn mch) cn phi c kt ni vi nhau. ng b mng gia cc mng ny l cn thit t c truyn thng tin s vi mt cht lng (hay t s li bit BER) c th chp nhn c. Cc ng h c s dng to tn hiu v khi phc tn hiu phi p ng mt s c tnh k thut nht nh d m bo vic ng b mng li. C. ng b khung Bt k mt tn hiu s no c to khun thnh mt n v thi gian no c hiu l mt khung. n v thi gian thng c s dng nht cho mt khung l
125 s. Mt lung bit s thng cha cc bit s t nhiu ngi s dng khc nhau. Bng
vic thit lp khong thi gian khung, my thu c th phn tch lung bt thnh nhiu nhm khc nhau v phn pht mi nhm ca lung bit s ti ngi dng nh ca n. Mt mu ng b khung (gm nhiu bit ng b khung) thng c yu cu trong mt lung bit t c "ng b khung". Ba vn ny s c tho lun trong chng ny. Trc ht mi quan h gia mt lung bit s v phng thc ng b khung s c xt qua vi vic ly mt tn hiu DS1 lm v d. Thng qua v d ny ta s c th hiu c s cn thit ng b khung v khi nim ng b khung.
103 4.2. NG B KHUNG
4.2 ng b khung
Trong Chng 1 chng ta tho lun ngn gn v ng b khung. Hnh ?? trong Chng 1 minh ha mt tn hiu DS1 c mt bit ng b khung c chn vo c mi khong thi gian khung 193 bit hay 125 s. Hnh 4.4 minh ha mt tn hiu DS1 mang mt bit ng b khung v 24 knh 8 bit trong mi khong thi gian khung 125 s. Bt u tin ca mt tn hiu DS1 mang
Hnh 4.1: Dng tn hiu DS1 mt bit ng b khung. Bit ng b khung ny lm vic nh mt du hiu hay mt c. Mt tn hiu s mang 24 knh thoi hay s kt hp c thoi ln s liu vi tc 1,544 Mbit/s v c gi l tn hiu DS1 [Tn hiu s Bc M- mc 1]. Mt tn hiu DS1 cng c gi l mt tn hiu hai nhm. i vi mt h thng tng t, 12 knh thoi c ghp vo mt tn hiu tc cao sau c truyn i nh mt tn hiu FDM (Frequency Division Multiplxed). Tn hiu ny c t tn l tn hiu nhm. V th mt tn hiu DS1 mang 24 knh thoi c dung lng bng hai ln tn hiu nhm; mt tn hiu hai nhm v vy c gn cho mt tn hiu mang 24 tn hiu tn s m thoi (VF) c s ha. Tn hiu ny c mang bi mt i dy ng xon (cho mt hng truyn) v c gi l h thng mang T1. T1 l mt phng tin truyn dn 4 dy vi khong cch on lp in hnh l 6000 ft. Dch v cp bi DS1 l mt T1.5. Tc DS1 c th c rt ra t: (1 + 24 ) 8000 = 1,544 Mbit/s y 1 l mt bit ng b khung c thm vo 24 knh thoi trong khong thi gian khung
125 s; 24 i din cho 24 knh thoi mang bi mt DS1; mi knh (i khi gi l mt khe
thi gian) c 8 bit trong mt khung; v c 8000 mu trong 1 giy chuyn i t tn hiu thoi tng t sang tn hiu s PCM 8 bit. Nu 24 knh dng cho lu lng s phi thoi, ta c th hnh dung rng thi gian c lng t thnh cc khung 125 s, v c 8000 khung nh vy trong mi mt giy. Lu rng c 193 ( 1+ 248) bit trong 1 khung. Ni khc i, mt tn hiu DS1 c mt khung 193 bit. Mt iu cn ni na l cc tn hiu DS1 c th c ghp vo mt tn hiu tc cao hn. Tn hiu tc cao hn ny sau c th c truyn qua cp ng trc, v tuyn s hoc h thng cp si quang.
4.2.1 Siu khung v mu ng b khung ca mt tn hiu DS1

hiu mc ch ca bt khung ta gi thit rng mt tn hiu DS1 c thit k mang 24 tn hiu thoi (khch hng thoi) c s ha. Trc khi truyn i bt k mt thng tin ca
khch hng no, mt bit "1" c to ra lm bit nh du khung cho khung s 1. Bit ny sau
c km theo bi 8 bit d liu t khch hng s 1, 8 bit d liu t khch hng s 2, 8 bit d liu t khch hng s 3 ... v 8 bit d liu t khch hng s 24. Qu trnh ny c lp li c mi khong 12 khung 1,5 ms. Vi khung th 2, bit khung l "0"; vi khung th 3, bit ny cng l "0", vv... iu ny c ch ra trn Hnh . Mt cu trc gm 12 khung c gi l mt siu khung. S kt hp 12 bit khung ca mt siu khung c gi l mu khung hay mu ng b khung. Mt tn hiu DS1 c dng tn hiu ny c gi l mt tn hiu DS1 SF (SuperFrame) khc vi mt tn hiu DS1 ESF (Siu khung m rng: s c tho lun sau) T Hnh ta c th
Hnh 4.2: Dng siu khung tn hiu DS1 thy rng mu ng b khung ca mt tn hiu SF DS1 c cho bi chui sau: 100011011100
Chui ny c s dng khi h thng truyn dn T1 c thit k vo u nm 1960. Vo thi im , PCM s dng chuyn i 24 tn hiu thoi thnh 1 lung bit s c quan st v thy rng c hi mt ng b khung do lung bit thng tin c mu ny l rt him. Ta c th
chia mu 12 bit khung ny lm hai phn: A. Cc bit khung u cui F - 6 bit khung t 6 khung l c cho nh sau:
T
105 4.2. NG B KHUNG 1 0 1 0 1 0 cho cc khung l
B. Cc bit khung bo hiu F - 6 bit khung t 6 khung chn c cho nh sau:

S
0 0 1 1 1 0 cho cc khung chn. Ta c th d dng nh c mu khung ca tn hiu DS1 cu trc SF ny. T na di ca Hnh
c th thy rng cc khung l c lung bit "...101010101010101..." trong khi cc khung chn c lung bit "...000111000111000...". i vi cc khung l, khung u tin lun c mt "1" lm bt nh du khung trong khi i vi cc khung chn, bin gii gia hai SF l mt "0" tch khi
hai "0".
Hnh 4.3: Mu khung DS1
4.2.2 Pht hin mu khung ca mt tn hiu DS1

My thu s dng mt mu khung 12 bit (Hnh 4.3) t c ng b khung ti my thu. Mt khi ng b khung ny c thit lp, my thu c th phn pht mt cch chnh xc v
thng minh tt c cc byte 8 bit n khch hng nh ca chng.

Khi mt h thng s c khi ng, mt mu khung hp l c to ra ti my pht, my pht ny cng s pht i mt s knh ri lp y 24 khe thi gian trong khong thi gian
khung 125 s. Mu khung 12 bit (Hnh 4.3) c to ra lin tc v c chn vo v tr thch hp ca n. Trong chu trnh khi ng, my thu s khi ng ch tm kim khung ca n nh ch ra trong Hnh 4.4(A). My thu s thu thp 12 bit, vi c hai bit lin tc cch nhau mt khong 193 bit [xem Hnh 4.4(B)]. V mt l thuyt, my thu cn 193 b nh m 12 bit. Bt th 1, 194, 387 ...v th 2124 c lu trong b nh m th nht [Hnh 4.4(B)]. V my thu s so snh 12 bit (ny t mi b nh m) vi mu khung. Qu trnh ny c thc hin ng thi nhm gim thi gian tm kim khung. Nu mu 12 bit ph hp vi mu khung cho trc th ng b khung c xc lp. Nu mt mu khung c chn vo v tr thch hp ca n ti my pht, mt trong s 193 b nh m trong Hnh 4.4(B) phi cha mu khung. Khi my thu s i vo ch duy tr khung ng b ca n. 12 bit ca cc v tr bit khung s lin tc
CHNG 4. NH THI V NG B (TIMING AND SYNCHRONIZATION)
106
Hnh 4.4: Ch tm kim mu khung v ch duy tr mu khung
c kim tra so snh vi mu khung. Khi mu khung vn cn hp l, h thng s tip tc li

ch duy tr khung ca n. Sau khi ng b khung c thit lp, v bt c khi no mt khe thi gian hay nhiu khe thi gian sn sng cho cc bit d liu, d liu s c ghp vo lung
bit vi cc mu khung hp l.
ch duy tr khung, nu mu khung b mt trong vi khung lin tip th h thng s nhy v ch tm kim mu khung ca n. Th tc tm kim mu khung khi s bt u. Nu mu khung khng th tm c th h thng s gi nguyn ch tm kim khung ca n. i vi phn ln cc h thng s, s c mt ng b khung c xc nh trc c cho php. Nu mu khung khng th c tm thy trong mt s khung nht nh th h thng s tuyn b "mt khung". Nu c sn knh (ng) d phng th h thng qun l mng s di cc dch v khi ng hin ti ( mt ng b khung) v chuyn mch bo v s chuyn n sang ng
d phng.
4.2.3 DS1 cu trc siu khung m rng (ESF)

