ĐỒ ÁN SẤY BƠM NHIỆT (SẤY CÀ RỐT)

Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh n tt nghip
GVHD: ThS. Bi Trung Thnh 1 SVTH: Nguyn Anh Tun

NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN
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NHN XT CA GIO VIN PHN BIN
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Mc Lc
Li cm n ....................................................................................................................... 6
Nhim v n tt nghip .............................................................................................. 7
Li m u ...................................................................................................................... 9
Danh mc cc hnh ........................................................................................................ 11
Danh mc cc bng ....................................................................................................... 12
Chng 1.TNG QUAN V CNG NGH SY LNH .......................................... 13
1.1. Gii thiu phng php sy lnh ....................................................................... 13
1.1.1. Khi nim v bm nhit .............................................................................. 13
1.1.1.1. Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin ca bm nhit .................................... 13
1.1.1.2. Gii thiu cc phng php sy lnh .................................................... 14
1.2. S nguyn l, c im truyn nhit v truyn cht h thng sy lnh ........ 15
1.2.1. Nguyn l lm vic ca h thng sy lnh ................................................. 15
1.2.2. c im qu trnh truyn nhit, truyn cht .............................................. 16
1.3. Phn loi h thng sy lnh ................................................................................ 18
1.3.1. H thng sy lnh nhit nh hn 0
o
C ................................................. 18
1.3.2. H thng sy lnh nhit ln hn 0
o
C .................................................. 19
1.4. Cc thit b trong h thng lnh ......................................................................... 20
1.5. Mt s kt qu nghin cu v sy lnh ca cc tc gi trong v ngoi nc .... 22
1.5.1. Cc tc gi trong nc ................................................................................ 22
1.5.2. Cc tc gi nc ngoi ................................................................................ 24
1.6. So snh phng php sy lnh vi phng php sy nng ............................... 27
1.7. nh gi v kt lun ........................................................................................... 31
Chng 2. VT LIU SY LNH XY DNG QUY TRNH CNG NGH VT
LIU SY LNH .............................................................................................. 33
2.1. La chn vt liu sy lnh theo hng nghin cu ca ti ........................... 33
2.1.1. S cng ngh sy rau qu ........................................................................ 34
2.1.2. nh hng ca qu trnh sy n cht lng sn phm .............................. 35

2.2. Cc c tnh ha l ca mt s rau qu giu vitamin ng dng phng php sy
lnh ..................................................................................................................... 37
2.3. L thuyt sy rau qu ......................................................................................... 39
2.4. Mt s phng php sy rau qu ....................................................................... 42
2.5. La chn phng php sy lnh theo hng nghin cu ca ti .................. 42
Chng 3. TNH TON THIT K M HNH MY SY LNH S DNG BM
NHIT .......................................................................................................... 44
3.1. Gii thiu bi ton thit k v m hnh thit k ................................................. 44
3.2. Xy dng quy trnh cng ngh sy C rt ......................................................... 46
3.2.1. Gii thiu vt liu sy .................................................................................. 46
3.2.1. Xy dng quy trnh cng ngh sy C rt .................................................... 47
3.3. Xc nh cc thng s u vo ca vt liu ....................................................... 48
3.4. Tnh ton l thuyt ch sy hi lu hon ton .............................................. 48
3.4.1. Xc nh cc thng s im nt trn th sy ........................................... 51
3.4.2. Tnh ton tc sy v thi gian sy ........................................................... 53
3.4.3. Tnh ton nhit qu trnh .............................................................................. 56
3.5. Tnh ton l thuyt ch sy thi b tc nhn ................................................. 58
3.5.1. Xc nh cc thng s im nt trn th sy ........................................... 58
3.5.2. Tnh ton nhit qu trnh .............................................................................. 60
3.6. Xc nh kch thc bung sy .......................................................................... 62
3.7. Cn bng nhit cho qu trnh ............................................................................. 63
3.8. Tnh ton qu trnh sy thc ch hi lu hon ton ...................................... 67
3.9. Tnh ton qu trnh sy thc ch thi b tc nhn ........................................ 70
3.10. Kt lun v ch sy ..................................................................................... 72
3.11. Tnh ton thit k v la chn thit b ph tr ................................................. 73
3.11.1. Cc thng s nhit ca mi cht lnh ......................................................... 73
3.11.2. Tnh ton chu trnh bm nhit .................................................................... 74
3.11.3. Tnh ton thit k cc thit b trao i nhit ............................................... 77
3.11.3.1. Dn ngng ........................................................................................ 77

3.11.3.2. Dn bay hi ...................................................................................... 82
3.11.4. Tnh chn my nn ..................................................................................... 87
3.11.5. Tnh chn ng ng dn mi cht ............................................................ 91
3.11.5.1. ng ng y ................................................................................. 91
3.11.5.2. ng ng ht .................................................................................. 91
3.11.6. Thit b hi nhit ........................................................................................ 92
3.11.7. Tnh ton tr lc v chn qut ................................................................... 97
Chng 4. KHO NGHIM QU TRNH SY THC T TRN M HNH MY
SY LNH ...................................................................................................... 102
4.1. Mc ch ........................................................................................................... 102
4.2. Phng php v phng tin ........................................................................... 103
4.3. Th nghim xc nh cc thng s qu trnh .................................................... 103
4.3.1. Th nghim xc nh vn tc tc nhn sy ................................................. 104
4.3.2. Xc nh m - nhit trung bnh (to,
o
) ca khng kh ................... 106
4.3.3. Th nghim xc nh m u v m cui ca vt liu sy ................ 106
4.3.4. Xc nh R trung bnh ca vt liu sy v phng php ct lt vt lu ..... 106
4.3.5. Th nghim sy ch hi lu hon ton v ch thi b tc nhn .... 107
4.3.6. Cc kt lun rt ra t thc nghim ............................................................. 113
4.4. ng dng phn mm Labview vo nghin cu thc nghim .......................... 113
4.5. Cc tnh cht nh hng n qu trnh sy ...................................................... 117
Chng 5. TNH TON HIU QU KINH T ........................................................... 119
5.1. Ch ph nguyn liu, nhin liu ....................................................................... 119
5.2. Chi ph lao ng ............................................................................................... 119
5.3. Chi ph khu hao .............................................................................................. 119
Chng 6. KT LUN V NGH .......................................................................... 121
6.1. Kt lun ............................................................................................................ 121
6.2. ngh ............................................................................................................. 121
TI LIU THAM KHO .............................................................................................. 123


Li cm n
Hc tp l mt qu trnh lu di, mi giai on ng mt vai tr quan trng trong
vic hnh thnh nhn cch, o c ca mi con ngi. T nhng ngy bc chn vo
ging ng i hc cho n lc hon thnh lun vn ny, em nhn c s quan
tm ch dn v gip tn tnh ca cc thy c. Qua qu trnh thc hin lun vn tt
nghip em xin by t long bit n chn thnh n:
- Ban gim hiu trng i hc Cng Nghip TP H Ch Minh.
- Tp th ging vin Khoa Cng ngh Nhit Lnh trng i hc Cng Nghip TP
H Ch Minh.
- Qu thy c tn tnh ch dy chng ti trong thi gian hc tp ti trng.
- c bit, em xin chn thnh cm n Thy trng Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh
Th.s Bi Trung Thnh trc tip theo di, tn tnh hng dn em trong thi
gian thc hin ti.
Tuy nhin, do hn ch v thi gian thc hin, ti khng trnh khi nhng thiu
st. Mong nhn c s ch bo ca qu thy c v gp ca cc bn.

Tp H Ch Minh, thng 6, nm 2010
Sinh vin thc hin ti

Nguyn Anh Tun

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP HCM CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM
Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh c Lp- T Do- Hnh Phc
NHIM V N TT NGHIP
H v tn: MSSV:
Ngnh: Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh Nin Kha: 2006-2010
Tn ti: Nghin cu cng ngh sy lnh, tnh ton, thit k, kho nghim v xc
nh mt s thng s nh hng n cht lng sy cho mt s loi rau qu giu
vitamin trn m hnh my sy lnh bng bm nhit ca khoa CN Nhit Lnh
I/ Thng tin thc hin ti:
13- S liu choo trc: M hnh sy lnh ca khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh
II/ Ni dung ti:
13- Tm hiu cng ngh sy lnh, phng php sy, cc thit b trong h thng sy
lnh.
2- Tm hiu k thut sy lnh trn mt s thc phm v rau qu trong nc v th
gii.
3- Trnh by cc kt qu nghin cu v sy lnh trong nc v th gii t trc
n nay.
4- La chn vt liu sy lnh, xy dng quy trnh cng ngh v x l vt liu trc
sy v sau sy lnh.
5- L thuyt v sy rau qu v thc phm.
6- Tnh ton thit k m hnh my sy lnh s dng bm nhit.
6.1 Gii quyt bi ton sy lnh l thuyt v sy thc theo ch thi b tc
nhn.
6.2 Gii quyt bi ton sy lnh l thuyt v sy thc theo ch hi lu hon
ton kh thi.
7- Tnh ton thit k v la chn cc thit b ph tr cho h thng sy.
8- Kho nghim m hnh my sy lnh xc nh li cc thng s k thut ca m
hnh.

9- B tr th nghim v thc hin sy thc nghim loi rau theo hng nghin cu
ca ti
10- Xc nh mt s yu t chnh nh hng n cht lng sn phm sy lnh
hai ch sy .
11- Kt lun rt ra t thc nghim.
12- Hiu qu kinh t
Xy dng gi thnh 1kg rau sy
13- Cc bn v thit k
III/ Ngy giao nhim v: 01/03/2010
IV/ Ngy hon thnh nhim v: 25/06/2010

TP H Ch Minh, thng 3 nm 2010
Gio vin hng dn

ThS. Bi Trung Thnh


Li m u
Vit Nam l mt nc nhit i c nhiu iu kin pht trin ngnh trng trt v
ch bin rau qu. Tuy nhin, t l tn tht sau thu hoch l rt ln 25-30% [20]. Nguyn
nhn chnh l do cng ngh ch bin v bo qun ca chng ta cn lc hu nn lm
cho rau qu ca Vit Nam c gi tr thp trong th trng trong nc cng nh xut
khu, iu ny nh hng trc tip n i sng ca ngi nng dn, v vy vic nghin
cu a ra cc quy trnh cng ngh cng nh ng dng trin khai chuyn giao cc kt
qu nghin cu, cc quy trnh cng ngh bo qun, ch bin rau qu, ng vai tr ht
sc quan trng trong chin lc pht trin ngnh rau qu.
Rau qu hin nay ch yu c s dng dng ti, nh bit rau qu l loi sn
phm c tnh thi v, thi gian thu hoch ngn, kh nng vn chuyn v bo qun hn
ch, trong khi k thut bo qun rau qu ti vn ch da vo cc kinh nghin c truyn,
mang tnh th cng chp v. Cng ngh sy ng dng trong ch bin rau qu kh c
tin hnh t kh lu nhng cho n nay vn bc l nhiu hn ch v cng ngh cha
khc phc c cht lng u ra ca sn phm, cha p ng c cc yu cu v c
tnh ha l, mi, mu, thnh phn dinh dng nn kh p ng cho nhu cu tiu th v
xut khu trong v ngoi nc. Vic u t nghin cu mt quy trnh cng ngh mi
gii quyt nhng vn ny l thc s cn thit. Cng ngh sy lnh c xem l mt
cng ngh mi, ra i t yu cu cp thit .
u im ca cng ngh sy lnh l c th xy dng c tng quy trnh cng ngh
sy hp l i vi tng loi rau, c, qu. Sn phm sy gi c nguyn mu sc, mi
v, hn ch ti a tht thot dinh dng (khong 5%) [20], t tiu chun v sinh an
ton thc phm ca Vit Nam v cc ch tiu k thut, cht lng sn phm tng
ng mt s nc khc trn th gii.
Vic pht trin cng ngh sy lnh c nhiu thnh tu. Tuy nhin, c mt quy
trnh cng ngh hon chnh, ti u vi cc thng s ph hp nht i hi chng ta phi
tin hnh nghin cu su rng hn. c s phn cng ti Nghin cu cng ngh
sy lnh, tnh ton, thit k, kho nghim my sy lnh v xc nh mt s thng s nh
hng n cht lng sy cho mt s loi rau qu giu vitamin trn m hnh my sy

lnh bm nhit ca khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh thc hin da trn c s tm hiu
nhng nguyn l chung nht ca cng ngh sy lnh t c th xy dng nn quy
trnh sy i vi tng loi rau qu khc nhau. gii quyt nhng vn , ti
nghin cu nhng ni dung chnh sau:
Tm hiu v cng ngh sy lnh, phng php sy v cc thit b trong h
thng sy lnh.
Tm hiu k thut sy lnh trn mt s loi rau qu giu vitamin, xy dng quy
trnh sy lnh i vi mt s loi rau qu ny.
Tnh ton thit k m hnh my sy lnh s dng bm nhit ch sy hi
lu hon ton v ch thi b tc nhn.
Tnh ton thit k my sy lnh v la chn cc thit b ph tr.
Thc nghim nghin cu trn m hnh thc t.
Vi nhng c tnh u vit, cng ngh sy lnh ha hn s l mt cng ngh tin
tin, cho lnh vc sy thc phm giu vitamin, c th p dng rng ri vi quy m ln
p ng c v vn li ch kinh t v bo v mi trng.


Danh sch cc hnh
Hnh 1-1. S nguyn l bm nhit .......................................................................... 11
Hnh 1-2. Hai phng thc trao i nhit qua bung sy .......................................... 12
Hnh 1-3. S qu trnh sy theo hai phng thc trao i nhit ........................... 13
Hnh 1-4. S h thng lnh. .................................................................................... 14
Hnh 1-5. S nguyn l h thng bm nhit kiu mun ....................................... 21
Hnh 1-6. S cng ngh sy rau qu ...................................................................... 32
Hnh 3-1. S nguyn l h thng v th qu trnh sy ....................................... 43
Hnh 3-2. S cng ngh sy C rt ........................................................................ 45
Hnh 3-3. S nguyn l bm nhit s dng trong h thng sy lnh ..................... 47
Hnh 3-4. th I-d ch sy hi lu hon ton ..................................................... 48
Hnh 3-5. th I-d ch sy thi b tc nhn ........................................................ 56
Hnh 3-6. th I-d ch sy thc hi lu hon ton ............................................. 65
Hnh 3-7. th I-d ch sy thc thi b tc nhn ................................................ 68
Hnh 3-8. S tnh ton kh ng trong h thng my sy ....................................... 96
Hnh 3-9. S c tnh k thut ca qut APCR0502AA10/10 ................................ 99
Hnh 3-10. S cu to APCR0502AA10/10 ............................................................ 99
Hnh 4-1. Biu phn b vn tc tc nhn sy qua cc khay ................................ 102
Hnh 4-2. Biu nhit , m ti TP H Ch Minh ngy 15/04/2010 ............... 103
Hnh 4-3. S h thng my sy lnh .................................................................... 105
Hnh 4-4. S cc thng s ch sy hi lu hon ton ..................................... 108
Hnh 4-5. S cc thng s ch sy thi b tc nhn ....................................... 110
Hnh 4-6. Giao din chng trnh ng dng phn mm Labview ............................ 114


Danh mc cc bng
Bng1-1 nh gi so snh cht lng sn phm sy bng bm nhit sy lnh vi
phng php sy nng truyn thng v sy hng ngoi ............................... 28
Bng 3-1 Thng s trng thi cc im nt ................................................................. 74
Bng 3-2 Thng s tiu chun ca cc im nt .......Error! Bookmark not defined.88
Bng 3-3. Tn tht kh ng qua bung sy ................................................................. 98
Bng 4-1 Bng kt qu kho st vn tc tc nhn sy ............................................... 102
Bng 4-2 Bng kt qu thc nghim xc nh nhit v m mi trng ........... 103
Bng 4-3 Bng kt qu xc nh xc nh m u vo ca vt liu sy ................ 103
Bng 4-4 Bng kt qu bn knh R ca vt liu .......................................................... 104
Bng 4-5 Bng kt qu th nghim ch sy hi lu hon ton .............................. 106
Bng 4-6 Bng kt qu th nghim ch sy thi b tc nhn.............................. 108


CHNG I
TNG QUAN V CNG NGH SY LNH

1.1. Gii thiu phng php sy lnh
1.1.1. Khi nim v bm nhit
1.1.1.1. Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin ca bm nhit
Bm nhit c qu trnh pht trin lu di, bt u t khi Nicholas Carnot xut
nhng khi nim u tin. Mt dng nhit thng thng di chuyn t mt vng nng
n mt vng lnh, Carnot a ra lp lun rng mt thit b c th c s dng o
ngc qu trnh l bm nhit. u nhng nm 1850, Lord Kelvin pht trin cc l
thuyt v bm nhit bng lp lun, cc thit b lm lnh c th c s dng gia
nhit. Sn phm bm nhit u tin c bn vo nm 1952. T khi xy ra cuc khng
hong nng lng vo u thp k 70, bm nhit li bc vo mt bc tin nhy vt
mi. Hng lot bm nhit mi kch c cho cc ng dng khc nhau c nghin cu
ch to, hon thin v bn rng ri trn th trng. Ngy nay, bm nhit tr nn rt
quen thuc trong cc lnh vc iu ha khng kh, sy, ht m, un nc

Hnh 1-1. S nguyn l h thng bm nhit

1.1.2. Gii thiu cc phng php sy lnh
Trong phng php sy lnh, ngi ta ra chnh phn p sut hi nc gia vt
liu sy v tc nhn sy bng cch gim phn p sut trong tc nhn sy nh gim lng
cha m. phng php sy lnh, nhit b mt ngoi nh hn nhit bn trong
vt, ng thi do tip xc vi khng kh c m v phn p sut hi nc nh nn lp
b mt cng c phn p sut hi nc nh hn pha bn trong vt. Ni khc i, y
gradient nhit v gradient p sut c cng du nn gradient nhit khng km hm
qu trnh dch chuyn m nh khi sy nng m ngc li, n c tc dng tng cng
qu trnh dch chuyn m trong long vt ra ngoi bay hi lm kh vt. Khi , m
trong vt liu dch chuyn ra b mt v t b mt vo mi trng c th ln hn hay
nh hn nhit mi trng hoc cng c th nh hn 0
o
.
Qu trnh truyn nhit thc hin c thng qua s thay i pha lm vic ca mi
cht lnh. Mi cht lnh trong gin bay hi hp th nhit v bay hi nhit thp v
p sut thp. Khi hi mi cht lnh ngng t nhit cao, p sut cao ti dn ngng
t, n thi nhit p sut cao hn. Khi s dng trong qu trnh sy, h thng sy s
dng bm nhit lm lnh khng kh ca qu trnh n im bo ha, v sau ngng t
nc (kh m), do lm tng kh nng sy ca khng kh. Trong qu trnh ny ch
tun hon mc nhit thp (nhit hin v nhit n) t khng kh. Cu trc ca dn bay
hi v dn ngng t c b tr nh hnh v (hnh 1.2).

Hnh 1-2. Hai phng thc trao i nhit thng qua bung sy.

Hnh 1-3. S qu trnh sy theo hai phng thc trao i nhit
Trong trng hp th nht (hnh 1-2.a), my sy lnh hot ng va nh mt my
kh m va nh mt b gia nhit khng kh. Trong cch b tr th hai (hnh 1-2.b), dn
bay hi c xen vo dng khng kh m trong khi khng kh sch li c a ton b
vo dn ngng t. Vic sp xp theo kiu ny, nhit n (cng vi mt lng ln nhit
hin) c hi lu bng cch kh m kh thi v truyn cho tc nhn sy qu trnh
thng qua dn ngng t. M hnh ny thch hp khi khng kh mi trng kh ( m
tng i thp), nhng n li khng kinh t, bi v dng kh thi tng t nh khng
kh bn trong. Trong c hai m hnh trn, kh thi t bung sy c th c hi lu li
i n dn bay hi ngha l khng kh c th tun hon ton b hay tng phn. Ta c
th qu trnh sy nh hnh 1-3 tng ng vi hai trng hp b tr trn hnh 1-2.
1.2. S nguyn l, c im truyn nhit v truyn cht ca h thng sy lnh
1.2.1. Nguyn l lm vic ca h thng sy lnh
Khc vi phng php sy nng, trong phng php sy lnh, ngi ta to ra
chnh phn p sut hi nc gia vt liu sy v tc nhn sy bng cch gim phn p
sut trong tc nhn sy nh gim lng cha m. phng php sy lnh, nhit b
mt ngoi ca vt nh hn nhit bn trong vt, ng thi do tip xc vi khng kh
c m v phn p sut hi nc nh nn b mt cng c phn p sut hi nc nh

hn pha bn trong vt. Ni khc i, y gradient nhit v gradient p sut c cng
du nn gradient nhit khng km hm qu trnh dch chuyn m nh khi sy nng
m ngc li, n c tc dng tng cng qu trnh dch chuyn m trong lng vt ra
ngoi bay hi lm kh vt. Khi m trong vt liu dch chuyn ra b mt v t b
mt vo mi trng c th ln hn hoc nh hn nhit mi trng hoc cng c th
nh hn 0
o
C.
Hnh1-4. S h thng sy lnh
1.2.2. c im qu trnh truyn nhit v truyn cht
Trong k thut sy lnh, th sy ca khng kh tng nh qu trnh tch m dn bc
hi v qu trnh gia nhit bng chnh dn ngng t trong cc my lnh. Yu t c tnh
quyt nh y l qu trnh lm lnh khng kh trong dn lnh, t y s nhn c
khng kh c nhit v cha hi (d) nh m bo cho qu trnh truyn nhit, truyn
cht gia vt sy v tc nhn sy trong bung sy xy ra iu kin gradient nhit
v gradient p sut cng chiu, khng c giai on no xy ra hiu ng Luikov A.V. cn
tr qu trnh sy nh trong phng php sy nng. V vy, ngoi vic tnh ton, thit k
h thng ni chung th iu ti cn thit l ch lm vic ca dn lnh hay ni cch
khc l kh nng ti u nht ca dn lnh c tm quan trng c bit.
Trong k thut sy lnh, tng cng tch m cho h thng, khng kh sy tri qua
giai on tch m dn lnh, v th m trong khng kh c th tn ti ba dng hi,

lng v rn, vi dung m dng hi d
h
, dng lng d
l
v dng rn d
r
, entanpi H ca
khng kh m:
H= t
b
+ (2500+1,93t
b
)d
h
+ 4,18d
1
t
b
+ (-335+2,1 t
b
)d
r
, kJ/kgkk (1.1)
Trong qu trnh kh m dn lnh, chiu di ng i ca dng khng kh l yu t
c tnh quyt nh, theo m lu lng th tch khng kh cng nh cng sut nhit
( )
2
3
/
, /
h
d P T
d m
kg m K
dVdt Rdt
= - trao i s thay i, khng kh c lm lnh n nhit
im sng t
s
. Trn mt n v di quan h truyn nhit, truyn cht ny c th biu
din di dng:

2 2
'
d Q d m dV dT
=- c -r . . , W/m (1.2)
ddx dV.dt dt dX
| |
|
\ .

Trong
* c

- nhit dung ring th tch ca khng kh m nhit kh quyn (c =1,23
kJ/m
3
K).
* r - Nhit ngng t (r=2500 kJ/kg i vi hi nc 0
0
C).
*
( )
2
h 3
d P /T
d m
= , kg/m K
dVdt R.dt
- l nc ngng theo ng 100% = (ng vi 1m
3

khng kh m khi nhit gim i 1K) v thay i nhanh qua nhit theo biu
thc:

2
3 h
d(P /T) d m
= , kg/m K
dVdt R.dt
(1.3)
Trong :
- P
h
- p sut hi bo ha ca hi nc tng ng vi nhit ca khng kh m.
- Hng s R i vi hi nc trong khng kh m: R=8314/18=861,89 J/kgK
Mt khc c th tnh nhit lng do khng kh truyn cho mi cht lnh tng ng vi
mi n v di ca thit b bay hi bm nhit:

( )
2
0
d Q
=k T-T , W/m (1.4)
d.dx


Vi K
1
l h s truyn nhit ca thit b bay hi [W/mK].
T cc c s trn ta c quan h:

'
s 0 0
'
1 0
X T -T c
=- ln
X K T -T
(1.5) vi
' 3
K.X
K = [J/m K]
dV/d

L thng s c trng cho cng sut ca thit b bc hi ca bm nhit (thng khong
1kJ/m
3
K), X[m] l chiu su ca thit b bc hi, X
0
[m] l khong cch t u thit b
vo thit b bc hi n im xut hin qu trnh ngng ng m, T
s
l nhit ng
sng, cc ch s 1 v 2 l k hiu u vo v ra ca khng kh qua thit b bc hi.
1.3. Phn loi h thng sy lnh
1.3.1. H thng sy lnh nhit nh hn 0
0
C
a. H thng sy thng hoa
Sy thng hoa l qu trnh tch m khi vt liu sy trc tip t trng thi rn bin
thnh trng thi hi nh qu trnh thng hoa. to ra qu trnh thng hoa, vt liu sy
c lm lnh di im ba th, ngha l nhit ca vt liu t < 0
0
C, p sut tc nhn
sy bao quanh vt P< 620 Pa [19]. T , vt liu sy nhn c nhit lng m t
trng thi rn thng hoa thnh th kh vo mi trng. Nh vy, trong cc h thng sy
thng hoa phi to c chn khng trong vt liu sy v lm lnh vt xung di 0
o
C.
u im: Phng php gn nh bo ton c cht lng sinh, ha hc ca sn
phm (mu sc, mi v, vitamin, hot tnh,)
Nhc im:
- Chi ph u t cao, phi dng ng thi bm chn khng, my lnh ( kt
ng sn phm v lm ngng kt hi nc)
- H thng cng knh nn vn hnh phc tp, chi ph vn hnh v bo dng
cao.
Sy thng hoa thng c ng dng sy sn phm qu, d bin cht do nhit nh:
mu, vc xin, mt, nhn, vv
b. H thng sy chn khng
Phng php sy chn khng l phng php to ra mi trng gn nh chn khng
trong bung sy, ngha l nhit vt liu t < 0
o
C, p sut tc nhn sy bao quanh vt P

> 610 Pa. Khi nhn c nhit lng, cc phn t nc trong vt liu sy th rn s
chuyn sang th lng, sau mi chuyn sang th hi v i vo mi trng.
u im: Phng php ny gi c cht lng sn phm, m bo iu kin
v sinh.
Nhc im: H thng c chi ph u t ln, vn hnh phc tp.
- Phng php sy chn khng thng ch sy cc loi vt liu sy l cc sn
phm qu, d bin cht.
- Do tnh phc tp v khng kinh t nn cc h thng sy thng hoa v h thng
sy chn khng ch dng sy nhng vt liu qu him, khng chu c nhit
cao. V vy, cc h thng sy ny l nhng h thng sy chuyn dng, khng
ph bin.
1.3.2. H thng sy lnh nhit ln hn 0
0
C
a) Phng php s dng my ht m chuyn dng kt hp vi my lnh

Phng php ny s dng my ht m kt hp vi my lnh, to ra mi trng
sy c nhit kh thp, c th bng hoc b hn nhit mi trng t 5 n 15
0
C.

u im
- Nng sut ht m ca phng php ny kh ln.
- Kh nng gi cht lng, hm lng dinh dng sn phm cng kh tt (ph
thuc vo nhit sy).
Nhc im
- Chi ph u t ban u kh ln do phi s dng c my ht m chuyn dng v
my lnh
- Cht ht m phi thay th theo nh k
- Vn hnh kh phc tp nn chi ph vn hnh ln
- in nng tiu tn ln do cn chy my lnh v t nng dy in tr hon
nguyn cht hp th.
- Lp t phc tp, kh iu chnh cc thng s ph hp vi cng ngh
- Trong mi trng c bi, cn dng my v sinh cht hp th, tui th thit b
gim.

b. Phng php dng bm nhit nhit thp
Trong phng php ny, ngi ta ch dng mt h thng bm nhit to ra mi
trng sy. Nhit mi trng sy c th iu chnh trong gii hn kh rng t nhit
xp x mi trng n nhit m, ty thuc yu cu ca vt liu sy. Khc vi cc
thit b nhit lnh khc, khi s dng bm nhit sy kh v ht m th c dn nng v
dn lnh u c s dng hu ch nn nng sut tiu th y c th c tn dng
n mc cao nht m nhit khng kh li c th ch cn duy tr mc nhit mi
trng hoc thp hn.
u im:
- Kh nng gi mu sc, mi v v vitamin u tt
- Tit kim nng lng nh s dng c nng lng dn nng v dn lnh, hiu
qu s dng nhit cao
- Bo v mi trng, vn hnh an ton.
- C kh nng iu chnh nhit tc nhn sy ty thuc vo yu cu v kh nng
chu nhit ca tng loi sn phm nh thay i cng sut nhit ca dn ngng
trong
- Cng sut kh ln
- Chi ph u t h thng thp hn so vi cc phng php sy lnh khc
- Vn hnh n gin.
Nhc im
- Thi gian sy thng kh lu do chnh phn p sut hi nc gia vt liu
sy v tc nhn sy khng ln.
- Phi c gii php x bng sau mt thi gian lm vic.
1.4. Cc thit b trong h thng sy lnh
Bm nhit l mt thit b dng bm mt dng nhit t mc nhit thp ln mc
nhit cao hn, ph hp vi nhu cu cp nhit. My lnh cng l mt loi bm nhit
v c chung mt nguyn l hot ng, cc thit b ca chng v c bn l ging nhau.
ch phn bit my lnh vi bm nhit mc ch s dng. My lnh gn vi vic s

dng ngun lnh thit b bay hi cn bm nhit gn vi vic s dng ngun nhit
thit b ngng t. Do s dng ngun nhit nn bm nhit hot ng cp nhit cao hn.
a) Mi cht v cp mi cht:
Mi cht v cp mi cht ca bm nhit c yu cu nh my lnh. Mt vi yu cu
c bit hn xut pht t nhit si v ngng t cao hn, gn ging nh ch nhit
cao ca iu ha khng kh, ngha l cho n nay ngi ta vn s dng cc loi mi
cht nh: R12, R22, R502 v MR cho my tuabin. Gn y ngi ta ch n vic s
dng cc mi cht mi cho bm nhit nhm nng cao nhit dn ngng nh: R22,
R113, R114, R12B1, R142
b) My nn lnh
Cng nh my nn lnh, my nn l b phn quan trng nht ca bm nhit. Tt c
cc dng my nn ca my lnh u c ng dng trong bm nhit. c bit quan
trng l my nn piston trt, my nn trc vt v my nn tuabin. Mt my nn bm
nhit cn phi chc chn, tui th cao, chy m v cn phi c hiu sut cao trong iu
kin thiu hoc ti.
c) Cc thit b trao i nhit
Cc thit b trao i nhit c bn trong bm nhit l thit b bay hi v thit b
ngng t. My lnh hp th c thm thit b sinh hi v hp th. Ging nh my lnh,
thit b ngng t v bay hi ca bm nhit cng bao gm cc dng: ng chm, ng lng
ngc dng, ng ng v ng kiu tm. Cc phng php tnh ton cng ging nh cc
ch iu ho nhit .
d) Thit b ph ca bm nhit
Tt c cc thit b ph ca bm nhit ging nh thit b ph ca my lnh. Xut pht
t yu cu nhit cao hn nn i hi v tin cy, cng ngh gia cng thit b cao
hn. y cng l vn t ra i vi du bi trn v m kn cc loi trong h thng.
Do bm nhit phi hot ng ch p sut v nhit gn st vi gii hn ti a
nn cc thit b t ng rt cn thit v phi hot ng vi tin cy cao phng nga
h hng cc thit b khi ch lm vic vt qu gii hn cho php. i vi van tit
lu, bm nhit c ch lm vic khc my lnh nn cng cn c van tit lu ph hp.

e) Thit b ngoi vi ca bm nhit
Thit b ngoi vi ca bm nhit l nhng thit b h tr cho bm nhit ph hp vi
tng phng n s dng ca n. Thit b ngoi vi ca bm nhit gm mt s loi sau:
Cc phng n ng lc ca my nn nh: ng c in, ng c gas, ng c
diesel hoc ng c givv
Cc phng n s dng nhit thu dn ngng t. Nu l si m th c th s
dng dn ngng trc tip hoc gin tip qua mt vng tun hon cht ti nhit, c
th s dng sy, nu n, ht mMi phng n i hi nhng thit b h tr
khc nhau.
Cc phng n cp nhit cho dn bay hi. Trng hp s dng dn lnh ng
thi vi nng th pha dn bay hi c th l bung lnh hoc cht ti lnh. Ngoi ra
cng c th s dng dn bay hi t ngoi khng kh, dn bay hi s dng nc
ging l mi trng cp nhit. Cng c nhng phng n nh dn bay hi t
di nc, t di t hoc s dng nng lng mt tri.
Cc thit b iu khin, kim tra t ng s hot ng ca bm nhit v cc thit
b h tr. y l nhng thit b t ng iu khin cc thit b ph tr ngoi bm
nhit ph hp vi hot ng ca bm nhit
1.5. Mt s kt qu nghin cu v sy lnh ca cc tc gi trong v ngoi nc
Vic s dng bm nhit trong cng nghip cng nh dn dng sy, si, ht m,
iu ha khng kh, c nghin cu v ng dng rt nhiu trn th gii. Sau y
l tng quan mt s cng trnh nghin cu:
1.5.1. Cc tc gi trong nc
Tc gi Phm Vn Ty v cc cng s tin hnh nghin cu v ng dng thnh
cng h thng bm nhit sy lnh ko Jelly, ko Chew, Caramel, ko Cng ti
cng ty bnh ko Hi H [Ti liu 19].
Nm 1997, 1998 cc tc gi thit k ln lt hai h thng lnh theo nguyn l bm
nhit nhit thp kiu mun. sy ko Jelly vi nng sut 1100 kg/ngy v 1400
kg/ngy hin nay vn cn c s dng cho phng sy lnh s 2 v s 3 Nh my thc

phm Vit Tr- Cng ty c phn bnh ko Hi H. Thng s nhit khng kh bung
sy 22-28
0
C, m 30-40%. S nguyn l h thng nh hnh 1-5.

Hnh 1-5. S nguyn l h thng bm nhit kiu mun
Mt h thng my ht m h tr cho dy chuyn sn xut ko Caramem ca Cng
Ha Lin Bang c ci to t my iu ha khng kh c cho phn xng ko
caramem v h thng bm nhit ht m cng sut lnh 120.000 Btu/h s dng 4 my
lnh Trane TTK 530 cng sut mi my l 30.000 Btu/h hin nay ang s dng cho
phng bao gi ko cng thuc X nghip Cng ty CP Bnh ko Hi H c lp t
t nm 1999. Qua thc t s dng, thy rng ngoi u im r tin (gim khong 50%
vn u t) v tit kim nng lng (in nng tiu th gim gn 50%) so vi phng
n dng my ht m, cc h thng ht m v sy lnh ny hot ng n nh, lin tc v
gim chi ph bo dng. Tuy nhin, n cn c nhc im l cng knh, s dng nhiu
qut v ng c xen k, trong h thng nhiu bi bt nn phi bo dng ng c li
phi thc hin trong khng gian hp, kh thao tc.
khc phc nhng nhc im trn nm 2005 nhm tc gi thit k ch to
my sy lnh cho phng sy lnh s 1 theo nguyn l bm nhit kiu nguyn khi BK-
BSH18A. So vi cng ngh dng cc bm nhit kiu m un th BK-BSH18A c thit
b x l khng kh c ch to dng t hp gn c th t ngoi nh, trong nh hay

trong bung sy v tc khng kh c th thay i ph hp vi yu cu ca vt liu
sy khc nhau.
Vic s dng bm nhit nhit thp ht m v sy lnh c nhiu u im v rt
c kh nng ng dng rng ri trong iu kin kh hu nng m ph hp vi thc t ti
Vit Nam, mang li hiu qu kinh t - k thut ng k. Bm nhit sy lnh c bit ph
hp vi nhng sn phm cn gi trng thi, mu, mi, cht dinh dng v khng cho
php sy nhit cao, tc gi ln. Cc h thng ht m v c bit l cc h thng
sy lnh c cu trc lun thay i ph thuc vo c tnh ca vt liu sy, cu trc ca
dn lnh s dng, nn khng c mt cu trc chung cho tt c cc i tng sy, tuy
nhin vn c chung nguyn tc v phng php tnh ton thit k. Do , cn phi tip
tc nhng nghin cu c bn, y v cc qu trnh, cc gii hn k thut v cc vn
t ng iu chnh khng ch lin hon nhit v m ca tc nhn sy cng nh
ca vt liu sy.
1.5.2. Cc tc gi nc ngoi
Macio N. Kohayakawa v cc cng s [19] tin hnh nghin cu nh hng ca
cc yu t nh: vn tc gi V
ar
, chiu dy ca vt liu L n h s khuch tn qu trnh
sy D
ef
trong h thng sy xoi bng bm nhit. Mi cht lnh s dng trong h thng
l R22. H thng sy xoi s dng hai dn ngng trong gia nhit cho khng kh.
Nhit khng kh trong qu trnh th nghim thay i t 40
o
C n 56
o
C. Vn tc gi
thay i t 1,6 m/s n 4,4 m/s, chiu dy vt liu sy thay i t 5,8 mm n 14,2 mm.
Khi lng vt liu sy mi m l 300g, thi gian sy l 8h/m. Da vo cc quan h
l thuyt tnh ton h s khuch tn, s dng phng php quy hoch trc giao v kt
hp vi s liu thc nghim, cc tc gi xy dng c phng trnh hi qui xc
nh h s khuch tn D
ef
nh sau:
D
ef
=4,2625 - 0,61922.V
ar
+ 0,380538.V
ar
2
+ 1,012517.L 0,90343.V
ar
.L (1.6)
Phng trnh (1.6) cho thy rng nh hng ng thi ca hai thng s cng nh
mc nh hng ca chng n h s khuch tn D
ef
. y, nh hng ca tc
gi V
ar
l ln nht, sau n chiu dy ca vt liu sy. Phng trnh (1.6) cng cho
bit nh hng ln nhau gia hai thng s thng qua mi lin h cho nhau gia chng.

Tuy nhin, phng trnh ny khng cp n nh hng ca nhit , m sy mc
d nh hng ca chng l ln n h s khuch tn. iu ny cng c chnh tc gi
khng nh trong nghin cu ca mnh. Do vy, cn c nhng nghin cu nh gi v
nh hng ca cc yu t ny.
Phani K.Adapa, Greg J.Schoenau v Shahab Sokhansanj [19] tin hnh nghin
cu l thuyt v thc nghim qu trnh sy bng bm nhit i vi cc vt liu c bit.
Cc tc gi tin hnh thit lp cc quan h tnh ton l thuyt qu trnh sy lp mng.
Cc tc gi thit lp phng trnh cn bng nng lng, cn bng cht, truyn nhit
v truyn m gia vt liu v khng kh cho mt phn t th tch vt liu sy nh sau:
Phng trnh truyn m

( )
e
M
k M M
t
c
=
c
(1.7)
Trong : M - m cn bng ca vt liu sy ti thi im t
M
e
- m cn bng ca vt liu sy, c xc nh bng thc nghim
t - thi gian sy, s
k - hng s sy [1/s], c xc nh nh sau: ( ) k=0,2865.exp 0,179.T
a
(1.8)
Gii phng trnh (1.7) ta xc nh c m ca vt liu khi sy ti thi im t nh
sau:

( )
0
0
. .
kt kt
e e
M M M M e e
= + (1.9)
Vi M
0
: m ca v liu sy ti thi im t
0
= 0
Phng trnh cn bng cht

.
p
a
G
W M
x G y
c c
=
c c
(1.10)
Vi: W - cha hi ca khng kh
x - chiu dy ca vt liu sy
G
p
- lu lng vt liu sy chuyn ng qua bng ti, kg/m.s
G
a
- lu lng khng kh chuyn ng qua bng ti, kg/m
2
.s
y - qung ng dch chuyn ca vt liu sy, m

Gii phng trnh (1.10), thu c cng thc xc nh s thay i ca cha hi W
theo chiu dy vt liu sy (gi thit tnh cht ca vt liu sy l ng u theo phng
dch chuyn y):

0
. .
P
a
G M
W W x
G y
c
=
c
(1.11)
Phng trnh cn bng nng lng

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
. . / .
. .
cv a pw a g
a
a pa pw
h G G W x T T
T
x
G C C W
+ c c
c
=
c
+
(1.12)
Trong : T
a
- nhit ca khng kh sy,
0
C
T
g
- nhit ca vt liu sy,
0
C
h
cv
- h s truyn nhit th tch, kJ/m
3
.ph.K
C
pa
- nhit dung ring ca khng kh kh, kJ/kgK
C
pw
- nhit dung ring ca hi nc, kJ/kgK
Gii phng trnh (1.12), xc nh c nhit khng kh ti u ra:

( )
( / ).
0
.
d a x
a g g a
T T a T T = +

Trong :

( )
. .
a pa pw
a G C C W = +

. .
cv a pw
W
d h G C
x
| |
|
\ .
c
= +
c

T
a0
- Nhit khng kh ti v tr ban u x
0
= 0,
0
C
Phng trnh truyn nhit

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
. . .
(1.13)
. .
cv a g a g pw g pl
g
p pg pl
W
h T T G L C C T
T
x
y
G C M C
| |
| |
|
|
\ .
|
|
|
\ .
c
+
c
c
=
c
+

Trong : L
g
- nhit n ha hi ca nc trong vt liu sy, kJ/kg
C
pg
- nhit dung ring ca vt liu sy, kJ/kgK

C
pl
- nhit dung ring ca nc, kJ/kgK
Gii phng trnh (1.13) ta s tm c s thay i nhit ca vt liu sy:

( )
( ) ( ) 0
/
0
1
. (1.14)
y y h
g g
T f gT e f
g
| |
|
\ .
= +

y:

( )
0
. . . ; . .
cv a g cv pw a a pl
W W
f h T G L g h C C G
x x
| |
|
\ .
c c
= = +
c c

( )
. .
p pg pl
h G C MC = +

1.6. So snh phng php sy lnh vi phng php sy nng
Sy l qu trnh tch nc v hi nc ra khi vt. Tuy nhin, sy l mt qu trnh
cng ngh i hi sau khi sy, vt liu phi m bo cht lng cao, tiu tn nng
lng t v chi ph vn hnh thp. C hai phng php sy:
a) Phng php sy nng
Trong phng php sy nng, tc nhn sy v vt liu sy c t nng. Do tc
nhn sy c t nng nn m tng i gim dn n phn p sut hi nc P
am

trong tc nhn sy gim. Mt khc do nhit ca vt liu sy tng ln nn mt hi
trong cc mao qun tng v phn p sut hi nc trn b mt vt cng tng theo cng
thc:
=
o
r
p
p
= exp
)
`
r o
h
p
o 2
(1.15)
Trong P
r
- p sut trn b mt ct mao dn, N/m
2

P
o
- p sut trn b mt thong, N/m
2

- Sc cng b mt thong,N/m
2

h
- mt hi trn ct dch th trong ng mao dn, kg/m
3

0
- mt dch th, kg/m
3

Nh vy trong h thng sy nng c hai cch to ra chnh phn p sut hi
nc gia vt liu sy v mi trng:
Gim phn p sut ca hi nc trong tc nhn sy bng cch t nng.

Tng phn p sut hi nc trong vt liu sy.
Tm li, nh t nng c tc nhn sy v vt liu sy hoc ch t nng vt liu sy
m hiu s gia phn p sut hi nc trn b mt vt P
hb
v phn p sut hi nc
trong tc nhn sy P
h
tng ln dn n qu trnh dch chuyn m t trong lng vt liu
sy ra b mt v i vo mi trng.
Do , h thng sy nng thng c phn loi theo phng php cung cp nhit:
H thng sy i lu
Vt liu sy nhn nhit bng i lu t mt dch th nng m thng thng l
khng kh nng hoc khi l. H thng sy i lu gm: h thng sy bung, h
thng sy hm, h thng sy kh ng.
H thng sy tip xc
Vt liu sy nhn nhit t mt b mt nng. Nh vy trong h thng sy tip xc,
ngi ta to ra chnh lch p sut nh tng phn p sut hi nc trn b mt vt
liu sy. H thng sy tip xc gm: h thng sy l, h thng sy tang
H thng sy bc x
Vt liu sy nhn nhit t mt ngun bc x dn m dch chuyn t lng vt
liu sy ra b mt v t b mt vo mi trng. y ngi ta to ra chnh phn
p sut hi nc gia vt liu sy v mi trng bng cch t nng vt.
H thng sy dng dng in cao tn hoc dng nng lng in t trng
Khi vt liu sy t trong mi trng in t th trong vt xut hin cc dng in
v chnh dng in ny s t nng vt.
u im ca phng php sy nng
- Thi gian sy bng cc phng php sy nng ngn hn so vi phng php
sy lnh.
- Nng sut cao v chi ph ban u thp.
- Ngun nng lng s dng cho phng php sy nng c th l khi thi, hi
nc nng, hay cc ngun nhit t du m, than , rc thi,...cho n in
nng.
- Thi gian lm vic ca h thng cng rt cao.