DS1 c m t trong phn trn gi l tn hiu SF DS1 c mt mu khung 12 bit. Mu khung c lp li c 12 khung 1 ln. Mt tn hiu DS1 khc c gi l DSF DS1 (siu khung m
rng) c mu khung 6 bit nh ch ra trn Hnh.

Mt s im v cc loi tn hiu DS1 ny cn phi c cp. Trc ht, mt DS1 ES s dng bo hiu trm bit. Ni cch khc, trong mi siu khung, 1 bit b ly i khi mi knh trong s 24 knh ca khung s 6 v 12. Mu khung phi c lp li c 12 khung 1 ln. i vi mt tn hiu DS1 ESF, bo hiu trm bit khng c s dng. Mt mu khung 6 bit c m rng
vo hai siu khung, tc l 24 khung:
107 4.2. NG B KHUNG 001011
Hnh 4.5: Tn hiu SF DS1 v tn hiu ESF DS1 Cc v tr bit khung c cp pht qua khong thi gian 24 khung (Hnh 4.5) c s dng theo cch hon ton khc SF DS1.
A. cc bit chim v tr bt nh du khung trong cc khung s 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 v 24 c s
dng lm mu khung
B. Cc bit chim cc khung s 1, 3, 5, 7, ... v 23 c s dng cho bo hiu. Chng thng c ni ti nh cc tuyn s liu hay cc knh thng tin s liu (DCC). Chng thc hin
cc chc nng vn thng c thc hin bi cc bit ly trm.
C. 6 bit cn li chim cc khung s 2 , 6, 10, 14, 18 v 22 c s dng kim tra d chu
trnh CRC qua 24 bit ny thc hin chc nng pht hin/sa li.
i vi tn hiu ESF DS1 ny, mu khung khng cn c di 12 bit na, thay v iu , n
c di 6 bit. Bo hiu trm bit khng cn c yu cu i vi s sp t ny.
4.2.4 ng b khung SDH

Cng ging nh mt tn hiu DS1, mt tn hiu SDH phi mang mu khung trong lung bit ca n. Vic to mu khung l nhim v quan trng nht ca my pht. My thu phi thit lp ng
b n phc n. b
lp, thc cc n, nng t lm rng mt tn hiu STM-1 c mu khung
khung trc khi c th khi lung bit ca Sau khi ng khung c thit
my thu c th hin c tt c chc nng ca mt s chc ny c m ngn gn y. Chng 2 sng t mt iu
Hnh 4.6: Mu byte khung v cu trc khung STM-1

dng s Hex F628 [F628: 1111 0110 0010 1000 (A1, A2)] v c cha trong hai byte khung A1 v A2. C mt s khc bit gia mu khung ny v mu khung ca tn hiu DS1. [A1, A2] l mt mu tp trung trong 1 khong thi gian khung 125 s (Hnh 4.6). Mu khung ca mt tn hiu DS1 c phn b qua 12 khung ca mt siu khung 1,5 ms. i vi mt tn hiu ESF
DS1, mu khung "001011" c phn b qua qung thi gian 24 khung 3 ms.
Ti my pht, mu khung 16 bit cha ng trong 2 byte (A1, A2) c to ra v t vo hai byte u tin ca mi khung 125 s (Hinh 4.6). Ta cn ghi nh mt iu rng mu khung ny khng th b xo trn (hay ngu nhin ha) ti my pht. S d nh vy l do my thu cn mu khung ny thit lp im bt u ca khung vt l 125 s. Mt khi v tr ny c nhn bit ti my thu, th bit c s dng ti my thu nhm t li (reset) b gii ngu nhin c th c nh v. Nh trnh by trong Hnh 4.6, mt khi mu (A1, A2) c nh v, my thu c th
a ra nhng quyt nh quan trng sau:

A.Chc nng t li (resetting): B ngu nhin ha (ti u pht) phi c t li c 125 s mt ln. Bit c ngha nht (MSB) ca byte theo sau byte d vt on (J0) ca STM-1 th N ca mt tn hiu STM-N c s dng thc hin chc nng t li (reset) ny. Tc l MSB ca byte u tin sau
hng u tin ca mo u on (Hnh 4.6) ca mt tn hiu STM-N c s dng reset b ngu nhin ha v gi tr ban u "1111111" do b ngu nhin ha ca SDH l mt b ngu nhin ha 7 bit i din cho a thc sinh 1 + X + X . Xem Hnh Ph lc ?? . Tng t b gii ngu nhin ha ti u thu phi
6 7
c reset cng bi bit v cng gi tr ban u c 125 s mt ln. V tr ca cc byte khung, A1 v A2 v cng quan trng nh v tt c cc v tr byte ca mo u truyn ti, k c cc byte mo u on. Nu khng c mu khung ny, hoc nu mu khung b xo trn th bt c s dng reset b ngu nhin ha v b gii ngu nhin khng th c nh v B. Xc nh v tr ca cc byte con tr STM-1, H1 v H2: Khi mu [A1, A2] c nhn ra, tc l my thu t c ng b khung ca n. Con tr STM-1 (H1, H2) c pha c
109 4.3. NG B MNG
nh so vi khung STM-1. Ni cch khc, byte u tin ca con tr, tc l H1 nm cch

A1 810 byte i vi tn hiu STM-1. Mt khi t m (H1, H2) c nh v, Ti tin ng b STM-1 SPE s c xc nh. Ti tin ca mt tn hiu STM-1 khi c xc nh mt cch duy nht. Lu rng (H1, H2) cng xc nh cc v tr ca tt c cc byte
mo u ng STM-1. C. Xc nh v tr ca cc byte con tr VT-n (V1, V2): i vi truyn ti lung cp thp (chng hn nh DS1, E1, DS2) mt khi byte mo u ng VC-4 POH (chng hn nh J1) c nh v th ta c th xc nh v tr ca t m con tr VT-n (V1, V2). T m (V1, V2) tip tc c s dng xc nh v tr ca ti tin VT-n hay chnh xc hn l v tr ca byte mo u ng u tin V5. D. Xc nh tt c cc byte mo u truyn ti STM-1 khc: Tt c cc byte mo u truyn ti SDH (mo u on lp v mo u on ghp) c pha c nh so vi mu khung. Chng hn byte gim st li on lp (B1) hay byte gim st li on ghp (B2) c th c nh v mt khi byte A1 c nhn bit.
4.3 ng b mng
Phn ny tho lun mc ch ca ng b mng. Ngoi ra, cu trc, thuc tnh, c im v mc ng b s c tho lun.
4.3.1 Mc ch ca ng b mng
ng b mng l cng ngh nn tng m bo rng vic truyn tin gia v vn h thng phn chia thi gian ng b khc nhau c thc hin m khng xy ra vt mc (overflowing) hay di mc (underflowing) b nh m. Trn hay di mc b nh m to ra s gim cht lng i vi tn hiu mang tin tc. Vt mc v di mc c gi l "trt" (s c nghin cu sau trong chng ny) v c iu khin bi ng h ca h thng phn chia thi gian ng b. Nhng v d v cc h thng ny l: Cc tng i Cc h thng kt ni cho Cc b ghp knh
4.3.2 Cc thuc tnh chnh ca ng b mng

Ba thuc tnh chnh ca ng b mng c m t nh sau: A. ng b mng l ngun ti nguyn dng chung do n l mt cng ngh h tr ng sau ca cc ng dng mng. Chng hn, trong mt tng i in thoi, h thng ng h ca mt tng i thng kim sot
CHNG 4. NH THI V NG B (TIMING AND SYNCHRONIZATION) 110 khng ch v nh nhp (nh thi) cho hng ngn mch (lu lng thoi hoc phi thoi) kt cui trn tng i m cn nh nhp cho tt c cc thit b ng b trong tng i V vy, tt c cc dch v chuyn mch (tng i) v ring ph thuc vo hot ng ng h ca tng i . B. N c th biu l nhng vn nhy cm vi ng b Nu ng dng ca khch hng ch yu l thoi, ng b thng khng phi l vn
ln. S d nh vy l do dch v thoi c th chu ng c trt ng h ng
b m khng nh hng qu mc ti cht lng m thoi

Nu cc dch v gm s liu bng tn thoi, d liu s, fax, hoc cc dch v s khc th khch hng c th s nhn ra cht lng dch v khng tha mn. V vy, cuc
cch mng s s tp trung vo nng lc ng b ca mng hin c.

Gii quyt cc vn ng b thng kh khn v tn km. Chun ng b c th phi tri qua mt lot cc ng h v cc phng tin truyn dn nn n c th vt
ra ngoi bin gii ca cc h thng iu hnh, chuyn mch v truyn dn hin c. C. S ph thuc ln nhau gia cc mng
Mt khch hng khi u bng mt mng s liu ring, c lp. Mng ny c th hot ng nh mt khu vc nh thi ring bit, tt c cc ng h tham kho ti mt ngun ng h n c la chn, ng h ny c th c mt lch tn s
mt cch c h thng rt ng k.
Do tt c cc ng h trong mng c tham kho ti cng mt ngun, sai
lch tn s thng l khng quan trng.

Tuy nhin, nu mt digital gateway c thit lp gia cc mng ng b, vic ng
b phi c nng cp loi tr lch tn s.
4.3.3 Ba cp ng b
Ba cp ng b l cp bit, cp khung v cp khe thi gian. ng b cp bit lin h ti cc lp vt l, v lin quan ti cc vn v thi gian. Chn ng h Khi phc ng h Rung pha ng truyn Ca s ly mu trong cc mu mt (eye pattern) Can nhiu Intersymbol (gia cc k t) Mt s 1
111 4.3. NG B MNG
ng b cp khung mun ni ti s cn thit t c ng chnh pha hp l cho my pht v

my thu, chng hn nh s bt u v kt thc ca mt nhm bit c th c ng nht. N m ch ti mt khong thi gian khung 125 s, nh c m t trong cc phn trc y ca
chng ny. Mt qung thi gian khung 125 s c nh ngha nh sau:

(i vi h tn hiu DS1): Mt nhm bit gm 24 byte (hay khe thi gian) v mt xung
ng b khung vi tng cng 193 bit. (i vi h tn hiu CEPT-1): Mt nhm bit gm 32 byte cho tng s 256 bit.
ng b cp khe thi gian lin quan ti vic x l khe thi gian. Cc khe thi gian c gi i t mt nt ngun, vi mt tc khng i ti my thu vi mt khong thi gian tr c nh. Cc khe thi gian c "ghp phn theo thi gian" vo mt khung 125 s bi mt h thng s nm ti mt nt ngun v c truyn i bi mt h thng truyn dn s ti mt h thng khc
t ti nt thu. Trong iu kin hon ho, cc khe thi gian c gi t nt ngun vi tc

khng i v c phn pht ti b nh m ca h thng thu. H thng c cc khe thi gian
vi thi gian tr c nh v gi thit rng khng c lch ngu nhin hay mang tnh h thng no ca ng h nt thu pht sinh trong mi tng quan vi ng h pht th qu trnh ny s tip tc m khng c s bin i no trong b nh m cng vi s hp nht ton vn khe thi gian.
4.3.4 nh ngha mt s thut ng c s dng

Rung pha (Jitter) : L s bin i ngn hn ca thi im c ngha ca tn hiu s so vi v tr l tng theo thi gian. Tri pha (wander) : L s bin i di hn ca thi im c ngha ca tn hiu s vi v tr l tng theo thi gian. Trt (slip) : L s lp li hay mt i cc cm bit trong lung bit s do s khng ng nht gia tc c v tc ghi d liu ti b nh m. Phase hits : l s thay i t ngt, khng kim sot c v pha ca tn hiu s c pht i. N xut hin mt cch ngu nhin v ko di trong khong thi gian rt ngn (vi phn giy) Mt cch hiu khc v Jitter v wander l tng tng mt tn hiu s bin i lin tc v v tr ca n theo thi gian bng vic di chuyn tin ln pha trc v li li pha sau so vi ngun ng h l tng (xem Hnh 4.7). Trong thc t, tri pha v rung pha ca mt tn hiu s tng ng vi hot ng iu ch pha ca tn hiu ng h dng to d liu (Hnh 4.7). Trong tnh hung thc t, ng nhin l rung pha gm mt di rng cc tn s vi cc bin khc nhau. C rung pha v tri pha u c cng mt bin : Tn hiu b di pha l bao nhiu - v mt tn s: tn hiu di pha nhanh chm nh th no? Rung pha c nh ngha trong tiu chun ITU-T G.810 l s bin i pha c thnh phn tn s ln hn hay bng 10 Hz trong khi tri pha c nh ngha l s bin i pha vi tc nh hn 10 Hz (Hnh 4.8).
112 Hnh 4.7: S bin i pha gia hai tn hiu
Hnh 4.8: Phm vi tn s ca rung pha v tri pha theo G.810
n v o rung pha Rung pha thng c ch nh v o mc bin pha ln nht trong mt hay nhiu bng tn
o. Mt giao tip c th c ch nh s dng nhiu bng tn o khc nhau do nh hng ca
rung pha ph thuc vo tn s cng nh ln ca n.

ln ca rung pha c ch nh theo n v UI (khong n v), theo 1 n v UI ca rung pha tng ng vi rng ca mt bit d liu bt chp tc d liu l bao nhiu. V d, mt tn hiu ITU-T E-1 tc 2,048 Mbit/s c UI=488 ns trong khi vi mt tn hiu
SDH tc 155,52 Mbit/s c UI=6,4 ns.

ln ca rung pha thng c ly gi tr nh - nh ch khng ly gi tr trung bnh bnh
phng. V vy, i vi mt thit b mng, gi tr nh ca rung pha gy ra li bit.

Tuy nhin, gi tr trung bnh bnh phng RMS thng hu ch trong vic thit lp m hnh c tnh tch ly rung pha trong cc h thng ng truyn di c s dng cc thit b nh cc
b lp SDH. n v o tri pha

o tri pha i hi ngun tham kho "tri t do", khi so snh tng i vi n, tri pha ca mt tn hiu c xc nh. Bt k mt ngun tham kho s cp PRC no cng c th c s dng lm tham kho cho php o ny v n c n nh di hn tt hn hoc bng 1011 v n
113 4.3. NG B MNG
nh ngn hn tt. Mt PRC thng l mt ng h cesium hoc c th l mt ngun t GPS. Do n lin quan ti cc tn s thp trong thi gian di, cc d liu b tri c th cha ng
hng gi thng tin v pha. Tuy nhin nhng bin i qu v pha rt quan trng nn phn tch thi gian l cn thit. V vy a ra thc o cht lng ng b thi ba tham s c nh
ngha v c s dng ch ra cc mc gii hn v cht lng hot ng. Sai s khong thi gian TIE (tri pha tnh theo ns) Sai s khong thi gian ti a MTIE (quan h ti gi tr tri nh - nh) lch thi gian TDEV (tri tnh theo gi tr trung bnh bnh phng RMS)
TIE c nh ngha l s bin i nh-nh pha ca tn hiu s c o so vi mt tn hiu tham kho trong khong thi gian quan st. TIE theo qui c c t v 0 khi bt u chu k o T. V vy TIE cho s thay i v pha k t khi php o bt u . Mt v d v o TIE c cho trn Hnh 4.9. Xu hng tng l do lch tn s vo khong 1ns/10s hay 1010 trong
trng hp ny.
Hnh 4.9: V d v o tri pha

MTIE l thc o tri pha c trng cho lch tn s v thi gian qu pha. N l mt
hm ca khong thi gian quan st
t. nh ngha chc nng c cho trn Hnh 4.10
MTIE: l s bin i nh nh ln nht ca TIE trong bt c khong thi gian quan st no.
Hnh 4.10: nh ngha chc nng ca MTIE

tnh ton MTIE trong khong thi gian quan st t no t php o TIE th mt ca s vi rng thi gian t c di chuyn dc theo ton b khong thi gian ca d liu TIE, ghi
li cc gi tr nh. Gi tr nh l MTIE(t) ti gi tr t . Qu trnh ny c lp li cho mi khong t mong mun.