Nhc im
- Ch sy c cc vt sy khng cn c cc yu cu c bit v nhit .
- Sn phm sy thng hay b bin mu v cht lng khng cao.
b) Phng php sy lnh
Trong phng php sy lnh, ngi ta to ra chnh p sut hi nc gia vt liu
sy v tc nhn sy bng cch gim phn p sut hi nc trong tc nhn sy P
h
nh
gim cha m d. Mi quan h c th hin theo cng thc:
P
h
=
d
d B
+ 621 , 0
.
(1.16)
Trong B - p sut mi trng (p sut kh tri).
Khi , m trong vt liu dch chuyn ra b mt v t b mt vo mi trng c th
trn di nhit mi trng (t > 0
o
C) v cng c th nh hn 0
o
C.
c) So snh phng php sy lnh v phng php sy nng
tin hnh so snh thc nghim phng php sy lnh vi phng php sy nng,
cc loi rau c thc phm v dc liu nh c rt, c ci, hnh l, da, mt, nhn, mng
ct, hnh ty, hn hp dch p gng v bt avicel, c sy th nghim vi
khong thng s nhit sy t = 25
0
C n 40
0
C, tc gi =2,2-4m/s . Kt qu sn
phm sau th nghim c cc c im v mu sc, mi v, hm lng cht dinh dng
v trng thi vt sy c bo ton hn hn cc cng ngh sy nng truyn thng, ngay
c khi so snh vi k thut sy hin i bng tia hng ngoi. iu chng t nhng
c im u vit ca cng ngh sy lnh trong vic ng dng sy nhng loi rau qu
giu vitamin, c gi tr dinh dng cao trong thc t [19].
Di y l bng so snh cc phng php sy khc nhau vi phng php sy lnh
s dng bm nhit nhit ca Vin Cng Ngh Thc Phm, s Cng Nghip H Ni
da trn cc tiu ch v cht lng sn phm, gi thnh sn phm, thi gian sy, chi ph
u t, chi ph vn hnh v bo v mi trng, phm vi ng dng, vv


Bng1-1 nh gi so snh cht lng sn phm sy bng bm nhit sy lnh vi
phng php sy nng truyn thng v sy hng ngoi [Vin Cng Ngh Thc Phm,
s Cng Nghip H Ni]
Th
t
Phng Php sy

Ch tiu so snh
Sy nng
Sy thng hoa
v chn khng
Sy lnh s dng
my ht m kt
hp my lnh
1
Cht lng sn phm (mu
sc, mi v, vitamin)
Km hn
rt nhiu
Tt hn Bng nhau
2 Gi thnh sn phm Thp hn t hn nhiu t hn
3 Thi gian sy Ngn hn Ngn hn
Ln hn hoc
bng
4 Chi ph u t ban u
Thng
thp hn
Cao hn nhiu Cao hn
5 Chi ph vn hnh, bo dng
Thng r
hn
t hn nhiu t hn
6
Kh nng iu chnh nhit
tc nhn sy theo yu cu
cng ngh
Kh hn Kh hn Kh hn
7 V sinh an ton thc phm
Thng
km hn
Tt hn Bng nhau
8 Bo v mi trng
Thng
km hn
Nh nhau Km hn
9 Phm vi ng dng Rng hn Hp hn Hp hn

1.7. nh gi v kt lun
a) So vi sy lnh s dng my ht m chuyn dng kt hp my lnh
Sy lnh s dng bm nhit nhit thp t ra u th vt tri v chi ph u t ban
u, gim tiu hao in nng. Vi iu kin ca Vit Nam th nn dng phng php
sy lnh s dng bm nhit nhit thp. Trong thc t, mt s nh my nhp dy
chuyn cng ngh sy s dng my ht m chuyn dng kt hp vi my sy khng t
hiu qu v chuyn sang dng bm nhit nhit thp.
b) So vi sy thng hoa v sy chn khng
Cht lng sn phm ca hai phng php ny thng tt hn sy lnh s dng bm
nhit nhit thp nhng cc ch tiu quan trong 2 v 5 li km hn nn ch p dng hai
phng php ny khi yu cu v cht lng sn phm cao (ch tiu 1, 7), cn li nn s
dng phng php sy lnh bng bm nhit nhit thp.
c) So snh vi sy nng
Nhn chung, c mt s vt liu sy lnh khng c hiu qu nh sy g, cc loi hoa
qu c v dy th buc phi s dng sy nng. i vi cc vt liu cn li, nu vt liu
sy nhy cm vi nhit, d mt mu, d mt mi, cht dinh dng, gi thnh sn phm
c th trng chp nhn v thi gian sy khng i hi phi nhanh th nn sy bng
phng php sy lnh s dng bm nhit nhit thp.
Nh vy, phng php sy lnh bng bm nhit nhit thp t ra c hiu qu, nht
l i vi mt s sn phm c th (nhy cm vi nhit ) Do , ty vo tng trng
hp c th, xem xt cc ch tiu trong bng trn, ch tiu no l quan trng th quyt
nh phng php sy ph hp.
d) Kt lun
u im ca cng ngh sy lnh c th xy dng c tng quy trnh cng ngh sy
hp l i vi tng loi rau, c, qu. Sau khi sy, nng sn, thc phm gi c nguyn
mu sc, mi v, thnh phn dinh dng tht thot khng ng k, t tiu chun v
sinh an ton thc phm ca Vit Nam v cc ch tiu k thut, cht lng sn phm
tng ng mt s nc khc trn th gii. Vit Nam l mt nc c kh hu nng
m, v th my sy lnh l cng ngh c bit ph hp vi cc loi nng sn, thc

phm, m bo c cht lng cng nh hm lng dinh dng, mu sc, mi v cho
sn phm. i vi cc sn phm nh c c rt, th l, hnh hay cc loi ko chocolate,
ko Caramen, Jelly... Mi trng ch bin nhng sn phm ny yu cu v nhit
khng c qu cao v m phi nh hn 45-50%. Tnh mi ca cng ngh ny l
qu trnh sy c thc hin nhit thp, to mi trng nhit cng chiu vi
mi trng m tng cng sy. Ngoi ra, cng ngh ny c nhiu u im k
thut khc nh: ht m nhng khng lm tng nhit mi trng nh my ht m
thng thng, sy kh c cc sn phm khng cho php lm kh trong mi trng
nhit cao.


Chng 2
VT LIU SY LNH XY DNG QUY TRNH CNG
NGH V X L VT LIU SY LNH

2.1. Vt liu sy lnh v la chn vt liu sy lnh theo hng nghin cu
Tt c cc sn phm u chu bin i trong qu trnh sy v bo qun sau . Yu
cu t ra i vi qu trnh sy l bo v ti mc tt nht cht lng, hn ch nhng h
hi trong qu trnh sy, bo qun ng thi nng cao hiu qu kinh t mt cch ti u
nht. Xt v c bn nhng thay i trong qu trnh sy c th chia ra:
- Nhng thay i l hc: st m, gy, v,
- Nhng thay i ha l: trng thi tnh cht ca nhng keo cao phn t b thay
i.
- Nhng thay i ha sinh: do s oxi ha ca cht bo, phn ng sm mu phi
enzim, phn ng enzim,
- Nhng thay i do vi sinh vt
Nhng thay i lm thay i cu trc mu sc mi v, gi tr dinh dng v c
nh hng n tnh hi nguyn ca sn phm sau khi sy. Cc phng php sy khc
nhau c nhng u im v nhc im trong qu trnh sy cc sn phm rau qu. Trong
, phng php sy nng p ng c cc yu cu v nng sut, thi gian sy nhng
li khng p ng tt cc i hi v cht lng sn phm. Ngc li, i vi cc sn
phm sy yu cu nhit thp i hi phi c quy trnh sy ph hp hn. Cng ngh
sy lnh l mt cng ngh mi c dng gii quyt cc vn khng th gii quyt
i vi cng ngh sy nng. T nghin cu thc nghim chng minh nhng u im
vt tri ca cng ngh sy lnh trong qu trnh xy dng quy trnh sy i vi cc loi
rau c qu c gi tr kinh t.


2.1.1. S cng ngh sy rau qu
Rau qu (phi thch hp cho qu trnh sy)
Lm sch (kh, t)
La chn phn loi (theo kch thc)
Gt sa
Ct, thi (ty theo yu cu)
Chn, hp (ty theo yu cu)
X l ha hc (nu cn)

Ch Ch p
Sy Sy C c
Lm ngui Lm ngui C c
Sy
Phn loi Phn loi Phn loi
p bnh Nghin nh
ng gi ng gi ng gi
Sn phm Sn phm dng Sn phm
dng nguyn bn mng dng bt

Hnh 2-1. S cng ngh sy rau qu


2.1.2. nh hng ca qu trnh sy n cht lng sn phm
a) nh hng n cu trc
Thay i v cu trc ca cc vt liu l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn quan trng
lm gim cht lng sn phm. Bn cht v mc ca cc bin php x l rau qu
trc khi sy u c nh hng n cu trc ca cc sn phm sau khi hi nguyn.
Nguyn nhn l do s h ha ca tinh bt, s kt tinh ca xenluloza v s hnh thnh
cc sc cng bn trong do khc bit v m cc v tr khc nhau. Kt qu la s to
thnh cc vt nt gy, cc t bo b nn p vn vo vnh vin, lm cho sn phm c b
ngoi b co ngt, nhn nheo. Trong qu trnh lm t tr li sn phm ht nc chm,
khng th ly li hnh dng nh ban u.
Cc sn phm khc nhau c s dao ng v mc co ngt v kh nng hp th
nc tr li. Sy nhanh nhit cao lm cho cu trc b thay i nhiu hn so vi sy
vi tc va phi nhit thp. Trong qu trnh sy, cc cht ha tan di chuyn theo
nc t bn trong ra b mt ngoi ca sn phm. Qu trnh bay hi lm c c cc cht
tan b mt, kt hp vi nhit khng kh (c bit khi sy tri cy, c, tht,) gy ra
cc phn ng l ha phc tp ca cc cht tan b mt ngoi nn lp v cng khng
thm c. Hin tng ny gi l hin tng cng v (case hardening), lm gim tc
sy v lm cho sn phm c b mt kh, nhng bn trong th m. V vy cn kim sot
nhit sy trnh chnh lch m qu cao gia bn trong v b mt sn phm. i
vi k thut sy lnh hon ton c th gii quyt c vn ny. H thng sy lnh c
nhit tng i thp cho nn qu trnh kh ca b mt vt liu s chm hn trong khi
m c ly ra nhiu bng s chnh lch phn p sut hi ngoi b mt v bn trong vt
liu sy.
b) nh hng n mi v
Nhit lm tht thot cc thnh phn d bay hi ra khi sn phm v vy phn ln
cc sn phm sy b gim mi v. Mc tht thot ph thuc vo nhit v m
ca vt liu sy, p sut hi nc v ha tan ca cc cht bay hi trong nc. Nhng
sn phm c gi tr kinh t cao nh vo c tnh mi v (nh gia v) cn c sy
nhit thp. Mt s sn phm c kt cu xp to iu kin cho oxi khng kh d dng

tip xc vi sn phm, gy ra cc phn ng oxi ha cht tan v cht bo trong qu trnh
bo qun lm thay i mi v ca sn phm.
Tc ca qu trnh gy h hng ph thuc vo nhit bo qun v hot ca
nc. Phn ln rau qu ch cha mt lng nh lipit. Tuy nhin, s oxi ha cc cht bo
khng no to ra cc hydroperoxit tham gia vo cc phn ng polime ha, phn ng tch
nc hoc oxi ha to thnh aldehit, Kenton v cc axit gy mi i thui kh chu.
c) nh hng n mu sc
C nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra s mt mu hay thay i mu trong sn phm sy, nh l:
S thay i cc c trng b mt ca sn phm gy ra s thay i phn x nh
sng v mu sc.
Nhit v s oxi ha trong qu trnh sy gy ra nhng bin i ha hc i vi
carotenoit v clorophyl, cng nh hot ng ca enzim polyphenoloxidaza gy
nn s sm mu trong qu trnh bo qun cc sn phm rau qu.
C th ngn nga c nhng thay i ny bng cc phng php chn hp hoc x
l tri cy bng axit ascorbic hoc SO
2
.
d) nh hng n gi tr dinh dng
Cc s liu v s tht thot cc cht dinh dng ca cc tc gi thng khng thng
nht, c th do s khc bit ng k trong cc qu trnh chun b sy, nhit v thi
gian sy, cng nh iu kin bo qun. rau qu, tht thot dinh dng trong qu trnh
chun b thng vt xa qu trnh sy. V d, tht thot vitamin C trong qu trnh chun
b to sy (dng khi) l 8% do qu trnh ct gt, 62% do chn hp, 10% do qu trnh
nghin pu r v 5% do qu trnh sy.
Vitamin c ha tan trong nc khc nhau v khi qu trnh sy din ra, mt vi
loi (v d: vitamin B2 riboflavin) t trng thi bo ha v kt ta khi dung dch, nh
vy chng t b tn thng. Mt s khc, v d: axit ascorbic, ha tan ngay c khi m
ca sn phm h xung n mc rt thp, chng phn ng vi cc cht tan vi tc
cng lc cng cao hn trong qu trnh sy. Vitamin C cng rt nhy cm vi nhit v
oxy ha. V th trnh nhng tht thot ln cn sy trong thi gian ngn, nhit
thp, bo qun m thp v nng kh oxi thp. Thiamin (Vit B1) cng nhy cm

vi nhit, tuy nhin cc vitamin khc ha tan trong nc bn vi nhit v oxy ha hn
v tn tht qu trnh sy him khi vt qu 5-10%, ngoi tr tht thot do qu trnh
chn hp.
S tn tht cc vitamin c th hn ch ng k hoc ngn nga hon ton khi s
dng cc phng php sy nhanh v n ha (nh sy phun), c bit bng phng php
sy thng hoa i vi cc nguyn liu nghin nt, nguyn cht dng ct nh.
Cc cht dinh dng nh cht bo (v d: cc axit bo khng thay th c v cc
vitamin A, D, E, K) phn ln cha trong phn cht rn ca sn phm v chng khng b
c c trong khi sy. Tuy nhin nc l dung mi ca cc kim loi nng, l nhng cht
xc tc ca qu trnh oxy ha cc cht dinh dng khng no. Khi nc b mt, cht xc
tc tr nn hot ng hn v lm tng tc oxy ha. Cc vitamin tan trong cht bo b
bin i mt i khi tip xc vi peroxit c sinh ra do s oxy ha cht bo. gim
tht thot trong qu trnh bo qun ngi ta h thp nng oxy, nhit bo qun v
loi tr nh sang tip xc vi sn phm.
e) nh hng n s hi nguyn sn phm (rehydration)
Sn phm sau khi sy khng th tr li tnh trng ban u khi lm t tr li. Sau khi
sy, t bo b mt p sut thm thu, tnh thm thu ca t bo b thay i, cc cht tan
di chuyn, polysacarit kt tinh v protein t bo b ng t, tt c gp phn vo s thay
i cu trc, lm tht thot cc cht d bay hi v y u l nhng qu trnh khng
thun nghch.
Nhit trong qu trnh sy lm gim kh nng hydrat ha tinh bt v tnh n hi ca
thnh t bo, lm bin tnh protein, gim kh nng gi nc ca chng. Tc v mc
thm nc tr li c th c dng nh ch s nh gi cht lng sn phm sy.
Nhng sn phm sy trong nhng iu kin ti u, t h hi hn s thm t tr li
nhanh hn, hon ton hn.
2.2 Cc c tnh ha l c bn ca mt s vt liu sy giu vitamin ng dng cng
ngh sy lnh
Bt k mt loi nng sn phm no, trong thnh phn ca n u c cha cc nhm
hp cht hu c nh protein, gluxit, lipid, vitamin, axit hu c v cc cht khong, cc

sc t v.v vi t l khc nhau. Do mun bo qun tt tng loi sn phm cn
nghin cu k thnh phn ha hc v nhng bin i ca n di tc ng ca cc nhn
t bn ngoi. Thng thng trong thnh phn ca chng c cha nhng hp cht sau:
a) Nc
Tuyt i a s nng sn phm u c cha mt lng nc nht nh, n thay i
ty theo hnh thi gii phu v trng thi keo a nc trong t bo sn phm. C nhng
loi cha nhiu nc nh rau qu ti cha 65-95% nc, ht lng thc cha tng
i t hn t 11-20%. Nhng nhn chung trong t bo cc loi nng sn phm u c
cha cc dng nc sau y: (theo phn loi ca vin s P.A Rebinde)
Nc lin kt ha hc
c c trng bng quan h nh lng rt chnh xc gia sn phm v nc. y
l loi lin kt rt bn vng. V d: Na
3
CO
3
.3H
2
O. Nu mun tch lng nc ny phi
bng cch em nung ln hoc bng cc tng tc ha hc khc.
Nc lin kt ha l
Kt hp vi vt liu khng theo mt t l nht nh. N bao gm c nc hp th,
nc thm thu, nc cu trc. Mun tch lng nc ny ra cn tiu hao mt nng
lng bin n thnh th hi. Dng nc ny km bn hn.
Nc lin kt c hc
Loi ny kt hp vi sn phm khng theo mt lng nht nh, chnh l lng nc
t do trong sn phm y l dng km bn vng nht. N c chuyn dch trong sn
phm dng th lng. Mun tch ra phi bng cch sy kh nhit 105
o
C.
Hm lng nc trong sn phm cao hay thp c nh hng ln n cht lng v
kh nng bo qun ca chng. i vi nhng sn phm c hm lng nc cao, vic
bo qun kh khn hn v nc chnh l mt mi trng thun li vi sinh vt hot
ng, lm cho cht lng sn phm b gim xung
b) Nhng hp cht c Nit v s bin i trong qu trnh bo qun
Protein l hp cht cha Nit ch yu trong nng sn phm v n l thnh phn dinh
dng ch yu ca nhng sn phm c ht. N c gi tr dinh dng cao. Cc loi sn

phm khc nhau, hm lng protein cha trong chng khc nhau. La cha 7-10%, ng
10-12%, cao lng 10-13%, u H Lan 22-26%, u tng 36-42%, crt 2% cc loi
qu ch di 1% (Tt c tnh theo % trng lng cht kh).
Trong thnh phn protein c mt y cc nhm: albumin, prolamin, glutein,
globulin.
- Trong albumin c cha cc axt amin khng thay th
- Prolamin c nhiu trong cc cy ha tho, c bit thnh phn protein cha trong
ht ng th nhm ny ch yu chim ti 50% l zein ca ng.
- Globulin c cha nhiu trong ht c du, ht cy h u nh u tng, protein
trong u tng. Protein trong u tng c 8 axit amin khng thay th.
- Glutelin cng l protein c trng ca ht cy ha tho, c bt ngi ta ch ti
gluten ca la m.
rau qu hm lng protein rt t, ch chim khong 1-2%, thng ch yu cc
loi rau cao cp nh supl, crt, khoai ty tuy vy n c gi tr dinh dng rt cao.
Trong qu trnh bo qun, ni chung Nit tng s hu nh khng thay i hoc thay i
rt t, nhng Nit protein ha tan thay i kh nhiu, chng phn gii thnh cc axit
amin lm cho hm lng axit amin tng ln. Do lng Nit protein gim xung v
Nit phiprotein trong qu trnh ny cng tng ln mt cch r rt. Trong nhng cng
trnh nghin cu ca Gasiorowski v ht la m bo qun trng thi ti m trong cc
kho kn hon ton, ng pht hin thy s tng ln ca hm lng Nit phiprotein sau
15 tun l bo qun.
2.3. L thuyt sy rau qu
2.3.1. Quy trnh x l trc khi sy
Sy rau qu thng thng c thc hin 3 dng ch yu: dng nguyn (hoc ming);
dng bn mng v dng bt hoc nh tng. Tu theo dng sn phm, cng ngh sy
rau qu c s chung nh sau:
- Rau qu ti sau khi ra sch c loi b phn khng tiu chun, c phn c
theo kch thc, lm sch, ct ming. Sau rau qu c chn (hp), x l ho cht.
Tip theo, cc hnh thc sn phm khc nhau c ch bin theo cc s khc nhau.