V d ch ra trn Hnh 4.9 ch ra di ca s l 20 giy c t ti mt v tr no . Gi tr TIE nh-nh cho ca s l 4ns. Tuy nhin khi ca s 20 giy c di chuyn dc theo ton b chu k o th gi tr ln nht ca TIEpp (nh-nh) li l 11 ns (khong 30 s k t khi
bt u php o). V vy MTIE(20)=11 ns.
4.3.5 Cc nguyn nhn gy rung pha, tri, trt pha v phase hit.
Rung pha l s o khng n nh theo thi gian v lun tn ti trong cc h thng truyn dn. Rung pha c ngun gc t nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau trong h thng truyn dn s song
ch yu c th phn ra nh sau:
Rung pha tn s thp (tri) do thi gian tr truyn dn ca cp bin i di tc ng ca
s bin ng nhit chm ca mi trng t cp. Rung pha do s bt n nh khng tng quan gia cc ngun ng h
Rung pha do tp m trong cc mch ca b dao ng s dng lm ng h trong ton h thng cng nh tp m trong cc mch logic gy ra cho cc chuyn tip s v ng h khi
sn xung b dn rng.
Nhiu giao thoa gia cc k t lm mo dng xung mi bit do lm thay i mc pht
hin xung, gy rung pha, tri cho lung bt c ti sinh. Tch ly rung pha, tri trong mng lm trn hay di mc b nh m gy ra trt.
Rung pha theo thi gian do bin i chm di ng truyn di tc ng ca nhit
v do chnh xc ca ng h cp thp khi bm theo ng h ch s cp trong mng.

phase hit c gy ra bi s thay i nhit t cc ng truyn kim loi khc nhau, m
rng v thu hp vi cc tc khc nhau cng nh do nhng rung ng v chn ng.
4.3.6 Phn cp ng h ng b
Cc ng h c phn cp da trn cp chnh xc tng i ca chng. Chng c chia lm cc cp thc hin ng b c gi l cp stratum. Cc cp c nh s theo cp bc stratum (Bng 4.1). Mi stratum t 1 ti 4 c ng h vi mc chnh xc, n nh v (tiu biu)
l gi thnh gim dn . .
Cc ng h Stratum 1 l nhng ng h ngun ca mng c gi l ng h Tham kho S cp (PRC) hay Ngun Tham kho S cp (PRS). Cc ng h Statum 2, 3 v 4 l cc b thu
tn hiu nh thi (xung nhp) v tiu biu l mng thit b truyn dn hay chuyn mch.
Cc ng h Stratum 2 in hnh c tm thy trong cc tng i ng di (lin tnh) v
mt s thit b
kt ni cho s.
115 4.3. NG B MNG Bng 4.1: Strata v cc ng dng ng dng chun cho mng (PRC- ng h Chun S cp) Tng i trung k H thng kt ni cho s DCS Tng i ni ht DCS Tng i DPBX B ghp knh DPBX PCMux (Ghp knh PCM) EXM (ghp knh tng i: COT )
Stratum 1 2 3
Cc ng h Stratum 3 c tm thy trong cc tng i ni ht, thit b kt ni cho s, mt s tng i PBX v cc b ghp knh T1.
Cc ng h Stratum 4 c tm thy trong hu cc thit b ghp knh T1, tng i
ht
PBX v ni lm
tt c cc knh. V chung c dng ng h kt cui.
Hnh 4.11: Kin trc ng b ha AT&T
Hnh 4.11 cho thy mt v d v phn cp ng h ng b s dng trong cc mng s ca AT &T . Phn cp ng h c 17 PRC (vo thi im nm 1995, hin nay th con s ny tng ln nhiu). Cc PRC ny c iu khin bi GPS. Cc PRC ny c s dng to ra cc ng h cp tip theo c cht lng Stratum 2. Cc ng h Stratum 2 sau c dng to
cc ng h stratum 3 v stratum 3 cui cng li c s dng to cc ng h stratum 4.
4.3.7 Phn loi ng h

ng h c hiu y nh l ngun tn hiu nh thi s dng cho thit b mng cung cp
tn hiu xung nhp n nt mng. Ty theo chc nng cung cp tn hiu nh thi trong mng,
ngun ng h c th c chia thnh cc loi nh sau:

ng h thu : Thu tn hiu nh thi t ngun tn hiu nh thi cp cao hn, nh nhp hot ng ni b, phn chia tip tn hiu nh thi ti u ra hoc khng nu nh l ng h
kt cui.
ng h pht : Chnh l nhng ngun tham kho s cp PRS, pht v phn phi tn hiu nh thi ti cc ng h trong cc mng khc nhau, c n nh tt nht ton mng. Tuy nhin n c th li tr thnh ng h thu trong trng hp c iu khin bi GPS nh
trnh by trong phn trn. ng h ch : Cung cp tn hiu nh thi ti thit b cc b hoc ng h khc.
ng h t : nh nhp hot ng ni nh tn hiu nh thi t ng h ch - hay ng h cp cao hn, khi mt tham kho s chuyn sang ch lu gi hay chy t do hoc chuyn
mch sang ngun ng h khc).

ng h tham kho ng h ni b : lm tham kho cho ng h ni ti nt mng, thng c chn vi
chnh xc cao nht c th t c.

: l ngun pht tn hiu nh thi ti nt mng vi chnh xc ca xung
nhp ph thuc vo tn hiu t ng h tham kho. Ty theo dng tn hiu nh nhp t ng h c th c hai loi: ng h hot ng thng xuyn (regular clock) v ng h hot ng cch qung (gap clock)
Ngun ng h ng b mng SDH c vai tr quyt nh n ton b hot ng ca mng m trc ht l vn ng b mng. chnh xc, v tr, chc nng ca ng h trong mng, cch thc cung cp tn hiu nh thi cng nh yu cu v tn hiu u ra c xem xt cht ch nhm to ra mt mng ng b ha kh nng p ng hot ng dn hng (steering) trong
mng SDH [2].
4.3.8 Kin trc ng b mng

Nhm t c tin cy cao, mng ng b bao gm c ngun ng b s cp v th cp (d phng). Mi nt ng b nn tip nhn c ng h tham kho thi gian s cp v th cp. Trong cc mng ring, iu ny khng phi l lc no cng lm c do thiu kt ni vi cc
mng khc. Ngoi cc ng h tham kho thi gian s cp v th cp, mi nt mng c trang b mt ng h ni b c th chuyn mch (t ng) nhng hng hc tm thi ca
cc ngun
117 4.3. NG B MNG
Hnh 4.12: Cp ngun nh thi gian tch hp
chun ng b s cp v th cp sang ngun ni b ny. chnh xc ca ng h ni b ny phi t mc 20 ppm hoc tt hn.

Kin thit ng b mng nh trn Hnh 4.12 c gi l BITS (Ngun cp tn hiu nh nhp tch hp) v c s dng rng ri trong cc mng s Bc M. N cho php tiu chun ha cc
ngun nh thi cho cc mng s. BITS cng gim c cc vn sau: S ph thuc vo nhiu ng h Mo u qun l v bo dng phase hits Rung pha Tri pha Nhng giy c li
Trong mt mng, mt ng h n c ch nh lm BITS, c chnh xc cao nht (tiu biu l Stratum 1). Trong hot ng bnh thng, B to Tn hiu nh thi (TSG) la chn mt ng h stratum 1 s dng lm ng h s cp. Nu ng h s cp khng p ng tiu chun stratum 1 th TGS s chn ng h th cp (cng l mt ng h stratum 1). Nu c hai ng h s cp v th cp lm vic khng tt th TGS t ng chuyn mch sang ng h ni b d phng. BITS cung cp tt c cc chun ng b cho DS1 v DS0 c yu cu cho ng h tng i trong mng. Tt c cc ng h khc bn trong mng nhn tn hiu chun thi gian t BITS. Cc ng h ny to ra ti cc v tr quan trng (critical) c s dng iu khin tt c cc ng h cn thit ca tt c cc v tr trong mng. Nhng yu cu v chnh xc c lit k trong Bng 4.2. S cung cp ng h ti cc v tr ngoi cc v tr quan trng
c gi l "cp nh thi lin mng". (Hnh 4.11 cho thy phn cp ng h).
CHNG 4. NH THI V NG B (TIMING AND SYNCHRONIZATION) 118 Bng 4.2: Nhng yu cu v tnh tng thch ng h stratum Stratum chnh Lu gi (24 gi u)
xc ti thiu 1
2 3 4
1,0 1011 1,6 108 4,6 106 3,2 105
tc trt trong trng hp xu nht 2/nm 10/ngy 130/gi 15/pht
khng p dng 1 1010 255 slips khng p dng
4.3.9 chnh xc ca ng h
chnh xc ng h i vi mi ng h stratum c tng kt trong Bng 4.2. Trong bng
ny, yu cu v chnh xc ti thiu, tc trt (hay t l trt) trong trng hp xu nht,
v kh nng lu tr trong vng 24 gi u tin i vi mi ng h c lit kt.

ng h Stratum 1 l ng h chy t do v khng s dng tham kho nh thi cho vic iu khin thi gian ca n. Stratum 1 phi duy tr chnh xc tn s tt hn 1 1011. N c th gm ton b tiu chun nguyn t cesium s cp. PRC khng cn phi c thc hin vi cc chun nguyn t s cp; chng hn nh AT&T PRC gm ton b cc tiu chun nguyn t
th cp (Rubidium) c dn hng di hn bi h thng nh v ton cu GPS.

S gp mt ca tc trt ca mt ng h stratum 1 chy t do n l l khng ng k. Mt mng nhn nh thi t hai ng h stratum 1 chy t do (duy tr chnh xc tn s 1 1011) tri qua ti a 2 ln trt trong mt nm. Trt ny to ra l do khng chnh xc ca ng h. Mt khc, mt mng vi nh thi ly t duy nht mt ng h v khng c kt ni no ra ngoi s khng xy ra trt c to ra bi khng chnh xc ca ng h ngun
nh thi nh vy.
Ch hot ng thng thng ca mt ng h thu l tch tn hiu nh thi t thi gian chun ca ng h ngun. ch ny, ng h my thu phi c kh nng x l mt n nh ngn hn ca ngun thi gian chun (rung pha), v c th chuyn mch nhng gim on ngn hn ca tn hiu thi gian chun. Chng hn, khi tn hiu chun (tham kho) u vo tri qua nhng h hng ngn hn th cc ng h stratum 2 v stratum 3 phi lu gi c
thi gian
chun trong khong 10 s. Nhng ng h ny khng gy ra li gi thi gian ln hn 1000 ns (vi mi chuyn mch tham kho hay thi gian qu so vi ngun thi gian ca n). Cc ng h stratum 4 khng c yu cu gi thi gian nh vy. Ch hot ng th hai ca b thu l chy khi mt ngun thi gian chun. "Lu gi holdover" l kh nng duy tr chnh xc tn s sau khi tt c mi tn hiu chun thi gian b mt. (Bng 4.2). Lu rng i vi stratum 4 ng h ngay lp tc chuyn vo ch chy t do khi ngun thi gian tham kho (chun) b mt. Trng thi chy t do m ch ti n nh ca ng h khi hot ng ca n ch da trn hot ng ca cc b dao ng ni ca ring n. Tt c cc ng h phi c kh nng kha vo mt ng h chy t do cng cp stratum.
119 4.3. NG B MNG
4.3.10 Nhng yu cu i vi tc trt

hiu v tc trt (slip rate) i hi phi c nhng hiu bit v ngha v tm quan trng
ca chnh xc ng h c lit k trong Bng 4.2. i vi mt h thng thng tin, chnh xc ng h l tng i. Nu mt my thu c mt ng h vi tc ng bng tc ng h ca my pht (ta c th coi ng h ca my pht ny l ng h tham kho) th i vi mt
truyn ti im im, ng h my thu c chnh xc l ln v cng.
Hnh 4.13: Tm quan trng ca chnh xc ng h my thu

nghin cu tm quan trng ca mt
ng h v mi quan h ca n vi tc trt, mt v d c a ra trn Hnh 4.13. Cc gi thit sau c dng minh ha tm quan trng ca
ng h. A. Tc truyn l 1 Mbit/s B. Ton b lung bit thng tin i hi 1 pht c th truyn i ht C. ng h my thu c chnh xc l 106.
Trong 1 pht, my pht ny gi i 60.000.000 bit. Kch bn th nht gi thit rng ng h my thu c chnh xc v cng ln. Tc l ng h ti my thu c tc chnh xc bng tc ng h ti my pht v chng trng thi ng b hon ho. Tn hiu sau khi gii m (khi
phc) s gm 60.000.000 bit bng s lng bit c pht i.

By gi gi s ng h my thu c chnh xc 106 v nu 1.000.000 xung ng h c
to ra bi ngun ng h ti my thu th hai trng hp sau c th xy ra:
Trong kch bn xu nht, s lng xung ng h c to ra c th l 1.000.001 nhiu hn 1 xung so vi tc danh nh ca n.

Trong kch bn xu nht th hai, s lng xung ng h to ra c th l 999.999 t hn 1
xung so vi tc danh nh ca n.
Do , nh ch ra trn Hnh 4.13, do s bin ng v chnh xc ca ng h my thu nn mc d 60.000.000 bit c pht i trong 1 pht nhng s lng bit nhn c c th nm gia 59.999.940 v 60.000.060 bit (Hnh 4.14). Nu ng h c chnh xc ln v cng th my thu s khi phc s lng chnh xc cc bit c pht i ti ngun thng tin. Tuy nhin
nu chnh xc ng h l 106 (nh trong v d ny) th 60 bit thng tin s hoc l b xa i hoc c thm vo trong 1 pht. Trong bt c trng hp no th thng tin c khi phc cng thiu chnh xc. Tm quan trng ca chnh xc ng h tr nn r rng.
Hnh 4.14: Tm quan trng ca chnh xc ng h my thu (tip) y, s lng bt c pht i ti my pht v s lng bit c khi phc bi my thu c so snh. Li c th pht sinh trn mi bit khng c so snh v y l mt vn ring bit khng lin quan ti chnh xc ng h. Mc d ng h my thu c chnh xc l v cng ln (dn ti s lng bit c khi phc chnh xc bng s lng bit c pht i) th cc bit nhn c ny vn c th c mt s bit li. V d (Hnh 4.14) gi s rng c 60 bit
nhn
c c li. H thng c BER=106 (60/60.000.000). Nhng rung pha (Jitter) ng h hay
ng b ng h chc chn s nh hng ti T l hay Tc Li Bit (BER).
Hnh 4.15: B nh m khe thi gian ca my thu Sau khi hiu c tm quan trng ca chnh xc ng h, nh ngha v tc trt s c a ra. hiu tc trt xu nht ta nn bit v chc nng ca b nh m ca my
121 4.3. NG B MNG
thu. My pht c b nh m vi mt kch c ph hp v my thu cng vy v Hnh th hin