- Trong khi chn (hp), do tc dng ca nhit v m nn tnh cht ho l ca nguyn
liu b bin i c li cho s thot nc khi sy. ng thi vi sinh vt b tiu dit v
h thng enzim trong nguyn liu b mt hot tnh, hn ch ti a kh nng bin mu
trong khi sy rau qu v rt ngn thi gian sy. Ngoi ra qu trnh chn lm gim
ht m ca rau qu kh.
- Trong cng nghip sy rau qu, ngn nga qu trnh oxy ho lm bin mu rau
qu khi sy, ngi ta s dng cc cht chng oxy ho nh axit sunfur, axit ascobic,
axit xitric v cc mui natri ca axit Sunfur (nh sunfit, bisunfit, metabisunfit, ...)
x l ho cht cho rau qu trc khi sy.
2.3.2. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh sy
a) Nhit sy
Yu t nh hng nhiu n cht lng sn phm rau qu kh l nhit sy. Nu
nhit sn phm trong qu trnh sy cao hn 60
o
C th prtin b bin tnh. Nu loi
rau qu t thnh phn protin th nhit t nng sn phm c th ln n 80-90
o
C.
Nu tip xc nhit trong thi gian ngn nh sy phun th nhit sy c th ln n 150
o
C. i vi sn phm khng chn nh chui, u th c th sy nhit cao, giai on
u 90-100
o
C, sau gim dn xung.
Qu trnh sy cn ph thuc vo tc tng nhit ca vt liu sy. Nu tc tng
nhit qu nhanh th b mt mt qu b rn li v ngn qu trnh thot m. Ngc li, nu
tc tng chm th cng thot m yu.
b) m khng kh
Mun nng cao kh nng ht m ca khng kh th phi gim m tng i ca
n xung. C 2 cch lm gim m tng i ca khng kh [19]
* Tng nhit khng kh bng cch dng calorife.
* Gim nhit khng kh bng cch dng my ht m.
Thng thng khi vo l sy, khng kh c m 10 - 13%. Nu m ca khng
kh qu thp s lm rau qu nt hoc to ra lp v kh trn b mt, lm nh hng xu
n qu trnh thot hi m tip theo. Nhng nu m qu cao s lm tc sy gim.
Khi ra khi l sy, khng kh mang theo hi m ca rau qu ti nn m tng ln

(thng thng khong 40 - 60%). Nu khng kh i ra c m qu thp th s tn nng
lng; ngc li, nu qu cao s d b ng sng, lm h hng sn phm sy. Ngi
ta iu chnh m ca khng kh ra bng cch iu chnh tc lu thng ca n v
lng rau qu ti cha trong l sy.
c) Lu thng ca khng kh
Trong qu trnh sy, khng kh c th lu thng t nhin hoc cng bc. Trong cc
l sy, khng kh lu thng t nhin vi tc nh (nh hn 0,4m/s), do vy thi gian
sy thng ko di, lm cht lng sn phm sy khng cao. khc phc nhc im
ny, ngi ta phi dng qut thng gi cng bc vi tc trong khong 0,4 - 4,0
m/s trong cc thit b sy. Nu tc gi qu ln (trn 4,0 m/s) s gy tn tht nhit
lng.[20]
d) dy ca lp sy
dy ca lp rau qu sy cng nh hng n qu trnh sy. Lp nguyn liu cng
mng th qu trnh sy cng nhanh v ng u, nhng nu qu mng s lm gim nng
sut ca l sy. Ngc li, nu qu dy th s lm gim s lu thng ca khng kh, dn
n sn phm b " m hi" do hi m ng li. Thng thng nn xp lp hoa qu
trn cc khay sy vi khi lng 5 8 kg/m
2
l ph hp.[20]
2.4. Mt s phng php sy rau qu
a) Phng php sy bng khng kh
Cng vic ny c tin hnh bng cch tri rau qu ln cc loi b mt ngoi tri
nhn nh sang mt tri trc tip. Tuy nhin, sn phm c cht lng km do kh
kim sot c vn v sinh, iu chnh m, nhit v tc sy.
Ngi ta ch to my sy dung nng lng mt tri nhm khc phc nhng nhc
im trn. Thit b ny s dng mt c cu rt n gin c tc dng tng cng nhit t
mt tri v bo v sn phm.
Cn ch phn bit gia sy trc tip v sy gin tip bng nng lng mt tri. i
vi sy trc tip, sn phm c t di nh nng mt tri v kt qu l s thay i v
mu sc, thnh phm vitamin. i vi sy gin tip, nguyn liu ny c bo v khi
nh sng trc tip t mt tri. phng php ny, ngi ta s dng mt phng ring

thu nhn nhit lng t mt tri v ti , khng kh c cp nhit ri thi qua phng
cha sn phm.
My sy c hc dng nhin liu t nng khng k mt cch trc tip, thc phm
c sy bng kh t, hoc mt cch gin tip thc phm c sy bng khng kh
nng do kh t. Hai hnh thc ny u c kh nng kim sot tt hn so vi sy bng
mt tri v c th tin hnh c ngy ln m, khng ph thuc vo thi tit. Tuy nhin,
chi ph u t v vn hnh cho thit b ny kh cao. i vi cc sn phm c la
chn phn loi tt t nguyn liu ban u, cng on ra v x l cng quan trng nh
cng on sy.
b) Phng php sy lt
Phng php ny tin hnh sy mt hoc hn hp nhiu loi rau qu ( c x l
bng dioxyt sunfua nhm hn ch mt mu v vi sinh vt pht trin) dng lt mng.
Loi ny thng c dng nh thc phm n nh, c th tng ngt bng cch b
sung ng vo nguyn liu ban u hoc thay i thnh phn nh thm hnh nhn,
da no hay bt gia v.
c) Phng php sy b sung
V d nh chui c sy trc nhm loi b lp ng dnh tip tc c sy
b sung. Vic ng gi v bo qun sn phm sy kh i hi nhiu yu cu. Sn phm
sau khi sy cn c bo qun trnh nh sng mt tri, m v nhit nhm ngn
nga s gim hng v v h hng. Ngi ta thng dng dng c cha bng gm,
thy tinh, kim loi hay nha cho ti khi chng c ng hp. Gii php r nht l s
dng ti mng mng PE vi iu kin phi c ghp mng bng. Ni bo qun cn
thong mt, trnh xa nh sng mt tri, cn trng v loi gm nhm. a s, sn phm
sy u n nh cht lng trong nhiu tun.
2.5. La chn phng php sy lnh theo hng nghin cu ca ti
T nhng c tnh u vit ca cng ngh sy lnh ta nhn thy rng cng ngh ny
c nhiu u im v hiu qu kinh t cao trong vic ng dng vo sy cc sn phm rau
qu c gi tr kinh t. Tuy nhin, t l thuyt n thc tin l mt qu trnh lm vic lu
di i hi qu trnh u t nghin cu t m. Cng ngh sy lnh c th gii quyt hn

ch ca cng ngh sy nng trong cc quy trnh sy rau qu. Tuy nhin, vic ng dng
cng ngh sy lnh i vi cc loi sn phm rau c khc nhau cn phi nghin cu c
lp, t xy dng nhng quy trnh cng ngh chun cho cc loi hoc cc dng rau
qu. T yu cu thc t , cn thit phi tnh ton thit k mt m hnh thc t v kim
tra thc nghim i vi cc quy trnh cng ngh. Ni dung thc hin Chng III:
Tnh ton thit k m hnh my sy lnh s dng bm nhit s trnh by r ni dung
ny.


Chng 3
TNH TON THIT K M HNH MY SY LNH S DNG
BM NHIT

3.1. Gii thiu v bi ton thit k v m hnh thit k
Cc loi rau qu rt nhy cm vi nhit cao, c bit l cc loi vitamin v khong
cht, nhit trn 60
0
C cc cht ny bt u phn hy, dn n lm gim gi tr dinh
dng cng nh gi thnh ca sn phm [20]. i vi cc phng php sy nng, vic
ly m t vt liu ch thc hin c bng vic t nng vt liu hoc tc nhn sy ln
n nhit cao, s khng p ng c cc yu cu v cht lng. gii quyt vn
ny, my sy lnh s dng bm nhit ra i, l phng php sy m vic ly m t
vt liu sy c thc hin bng cch to ra s chnh p gia tc nhn sy v vt liu
sy cho nn khng i hi phi gia nhit tc nhn sy ln nhit qu cao. Cng cng
nguyn l dch chuyn m t bn trong nhn ra ngoi b mt vt liu sy nhng c th
d dng nhn thy rng, i vi phng php sy nng tc nhn sy nhit cao s
lm kh b mt vt liu nhanh hn do s cn tr qu trnh dch chuyn m. Hn na,
cc vt liu sy khc nhau c cu trc t bo v thnh phn ha l khc nhau, vic s
dng phng php sy lnh chng ta c th xy dng quy trnh cng ngh i vi cc
loi rau qu khc nhau. Bi ton thit k m hnh my sy lnh s dng bm nhit sy
C rt c thc hin xc nh cc thng s qu trnh t thc nghim.
Nguyn l hot ng ca thit b
My sy lnh hot ng da trn nguyn l ca t sy, nhng tc nhn sy c x
l tch m trc khi vo bung sy. Nguyn tc tch m tc nhn sy bng cch s
dng dn lnh ca my lnh lm gim nhit ca tc nhn sy di nhit im
sng hi nc trong khng kh m ngng t thnh nc v c ly ra ngoi. Phn
tc nhn sy sau khi tch m c gia nhit li bi dn nng ca my lnh rii tip tc
a vo bung sy thc hin qu trnh sy.

Khng kh ngoi tri trng thi O (t
0,
0
) c a qua dn lnh. Khi my hot
ng mi cht lnh c my nn nn ln dn ngng t sau i qua van tit lu ri v
dn lnh trao i nhit vi khng kh ngoi tri c ht vo, qu trnh lm lnh lm
cho khng kh lnh tr nn bo ha nc ngng t thot ra ngoi, lc ny khng kh
ngoi tri c nhit l t
2
trng thi 2, sau tc nhn sy tip tc i qua dn nng,
nng nhit tc nhn ln n nhit t
3
trng thi 3. Tc nhn sy ny sau c
dn qua cc khay vt liu sy thc hin qu trnh sy tch m ng nhit. Qu trnh
sy sau tip tc vi lng tc nhn hi lu cha m vt liu sy.

Hnh 3-1. S nguyn l h thng v th qu trnh sy

3.2. Xy dng quy trnh cng ngh sy C rt
3.2.1. Gii thiu v vt liu sy
C rt - Daucus carota L., ssp sativus Hayek.,
thuc h Hoa tn - Apiaceae.
* M t
C rt l loi cy tho sng 2 nm. L ct
thnh bn hp. Hoa tp hp thnh tn kp; trong
mi tn, hoa chnh gia th khng sinh sn v
mu ta, cn cc hoa sinh sn chung quanh th
mu trng hay hng. Ht C rt c v g v lp
lng cng che ph.
* B phn dng
C v qu - Radix et Fructus Carotae.
* Ni sng v thu hi
C rt l mt trong nhng loi rau trng rng ri nht v lu i nht trn th gii.
C rt cng c trng nhiu nc ta. Hin nay, cc vng rau ca ta ang trng ph
bin hai loi C rt: mt loi c c mu ti, mt loi c c mu ng sang mu da
cam.
- Loi v (C rt ) c nhp trng t lu, nay nng dn ta t gi ging; loi
c rt ny c c to nh khng u, li to, nhiu x, hay phn nhnh, km ngt.
- Loi v mu ng sang mu da cam l c rt nhp ca Php (C rt Tim tm)
sinh trng nhanh hn loi trn; t l c trn 80%, da nhn, li nh, t b phn
nhnh nhng c hi ngn, mp hn, n ngon, c th trng a chung.
* Thnh phn ha hc
C rt l mt trong nhng loi rau c nh gi cao v gi tr dinh dng v cha
bnh i vi con ngi. C rt giu lng ng v cc loi vitamin cng nh nng
lng. Cc dng ng tp trung lp v v tht ca c; phn li rt t. V vy c c rt
c lp v dy, li nh mi l c tt.

Trong 100g n c ca C rt, theo t l % c: nc 88,5; protid 1,5; glucid 8,8;
cellulose 1,2; cht tro 0,8. Mui khong c trong C rt nh kalium, calcium, st,
phosphor, ng, bor, brom, mangan, magnesium, molipden...
3.2.2. Xy dng quy trnh cng ngh sy C rt
* C rt phi chn mu , c to v li nh.
* Sau khi ra sch chn trong nc si nhit 87-88
0
C trong thi gian 6-8 pht.
* Ra li loi b v v sunfit ha bng dung dch SO
2
c nng 0,2-1%.
* C rt c sunfit ha thi mng thnh lt, tri u trn khay sy m bo sao cho
qu trnh trao i nhit i lu ti u nht.
* C rt l loi rau c nhiu vitamin v cht dinh dng nn khng th tin hnh sy
nhit cao. Thng thng khong nhit thch hp sy C rt trong khong
30 -70
0
C [3]. Ta c s cng ngh sy c rt nh sau:
C rt ti u vo ( m 88,7%)

Ra sch, ct gt

Chn trong nc si nhit (87-88
0
C)
trong thi gian 6-8 pht

Ra li trong dung dch SO
2
(0,2-1%)
Loi b v

Thi mng, xp vo khay sy

Sy ( nhit 30-50
o
C) theo phng php sy lnh

n m yu cu (12-14%)
ng gi bo qun

Hnh 3-2. S cng ngh sy C rt

3.3. Xc nh cc thng s u vo ca vt liu
a) Thnh phn dinh dng ca vt liu sy
C rt sy kh rt giu vitamin: C, B
1
, B
2
, PP v c bit l tin vitamin A. Thnh
phn ha hc ca C rt sy kh bao gm: 13% nc, 9,2% protit, 1,5% lipit, 48%
ng, 10,4% tinh bt, 9,6% xenluloza, 2% axit, 6,3 % tro. [20]
b) Xc nh kch thc vt liu
S dng thc kp c chnh xc l 0,05mm c thang o t 0,054100mm. Kch
thc ban u l kch thc ln nht ca cc ming C rt thi trn. Kch thc ngang
(ng knh) o gn gia ming C rt. Tin hnh o th nghim 10 ln v thu c kt
qu trung bnh ca ming C rt.
c) Xc nh m ca vt liu sy
m l mt thng s k thut quan trng v lm c s cho qu trnh sy. Cn c
vo m u v cui m chng ti c th tnh c thi gian sy l thuyt cng nh
thi gian bo qun. m u ca C rt c xc nh bng phng php t sy.
d) Phng php xc nh mu, mi
Bng cch nh gi cm quan ca nhiu ngi v mu sc ca nguyn liu u vo
v sn phm.
e) La chn ch sy
i vi rau qu ni chung cng nh C rt ni ring nhit sy yu cu khng qu
cao. Thng thng i vi cc loi rau qu nhit sy khng qu 600C, v nu cao
hn c th lm tn thng cc thnh phn vitamin, cht dinh dng v mu sc trong
sn phm dn n lm gim gi thnh sn phm. y ta tnh ton theo hai ch sy
khc nhau, mt l ch sy hi lu hon ton tc nhn sy v ch thi b tc nhn
sy.
3.4 Tnh ton sy lnh l thuyt theo ch hi lu hon ton kh thi
Mc ch tnh ton nhit ca qu trnh l xc nh tiu hao khng kh dng cho qu
trnh sy L, kg/h v tiu hao nhit Q, kJ/h. Trn c s tnh ton nhit xc nh cc kch
thc c bn ca thit b. ng thi qua vic thit lp cn bng nhit, cn bng nng

lng ca h thng s xc nh c hiu sut s dng nhit v hiu sut s dng nng
lng ca h thng cng nh tiu hao nhit ring ca bung sy v h thng.
My sy lnh da trn nguyn l ca t sy, nhng tc nhn sy c x l tch m
trc khi i vo bung sy. Nguyn tc tch m tc nhn sy dng dn lnh ca my
lnh lm gim nhit ca tc nhn sy di nhit im sng bc hi nc
trong khng kh m ngng t thnh nc v ly ra ngoi. Phn tc nhn sy sau khi tch
m c gia nhit li bi dn nng ca my lnh ri tip tc a vo bung sy thc
hin qu trnh sy.
C s ca phng php ny c thc hin bng cch gim m tng i trong
khng kh to ra s chnh lch p sut gia hi nc trong khng kh v hi nc
trong nng sn, thc phm. Bng cch ny m s tch ra khi nng sn, thc phm,
v i vo khng kh. Khi lm lnh khng kh trong thit b trao i nhit xung thp hn
nhit ng sng, hi bo ho m s ngng t v tch ra khi khng kh. Khng kh
sau i qua dn nng s sy kh vt liu.

Hnh 3-3. S nguyn l bm nhit s dng trong h thng sy lnh

Hnh 3-4. th I-d ch sy hi lu hon ton
Trng hp tc nhn sy hi lu hon ton Kiu sy hi lu hon ton s dng
Heat pump dryer, tc nhn sy sau kh i qua bung sy (trng thi 3 c qut ht
tr v theo ng ng hi lu, sau qua dn lnh gim nhit n nhit t
4

(trng thi 4) v n nhit t
1
(trng thi 1), ti y lng nc ngng t s c
dn ra ngoi. Tc nhn sy sau khi tch m tip tc i qua dn nng, nng nhit
ln t
2
(trng thi 2), ri i qua bung sy, thc hin qu trnh sy. Qu trnh sy l
thuyt c trnh by trn gin I-d nh sau:

1-2: Qu trnh gia nhit tc nhn sy n nhit sy. im (2) l trng thi
khng kh nng trc khi vo bung sy.
2-3: Qu trnh sy ng nhit, tc nhn sy c m thp c thi qua vt liu
sy s nhn m thot ra t vt liu v mang ra khi bung sy.
3-4: Qu trnh lm lnh tc nhn sy n nhit ng sng. im (3) l trng
thi khng kh sau khi i qua bung sy c hi lu hon ton, im (4) trng thi
khng kh trong thit b bay hi, lc bt u gim m.
4-1: Qu trnh tch m. im (1) l trng thi khng kh cui giai on tch m.


3.4.1 Xc nh thng s ca cc im nt trn th qu trnh sy
a) im 0 (Mi trng bn ngoi)
* Nhit t
0
= 27
0
C c chn theo nhit trung bnh ca khu vc Thnh Ph H Ch
Minh. [Theo kt qu thc nghim chng 4]
* m tng i
0
= 74% [Theo kt qu thc nghim chng 4]
* Phn p sut hi bo ha ca nc

b0
0
4026, 42 4026, 42
P = exp 12- = exp 12- = 0, 03548bar
235, 5+t 235, 5+27
| |
| |
|
|
\ .
\ .

* Dung m ca khng kh

0 b0
0
a 0 b0
0,74.0,03548
0,621 0,621 =0,0169 kg/kgkk
0,993-0,74.0,03548
.P
d = =
P - .P

(Ly gi tr P
a
= 0,993 bar)
* Entanpy ca khng kh m
I
0
= 1,0048.t
0
+ d
0
(2500 +1,842.t
0
)
= 1,0048.27 + 0,0169(2500 + 1,842.27)= 70,22 kJ/kg.kk
* T cc thng s nhit v m khng kh ngoi tri, s dng th I-d ta xc
nh c t
s
=22
0
C (T im O (27
0
C, 74%) dng ng d= const ct ng
=100%, ta xc nh c t
s
)
b) im 1 : Trng thi khng kh sau dn lnh
* Nhit : t
1
= 8
0
C, theo [5]
* m tng i v tc nhn sy n dn lnh ngng t m nn tc nhn sy trng
thi bo ha nn chn
1
= 100%.
* Phn p sut bo ho
b1
1
4026,42 4026,42
P =exp 12- =exp 12- =0,01072 bar
235,5+t 235,5+8
| |
| |
|
|
\ .
\ .

* Dung m ca khng kh
1 b1
1
1 b1 a
.P
1.0,01072
d =0,621 =0,621 =0,00678 kg/kgkk
P - .P 0,993-1.0,01072


* Entanpi
Thay cc thng s ca im 1 vo cng thc ta c:
I
1
= 1,0048.t
1
+ d
1
(2500 +1,842.t
1
)
= 1,0048.8 + 0,00678.(2500 + 1,842.8) = 25,1 kJ/kgkk
c) im 2 : Tc nhn sy c gia nhit (trng thi khng kh sau dn nng)
* Nhit : t
2
= 40
0
C (Nhit ci t trong qu trnh sy)
* Phn p sut bo ho
4026,42 4026,42
P =exp 12- =exp 12- =0,0731 bar
b2
235,5+t 235,5+40
2
| |
| |
|
|
|
\ .
\ .

* Dung m
Do qu trnh 1-2 l qu trnh gia nhit tc nhn sy thng qua dn nng ca bm
nhit nn : d
1
= d
2
= 0,00678 kg/kgkk
* Entanpy :
I
2
= 1,0048.t
2
+ d
2
(2500 +1,842.t
2
)
= 1,0048.40 + 0,00678.(2500 + 1,842.40) = 57,64 kJ/kgkk
* m tng i
( )
2
b2
2 a
P .d
=
0,621+d2 .P

=
( )
0, 993.0, 00678
0, 621 0, 00678 .0, 0731 +
= 0,147 = 14,7 %
d) im 3
V mt l thuyt qu trnh sy trong phng php sy lnh l qu trnh ng nhit,
t
2
=t
3
=40
0
C. Vi m u ra ca tc nhn sy sau khi ra khi bung sy chn =15 %.
* Phn p sut hi bo ha
b3
3
4026,42 4026,42
P =exp 12- =exp 12- =0,0731 bar
235,5+t 235,5+40
| |
| |
|
|
|
\ .
\ .

* Dung m:

3 30
3 b3
3
a
.P 0,15.0,0731
d =0,621 =0,621 =0,011 kg/kgkk
P - .P 0,993-0,15.0,0731


* Entanpy
I
3
= 1,0048.t
3
+ d
3
(2500 +1,842.t
3
)
= 1,0048.40 + 0,011.(2500 + 1,842.40) = 68,5 kJ/kgkk
e) im 4
* m:
4
= 100%.
* Dung m: d
4
= d
3
= 0,011 kg/kgkk
* Phn p sut bo ho
P
b4
=
( )
4
4 4
a
P .d
0,621+d .
=
0,993.0,011
(0,621+0,011).1
= 0,0173 bar
* Nhit
t
4
=
b4
4026,42
-235,5
12-lnP
=
4026, 42
235,5
12 ln0, 0173
= 15,3
0
C
* Entanpi
I
4
= 1,0048.t
4
+ d
4
(2500 +1,842.t
4
)
= 1,004.15,3 + 0,011(2500 + 1,842.15,3) = 43,2 kJ/kgkk
3.4.2 Tnh ton tc sy v thi gian sy
Theo yu cu ca ti ta la chn vt liu sy l C rt, Cc thng s vt l ca Crt.
- m u vo
1
= 88,7% [Xc nh bng thc nghim chng 4]
- m cui
2
= 12% - 14%. y ta chn m trung bnh ca sn phm
2
=
13%. [Xc nh bng thc nghim chng 4]
- Khi lng ring
3
=1035kg/m [Ph lc 6 /3/]
Tc sy ng tc: S dng dng c o tc gi khi tin hnh thc nghim ta
xc nh c vn tc tc nhn sy trong bung sy v = 3,1 m/s. Vn tc tc nhn sy
v =3,1m/s < 5 m/s. Theo ti liu [1] ta c h s trao i nhit i lu:

2
1
=6,15+4,17.v=6,15+4,17.3,1=19,1 W/m K
Mt dng nhit [1]

m 1 1b b
J = (t -t )

Vi t
m
- nhit tc nhn sy, t
m
= 40
0
C
t
b
- nhit b mt vt liu

t
b
=t
= 28
0
C [Xc nh da vo th I-d]

( )
2
1b
229,2W/m J =19,1 40-28 = hay 825120 kJ/m
2
h
Cng bay hi m trn b mt vt liu
1b
2b
J
J =
r

r - nhit n ha hi (theo gi tr p sut) vi t
b
=28
0
C. Ta c: P=0,04517 bar.
Ta c: r=2429 (kj/kg)

1b
2b
825120
2 2
=340g/m h=0,34kg/m h
2429
J
J = =
r

Tc sy ng tc [1]
2
0
100
b
J
U
R
=

Vi:
o
- khi lng ring ca C rt,
o
=
n
=1035 (kg/m
3
) [Ph lc 6 /3/]
R - phn na kch thc vt liu sy
Theo thc nghim kho st ly R=1,6 mm

0
2b
-3
100J 100.0,34
U= = =20,53 %/h
R
1,6.10 .1035

Thi gian t nng vt liu [1]
2
0
0
F R
=
a

F
0
chun s Fure .
- Xc nh chun s Bio nh s tng quan gia s trao i nhit trn b mt v tnh
dn nhit ca n: Bi =
q
.R
3,92.1,6
= =11,4
0,55

Vi: R - bn knh vt liu, m;

- h s dn nhit ca vt liu, =0,55 W/mK; [Ph lc 6 /3/]

q
o - h s trao i nhit i lu;

Theo ti liu [3]
( )
( )
( )
( )
0,6 0,6
k k
q 0,4 0,4
U . 2,8.1,128
=3,6 =3,6 =4,5
2.R 2.1,6
, W/m
2

Vi: U
k
- tc dng kh, m/s;

k
- khi lng ring khng kh ti nhit sy, kg/m
3
;
R - bn knh vt liu xc nh t thc nghim, mm;
- Chun s nhit
T
u xc nh i lng t nng vt liu ti 1 im bt k:

T
u =
1
o
k
k
-
37,5-28
= =0,9
- 37,5-27
t
t

Vi: t
k
- nhit trung bnh ca tc nhn sy trong khng gian sy, t
k
= t
m
=37,5
0
C;

o
u - nhit vt liu a vo thit b sy,
o
u = t
o
;
u
1
- nhit b mt bay hi ca vt liu, u
1
= t

;
Tra theo th hnh 5.11 [Ti liu 3] ta tm c h s
0
0, 6 F ~

a - h s dn nhit ca vt liu:
v
a
C
=
Trong : = 0,55 (w/m
2
K), = 1035 (kg/m
3
), C
v
= 3,87 (kJ/kgK) [Ph lc 6 /3/]
0
3 2
4
4
0, 55 0, 6.(1, 6.10 )
1, 373.10 0, 011 h
3,87.1035 1,373.10
a t

= = = =
Thi gian sy ng tc [1]
Theo cng thc thc nghim Egorov [1]

1/2
1 2 cb
100
=k +0,435.k .ln
100-
| |
|
\ .