mt b nh m . V l tng b m my thu khng bao gi tri qua bt c s kin trn (vt mc - overflow) b nh m hay di mc (underflow) b nh m. iu ny l khng
th trong thc t.
Trt c th sinh ra khi b nh m khe thi gian tri qua trng ti trn hay di mc. Trng thi ny c th b to ra bi chnh xc ca ng h (hoc l ng h c hoc l ng h ghi) tng i so vi ng h ca my pht. Khi mt ln trt xy ra trong lung bit DS1 hay E-1, ton b khung 125 s phi b lp li hay b xa. V vy trt c nh ngha l s xa b hay
lp li ca mt khe thi gian. Tc c nh ngha nh sau: Tc trt = S khung b xa hay pht li (lp li) n v thi gian
trt trong trng hp xu nht
(4.1)
V d, tnh ton tc
trt ca ng h (xem
stratum 4 c chnh ti thiu 3,2105 Bng ), th tc bt u vi chnh xc ny: chnh xc 3,2 = 3, 2 bit b xa 3, 2 giy b xa = 105 105 bit c truyn i 105 giy c pht
i
(4.2)
3, 2 105=
Trn y ta mi ch xem xt trng hp xa. Trng hp lp c th nhn c theo cng phng thc. T (4.2) ta c th pht biu nh sau: Nu 10 giy thng tin c pht i (ngha l) 3,2 giy thng tin (hay 3,2 8000 khung) b xa b.
5
Lu rng c 8000 khung trong mt giy i vi bt c lung d liu s no, PDH hay SDH. V 3,2 8000=25.600 v vy, pht biu trn c pht biu li nh sau: Nu 10 giy thng tin c pht i 25.600 khung thng tin s b xa b.
5
Do 10 giy tng ng vi 1666,67 pht nn i vi ng h stratum 4 vi chnh xc 3,2 105 tuyn b trn tr thnh
5
Nu 1666,67 pht thng tin c truyn i 25.600 khung thng tin b xa iu ny c th c n gin ha bng cch chia c hai v cho 1666,67, ta c th t c kt qu sau. Nu 1 pht thng tin c truyn i 15,36 khung thng tin s b xa
T nh ngha c cho bi (4.1), ta c th rt ra c kt lun sau: Mt ng h stratum 4 vi chnh xc 3,2 105 c tc trt (t l trt) l 15,36 slips/pht. T l trt i vi ba loi ng h strata cn li c th c tnh ton theo cng phng php. nh hng ca trt ph thuc vo ng dng v dch v.
4.3.11 Yu cu ng b SDH
Phn t mng SDH (NE) phi c ng b vi ng h cht lng stratum 3 hoc cao hn.
Nu phn t mng SDH khng th c ng b vi mt ng h cht lng stratum 3 th phn t phi c trang b mt b dao ng ni vi chnh xc ti thiu l 20 ppm. Vic s dng ng h chy t do ny c ch ra trn Hnh 4.12. Cc ng dng mng SDH phi trang
Hnh 4.16: Yu cu n nh ngn hn i vi STM-N

b cc tn hiu nh thi p ng cc yu cu v n nh nh ch ra trn Hnh 4.16 v 4.17. Hinh 4.16 ch ra yu cu n nh ngn hn ca tn hiu ra ca STM-N. Vi thi gian quan st 1 giy, gi tr trung bnh bnh phng mt n nh v pha ti a phi nh hn hay bng 3 ns. i vi thi gian quan st di 100 giy, yu cu l 10dB/decade. Thi gian quan st trn 100 giy mt n nh pha rms ti a l nh hn hoc bng 300 ns, c lp vi yu cu v tn hiu chun thi gian c trang b bi nh cung cp mng. Phn (A) ch ra kiu tn hiu c yu
cu trong khi phn (B) ch ra loi tn hiu ty chn.
Hnh 4.17: Yu cu n nh ngn hn i vi tn hiu tham kho nh thi
4.3.12 Trng thi ng b

Trong cc ng dng SDH, cc bit t 5 n 8 ca byte S1 ca tn hiu STM-N c s dng mang bn tin trng thi ng b. Hnh 4.18 cho thy cc byte mo u truyn ti ca mt tn hiu STM-1. Trc y c 3 byte Z1 cho mi tn hiu. Cc byte ny ban u cha c n
123 4.4. NG H V KHI PHC THI GIAN
nh, v c gi l cc byte dnh cho tng lai. Vi cc tiu chun SDH hin nay, mt trong
ba byte ny vng trn dng ng b. thi ng chim 4 bit Bn bit dng cho Bng 4.3 c nh du bi c ch nh v s ch ra bn tin thng bo Nhng Bn tin Trng b ny (SSM) ch cui cng ca byte S1. u vn cha c s cc tiu chun hin ti. lit k cc bn tin ny
Hnh 4.18: Byte Bn tin Trng thi ng b

cho cc tiu chun SDH. Nu SSM=000 th cht lng ng b cha c xc nh hay cha bit. iu ny c th c p dng cho cc mng ng b c nhiu tiu chun vng khc nhau. Nu SSM=0001, 0100 hay 1000 th ng b mng c thc hin theo cc c tn qui nh theo tiu chun ITU-T G.811. Ba m ny tng ng dnh cho cc ng dng tng hp, chuyn tip, v cc b. Khi SSM=1011 th c tnh ng b c p dng cho ngun nh thi thit b ng b SETS. Nu SSS=1111 th trng ny khng c s dng cho ng b. 10 m cn li c
lit k trong Bng dng cho tng lai.
4.4 ng h v khi phc thi gian

Hot ng tham kho c th gm c mt s s kin hng hc ng k. V d, trong khuyn ngh G.821, mc tiu kt ni im-im cho nhng giy li nghim trng l khng vt qu 175 /ngy. Cc s kin li h hng ng h c th xut hin trn tuyn truyn ti DS1 trong khong
CHNG 4. NH THI V NG B (TIMING AND SYNCHRONIZATION) 124 Bng 4.3: Bn tin Trng thi ng b S1 Cc bt t 5-8 M t mc cht lng ng b SDH 0000ng b, cha xc nh cht lng 0001 D tr 0010ng h chun s cp (khuyn ngh G.811; Q=2) 0011 D tr 0100ng h trung chuyn (khuyn ngh G.812; Q=3) 0101 D tr 0110 D tr 0111 D tr 1000 ng h cc b (khuyn ngh G.812; Q=4) 1001 D tr 1010 D tr 1011 Ngun nh thi thit b ng b (SETS); Q=5 1100 D tr 1101 D tr 1110 D tr 1111 Khng s dng cho ng b Q=6 (*) Lu : (*) Bn tin ny c th m phng li ca thit b v s c m phng bi tn hiu AIS on ghp
1 n 100 s kin mi ngy ph thuc vo kiu, thi gian v cc yu t khc. Nhng suy gim phm cht lin tc ny s nh hng bt li ti ton b hot ng ng b ca mng.
Hnh 4.13 v 4.14 minh ha tm quan trng ca chnh xc ng h ti my thu. Bt c ng h no cng phi p ng nhng i hi v chnh xc, rung pha v trt ca n. Ngoi ra, mt ng h phi c ng b vi lung d liu thng tin. Vn ny c bit ti nh mt phng thc khi phc thi gian trong mt mng s. hiu c vn khi phc thi gian, ta cn nghin cu cc chc nng v hot ca ng h, cc c tnh mong mun ca dng
sng tn hiu nhn c v nhiu cc khc nhau nn cc bit "zero" ca mt lung bit s.
4.4.1 Cc chc nng v hot ng ca ng h

C nhiu chc nng c thc hin bi ng
h my thu. Hai chc nng c bn ca ng h
my thu c m t ngn gn nh sau:

Khi phc s c lng ng thi gian nh thi ca nt ngun ban u gc t ngun
tham kho ti.

Duy tr kh nng gi tt nh thi so vi ng h ngun (khi vng mt ngun tham kho)
bng cch s dng s c lng v d on.