Vi k
1
, k
2
- hng s thc nghim v c on nh trong nhng khong m cn
bng ht
cb
v m tng i khng kh . Vi m khng kh
0
= 74% nm trong
khong (10%< < 80%) ta c gi tr cc h s k
1
=2,7 v k
2
=19,5.
Ta c:
1/2
cb
100
=2,7+0,435.19,5.ln =8,4%
100-74
| |
|
\ .

cbk
cbk
cbk
8,4
= = .100=9,1%
100- 100-8,4


Vy thi gian sy ng tc

dk kx
1
-
=
U

*
d
m ban u cu vt liu
d
= 88,7%
d
dk
d
88,7
= = .100=785%
100- 100-88,7

*
kx
m ti hn ca vt liu m

1
d
kx cb cb
785
+9,1=445,2%
1,8
785-445,2
=16,5 h
20,53
1
= + = + =
1,8
t =

Thi gian sy gim tc [1]
Vi
dk
= 785 %

kx cb
2
2k cb
2 cb kx cb
-
2,3
= ln
U -
1 1
= + - =

Trong :
*
d
88, 7
1,8 1,8
= = =0,0203%

*
2
= 13 %
2
2k
2
13
= .100= .100=15%
100- 100-13

2
2k cbk
1 1
2,3 2,3 0,0203
= .ln = ln =11, 7 h
0,0203.20,53 - 0,0203.20,53 15-9,1

Tng thi gian sy:
=
0
+
1
+
2
= 0,011 + 16,5 +11,7 = 28,2 (h)


3.4.3 Tnh ton nhit qu trnh
a) Xc nh lng m bc hi
Lp vt liu sy liu c b tr nm trn cc khay sy bng kim loi sao cho dng
tc nhn sy c th d dng di qua b mt ca vt liu nhng ng thi phi m bo
cho qu trnh truyn nhit v truyn m ca tc nhn sy din ra thun li nht. Qua
thc t kho nghim khi tin hnh cc th nghim b tr vt liu trn khay sy ta rt ra t
l tng ng ca vt liu sy trn mt m
2
khay sy l 4kg/m
2
. i vi mt m sy khi
tin hnh thc nghim ta tin hnh vi khi lng vt liu sy G
1
=14,5 kg.
* Lng m bc hi trong mt m sy
1
1 2
2
- 88,7-13
W=G =14,5. =12, 6
100- 100-13

(kg/m)
* Khi lng sn phm sau khi sy
G
2
= G
1
-W = 14,512,6 =1,9 (kg/m)
* Thi gian sy = 28,2 (h) theo kt qu tnh ton trn
* Lng m bay hi trong 1 gi
h
12,6
28,2
W
W = = =0,447
(kg/h)
b) Lng khng kh kh cn thit lm bay hi 1 kg m
0
3 2
1 1
l = = =237 kgkk/kg
a
d -d 0,011-0,00678

* Lu lng khng kh kh tun hon trong qu trnh sy
L
lt
= W.l
0
= 12,6.237 = 2986,2 kg
kk
/m
c) Nhit lng dn nng cung cp cho qu trnh sy lm bay hi 1 kg m
q
lt
=
2 1
3 2
I -I
d -d
=
57,64-25,1
0,011-0,00678
= 7711 kJ/kg
a

* Nhit lng dn nng cung cp sy 1 m
Q
lt
= W.q
lt
= 12,6.7711 = 97157 kJ
* Nng lng tiu hao cho qu trnh sy
Q
k lt
=
lt
97157
=0, 96
28,2.3600
Q
=
kW

Hnh 3-5. th I-d ch sy thi b tc nhn
* Lng m ngng t
A
d
lt
= d
3
d
2
= 0,011 0,00678 = 0,00422 kg
a

d) Lng nhit thu c t ngng t 1kg m
q
ll lt
= l
0
.(I
4
I
1
) = 237.(43,2 25,1) = 4289,7 J/kg
a

* Lng nhit dn lnh thu c
Q
ll lt
= W.q
ll lt
= 12,6.4289,7 = 54050 kJ
* Cng sut dn lnh ca qu trnh sy
Q
0 lt
=
lllt
Q
532022, 24
= =0,53
28,2.3600
kW
3.5 Tnh ton qu trnh sy l thuyt thi b tc nhn
Vi kiu sy khng hi lu, khng kh mi trng (trng thi 0; (t
0
,
0
)) c qut
ht qua dn lnh gim nhit n nhit t
1
(trng thi 1), v t
2
; ti y, lng nc
ngng t s c dn ra ngoi. Tc nhn sy sau khi tch m tip tc i qua bung sy,
thc hin qu trnh sy v thot ra ngoi (trng thi 4). Qu trnh sy l thuyt c
trnh by trn gin I-d nh sau:

0-1 : Qu trnh lm lnh tc nhn sy n nhit ng sng. im (0) l trng
thi khng kh iu kin mi trng, im (1) l trng thi khng kh trong thit

b bay hi, lc bt u gim m. Khng kh ngoi mi trng c ht vo dn
lnh kh m.
1-2: Qu trnh tch m. im (2) l trng thi khng kh cui giai on gim m
trc khi i vo dn nng gia nhit.
2- 3: Qu trnh gia nhit tc nhn sy n nhit sy. im (3) l trng thi khng
kh nng trc khi vo bung sy.
3-4: Qu trnh sy tc nhn sy c m thp c thi qua vt liu sy s nhn m
thot ra t vt liu v mang ra khi bung sy(qu trnh sy ng nhit). im (4)
l trng thi khng kh sau bung sy thi b ra mi trng.
3.5.1. Xc nh cc thng s im nt
a) im 0 (Trng thi khng kh mi trng): tng t ch hi lu hon ton.
b) im 1: Trng thi khng kh trc u dn lnh
Ta c d
1
= d
0
=0,0169 kg/kgkk,
1
=100%.
P
b1
=
( )
a 1
1 1
P .d
0,621+d .
=
0, 993.0, 0169
(0, 621 0, 0169).1 +
= 0,0263 bar
* Nhit
t
1
=
b1
4026,42
-235,5
12-lnP
=
4026,42
-235,5
12-ln0,0263
= 22
0
C
* Entanpi
I
1
= 1,0048.t
1
+ d
1
(2500 +1,842.t
1
)
= 1,004.22 + 0,0169(2500 + 1,842.22) = 65 kJ/kgkk
c) im 2 : Trng thi khng kh sau dn lnh (sau khi kh m)
Ta c:
2
=100%, t
2
= 8
0
C
* Phn p sut bo ho
2
b2
4026,42 4026,42
exp 12- =exp 12- =0,01072 bar
235,5+t 235,5+8
P =
| |
| |
|
|
\ .
\ .

* Dung m ca khng kh

2 b2
2
2 b2 a
.P
1.0, 01072
d =0,621 0, 621 0, 00678 kg/kgkk
P - .P 0, 993-1.0, 01072
= =
* Entanpi : Thay cc thng s ca im 2 vo cng thc ta c
I
2
= 1,0048.t
2
+ d
2
(2500 +1,842.t)
= 1,0048.8 + 0,00678.(2500 + 1,842.8) = 25,1 kJ/kgkk
d) im 3 : Tc nhn sy c gia nhit (trng thi khng kh sau dn nng)
* Nhit : t
3
= 40
0
C
* Phn p sut bo ho
b3
3
4026,42 4026,42
P =exp 12- =exp 12- =0,0731 bar
235,5+t 235,5+40
| |
| |
|
|
|
\ .
\ .

* Dung m: Do qu trnh 2-3 l qu trnh gia nhit tc nhn sy thng qua dn nng
ca bm nhit nn : d
2
= d
3
= 0,00678 kg/kgkk
* Entanpy
I
3
= 1,0048.t
3
+ d
3
(2500 +1,842.t
3
)
= 1,0048.40 + 0,00678.(2500 + 1,842.40) = 57,64 kJ/kgkk
* m tng i
( )
a 3
3
3
b3
P .d
=
0,621+d .P

=
( )
0,993.0,00678
0,621+0,00678 .0,0731
= 0,147 = 14,7 %
e) im 4 : Trng thi tc nhn sy thi ra ngoi
V mt l thuyt qu trnh sy trong phng php sy lnh l qu trnh ng nhit,
t
3
=t
4
=40
o
C. m ca kh tc nhn sy sau khi qua bung sy
4
=15%
4
b4
4026,42 4026,42
P =exp 12- =exp 12- =0,0731 bar
235,5+t 235,5+40
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

* Dung m :
2 b2
2
2 b2
.P
0,15.0,0731
d =0,621 =0,621 =0,011 kg/kgkk
P - .P 0,993-0,15.0,0731
a

* Entanpy

I
4
= 1,0048.t
4
+ d
4
(2500 +1,842.t
4
)
= 1,0048.40 + 0,011.(2500 + 1,842.40) = 68,5 kJ/kgkk
3.5.3. Xc nh nhit qu trnh

a) Lng m bc hi trn mt m sy
* Lng m bc hi trong mt m sy
1
1 2
2
- 88,7-13
W=G =14,5. =12, 6
100- 100-13

(kg/m)
* Khi lng sn phm sau khi sy
G
2
= G
1
-W = 14,512,6 =1,9 (kg/m)
* Thi gian sy = 28,2 (h) theo kt qu tnh ton trn
* Lng m bay hi trong 1 gi
h
12,6
28,2
W
W = = =0,447
(kg/h)
b) Lng khng kh kh cn thit lm bay hi 1 kg

4 3
0
1 1
l = = =237 kgkk/kg
a
d -d 0,011-0,00678

* Lu lng khng kh kh tun hon trong qu trnh sy
L
lt
= W.l
0
= 12,6.237 = 2986,2 kg
kk
/m
c) Nhit lng dn nng cung cp cho qu trnh sy lm bay hi 1 kg m
q
lt
=
3 2
4 3
I -I
d -d
=
57,64-25,1
0,011-0,00678
= 7711 kJ/kg
a

Q
lt
= W.q
lt
= 12,6.7711 = 97157 kJ
* Cng sut dn nng qu trnh sy
Q
K lt
=
97157
0, 96
28, 2.3600
lt
Q
t
= =
kW/h
* Lng m ngng t
A
d
lt
= d
1
d
2
= 0,0169 0,00678 = 0,01012 kg
a


d) Lng nhit thu c t ngng t 1kg m
q
ll lt
= l
0
.(I
1
I
2
) = 237.(65 25,1) = 9456,3 J/kg
a
* Lng nhit dn lnh thu c:
Q
ll lt
= W.q
ll lt
= 12,6.9456,3 = 119150 kJ
* Cng sut dn lnh qu trnh sy
Q
0 lt
=
119150
1,17
28, 2.3600
ll lt
Q
t
= = kW/h
3.6. Xc nh kch thc bung sy
Cc kch thc c bn gm Chiu di L, chiu rng B, chiu cao H. Trong , chiu
di L xc nh theo thi gian sy v nng sut sy. i vi thit b sy bung chiu di
xc nh theo yu cu duy tr ch sy ng u. Chiu di cng ln, ch sy cng
km ng u nhng cng tn dng c nhit ca mi cht. V vy cn chn hp l.
* Nng sut bung sy: G
1
= 14,5 kg/m
* Th tch hu dng : V
h
=
1
.
m V
G
K
, m
3

Trong :
m
- Khi lng ring ca vt liu sy,
m
= 1035 kg/m
3
[Ph lc 6 /3/]
K
V
- H s in y. K
V
= (0,4 0,5) [3]. Ta chn K
V
= 0,5
Thay vo ta tnh c

3
14, 5
0, 028
1035.0, 5
h
V m = =
* Th tch ton b bung sy: V = V
h
+ AV, m
3

Trong : AV - Th tch ca cc khong trng ca knh gi v cc khng gian t qut
v cc thit b sy, m
3
. Theo kinh nghim ta chn AV= (30 40%)V [3].
- Ta chn AV = 0,3.V = 0,3.0,028 = 0,0084 m
3

- Vy th tch bung sy l: V = 0,0364 m
3

Vi V tnh ton c, ta chn cc kch thc ca bung sy: Di Rng Cao l:
LBH = 0,750,750,7 (m
3
)


3.7. Cn bng nhit cho qu trnh sy

Phng trnh cn bng nhit cho thit b sy:
Q + Q
bs
+ WC
n
t
m1
+ G
2
C
m
t
m1
+ LI
1
+ G
vc
.C
vc
t
m1
= G
2
C
m
t
m2
+ Q
5
+ LI
3
+ G
vc
.C
vc
.t
m2

Q + Q
bs
= L(I
3
I
1
) + G
2
C
m
(t
m2
t
m1
) + Q
5
WC
n
.t
m1
+

G
vc
.C
vc
.(t
m2
t
m1
)
Q + Q
bs
= Q
2
+ Q
m
+ Q
5
+ Q
1
+ Q
vc
(*)
Trong :
* Q - Nhit lng cung cp gia nhit tc nhn sy
* Q
bs
- Nhit lng b sung. Do khng dng thit b gia nhit cho khng kh sau
dn nng nn Q
bs
= 0
* Q
1
= - WC
m
t
m1
- Nhit hu ch do m mang vo
* G
2
C
m
.(t
m2
t
m1
) = Q
m
- Nhit lng tn tht do vt liu sy mang ra
* Q
5
- Nhit tn
tht
ra mi trng theo kt cu bao che
* G
vc
.C
vc
.(
tm2
t
m1
) = Q
vc
- Nhit lng tn tht theo thit b vn chuyn
* Q
2
= L(I
3
I
1
) - Nhit tn tht do tc nhn sy
Chia 2 v (*) cho W v b qua Q
bs

Ta c: q = q
1
+ q
2
+ q
vc
+ q
5
+ q
m

5
3' 1
5 3' 1
( )
w w w w w
( )
vc vl
v
vc v vl
Q Q Q Q L
q I I tC
q l I I q q q tc
= = + + +
= + + +
L, I
1
, d
1
G
cv.
C
vc
.t
m2
Q
5
G
2
.C
m
.t
m2
(G
2
C
n
+WC
m
).
t
m1
THIT B SY
Q Q
bs
L, I
3'
, d
3'
G
vc.
C
vc
.t
m1

M q = l(I
3
- I
1
) hay q = l(I
3
I
1
) = l(I
3
I
1
) + q
v
+q
5
C
n
t
m1

Hay q = l(I
3
I
1
) = C
n
t
m1
- ( q
vc
+ q
5
+ q
m
)

t C
n
t
m1
- (q
vc
+ q
5
+ q
m
) = A - Tn tht nhit lm bay hi 1 kg m.
Suy ra l(I
3
I
1
) = A hay I
3
= I
2
+ A/l
= nhit lng b sung nhit lng tn tht chung
a) Tnh nhit tn tht qua kt cu bao che ra mi trng
- Nhit bn ngoi bung sy: t
f2
= t
0
= 27
o
C
- Nhit bn trong bung sy: t
f1
= 40
o
C
- Bung sy c tng lm bng thp c chiu dy o =3 mm. Tra bng ph lc 2 [5], ta
c h s dn nhit = 46 W/mK
- Nhit tn tht ra mi trng c tnh theo cng thc Q
5
= K.F.At , (W)
Trong
* F - Din tch xung quanh ca bung sy, m
2
. Bung sy l hnh hp c cc thng
s: LBH = 0,750,750,7 (m
3
). Ta tnh tng din tch xung quanh ca bung
sy: F = 2(L.B + L.H + B.H) = 2(0,75.0,75 + 0,75.0,7 + 0,75.0,7) = 3,225 (m
2
)
* At - chnh nhit bn trong v bn
ngoi bung sy ,
0
C
At = t
f1
- t
f2
= 40 27 = 13
o
C
* K - H s truyn nhit , W/m
2
K;
K =
1
2 1
1 1

|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
o
o
o

o
1
, o
2
- h s to nhit t tc nhn sy n vch
trong bung sy v h s to nhit t vch ngoi
ti khng kh bn ngoi , W/m
2
K. xc nh
o
1
, o
2
ta dng phng php lp
Gi thit t
w1
= 39,1
o
C (nhit vch trong ca tng ), phng trnh cn bng nhit:
q = o
1
(t
f1
-t
w1
) =
o
(t
w1
-t
w2
) = o
2
(t
w2
- t
f2
)

Vi tc tc nhn sy trong bung sy = 3,1 m/s (tc khng kh < 5 m/s) nn
ta c: H s to nhit o
1
c xc nh theo cng thc kinh nghim [1].
o
1
= 6,15 + 4,17. e = 6,15 + 4,17.3,1 = 19,1 W/m
2
K
Vy mt dng nhit truyn qua
q = o
1
(t
f1
- t
w1
) = 19,1 (40 39,1 ) = 17,19 (W/m
2
)
Nhit vch ngoi tng c xc nh theo cng thc
t
w2
= t
w1
- q.
o
= 39,1 16,05.
0, 003
46
= 39,09
0
C
Nhit nh tnh:
O w2 0
m
t +t 39,09+27
t = = = 33 C
2 2

Tra bng thng s khng kh vi t
m
= 33
0
C ta c cc thng s sau:
= 2,697.10
-2
W/m
2
K; = 16,29.10
-6
m
2
/s; Pr = 0,7
- Tiu chun Grashoft :
Gr =
3
2
g..t.l

3
7
-6 2
9,81.0,7.0,75
=4.10
(16,29.10 ) .(273+0,9)
Gr =
Ta c Gr.Pr = 0,7.4.10
7
= 2,8.10
7
thuc khong (2.10
7
1.10
13
)
=> Ta c: C = 0,135, n = 0,33
- Cng thc tnh Nusselt:
Nu = C
( )
n1
Gr.Pr = 0,135.(2,8.10
7
)
0,33
= 38,72
- H s to nhit:
-2
2 u
2
N . 38,72.2,697.10
= = =1,39 W/m K
l 0,75

Suy ra q
= o
2
(t
w2
- t
f2
) = 1,39.(39,099 -27) = 16,81 W/m
2
- So snh q v q
:
17,19
'
17,19 16,81
0, 022 2, 2% 5%
q q
q
q

A = = = = <
Sai s ny rt nh nn cc kt qu tnh trn c th chp nhn c

Vy, h s truyn nhit: K =
1 2
1
1 1 o
o o
| |
|
|
|
+ +
|
\ .

Hay
2
1
K= 1, 28 W/m K
1 0, 003 1
16, 05 46 1, 39
=
| |
+ +
|
\ .

- Nhit tn tht ra mi trng trong 1giy l
Q
5
= 1,28.3,225.13 = 53,7 J/s
- Nhit tn tht ra mi trng trong qu trnh sy:
Q
5
= 53,7.28,2.3600 =5451624 J =5451,624 kJ
Vy
5
5
Q 5451,624
q = = =432 kJ/kga
W 12,6

b) Tn tht nhit do vt liu sy mang i q
m
Q
m
= G
2
.C
m
(
2

1
), kJ
Trong : C
m
= 3,87 kJ/kgK - Nhit dung ring ca C rt [Ph luc 6 /3/]
Nhit vt liu sy vo:
1
= t
0
= 27
o
C
Nhit vt liu sy ra:
2
= t
f1
=40
o
C
Vy nhit tn tht do vt liu sy mang i:
Q
m
= 1,9.3,87.(40 27) = 95,6 kJ
Suy ra:
m
m
Q 95,6
q = = =7,6 kJ/kga
W 12,6

c) Tn tht nhit lm nng khay sy q
vc
Khay sy c lm bng nhm c b dy = o 3,5 mm. Ta c thng s ca nhm l: C
Al

= 0,86 kJ/kg;
Al
= 2700 kg/m
3
[Ph lc 2 /5/]. Vi din tch tnh ton, ta chn khay
sy c F = LB = 0750,75 = 0,5625 m
2
. S khay sy l n = 5 khay.
- Vy tng din tch khay sy
F
k
= F.n = 0,5625.5 = 2,81 m
2

- Khi lng nhm lm khay sy
G
Al
= V.
Al
= F
k
..
Al
= 2,81.0,0035.2700 = 26,6 kg
- Nhit tn tht

Hnh 3-6. th I-d ch sy thc hi lu hon ton
Q
vc
= G
Al
.C
Al
(
2

1
) = 26,6.0,86.(4027) = 297,4 kJ
Vy
vc
,6 kJ/kga
297,4
q = =23
12,6

d) Nhit hu ch do m mang vo q
1

q
1
= - C
n
.t
m1

Trong : C
n
- Nhit dung ring ca nc, C
n
= 4,18 kJ/kg
a
K
Vy: q
1
= - 4,18.27 = -112,9 kJ/kg
a
Ta c:

=112,9 (432 + 7,6 + 23,6) = -350,3 kJ/kg
a
; < 0

3.8. Tnh ton qu trnh sy thc ch hi lu hon ton
a) th sy lnh thc t theo ch hi lu hon ton

im 0 - Trng thi khng kh ngoi tri.
im 1 - Trng thi khng kh sau dn lnh.
im 2 - Trng thi khng kh sau dn nng.
im 3- Trng thi khng kh sau thit b sy trong trng hp sy thc t.
im 4- Trng thi khng kh trong dn lnh trong trng hp sy thc t.
1-2: Qu trnh gia nhit trong dn nng.

2-3: Qu trnh sy thc t trong thit b sy (qu trnh sy ng nhit)
3-4-1: Qu trnh lm lnh khng kh v ngng t m trong dn lnh trong
trng hp sy thc t.
b) Tnh ton qu trnh sy thc t
Thng s ti cc im nt ca th
im 0, 1, 2
Thng s ti cc im 0, 1, 2 khng thay i so vi qu trnh sy l thuyt.
im 3
* Nhit : t
3
= t
3
= 40
0
C. cha m d
3
ca qu trnh sy thc
Da vo th qu trnh sy thc ta suy ra c
I
3
I
2
=
l
A
= A(d
3
d
2
)
I
2
= C
k
t
2
+ (2500 + 1,842t
2
)d
2

I
3
= C
k
t
3
+ (2500 + 1,842t
3
)d
3
I
2
I
3
= C
k
(t
2
t
3
) + (2500 + 1,842t
2
)d
2
(2500 + 1,842t
3
)d
3
Ta at - A = C
k
(t
2
t
3
) + (2500 + 1,842t
2
)d
2
- B = 2500 +1,842t
3

I
2
I
3
= A -Bd
3
= A(d
3
d
2
)
d
3
=
2
A+d
B-A

d
3
=
k
C (40-40)+(2500+1,842.40).0,00678+0,00678.350,3
=0,00891
(2500+1,842.40)-350,3
kg/kg
kk
* Entanpi
I
3
= 57,64 + 350,3.(0,00891-0,00678) = 58,4 kJ/kg
kk
* m:
( )
3'
3'
b3' 3'
a
P .d
=
0,621+d .P
=
( )
0,993.0,00891
=0,192
0,621+0,00891 .0,0731
= 19,2 %
im 4
* m:
4
= 100%.
* Dung m: d
4
= d
3
= 0,00891 kg/kg
kk


* Phn p sut bo ho: P
b4
=
( )
4'
4' 4'
a
P .d
0,621+d .

0,993.0,00891
= =0,014 bar
(0,621+0,00891).1

* Nhit t
4
=
b4'
4026,42
-235,5
12-lnP

4026,42
= -235,5=12
12-ln0,0082
0
C
* Entanpi: Thay cc gi tr t
4
, d
4
vo cng thc ta c
I
4
= 1,004.12 + 0,00891(2500 + 1,842.12) = 34,5 kJ/kg
kk

c) Tnh ton nhit qu trnh sy thc t
* Lng khng kh kh cn thit lm bay hi 1 kg m
l
tt
=
3' 2
1 1
=
d -d 0,0891-0,00678
= 496,5 kg
kk
/kg
a
* Lu lng khng kh tun hon trong qu trnh sy
L
tt
= W.l
tt
= 12,6.496,5 = 5915,5 kg/m
* Lu lng khng kh tun hon trong 1 giy
G
kk
=
tt
L
=
28,2.3600
5915,5
= 0,06 kg/s
* Nhit lng dn nng cung cp cho qu trnh sy lm bay hi 1 kg m
q
tt
=
2 1
3' 2
I -I
d -d
=
57, 64 25,1
0, 00891 0, 00678
= 15277 kJ/kg
a
Q
tt
= W.q
tt
= 12,6.15277= 192490 kJ
* Nng sut nhit dn nng cung cp sy
Q
k tt
=
tt
Q 192490
=
28,2.3600
= 1,9 kW
* Lng m ngng t
A
d
tt
= d
3
d
2
= 0,00891 0,00678 = 0,00213 kg
a


Hnh 3-7. th I-d ch sy thc thi b tc nhn
* Lng nhit thu c t ngng t 1kg m
q
0 tt
= l
tt
.(I
4
I
1
) = 496,5.(34,5 25,1) = 4667,1 kJ/kg
a

Q
0 tt
= W.q
ll tt
= 12,6.4667,1 = 58806 kJ
* Nng sut lnh dn lnh cung cp lm lnh

0
0
58806
0,58
28, 2.3600
tt
tt
Q
Q
t
= = = kW
3.9. Tnh ton qu trnh sy thc thi b tc nhn
a) th sy lnh thc t theo ch thi b tc nhn

im 0 - Trng thi khng kh ngoi tri.
im 1 - Trng thi khng kh trc dn lnh.
im 2 - Trng thi khng kh sau lnh.
im 3 - Trng thi khng kh sau dn nng
im 4- Trng thi khng kh thi trong trng hp sy thc t.
2-3: Qu trnh gia nhit trong dn nng.
3-4: Qu trnh sy thc t trong thit b sy.


b) Tnh ton qu trnh sy thc t
Thng s ti cc im nt ca th
im 0, 1, 2,3
Thng s ti cc im 0, 1, 2 khng thay i so vi qu trnh sy l thuyt.
im 4
* Nhit : t
4
= t
4
= 40
0
C. cha m d
3
ca qu trnh sy thc
Da vo th qu trnh sy thc ta suy ra c
I
4
I
3
=
l
A
= A(d
4
d
3
)
I
3
= C
k
t
3
+ (2500 + 1,842t
3
)d
3
I
4
= C
k
t
4
+ (2500 + 1,842t
4
)d
4
I
3
I
4
= C
k
(t
3
t
4
) + ( 2500 + 1,842t
3
)d
3
(2500 + 1,842t
4
)d
4
Ta at - A = C
k
( t
3
t
4
) +(2500 + 1,842t
3
)d
3
- B = 2500 +1,842t
3

I
4
I
3
= A + Bd
3
= A( d
4
d
3
)
d
4
=
3
A+d
B-A

d
4
=
k
C (40-40)-(2500+1,842.40).0,00678+0,00678.350,3
(2500+1,842.40)-350,3
=0,00891kg/kg
kk
* Entanpi
I
4
= 57,64 + 350,3.(0,00891 - 0,00678) = 58,4 kJ/kg
kk
* m:
( )
a 4'
4'
4' b4'
0,621
P .d
=
+d .P
=
( )
0,192
0,993.0,00891
0,621 0,00891 .0,0731
=
+
= 19,2 %
c) Tnh ton nhit qu trnh sy thc t
* Lng khng kh kh cn thit lm bay hi 1 kg m
l
tt
=
4' 3
1
=
d -d
1
0,00891-0,00678
= 469,5 kg
kk
/kg
a
* Lu lng khng kh tun hon trong qu trnh sy

L
tt
= W.l
tt
= 12,6.469,5 = 5915,7 kg/m
* Lu lng khng kh tun hon trong 1 giy
G
kk
=
tt
L
5915, 7
=
28,2.3600
= 0,06 kg/s
* Nhit lng dn nng cung cp cho qu trnh sy lm bay hi 1 kg m
q
tt
=
3 2
4' 3
I -I
d -d
=
57, 64 25,1
0, 00891 0, 00678
= 15277 kJ/kg
a
Q
tt
= W.q
tt
= 12,6.15277= 192490 kJ
* Nng sut nhit dn nng cung cp sy
Q
k tt
=
tt
Q 192490
=
28,2.3600
= 1,9 kW/h
* Lng m ngng t
A
d
tt
= d
1
d
2
= 0,0169 0,00678 = 0,01012 kg
a
* Lng nhit thu c t ngng t 1kg m
q
0 tt
= l
tt
.(I
1
I
2
) = 469,5.(65 25,1) = 18733 kJ/kg
a
Q
0 tt
= W.q
ll tt
= 12,6.18733 = 236036 kJ
* Nng sut lnh dn lnh cung cp lm lnh
0tt
0tt
Q 236036
Q = = =2,32
28,2.3600

kW/h
3.10. Kt lun v qu trnh sy l thuyt hai ch sy
Da vo bi ton l thuyt hai ch sy ta thy rng :
* V vn v sinh ca sn phm, ta thy rng c hai ch sy u m bo vn
v sinh an ton thc phm, nhng nu s dng ch sy thi b tc nhn chng ta phi
trang b thm vo h thng sy mt b lc lc khng kh mi trng trc khi i vo
bung sy. Do , vi h thng ny khng ch i hi thm phn chi ph u t m cn
i hi qu trnh bo tr thay th thng xuyn cc thit b lc.
* V mt kinh t qua kt qu tnh ton ta thy rng trong hai ch sy u c chung
nng sut gii nhit ca dn nng (Q
k
= 1,9kW) nhng v nng sut dn lnh kh m

tng th sy cho tc nhn ch sy hi lu hon ton t ra hiu qu hn
(Q
01
=0,53kW/h) so vi (Q
02
=2,32kW/h). N lm gim nng sut dn lnh do hi lu
hon ton tc nhn sy nn c th hi lu lun nhit hin ca tc nhn sy lm gim
nng sut lnh yu cu kh m so vi vic kh m khng kh ngoi mi trng. Ch
sy hi lu hon ton c th lm gim chi ph nng lng cho qu trnh sy. Do
ch sy hi lu ph hp vi nhng ni c nhit mi trng v m khng kh
tng i cao.
3.11. Tnh ton thit k v la chn cc thit b ph tr
3.11.1. Cc thng s nhit ca mi cht lnh
a) Nhit ngng t
Dn ngng ca bm nhit c nhim v gia nhit cho khng kh nn mi trng lm mt
dn ngng chnh l tc nhn sy.
Vi: t
w2
- l nhit khng kh ra khi dn ngng. Theo yu cu th t
w2
= 40
0
C

k
t - l hiu nhit ngng t yu cu
i vi dn ngng gii nhit bng gi,
k
t = (10 15
0
C).
Ta chn
k
t A = 10
0
C. Khi , nhit ngng t ca mi cht l:
t
k
= t
w2
+
k
t = 40 + 10 = 50
0
C
b) Nhit bay hi
Nhit si ca mi cht lnh c th ly nh sau:
t
0
= t
b
-
0
t
Vi: t
b
- nhit khng kh sau dn bay hi t
b
= 8
0
C

0
t - Hiu nhit ngng t yu cu. Hiu nhit ti u l
0
t = (8 13
0
C).
Ta chn
0
t =8
0
C. Nh vy nhit si ca mi cht lnh l: t
0
= 88 = 0
0
C.
c) Nhit hi ht
m bo my nn khng ht phi lng ngi ta phi m bo hi ht vo my nn
nht thit phi l hi qu nhit.
t
h
= t
0
+
h
t
Vi mi cht R22, ta chn
h
t = 25
0
C. Vy nhit hi ht

t
h
= 0 + 25 = 25
0
C
3.11.2. Tnh ton chu trnh bm nhit
a) Chn chu trnh
Vi nhit bay hi t
0
v nhit ngng t t
k
chn, tra bng tnh cht nhit ng
ca R22 trng thi bo ha ta c p sut bay hi v ngng t tng ng l:
t
0
= 0
0
C p
0
= 4,983 bar
t
k
= 50
0
C p
k
= 19,395 bar
Nh vy, ta c t s nn:

k
0
p
=
p
=
19,395
4,893
= 3,96
Vi 3,96 12 t = < nn ta chn my nn 1 cp.Mt khc, mi cht lnh s dng y l
R22 nn ta chn s my nn lnh 1 cp dng thit b hi nhit.
b) S , nguyn l lm vic

Nguyn l lm vic
Hi mi cht sau khi ra khi thit b bay hi c a vo thit b hi nhit, nhn
nhit ng p ca lng cao p tr thnh hi qu nhit 1. Hi qu nhit ny c ht
v my nn v c nn on nhit trong my nn t p sut bay hi p
0
ln p sut
ngng t p
k
. Hi cao p 2 i vo thit b ngng t, nh nhit ng p cho tc nhn
sy, ngng t thnh lng si 3. Sau , lng cao p 3 i vo thit b hi nhit, nh
nhit ng p cho hi h p tr thnh lng cha si 3. Lng 3 i vo van tit lu
gim p sut xung p sut bay hi p
0
(im 4) ri i vo thit b bay hi nhn nhit
MN: My nn
TL: Tit Lu
BH: Bay hi
HN: Hi nhit
NT: Ngng t


ca tc nhn sy va ra khi bung sy, ha hi ng p ng nhit thnh hi bo
ha m v chu trnh li tip tc.
c) Xy dng th v lp bng xc nh cc gi tr ti cc im nt
th
Cc qu trnh:
o 1-1 - Qu nhit hi mi cht trong thit b hi nhit
o 1-2 - Nn on nhit hi mi cht t p
0
n p
k

o 2-3 - Lm mt v ngng t ng p ng nhit trong thit bi ngng t
o 3-3 - Qu lnh lng cao p trong thit b hi nhit
o 3-4 - Qu trnh tit lu ng Entanpi
o 4-1 - Qu trnh bay hi ng p ng nhit trong thit b bay hi
d) Bng cc thng s ti cc im nt ca th
Tra bng cc tnh cht nhit ng ca R22 trng thi bo ha v bng cc tnh cht
nhit ng ca hi qu nhit R22 Ta c bng cc thng s nhit ng ca mi cht trn
th nh sau:


Bng 3-1 Thng s trng thi cc im nt
im Trng thi
P
bar
T
0
C
v.10
3

m
3
/kg
i
kJ/kg
S
kJ/kgK
1
1
2
3
3
4
Hi bo ha kh x=1
Hi qu nhit
Hi qu nhit
Lng si, x=0
Lng cha si
Hi bo ha m
4,893
4,893
19,395
19,395
19,395
4,893
0
25
97,4
50
36,5
0,5
46,98
54,41
15,71
0,8
-
14,1
405,27
423,53
462,85
263,3
245,0
245,0
1,751
1,817
1,817
1,208
1,152
1,165

Nhit im 3 c xc nh theo phng trnh cn bng nhit trong thit b hi
nhit vi gi thit b qua cc tn tht. Ta c:
i
3
i
3
= i
1
i
1
Hay i
3
= i
3
+ i
1
i
1
= 263,3 + 405,27 423,53 = 245 kJ/kg
T i
3
v p
3
ta c t
3
= 36,5
0
C
Nh vy qu lnh
ql
t = 50 36,5 = 13,5
0
C
e) Tnh ton chu trnh
Lu lng mi cht tun hon qua h thng
Lu lng mi cht tun hon c xc nh da vo nng sut lnh ca dn bay hi
Q
0
v cng sut nhit Q
k
ca dn ngng t. chng 3 ta tnh ton c (la chn
nng sut lnh ln nht theo ch sy thi b tc nhn) ta c: Q
0tt
= 2,32 kW; Q
ktt
=
1,9 kW.
Xem hiu sut ca dn nng v dn lnh bng nhau:
0 k
= = 0,7
- Vy cng sut dn ngng ca bm nhit: Q
k
=
ktt
k
Q 1,9
=
0,7
= 2,7 kW
- Cng sut dn bay hi ca bm nhit: Q
0
=
0tt
0
Q 2,32
=
0,7
= 3,3 kW

Do mi cht tun hon trong bm nhit nn lu lng mi cht qua dn nng v dn
lnh bng nhau. Ta c:
Lu lng mi cht qua dn lnh: G
0
=
0
1 4
Q 3,3
=
i -i 405,27-245
= 0,02 kg/s
Lu lng mi cht qua dn nng: G
k
=
k
2 3
Q 2,7
=
i -i 462,85-263,3
= 0,014 kg/s
Ta thy lu lng mi cht qua dn nng v dn lnh theo tnh ton khng bng nhau.
Do m bo cng sut ca ton h thng th ta chn lu lng ln nht. Tc l:
G = max(G
0
, G
k
) = G
0
= 0,02 kg/s.
* Cng sut nhit
Q
k
= G(i
2
i
3
) = 0,02(462,85 263,3) = 4 kW
* Cng sut nhit s tha mt lng
Q
k
= Q
k
Q
k
= 4 2,7 = 1,3 kW
* Ph ti ca thit b hi nhit
Q
hn
= G.(i
1
i
1
) = 0,02.(423,53405,27) = 0,37 kW
* Cng tiu th ca my nn:
L = G(i
2
i
1
) = 0,02.(462,85 423,53) = 0,79 kW
* H s nhit ca bm nhit: Do s dng bm nhit nng lnh nn h s nhit ca
bm nhit c tnh theo cng thc:

=
0 k
q +q 2,7+3,3
=
l 0,9
= 6,7
3.11.3. Tnh ton cc thit b trao i nhit
3.11.3.1. Dn ngng
a) Cng dng
Thit b ngng t ca bm nhit c cng dng gia nhit cho khng kh trc khi vo
bung sy t trng thi bo ha sau dn lnh n nhit v m yu cu trong qu
trnh sy. Vic s dng dn ngng ca bm nhit thay th cho thit b gia nhit s
lm gim chi ph in nng ca h thng, qua lm gim chi ph lp t v vn hnh
ca h thng sy dng bm nhit.


b) Phng php thit k dn ngng
Chn loi dn ngng
Ta chn loi dn ngng gii nhit bng khng kh i lu cng bc. Cu to gm
mt dn ng trao i nhit bng thp hoc ng ng c cnh nhm hoc st bn
ngoi, bc cnh nm trong khong 3 10 mm.
Chn ng cho dn ngng
Do mi cht l Freon R22 nn ta chn ng ng cnh nhm lm ng dn mi
cht trong dn ngng. Cc ng c cnh thng c thng s:
- ng: - ng knh trong d
tr
= 15 mm
- ng knh ngoi d
ng
= 18 mm
- Bc ng s
1
= s
2
= s = 34 mm
- Chiu di on ng l = 0,5 m
- Cnh trn: - Chiu dy
c
o = 0,3 mm
- Bc cnh s
c
= 3,5 mm
- ng knh cnh d
c
= 32 mm
Cc thng s cho trc
Cng sut ca dn ngng Q
k
= 2,7 kW
Nhit khng kh vo dn t
kk
= t
1
= 8
0
C
Nhit khng kh ra khi dn t
kk
= t
2
= 40
0
C
Nhit ngng t ca mi cht t
k
= 50
0
C
Lu lng mi cht qua dn ngng G = 0,02 kg/s
Lu lng khng kh qua dn G
kk
= 0,06 kg/s
Tc khng kh u vo ca dn e = 3,1 m/s
Tnh din tch trao i nhit [5]:
k k
k kf
Q Q
F= =
k.t q
, m
2

Trong : Q
k
- Ph ti nhit yu cu ca thit b ngng t, W;
k - H s truyn nhit, W/m
2
K;

k
t A - chnh nhit lgarit trung bnh,
0
K;

q
kf
Mt dng nhit, W/m
2
;
Tnh chnh nhit trung bnh
Khi tnh ton c th coi nhit trong thit b ngng t l khng i v bng t
k
.
chnh nhit trung bnh c tnh theo cng thc [5]:

max min
tb
max
min
t -t
t =
t
ln
t
,
0
C
Trong :

max
k kk'
=50-8=42 t -t t A =
0
C

k kk"
min
=50-40=10 t -t t A =
0
C
Ta tnh c
tb
t A = 22,3
0
C
Xc nh h s truyn nhit k
Do ng c chiu dy mng (d
2
/d
1
= 1,2 <1,4) nn qu trnh truyn nhit trong vch tr
c th coi l truyn nhit qua vch phng. Lc h s truyn nhit k c th tnh theo
cng thc [5] :

c
1 2
1
k=
1 1
+ +
.
, W/mK
Trong :
2 1
,o o - H s trao i nhit bn trong v ngoi ng trao i nhit, W/m
2
K

- H s dn nhit ca vt liu lm ng, W/mK. Tra bng ph lc 2 [Ti
liu 5] thng s vt l ca mt s cht rn ta c:
cu
= 389 W/mK.

- Chiu dy vch. y chiu dy vch tr c tnh theo cng thc:
=0,5(d
2
-d
1
) = 0,5(0,018-0,015) = 0,0015 m

c
- H s lm cnh. H s lm cnh c tnh theo cng thc:

( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
c c 2
c
1
n d -d 143 0,032 -0,018
=1+ =1+
2.d .l 2.0,015.0,5
= 7,67
n
c
- S cnh trn 1 ng: n
c
=
c
l 0,5
=
s 0,0035
= 143 cnh


Tnh h s trao i nhit bn ngoi
2
[5]
S cnh trn 1 ng: n
c
= 143 cnh
Chiu cao cnh: h =
c 2
d -d 32-18
=
2 2
= 7 mm
ng knh tng ng: d
E
=
1
1 1 c
0 2 c
c
1 1
0 c
F
F .d +F .
2.n
F +F

Trong :
1
0
F - Din tch phn khng cnh ca ng.

1
0
F = t .d
2
.n
c
.s
c
= 3,14.0,018.143.0,0035 = 0,0283 m
2

1
c
F - Din tch phn c cnh.

1
c
F = 2t
2 2
c 2
d -d
4
.n
c
=
2 2
2.3,14.(0,032 -0,018 ).143
4
= 0,157 m
2
Thay vo ta c: d
E
=
0,157
0,0283.0,018+0,157
2.143
0,0283+0,157
.
= 0,0226 m
Tc ti khe hp tnh theo cng thc

2
c 2
c 1 1
max
= m/s
0,018 2.0,007.0,0003
+
0,034 0,034.0,0035
3,1
= =7,1
d 2.h.
1-
1- +
s s .s
| | | |
| |
|
\ .
\ .

Nhit khng kh trung bnh
t
tb
= 0,5(t
kk
+ t
kk
) = 0,5(8 +40) = 24
0
C
Thng s vt l ca khng kh kh nhit 24
0
C ta c:

k
= 1,19 kg/m
3
; v = 15,436.10
-6
m
2
/s;
k
= 2,622.10
-2
W/mK
Ta c th tnh h s Re theo cng thc:
Re =
max E
.d
=
-6
7,1.0,0226
15,436.10
= 10,4.10
3
Khi h s Nu c tnh theo cng thc vi ng xp song song
Nu = 0,138.Re
0,63
= 46,8
H s to nhit ca cnh:
-2
k
c
E
Nu. 46,8.2,622.10
= =
d 0,0226
= 54,3 W/m2K

H s to nhit tng ng ca pha ng c cnh:
( )
1
c
c c 2 1
2
F
= +
F
, W/m2K
Trong : -
1
0
1
c
F 0,0283
= = =0,18
F 0,157

-
1
2
F =
1
c
F +
1
0
F = 0,0283 + 0,157 =0,1853 m
2

-
c
q = 0,95 : Hiu sut cnh.
Vy:
( )
2
0,157
=54,3 0,95+0,18
0,1853
= 52 W/m
2
K
Tnh h s trao i nhit bn trong
1

Vi hi R22 ngng trong ng nm ngang ta c th dng cng thc [5]

1
=1,2.
N
=1,2.0,728
3 2
0,25
ng
. .g.r
( )
.t.d
, W/m
2
K
Trong :
r = 154,03 kJ/kg - Nhit n ha hi ca mi cht;
=1085 kg/m
3
- Khi lng ring ca mi cht lng trong dn ngng;
= 714 W/mK - H s dn nhit ca mi cht lng trong dn ngng;
t A = t
k
t
w
- chnh nhit ngng t v vch ng,
0
K;
= 2,1.10
4
Ns/m
2
- nht ng lc hc mi cht lng trong bnh ngng;
g Gia tc trng trng. g = 9,81 m/s
2
;
Cc thng s trn c ly ti t
k
= 50
0
C. Gi thit t
w
= 48,3
0
C, ta tnh t
w
theo phng
php lp. Thay cc thng s vo cng thc trn ta c:

0,25
3 2
N 1
t
. .g.r
=1,2 =1,2.0,728.
. .d
| |
|
\ .