C ba ch hot ng ca ng h my thu: Hot ng l tng, hot ng v hot ng lu
gi. Chng c nh ngha nh sau:
Hot ng l tng: Trong hot ng l tng, ng h my thu khng tri qua s ngt
qung no ca ngun nh thi tham kho. ng h s hot ng ch kha pha
nghim ngt vi tn hiu tham kho ti. Lu rng y khng phi l hot ng thc ca mng. Hot ng stress: Hot ng ny phn nh hot ng ca ng h my thu trong nhng iu kin mng thc t. ch hot ng ny, vi s c mt ca gin on ng h nh thi chun.
n nh ca tn hiu nh thi u ra ging nh l qu trnh iu tn s nhiu
trng i vi cc chu k quan st di hn lch tn s to ra gia ng h my thu v ng h tham kho ca n Hot ng lu gi: Hot ng ny phn nh nhng thi im khng thng xy ra khi ng h my thu mt ngun chun thi gian tham kho trong mt khong thi gian tng i di. Trong ch lu gi, cc thnh phn chnh ca ng h my thu l di tn v lch tn ban u.
4.4.2 Khi phc thi gian

Vic khi phc thi gian ti my thu c hai vn : (1) ly ngun tham kho u? v (2) Lm th no ng b ng h ny vi pha trung thc v chnh xc? Hnh 4.19 cho thy rng, mc d ng h my thu c tc chnh xc nh yu cu ca mng nhng tn hiu khi phc c th vn c nhng bit li. Ta gi thit rng ng h my thu c chnh xc tc theo yu cu ca
Hnh 4.19: Tm quan trng ca ng b ng h mng. ng h s 1 trong Hnh 4.19 c im bt u khc so vi im bt u ca ng h s
2. Hai ng h ny c cho l c pha khc nhau. Tn hiu s nhn c qua mt ng truyn

c ly ln c nhiu s c dng sng nh c cho trn phn u ca hnh v. Ta cng gi thit l ng h my thu s 1 c pha trung thc v chnh xc. Tc l tn hiu c gii m t dng sng thu c i din cho tn hiu c truyn i nu nh h thng c coi l khng c li (tc l nu nh nhiu h thng c th c b qua). Bng cch p dng ng h ny gii m tn hiu nhn c ta c th nhn c lung s liu sau khi khi phc l "101110001110001100". Vic ny t c bng cch s dng cnh tng (rise-edge) ca tn hiu ng h s 1 pht hin xem liu dng sng nhn c (in p) l ln hn hay nh hn mc ngng pht hin. Nu in p nhn c ti cnh tng ca ng h ln hn ngng th bit c xc nh l "1". Nu nh hn n l mc logic "0". By gi, gi s rng ng h my thu vi tc chnh xc
Hnh 4.20: Tm quan trng ca ng b ng h

ging nh ng h s 1 khng th ng b c ti v tr chnh xc. ng h s 2 khi c pha khc vi pha ca ng h s 1. Nu cc cnh tng cng c s dng gii m dng sng nhn c ta c th khi phc tn hiu s thnh "111110001110001000". Lu rng c hai bit li l bit s 2 v 16 pht sinh trong lung d liu c khi phc ny. iu ny bt ngun t
vic ng h my thu khng th t c ng b thch hp ca n.

Mt ln na, trong my thu ny ng h s 1 ng b vi lung d liu s. y chc chn l c tnh mong mun ca ng h my thu. Ni cch khc, ng h my thu phi c dng thng hng vi cc v tr bit ca dng sng pht i (hoc nhn c) c th khi phc lung d liu mt cch chnh xc. thc
hin iu ny, mt vng kha pha PLL thng c s dng ti my thu. Mt PLL c ng dng kha ng h my thu vo cc v tr bit ca lung d liu nhn c. iu ny c cho trn Hnh 4.20. ng h bn di l ng h my thu c to ra t mt ng h ni b hay t ngun bn ngoi. Trc khi ng h ny c cp vo PLL, cc cnh tng ca n khng c dng thng hng vi cc v tr bit ng ca lung d liu
pht.
Nu tn hiu ti (hay dng sng ti) c c tnh thch hp (tc l c chuyn tip t "0" sang "1") v tn hiu ti ny c cp vo PLL, ng h my thu s c pha c kha vo v tr ng (Hnh 4.20). ng h c pha b kha khi c th c s dng gii m dng sng nhn c nhm khi phc lung d liu i vo. Cc bit li do pha ng h khng chnh xc
nh ch ra trn Hnh 4.19 s khng xut hin trong trng hp ny.
Bng 4.4: M ng truyn thng dng Mng Mng s Bc M Mng s ITU-T M ng truyn DS1: AMI (o du lun phin) hay B8ZS DS2: B6ZS DS3: B3ZS E1, E2 hoc E3 : HDB3 2 E4: CMI (o du m)
c tnh mong mun ca dng sng nhn l g? Hnh 4.21 ch ra hai loi dng sng c th nhn c. Dng sng pha trn khng c mt
bit "1"; n khng c mt chuyn tip tn hiu t "1 sang 0" v "t 0 sang 1". Mt tn hiu s vi c im ny l khng mong mun. Mt khc, dng sng bn di trong Hnh 4.21 c rt nhiu chuyn tip ny. Tn hiu s ny c th c s dng kha ng h my thu vo
cc v nh gi Cc tn chuyn
tr ng ca n trn Hnh 4.20. hiu s c t tip c th c
Hnh 4.21: Lung bit s nhn mong mun chuyn thnh cc tn hiu c nhiu chuyn tip hay khng? Cu tr li l "c". Thc t, C mt s bin php c th c p dng t c mc ch ny. Phng php ny c gi l "nn khng" hay cng ngh "thay th bit khng". Hai phng php ph bin nht l M ng truyn
Gi ngu nhin
4.4.3 M ng truyn nhm m bo mt bit 1

Bng 4.4 lit k cc loi m ng truyn thng c s dng . Trong s cc m ng truyn ny, B3ZS v HDB3 thng c s dng nhiu nht. Chng cng kh hiu hay thc hin nht.
Hnh 4.22: p dng m B3ZS Bng 4.5: Cc mu thay th ca m ng truyn B3ZS Cc tnh ca xung ng trc S lng xung lng cc c + v ba bit 0 c thay th k t ln thay th cui cng L 0000+ +
Chn +0+ -0-
B3ZS: M ng ny cho php ch hai bit 0 lin tip c truyn qua mng s. N thay
th bt k 3 bit 0 lin tip no bng mt trong 4 mu xc nh (xem Bng 4.5) . Mi trong s bn mu xc nh trc to ra s vi pham lng cc bit th 3. V vy m B3ZS thng c vit thnh "00V, +0V, 00V hay -0V", y "+" i din cho mc in p
dng, du "-" i din cho mc in p m v "V" i din cho bit vi phm lng cc.
Hnh 4.22 minh ha mt tn hiu nh phn vi vi chuyn tip (tc l c qu nhiu bit "0" lin tc trong lung bit ca n) bng cch p dng m B3ZS c chuyn sang dng sng vi nhiu chuyn tip mong mun. Khi my thu (ging nh trong Hnh 4.20) nhn tn hiu ny, ng h ca n c th d dng c kha vo v tr chnh xc ca n. Lung d liu c khi phc s i din chnh xc chui c pht i. Trong Hnh 4.22, m B3ZS l mt tn hiu Tr v Khng 50% vi chu trnh cng tc. Khi mt tn hiu c in
p nh ca n trong khong 50% chu trnh cng tc (duty cycle) ca khong thi gian bit v sau tr v mc in p 0-volt cho khong thi gian bit cn li th n c gi l
tn hiu RZ vi chu trnh cng tc 50%. Mt tn hiu c chu trnh cng tc 50% tt hn
cho khi phc thi gian hn l tn hiu NRZ (Khng Tr v Khng). M ng truyn HDB3 (Lng cc mt cao-thay th 3 zero), c s dng truyn ti E1, E2 hay E3, cc chc nng ging h nh B3ZS. Nu c m ng B4ZS th n s ng nht vi m HDB3. HDB3: M ng truyn ny cho php ch ba bit 0 lin tip c truyn qua mng s. N thay th bt c chui 4 bit 0 lin tip no bng mt trong bn mu nh trc (xem Bng
Chn Bng 4.6: Cc mu +00+ thay th ca m ng truyn HDB3 -00-
Cc tnh ca xung ng trc S lng xung lng cc c + v 4 bit 0 c thay th k t ln thay th cui cng L 000+ 000+
4.6). Mi trong s 4 mu ny to ra mt vi phm lng cc bit th 4. V vy, m HDB3

thng c vit l "000V, +00V, 000V hay -00V", y du "+", "-" v "V" c cng ngha nh trong trng hp m ng truyn B3ZS. Vic thay th v ng dng ca mt
may HDB3 ging ht nh i vi B3ZS.
4.4.4 B gi ngu nhin dng cho nn zero