= 1,2.0,728.
0,25
2 3
4
9,81.1085 .714 .154,03
2,1.10 .1,7.0,018
| |
|
|
\ .
= 4922 W/m
2
K
Thay vo :
c 1 2
1
k =
1 1
+ +
.


k =
4922
1 0,0018 1
+
714 52.7,67
1
+
= 368,6 W/m
2
K
Khi : q = k.
tb
t = 368,6.22,3 =8220 W/m
2

q =
1
o (t
k
- t
w
) = 4922.1,7 = 8367,4 W/m
2

So snh q v q vi sai s cho php khng qu 5% ta c:

q-q' 8220-8367,4
= =
q 8220
= 0,0179 = 1,79% < 5%
Vy k = 368,6 W/m
2
K;
1
= 4922 W/m
2
K v t
w
= 48,3
0
C
Din tch trao i nhit bn trong [5]

3
k
1
k
Q 2,7.10
F = =
k.t 368,6.22,3
= 0,33 m
2
Tnh cc thng s c th ca dn ngng
* S ng trong dn: n =
1
1
F 0,33
=
.d .l 3,14.0,015.0,5
= 14. Ta chn n=36 ng
Chn s ng trn mi hng l m = 9 ng ta s c s hng ng trong dn ngng l: z =
n/m = 4
* Kch thc ca dn
- Chiu rng dn: B = z.s
2
= 4.0,034 = 0,136 m
- Chiu cao dn: H = m.s
1
= 9.0,034 = 0,306 m
- Chiu di ca dn chn L = 0,5 m
3.11.3.2. Dn bay hi
a) Cng dng: Dn bay hi c tc dng nhn nhit ca khng kh chuyn ng bn
ngoi dn lm nhit khng kh gim xung di nhit ng sng tch mt
phn m ca khng kh trc khi vo dn bay hi ng thi ha hi mi cht chuyn
ng bn trong dn lnh t trng thi lng n trng thi hi bo ha.
b) Thit k dn bay hi
Chn loi dn bay hi: Dn bay hi y c tc dng lm lnh khng kh nn ta
chn loi dn bay hi lm lnh khng kh i lu cng bc. Cu to ca dn nh

hnh v trn. Do lm lnh khng kh n im sng nn dn bay hi c mng hng
nc ngng di. Cu to ca dn bay hi nh hnh v trn.
Chn ng cho dn bay hi: ph hp vi mi cht R22, ta chn ng ng cnh
nhm hnh vung lm ng dn mi cht trong dn. Thng s ca ng chn nh sau:
ng: - ng knh trong d
tr
= 15 mm
- ng knh ngoi d
ng
= 18 mm
- Bc ng s
1
= s
2
= s = 36 mm
- Chiu di on ng L = 0,5 m
Cnh: - Chiu dy
c
o = 0,35 mm.
- Bc cnh s
c
= 3,5 mm.
- Chiu di cnh l
c
= 34 mm
- ng knh tng ng ca cnh d
c
=
t
c
l . 4
= 43,31 mm
Thng s cho trc
Cng sut dn Q
0
= 3,3 kW
Nhit khng kh vo dn bay hi t
k0
= 35
0
C
Nhit khng kh ra khi dn t
k0
= 8
0
C
Nhit bay hi ca mi cht trong dn t
0
= 0
0
C
Lu lng khi lng mi cht trong dn lnh G = 0,02 kg/s
Lu lng khng kh qua dn lnh G
k
= 0,06 kg/s
Tc khng kh u vo dn lnh
0
e = 3,1 m/s
Tnh din tch trao i nhit [5]

0 0
0 0f
Q Q
F= =
k.t q
, m
2
Q
0
- Ph ti nhit yu cu ca thit b bay hi, W;
2
K;

0
t A - chnh nhit lgarit trung bnh, K;
q
0f
- Mt dng nhit, W/m
2
;

Tnh chnh nhit trung bnh
chnh nhit trung bnh c tnh theo cng thc

max min
tb
max
min
t -t
t =
t
ln
t
,
0
C
Trong :

k0' 0 max
t =t -t =35-0=35
0
C

0 min k0"
t =t -t =8-0=8
0
C
Thay vo cng thc ta c tnh c
tb
t = 18,3
0
C
Xc nh h s truyn nhit k : Do ng c chiu dy mng (d
2
/d
1
= 1,2 <1,4)
nn qu trnh truyn nhit trong vch tr c th coi l truyn nhit qua vch
phng. Lc h s truyn nhit k c th tnh theo cng thc:

c 1 2
1
k=
1 1
+ +
.
, W/mK
Trong :

2 1
2
K;
- H s dn nhit ca vt liu lm ng, W/mK. Tra bng ph lc 2 [Ti liu
5] thng s vt l ca mt s cht rn ta c:

cu
= 389 W/mK;
o - Chiu dy vch. y chiu dy vch tr c tnh theo cng thc

o = 0,5(d
2
d
1
) = 0,5(0,018 0,015) = 0,0015 m
S cnh trn 1 ng: n
c
=
c
l 0,5
=
s 0,004
= 125 cnh

c
h s lm cnh. H s lm cnh c tnh theo cng thc

( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
c c 2
c
1
n d -d 125 0,04331 -0,018
=1+ =1+
2.d .l 2.0,015.0,5
= 13,9
Tnh h s trao i nhit bn ngoi
2

S cnh trn 1 ng: n
c
= 125 cnh

Chiu cao cnh: h =
c
2
d -d
43,31-18
=
2 2
= 12,66 mm.
ng knh tng ng: d
E
=
1
0 2
1 1
0
c
1
1 c
c
c
F
F .d +F .
2.n
F +F

Trong :
*
1
0
F - Din tch phn khng cnh ca ng
1
0
F = t .d
2
.n
c
.s
c
= 3,14.0,018.125.0,0035 = 0,0247 m
2

*
1
c
F - Din tch phn c cnh
1
c
F = 2t
2 2
c 2
d -d
4
.n
c
=
2 2
2.3,14.(0,04331 -0,018 ).125
4
= 0,61 m
2

Thay vo cng thc trn ta c
d
E
=
0,61
0,0247.0,018+0,61.
2.125
0,0247+0,61
= 0,048 m
Tc ti khe hp tnh theo cng thc

max
c 2
c
1 1
3,1
0,018 2.0,01266.0,00035
1- +
0,036 0,036.0,004
= =
d
2.h.
1- +
s s .s
| | | |
|
|
| \ .
\ .
= 7,07 m/s
2

Nhit khng kh trung bnh
t
tb
= 0,5(t
kk
+ t
kk
) = 0,5(35 +8) = 21,5
0
C
Thng s vt l ca khng kh kh nhit 21,5
0
C ta c

k
= 1,199 kg/m
3
; v = 15,201.10
-6
m
2
/s;
k
= 2,602.10
-2
W/mK
Ta c th tnh h s Re theo cng thc
Re =
E max
.d
=
-6
7,07.0,048
15,201.10
= 22,3.10
3

Khi h s Nu c tnh theo cng thc vi ng xp song song
Nu = 0,138.Re
0,63
= 75,8

H s to nhit ca cnh:
E
k
-2
c
Nu. 75,8.2,602.10
= =
d 0,048
= 41,1 W/m
2
K
H s to nhit tng ng ca pha ng c cnh
( )
1
c
1
2
2 c c
F
= +
F
, W/m
2
K
Trong : -
1
0
1
c
F 0,0247
= = =0,0405
F 0,61

-
1
2
F =
1
c
F +
1
0
F = 0,0247 + 0,61 =0,6347 m
2

-
c
= 0,95 : Hiu sut cnh.
Vy: ( )
2
0,61
=41,1. 0,95+0,0405
0,6347
= 39,1 W/m
2
K
Tnh h s trao i nhit bn trong
1

0,5
2,5 1,5 l
1
tr
.
=A .
d
| |
|
\ .
, W/m
2
K
Trong : - Tc chuyn ng ca lng R22 trong h thng, m/s. Vi R22:
= 0,4 1 m/s. Ta chn = 0,5 m/s. [6];

l
- Khi lng ring cu R22 lng ti 0
0
C:
l
= 1,284.10
3
kg/m
3
;
A - Ti 0
0
C, ta chn A = 1,32 ;
u = t
w
t
0
;
d
tr
- ng knh trong ca ng, m;
Do t
w
cha bit nn ta tm
1
o phng php lp:
Gi s t
w
= 3,5
0
C, ta tnh c:

1
o = 1,32
2,5
.[3,5 -0]
1,5
.
0,5
3
-3
0,5.1,284.10
15.10
| |
|
\ .
= 2712 W/m
2
K
Thay vo
c
1 2
1
k=
1 1
+ +
.

k =
2712
1
1 0,0015 1
+ +
389 39,1.13,9
= 452 W/m
2
K
Khi : q = k.
tb
t A = 452.18,3 = 8271,6 W/m
2


q =
1
o (t
w
t
0
) = 2260.3,5 = 7910 W/m
2

So snh q v q vi sai s cho php khng qu 5% ta c:

8271, 6
q-q' 8271,6-7910
= =
q
= 0,0437 = 4,37% < 5%
Vy k = 452 W/m
2
K;
1
= 2712 W/m
2
K v t
w
= 3,5
0
C
Din tch trao i nhit bn trong

3
0
1
0
Q 3,3.10
F = =
k.t 452.18,3
= 0,4 m
2
Tnh cc thng s c th ca dn bay hi
S ng trong dn: n =
1
1
0,4
3,14.0,015.0,5
F
=
.d .l

= 17 Ta chn s ng n=36 ng

Chn s ng trn mi hng l m = 9 ng ta s c s hng ng trong dn bay
hi l: z = n/m =4.
Kch thc ca dn
- Chiu rng dn B = z.s
2
= 4.0,036 = 0,144 m
- Chiu cao dn H = m.s
1
= 9.0,036 = 0,324 m
- Chiu di ca dn chn L = 0,5 m
3.11.4. Tnh chn my nn
Nhim v ca my nn lnh: My nn lnh l b phn quan trng nht ca cc h
thng lnh nn hi. My nn c nhim v:
* Lin tc ht hi sinh ra thit b bay hi.
* Duy tr p sut P
0
v nhit t
0
cn thit.
* Nn hi ln p sut cao tng ng vi mi trng lm mt, nc hoc khng
kh, y vo thit b ngng t.
* a lng qua van tit lu tr v thit b bay hi, thc hin qu trnh tun hon
kn ca mi cht lnh trong h thng gn lin vi vic thu hi nhit mi
trng lnh v thi nhit mi trng nng.
Chn loi my nn: Vi mi cht R22 ta chn loi my nn pittng na kn
a) Tnh ton chu trnh ch yu cu

Nng sut khi lng thc t: G = 0,02 kg/s
Nng sut th tch thc t. Tra bng cc tnh cht nhit ng ca R22 trng thi
bo ho vi nhit hi ht l 0
0
C ta c v = v
0
= 46,98.10
-3
m
3
/kg.
V
tt
= G.v = 0,02.46,98.10
-3
= 0,94.10
-3
m
3
/s
- T s nn:
k
0
p
=
p
=
19,395
4,983
= 3,89
- H s cp ca my nn:
tt
lt
V
=
V

H s cp ca my nn l t s gia th tch thc t V
tt
v th tch l thuyt V
lt
ca
my nn. H s cp v hiu sut ch th ph thuc vo t s nn, vi mi cht R22,
= 0,77.
- Th tch ht l thuyt
V
lt
= V
tt
/ = 0,94.10
-3
/0,77 = 1,22.10
-3
m
3
/s
- Nng sut lnh ring khi lng
q
0
= i
1
i
4
= 405,27 245 = 160,27 kJ/kg
Nng sut lnh ring th tch
q
v
=
0
-3
1
q 160,27
=
v 46,98.10
= 3411,5 kJ/m
3

Th tch hi thc t ht vo xylanh
V= G.v
1
=0,02.54,41.10
-3
= 1,09.10
-3
m
3
/s
H s ch th th tch
K 0 d 0 h
i
0 0
0
P +P P -P P -P
= -C -
P P P
| |
|
|
\ .

Chn :
* C = 0,05
*
h
P =
d
P =0,1 bar

i
4,983-0,1 19,395+0,1 4,983-0,1
= -0,05 - =0,85
4,983 4,983 4,983
| |
|
\ .

H s tn tht khng thy c

0
w'
k
T
=
T
273+0
= =0,845
273+50

H s lu lng ca my nn

=
i
w
= 0,85.0,845=0,72

Th tch chuyn di ca pittong
h
V
V =
=
-3
-3
1,09.10
=1,51.10
0,72
m
3
/s
Cng sut on nhit
N
a
= G( i
2
i
1
) = 0,02.(462,53 - 423,53) = 0,78 kW
Hiu sut ch th:
w' 0 i
= +b.t =0,845+0,0025.0=0,845
(Vi R22 chn b= 0,0025)
Cng sut ch th
N
i
=
a
i
N
=
0,78
0,845
= 0,923 kW
Cng sut ma st
N
m
=V
h
.P
m
.10
2
= 1,51.10
-3
.0,5.10
2
=0,00755 kW (Chn P
m
=0,5 bar)
Cng sut hiu dng
N
e
=N
i
+N
m
=0,923 + 0,00755 = 0,99 kW
Cng sut trn trc my nn truyn ng trc tip
N = N
e
= 0,99 kW
b) Tnh ton nng sut lnh tiu chun
Do cng sut lnh ca my nn ph thuc rt ln vo ch vn hnh nn ch
vn hnh khc so vi trong catalogue. chn my nn ph hp ta tin hnh quy i
nng sut lnh t ch vn hnh sang ch quy chun: Vi R22, ch tiu chun
l: t
0
= 15
0
C; t
qn
= 15
0
C; t
k
= 30
0
C; t
ql
= 25
0
C. Ta lp bng thng s trng thi ca cc
im nt trn th:


Bng 3-2 Thng s tiu chun ca cc im nt
im Trng thi
P
bar
t
0
C
v.10
3

m
3
/kg
i
kJ/kg
S
kJ/kgK
1
1
2
3
3
4
Hi bo ha kh x=1
Hi qu nhit
Hi qu nhit
Lng si, x=0
Lng cha si
Hi bo ha m
2,966
2,966
11,908
11,908
11,908
2,966
-15
15
85
30
25
-15
77,29
106,15
25,183
0,8515
-
-
698,38
719,7
759,315
536,51
515,19
515,19
1,7710
1,8448
1,8448
1,1248
-
-

Tnh ton ch tiu chun:
T s nn:
k
tc
0
p
=
p
=
11,908
2,966
= 4,015
H s cp: H s cp v hiu sut ch th ph thuc vo t s nn vi mi cht
R22 ta c
tc
= 0,76
Nng sut lnh ring khi lng tiu chun
q
0tc
= i
1
i
4
= 183,19 kJ/kg
Nng sut lnh ring th tch tiu chun
0tc
vtc -3
1
183,19
=2370
77,29.10
q
q = =
v
kJ/m
3

Nng sut lnh tiu chun
Q
0tc
=
vtc tc
0
v
2370.0,76
,3. =2,27
3400.0,77
q .
Q =3
q .
kW
c) Tn tht nng lng v cng sut ng c
Cng nn on nhit
N
s
= G(i
2
i
1
) = 0,02(759,315 698,38) = 1,21 kW
Hiu sut ch th. Da vo t s nn t ta c
i
q = 0,86
Cng nn ch th

s
i
i
N 1,21
N = = =1,4
0,86
kW
Cng sut hu ch: N
e
= N
i
+ N
ms

* Cng tiu tn thng lc ma st: N
ms
= p
ms
.V
tt

Vi my nn R22 ngc dng: p
ms
= 19 34 kPa. Ta chn p
ms
= 25 kPa.
N
ms
= 0,47.10
-3
.25 = 0,01125 kW
N
e
= 1,4 + 0,01125 = 1,41 kW
Cng sut in tiu th: N
el
=
e
td el
N

td
- Hiu sut truyn ng. Vi my nn na kn:
td
= 1

el
- Hiu sut ng c in
el
= (0,8 0,95). Chn
el
= 0,9
N
el
=
e
td el
N 1,41
=
0,9
= 1,56 kW
Cng sut ng c in lp t: N
dc
= (1,1 2,1).N
el

Chn: N
dc
= 1,1.N
el
= 1,1.1,56 = 1,71 kW
My nn pittong ca hng COPELAND CR-KQ-PFZ Series - M ta chn my nn
c thng s sau: -K hiu: CR18KQ-PFZ-280BM
- Q
0tc
: 2,5 HP
- S xi lanh: 1
- in ngun: 220V/1Ph/50Hz
- ng knh pittng: 42 mm
- S vng quay: 48 vg/s
3.11.5. Chn ng ng dn mi cht
3.11.5.1. ng ng y
* Lu lng th tch mi cht qua ng y
V
d
= G.v
2
= 0,02.15,71.10
-3
= 0,314.10
-3
m
3
/s
* Tc mi cht trong ng y.
Tc dng chy thch hp vi mi cht R22,
h
=(815) m/s. Ta chn
h
= 11 m/s
* ng knh trong ca ng

d
td
=
-3
d
d
4.V 4.0,314.10
=
. 3,14.11
= 0,006 m
ng ng cho my lnh Fren ta chn loi ng c thng s:
- ng knh trong: d
td
= 6 mm
- ng knh ngoi: d
nd
= 8 mm
3.11.5.2. ng ng ht
* Lu lng th tch mi cht qua ng ht
V
d
= G.v
1
= 0,02.54,18.10
-3
= 1,08.10
-3
m
3
/s
* Tc mi cht trong ng ht
Tc dng chy thch hp vi mi cht R22,
h
=(712) m/s. Ta chn
h
= 8 m/s
* ng knh trong ca ng
d
td
=
-3
d
d
4.V
4.1,08.10
=
. 3,14.8
= 0,0131 m
ng ng cho my lnh Fren ta chn loi ng c thng s:
- ng knh trong: d
td
= 15 mm
- ng knh ngoi: d
nd
= 18 mm
3.11.6. Thit b hi nhit
a) Cng dng
Thit b hi nhit c tc dng qu nhit hi ht v my nn trnh lt lng vo my
nn gy ra hin tng va p thy lc lm h hng thit b v qu lnh lng cao p
gim tn tht lnh do van tit lu.
b) Cu to

1- ng vo hi hi h p
2- ng ra lng cao p
3- ng vo lng cao p
4- ng ra hi h p
5- ng xon
6- ng tr kn

c) Nguyn l
Lng cao p chy bn trong ng xon trao i nhit vi hi h p chy bn ngoi
ng lm cho hi h p t hi bo ho tr thnh hi qu nhit. Lng cao p nh nhit cho
hi h p v c qu lnh mt phn. ng tr kn 2 u c nhim v hng cho dng
hi i qua ng xon v lm tng tc dng hi tng cng hiu qu trao i nhit.
Bnh hi nhit c bc cch nhit.
* Thng s thit k
- Cng sut thit b hi nhit Q
hn
= 0,37 kW
- Nhit lng mi cht vo t
l
= t
3
= 50
0
C
- Nhit lng mi cht ra t
l
= t
3
= 36,5
0
C
- Nhit hi mi cht vo t
h
= t
1
= 0
0
C
- Nhit hi mi cht ra : t
h
= t
1
= 25
0
C
d) Tnh chn ng knh ng
Vi lng R22 chy trong ng, tc mi cht nm trong khong (0,4 1) m/s. Ta chn
e = 0,8 m/s.
Lu lng th tch ca lng chy trong ng
V = G.v
3
= 0,02.0,0008. = 1.60
-5
m
3
/s
ng knh trong ca ng:
d
1
=
-5
V 1,6.10
2. =2.
. 3,14.0,8
= 0,005 m
Theo kch thc tiu chun ca ng ng trong bng cc loi ng ng cho my
lnh Freon ta chn d
1
= 6 mm. Khi , ng knh ngoi l: d
2
= 8 mm.
ng knh ca vng xon: Chn D
x
= 30 mm
Chn khe h gia ng xon vi v thit b l =10mm. Khi , ng knh trong ca
v l: D
v
= D
x
+ d
2
+2. o = 30 + 8 + 2.10 = 58 mm
ng knh ca phn li qun ng ( d lp t ta ly khong h gia ng xon
v li qun l
l
o = 5mm). D
l
= D
x
-
l
o - d
2
= 30 2.5 8 = 12 mm
Tit din t do ca hi trong thit b hi nhit

F =
( )
2
2
2 2
v v 2
v l
D -2 -(D -2-2.d )
D -D
-
4 4

=
2 2 2 2
0,058 -0,012 -(0,058-2.0,01) +(0,058-2.0,01-2.0,008)
3,14
4

= 0,00177 m
2

Lu lng th tch ca mi cht
V = G.v
1
= 0,02.46,98.10
-3
= 9,4.10
-4
m
3
/s
Tc hi mi cht trong thit b hi nhit
-4
V 9,4.10
= =
F 0,00177
= 0,53 m/s
e) Tnh ton din tch trao i nhit
* Din tch trao i nhit c tnh t phng trnh truyn nhit

hn
tb
Q
F=
k.t
, m
2
Vi: Q
hn
- Ph ti ca thit b hi nhit. Q
hn
= 0,37 kW;
2
K;

tb
t A - chnh nhit lgarit trung bnh, K;
Trong thc t, nhit trong thit b ngng t gim t t
2
xung t
k
, gi nguyn t
k
trong
qu trnh ngng t nhng li gim khi qa lnh. Nhng khi tnh ton c th coi nhit
trong thit b ngng t l khng i v bng t
k
. chnh nhit trung bnh c tnh
theo cng thc:

max min
tb
max
min
t -t
t =
t
ln
t
,
0
C
Trong :
max
t - Hiu nhit ln nht:
max 1' 1
t =t -t =25-0=25
0
C

min
t - Hiu nhit b nht:
3 3' min
t =t -t =50-36,5=13,5
0
C
Thay vo cng thc ta c tnh c
tb
t =18,7
0
C
* Xc nh h s truyn nhit k

Do ng c chiu dy mng (d
2
/d
1
= 1,2 <1,4) nn qu trnh truyn nhit trong vch tr
c th coi l truyn nhit qua vch phng. H s truyn nhit k tnh theo cng thc:

1 2
1
k=
1 1
+ +
.
, W/mK
Vi
2 1
2
K;
- H s dn nhit ca vt liu lm ng, W/mK;
cu
= 389 W/mK [5];
o - Chiu dy vch. y chiu dy vch tr c tnh theo cng thc
o = 0,5(d
2
d
1
) = 0,5(0,008 0,006) = 0,001 m
* Xc nh h s to nhit
1

Nhit trung bnh ca mi cht lng: t
tb
= 0,5(t
3
+ t
3
) = 0,5(50 +36,5) = 43,25
0
C.
Tra bng ph lc 8 [5] tnh cht vt l trn ng bo ho ca R22 vi nhit 43,25
0
C ta c:
k
= 1117,4 kg/m
3
; = 2,16.10
-4
Ns/m
2
;
k
=7,53.10
-2
W/mK; Pr = 3,857.
Ta c th tnh h s Re theo cng thc sau:

Re =
1 1
.d .d .
=

=
-4
0,53.0,006.1117,4
2,16.10
= 1,64.10
4

Nh vy dng chy trong ng l chy tng (Re>1.10
4
). Khi h s Nu c tnh
theo cng thc: [5]
Nu = 0,021.Re
0,8
.Pr
0,43
.A.
1
.
R
c c
Trong : A - H s k n nh hng ca chiu dng nhit: A =
0,25
f
w
Pr
Pr
| |
|
\ .