Mt cch thay th cho vic nn chui khng trong lung d liu l p dng cng ngh xo trn (ngu nhin ha). Mt b gi ngu nhin l mt b to nhiu hay gi ngu nhin c thc hin nh s dng cc thit b nh 1 bit nh m t trong Hnh ca Chng. Chng m t ng dng
ca b gi ngu nhin ny vi a thc sinh 1 + x +x .

6 7
Mt tn hiu STM-N phi c ni dung nh thi bit ti Giao tip Nt Mng (NNI), Mt mu bit thch hp loi tr kh nng mt chui di cc bit "1" v "0" c cung cp bi b gi ngu nhin. B gi ngu nhin ng b kiu khung c di chui 127 hot ng ti tc
ng truyn c s dng. a thc sinh l 1 + x +x .

6 7
B gi ngu nhin phi c t li v "1111111" ln bit c ngha ln nht ca byte nm sau byte cui cng ca hng u tin ca mo u on STM-N. Bit ny v tt c cc bt sau s b xo trn, c cng (modulo 2) vi u ra t v tr x ca b gi ngu nhin. B gi ngu nhin chy lin tc t u n cui tn hiu STM-1. Hng u tin ca STM-N SOH (9
7
N byte bao gm cc byte ng b khung A1 v A2) s khng b xo trn.
4.4.5 Cu hnh tn hiu nh thi

i vi cc ng dng SDH, cu hnh nh thi c cho trn Hnh 4.23. C nm cu hnh c th s dng cho mng SDH. l: nh thi t ngun bn ngoi, nh thi t ng dy tn hiu,
nh thi dng thng tn hiu vo, nh thi kiu mch vng v cu hnh chy t do.
Mt v d v PRC (ng nh thi t ngun bn ngoi l h Tham kho S cp) vi mc
cht lng stratum 1 c chnh xc 1011 nh trnh by trn Bng 4.2. i vi cu hnh ng dy, ng h c ly t tn hiu quang i vo. ng h nhn c ny sau c p dng
cho ng h ca cc ng quang u ra.

i vi cu hnh nh thi dng thng tn hiu vo th cc ng h c ly t tn hiu quang vo. Tuy nhin ng h nhn c c p dng lm ng h cho ng quang ra theo cng
130
Hnh 4.23: Cc cu hnh nh thi khc nhau
hng truyn. i vi cu hnh nh thi vng, ging nh cu hnh nh thi ng dy, cc ng h c

ly t tn hiu quang vo. ng h nhn c ny sau c s dng lm ng h cho cc ng quang ra. S khc bit gia nh thi vng v nh thi ng dy l ch nh thi
vng ch p dng cho mt SDH NE (phn t mng SDH) lm vic nh mt phn t lm vic ch kt cui). Mt khc nh thi ng dy c s dng khi SDH NE c cu hnh lm
b ADM (B ghp xen /r - Add/Drop Multiplexer).
Ti liu tham kho

[1] Ming-Chwan Chow, Understanding SONET/SDH Standards and Applications, 1st Edition, Andan Pulisher New Jersey, 1995. [2] Chu Cng Cn, K thut truyn dn SDH, Nh XB Giao thng Vn ti, 2003.
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K Thut Truyn Dn SDH

Nghim Xun Anh 10. 8. 2004

Phn cp s cn ng b (ng lc cho s ra i ca SDH) 1.1 Gii thiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

u im ca truyn dn s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cc vn ca truyn dn s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....................................

SDH trn c quang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.... 1.6.3 1.6.4

20 Cc thuc tnh chnh ca SDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Li ch do SDH mang li . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 21

MC LC iv 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.2 2.3 Phn cp s cn ng b (PDH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PDH v cc Container SDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 26 27 28

Kt ni im - im SDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Khung SDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cc byte truyn ti SDH v mo u ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cc thnh phn ca tn hiu STM-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Container C-n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

51 3 ng dng con tr SDH (B tr- Mapping/ghp-Multiplexing) 3.1

Con tr TU-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Con tr TU-1/ TU-2 ................................

Gi tr lch ti tin TU-1/TU-2

Cc hot ng con tr TU-1/TU-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mo u ng VC-1/VC-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B tr/Ghp tn hiu STM-1 3.7.1 3.7.2 ............................

B tr C-4 vo STM-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B tr/ghp C-3 vo STM-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.10 Cc tn hiu mc xch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.10.1 Chuyn i gia ch Floating v ch Locked . . . . . . . . . . . .

101 4 nh thi v ng b (Timing and Synchronization) 4.1

Gii thiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

ng b khung SDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Kin trc ng b mng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 chnh xc ca ng h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

4.3.10 Nhng yu cu i vi tc trt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 4.3.11 Yu cu ng b SDH . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 4.3.12 Trng thi ng b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

MC LC vi 4.4 ng h v khi phc thi gian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 4.4.1 4.4.2

Cc chc nng v hot ng ca ng h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Khi phc thi gian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

Danh sch hnh v

2.7 2.8 2.9

2.10 Cc byte mo u ng VC-4/VC-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ix DANH SCH HNH V

3.22 C-3, VC-3, TU-3, TUG-3, VC-4, AU-4, AUG v STM-N

4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9

Mu byte khung v cu trc khung STM-1

Chng 1 Phn cp s cn ng b (ng lc cho s ra i ca SDH)

Hnh 1.1: Mng s

TDM v tch hp vo mt lung tn hiu n truyn qua cc mng s.

Hnh 1.2: Truyn dn s so vi truyn dn tng t

di nh trong h thng tng t B. Tch hp cc dch v Nh c gii

CHNG 1. CP S CN B (NG LC RA I CA SDH)

Hnh 1.3: FDM (tng t) so vi TDM (s)

TDM cng thp hn.

thu lm cho cht lng ng truyn d dng c th tr nn khng th chp nhn c.

trong chng ny. B. Khi phc thi gian Nh trnh by

tiu chun ny.

SDH (thng c ni ti l cc chun cn ng b PDH). Mt s nt c bit ca SDH gm:

by sau trong Chng 2.

giao tip vi cc mng SDH

1.3 Ti sao cn SDH?

(s c tho lun sau)

CHNG 1. PHN CP S CN NG B (NG LC CHO S RA I CA SDH)

Hnh 1.4: Chuyn i Tc /Dng tn hiu PDH

vi tc v dng ring ca chng. Hnh 1.4(A) ch ra mt tn hiu thoi "abc"c s

M 64 kbit/s[DS-0] 1,544 Mbit/s [DS1] 6,312 Mbit/s[DS2]

139,294 Mbit/s[E-4; CEPT-4]

274,176 Mbit/s[DS4] 397,2 Mbit/s

1.4 PDH v SDH

1.4.1 Ba phn cp s PDH

CHNG 1. PHN CP S CN NG B (NG LC CHO S RA I CA SDH)

(N=1,4,16 v 64) s c tho lun trong Chng 2.

1.4.2 Nhiu tc /dng tn hiu khc nhau: V d so snh DS1 vi CEPT-1

9 1.4. PDH V SDH

10 CHNG 1. PHN CP S CN NG B (NG LC CHO S RA I CA SDH)

DS1 v CEPT-1 CEPT-1 2,048 32/30 Tp trung hn