Coi t
f
= t
w
nn A = 1

1
c - H s k n chiu di ng
1
c = 1;

R
c - H s k n nh hng khi un cong;

R
c = 1 +
1
d 0,006
1,77 =1+1,77
R 0,5.0,008
= 3,65
Thay vo ta c:
Nu = 0,021.(1,64.10
4
)
0,8
.3,857
0,43
.1.1.3,65 = 322,5

Vy:
-2
k
1
1
Nu. 322,5.7,53.10
= =
d 0,006
= 4101 W/m
2
K
* H s to nhit
2

Nu
f
=
s
0,65 0,33
f f
0,26.Re .Pr .A.
Vi: A - H s k n nh hng chiu dng nhit: A =
25 , 0
Pr
Pr
|
|
.
|
\
|
w
f
.Coi t
f
= t
w
A = 1

s
c - H s k n nh hng ca bc ng. Coi chm ng c 2 dy ng song song
v bc ng s = R = 35 mm.

0,15
0,15
2
s
s 0,035
= =
d 0,008
| |
| |
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
= 1,25
- Nhit trung bnh ca hi mi cht trong thit b
t
tb
= 0,5(t
1
+ t
1
) = 0,5(0 +25) = 12,5
0
C
Tra bng ph lc 8 [5] tnh cht vt l trn ng bo ho ca R22 nhit 12,5
0
C:
k
= 1240 kg/m
3
; = 2,5.10
-4
Ns/m
2
;
k
= 0,0913.10
-3
W/mK; Pr = 3,3
- Ta c th tnh h s Re theo cng thc sau v
v = :
Re =
2 2
.d .d .
=

=
-4
0,53.0,008.1240
2,5.10
= 2,1.10
4

Thay vo ta c: Nu = 0,26.(2,1.10
4
)
0,65
.3,3
0,33
.1.1,25 = 339
Vy:
k
2
2
Nu. 339.0,0913
= =
d 0,008
= 3869 W/m
2
K
Thay vo cng thc trn ta c h s truyn nhit

1 2
4101 3869
1 1
k= =
1 1 1 0,001 1
+ + + +
389
= 1981 W/mK
- Din tch trao i nhit
hn
tb
370 Q
F= =
k.t 1981.18,7
= 0,01 m
2

* Chiu di l ca ng xon: l =
tb
F
.d
, m
Trong : d
tb
= 0,5(d
1
+d
2
) = 0,5(6 + 8) = 7 mm
Thay vo ta c: l =
tb
F 0,01
=
.d 3,14.0,007
= 0,455 m
* Chiu di l
1
ca 1 vng xon: l
1
= t .D
x
= 3,14.0,03 = 0,0942 m
* S vng xon: n =
1
l 0,455
=
l 0,0942
= 4,8; Chn n = 6 vng
3.11.7. Tnh ton tr lc v chn qut
a) Tnh ton ng ng dn tc nhn sy
Theo s b tr ca h thng, ta cn phi ch to h thng dn khng kh t qut vo
bung sy. Din tch mt ct c xc nh theo cng thc [3]:

V
F=
, m
2

Trong : - F : Din tch tit din ng ng dn, m
2

- V : Lu lng khng kh trong on ng, m
3
/s
- e : Tc khng kh trong ng, m/s
Chn e
la chn tc gi thch hp l mt bi ton kinh t k thut phc tp.
- Khi chn tc ln th ng knh ng nh, chi ph cho u t thp, tuy nhin tr
lc ca h thng ln v n do kh ng ca dng khng kh cao.
- Khi chn tc thp th ng knh ng ln, chi ph cho u t ln, kh khn cho
lp t nhng n gim. ph hp vi h thng ta chn tc gi trong knh dn
gi l 4 m/s.
Tnh lu lng khng kh: Trong chng 3 ta tnh ton c lu lng khng
kh tun hon trong 1 giy l G
kk
= 0,06 kg/s. Vi nhit trung bnh trong bung sy l
37,5
0
C, tra bng ph lc 3 [1] Thng s vt l ca khng kh kh ta c = 1,137
kg/m
3
. Khi ta c:

V =
kk
G 0,06
=
1,137
= 0,053 m
3
/s
Vy: F =
0, 053
4
V
e
= =0,1325 m
2

- ng knh ng dn khng kh
d =
4F 4.0,1325
=
3,14
= 0,41 m
Ta chn ng knh ng dn l d = 410 mm
Xc nh chiu di ng ng
Chiu di ton b ng ng l, m c xc nh da vo s b tr h thng. Theo
tnh ton s b th chiu di tng cng ng ng gi ca h thng t b x l khng
kh n ming thi vo bung sy khong l = 3,5 m.
* Tnh ton tr lc ca h thng

Hnh 3-8. S tnh ton kh ng trong h thng my sy

Tn tht p sut trn ng ng gi
- Tn tht ma st: Tn tht ma st c tnh theo cng thc:

2
ms
l .
P = .
d 2
, mmH
2
O

Trong : - H s tn tht ma st;
l - Chiu di ng. l = 3,5m;
d ng knh trong tng ng ca ng, d = 0,41m;
e - Tc khng kh trong ng. e = 4 m/s;
- Khi lng ring ca khng kh ti nhit 37,5
0
C; =1,137
kg/m
3
; =16,72.10
-6
m
2
/s.[ph lc 3/1/]
Khi : Re =
.d e
v
=
-6
4.0,41
16,72.10
=0,98.10
5

Vi ng tn mng b mt trong lng, tit din trn v Re>10
5
th:
= 0,0032 + 0,221.Re
-0,237
= 0,0032 + 0,221.[0,98.10
5
]
-0,237
= 0,018
Vy:
2 2
ms
l. 3,5.1,137.4
P = . =0,018.
d 2 0,41.2
= 1,4 mmH
2
O
Tn tht cc b
cb
P A
- H thng ng ng gi gm c:
* 1 van iu chnh gi tit din hnh ch nht. D/D
0
= 0,9 v gc nghing u = 0
0

ta c = 0,19.

* 4 ct tit din hnh ch nht theo khung ca bung sy ta c = 1,37.
* Tr lc khi i qua cc khay sy xp song song ta c = 0,5.
- Tn tht cc b c tnh theo cng thc

2 2
cb
1,137.4
(0,19+4.1.37+5.0,5)
2
.
P =. =
2
= 74,3 mmH
2
O
Vy tng tn tht trn ng ng gi:
AP
1
= AP
ms
+ AP
cb
= 1,4 + 74,3 = 75,7 mmH
2
O
c) Tn tht qua cc thit b ca h thng
- Tr lc ca thit b lc bi, bung x l khng kh, bung sy. Trong h thng ny do
mt bi khng nhiu nn ta chn thit b lc bi n gin l b lc bi kiu li.
Thit b lc bi kiu li th tr lc ca li lc nm trong khong 3040 Pa. Ta chn
tr lc ca li s dng trong h thng sy ny bng 35 Pa = 3,57 mmH
2
O

- Tr lc qua bung x l khng kh c tnh theo cng thc:

2
.
P'=(3070)
2
, mmH
2
O
Vi e = 2,4 m/s ta c c tr lc qua bung x l khng kh l 164 mmH
2
O
Vy AP
2
= 167,6 mmH
2
O
Nh vy tng tn tht tr lc ca h thng l:
1 2
P=P +P = 243,3 mmH
2
O
Bng 3-3. Tn tht kh ng bn trong h thng sy
V tr Dng tn tht Tn tht (mmH
2
O)
1,3,4,6 Tr lc cc b trn cc co 90
0
49,9
2 Tr lc cc b khi i qua cc khay sy 22,7
5 Tr lc cc b khi i qua bung x l khng kh 164
7 Tr lc cc b khi i qua van iu chnh gi 1,73
8 Tn tht ma st khi i qua bung sy 1,40
9 Tr lc cc b khi i qua li lc 3,57
Tng tn tht tr lc ca h thng 243,3
d) Chn qut.
Ta c cng sut ca qut

9,81.V .
N= ;
1000.
tb
P
kW
q
A

Trong : V
tb
- lu lng nhit trung bnh ca tc nhn sy, m
3
/h

P A - tng ct p qut phi thc hin, mmH
2
O

q
q - hiu sut ca qut, ) 6 , 0 4 , 0 ( =
q
q Theo [1]. Chn q
q
=0,4

3
1,137 / kg m = - khi lng ring ca khng kh nhit trung bnh TNS.
Thay s ta c:
9,81.0, 06.3600.1,137.243,3
N=
1000.0, 4.3600
= 0,4 kW/h
Cng sut ng c: N
dc
= k.N= 1,1.0,4=0,44 kW (k=1,1 theo [1])
Chn loi qut hng trc FANTECH c m s APCR0502AA10/10 c thng s sau:

* ng kch cnh 500 mm * Tc 48 vng/s

* S cnh 10
* Lu lng 0,07 m
3
/s
* p sut 2383 Pa
* Cng sut 0,22 kW
Hnh 3-9. S c tnh k thut ca qut APCR0502AA10/10
Hnh 3-10. S cu to qut APCR0502AA10/10

Chng 4
KHO NGHIM QU TRNH SY THC T TRN M HNH
MY SY LNH

4.1. Mc ch
Cc kt qu tnh ton v mt l thuyt hai ch hi lu hon ton v ch thi
b tc nhn v c bn ph hp vi nguyn l ca phng php sy lnh. Tuy nhin, cn
thit phi kim nghim tnh chnh xc ca phng php tnh la chn. T vic xy
dng m hnh trn l thuyt n thc t i hi phi tin hnh thc nghim nghin cu
t m m hnh xy dng xc nh cc ch sy ti u nht. Vic kho nghim
thc t m hnh my sy xy dng t tnh ton thit k l vic kim tra cc thng s nh
hng n ch sy t tm ra ch sy ti u i vi cc vt liu khc nhau.
4.2. Phng php v phng tin
a) Phng php
- Da vo cc kin thc cn bn v k thut sy ca cc tc gi - chuyn gia u ngnh
cng vi nhng ti liu mi chuyn v sy lnh do gio vin hng dn hng dn cung
cp.
- Phng php gii tch: S dng cc cch tnh ton gii tch c hc v b sung
nhng cng thc t ngun ti liu c thm.
- Phng php thc nghim: T thc nghim tm ra cc thng s b sung cho qu trnh
tnh ton cng nh kim nh li cng thc l thuyt.
b) Phng tin
Sy C rt bng phng php sy lnh l mt k thut cn mi nn quy trnh cng
ngh chun cha c xy dng mt cch y . Cn phi tin hnh cc th nghim
xc nh cc thng s cn thit cho qu trnh tnh ton l thuyt, cng nh t nhng th
nghim thc t kim tra, xy dng li l thuyt.
* Cc thng s cn xc nh bng th nghim
- Xc nh m - nhit trung bnh (t
o
,
o
) khng kh ti khu vc lp my sy.

- Xc nh nhit , m u vo v u ra ca sn phm.
- Xc nh vn tc tc nhn trong cc ch sy.
- Xc nh R trung bnh ca vt liu sy v phng php ct lt vt lu.
- Xc nh lng m ngng t hai ch sy hi lu hon ton v thi b tc
nhn.
Do hn ch v thi gian nn mt s thng s khc ca qu trnh sy c xc nh bng
cc gi tr nghn cu ca cc tc gi u ngnh trong v ngoi nc.
* tin hnh cc th nghim trn ta cn cc phng tin thit b
- M hnh my sy lnh
- My o m ca C rt, m hiu thit b: Sartorius - Ma45
- Thit b o vn tc dng kh, m hiu thit b: Mannix inc - #DAF80PW.
- Thc kp c chnh xc l 0,05mm c thang o t 0,054100mm.
- Thit b in t chuyn dng kho st mi trng c chc nng o c m -
nhit , thng s o c th hin trn mn hnh ca thit b, m hiu thit b:
Extch Easy ViewTM 20 - Hygro - Thermometer
4.3. Th nghim xc nh cc thng s qu trnh sy
4.3.1. Th nghim xc nh vn tc tc nhn sy
Vn tc tc nhn sy l thng s c ngha ht sc quan trng trong qu trnh sy.
Thng s ny nh hng n tc truyn nhit v truyn cht ca qu trnh do phng
php sy lnh s dng khng kh i lu trong bung sy. Nh vy, da vo thng s
ny chng ta c th xc nh c h s ta nhit i lu ca qu trnh sy.
* Dng c th nghim
- M hnh my sy lnh
- Thit b o vn tc kh Sartorius - Ma45
* Tin hnh th nghim
- Khi ng my tin hnh th nghim hai ch sy hi lu hon ton v thi b
tc nhn.
- a thit b vo bn trong bung sy, t thit b v tr quan st thun li ti cc
knh gi vo bung sy t khay u tin n khay s 5, ghi li gi tr ti mi v tr.

Bng 4-1. Bng kt qu kho st vn tc tc nhn sy
S th t V tr t thit b Vn tc tc nhn, m/s
1 Khay 1 2,93
2 Khay 2 3,30
3 Khay 3 3,35
4 Khay 4 3,05
5 Khay 5 3,01
Vn tc trung bnh tc nhn, m/s 3,12

T kt qu th nghim ta xc nh c vn tc trung bnh ca tc nhn sy trong bung
sy v=3,1 m/s.

Hnh 4-1. Biu phn b vn tc tc nhn sy qua cc khay
4.3.2. Th nghim s xc nh m - nhit trung bnh (to,
o
) ca khng kh ti
ni lp my sy
Trong ch sy hi lu vic xc nh cc thng s u vo nhit khng kh v
m khng kh l rt quan trng, nh hng ln n chi ph nng lng cng nh tnh
kinh t ca my sy bi n nh hng n nng sut dn lnh trong h thng sy s
dng bm nhit.

* Dng c th nghim: Thit b in t chuyn dng kho st mi trng c chc
nng o c m - nhit , thng s o c th hin trn mn hnh ca thit b, m
hiu thit b: Extch Easy ViewTM 20 - Hygro - Thermometer
* B tr th nghim
Dng thit b o m - nhit o v lu li thng s ti phong th nghim sy,
mi ngy o hai ln, sau ly trung bnh gi tr o c qua cc ln o.
Bng 4-2. Bng kt qu thc nghim xc nh nhit v m mi trng
S th t Thi gian tin hnh o Nhit ,
0
C m, %
1 6h (15/4/2010) 24 77
2 9h (15/4/2010) 27 73
3 12h (15/4/2010) 32 70
4 15h (15/4/2010) 33 69
5 18h (15/4/2010) 25 75
6 21h (15/4/2010) 23 74
Gi tr trung bnh 27,3 73,6

Hnh 4-2. Biu nhit v m trong ngy ti TP H Ch Minh ngy 15/04/2010

Cc thng s nhit - m trung bnh ca mi trng phng th nghim k thut
sy khoa Nhit lnh trng H CN TPHCM trong thi gian tin hnh ti l t
o
=
27
0
C,
o
= 74%.
4.3.3. Th nghim xc nh m u v m cui ca vt liu sy
m u v m cui ca vt liu sy ng vai tr quan trng trong vic xc nh
ch sy thch hp vi cc vt liu khc nhau. Tin hnh th nghim trn 5 mu vt
liu sy sau khi x l v ct lt trc khi b vo bung sy. S dng my o m
C rt, m hiu thit b: Sartorius - Ma45. Ta c bng kt qu thc nghim nh sau:
Bng 4-3. Bng kt qu xc nh xc nh m u vo ca vt liu sy
S th t m vt liu u vo, % m u ra ca sn phm, %
1 88,56 14,56
2 87,93 11,70
3 87,93 12,60
4 89,76 15,64
5 88,84 11,56
Kt qu trung bnh 88,65 13,21

T bng kt qu thc nghim ta la chn thng s u vo
1
=88,7%;
2
=13%
4.3.4. Xc nh R trung bnh ca vt liu sy v phng php ct lt vt lu
Thng s bn knh R ca vt liu sy c xc nh bng phng o s dng thc
kp vi chnh xc l 0,05mm c thang o t 0,054100mm. C rt sau khi c ra
sch c ct thnh nhng ming bng dao, tin hnh o th nghim 5 ln v thu c
kt qu trung bnh ca C rt.
Bng 4-4. Bng kt qu bn knh R ca vt liu
S th t Kt qu o, mm
1 3,1
2 3,3
3 3,3
4 3,2

5 3,0
(2R), mm 3,2

Da vo bng kt qu trn ta xc nh gi tr trung bnh ca R vt liu, R=1,6 mm
4.3.5. Th nghim sy ch hi lu hon ton v ch thi b tc nhn
a) Mc ch th nghim
Nhm xc nh lng m ngng t ch sy thi b tc nhn vi nhit tc nhn
sy ci t 40
0
C xc nh nng sut ca dn lnh cn thit, ng thi xc nh qu
trnh gim m ca vt liu trong sut qu trnh sy.
b) B tr th nghim
- Khi lng u vo G
1
=5 kg
- Nhit tc nhn sy ci t t
3
= 40
0
C
- S dng cn Nhn Ha 2 kg cn lng m ngng t trong qu trnh sy.

1: My nn 5: Dn lnh
2: Dn nng 6: Qut
3: Khay liu 7: Tm chn
4: Bng iu khin 8: Khay ng nc ngng
Hnh 4-3. S h thng my sy lnh


* Bng kt qu th nghim ch sy hi lu hon ton
Bng 4-5. Bng kt qu th nghim ch sy hi lu hon ton
Time Number
Rh ngoai
troi
Rh khi
say
T ngoai
troi
T khi
say
T buong
lanh
T xa
Lng
m
ngng t,
(kg)
4/16/2010
10:55
1 74.5 18,4 32.2 39.3 39.8 39.3 0.00
4/16/2010
11:10
2 74.5 18,4 32.2 41.9 34.8 40.9 0.00
4/16/2010
11:25
3 74.4 18.4 32.2 38.2 27.6 34.2 0.09
4/16/2010
11:40
4 74.4 18.6 32.2 38.7 27 36.7 0.10
4/16/2010
11:55
5 74.5 18.4 32.2 38.2 27 34.2 0.17
4/16/2010
12:10
6 72.8 18.6 32.2 38.7 27.2 36.7 0.22
4/16/2010
12:25
7 72.8 18.4 32.2 39.2 26.5 34.2 0.36
4/16/2010
12:40
8 72.0 18.6 32.2 39.7 27.5 36.7 0.50
4/16/2010
12:55
9 72.2 18.6 32.2 39.7 26.9 36.7 0.58
4/16/2010
13:10
10 70.3 18.6 32.2 38.7 27.2 36.7 0.62
4/16/2010
13:25
11 70.3 18.4 32.2 38.2 27.4 34.2 0.80
4/16/2010
12 70.0 18.4 32.2 38.2 26.9 34.2 0.98

13:40
4/16/2010
13:55
13 70.5 18.4 33.2 39.2 26.7 34.2 1.02
4/16/2010
14:10
14 70.5 18.4 33.2 39.2 27 34.2 1.10
4/16/2010
14:25
15 69.3 18.4 33.2 38.2 27 34.2 1.17
4/16/2010
14:40
16 69.3 18.4 33.2 39.2 27.1 34.2 1.23
4/16/2010
14:55
17 69.3 18.6 33.2 39.7 27 36.7 1.36
4/16/2010
15:10
18 69.4 18.6 33.7 39.7 27.5 36.7 1.45
4/16/2010
15:25
19 69.3 18.6 33.7 39.7 27.9 36.7 1.50
4/16/2010
15:40
20 69.3 18.6 33.7 39.7 27.7 36.7 1.57
4/16/2010
15:55
21 69.3 18.6 33.2 39.7 27.5 36.7 1.63
4/16/2010
16:10
22 70.8 18.6 33.2 39.7 27.3 36.7 1.74
4/16/2010
16:25
23 70.8 18.4 33.2 39.2 27.6 34.2 1.84


Hnh 4-4. S cc thng s ch sy hi lu hon ton

* Bng kt qu th nghim ch sy thi b tc nhn
Bng 4-6. Bng kt qu th nghim ch sy thi b tc nhn
Time Number
Rh ngoai
troi
Rh khi
say
T ngoai
troi
T khi
say
T buong
lanh
T xa
Lng
m
ngng t,
(kg)
4/17/2010
9:00
1 75.5 21,4 32.2 39.3 35.8 39.3 0.0
4/17/2010
9:15
2 75.5 21,4 32.2 41.9 33.8 41.9 0.2
4/17/2010
9:30
3 74.4 21.4 32.2 34.2 27.6 34.2 0.4
4/17/2010
9:45
4 74.4 21.6 32.2 36.7 27 36.7 0.7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Rh ngoai troi
Rh khi say
T ngoai troi
T khi say
T buong lanh
T xa
Lng m ngng t, (kg)

4/17/2010
10:00
5 74.5 21.4 32.2 34.2 27 34.2 1,0
4/17/2010
10:15
6 74.8 21.6 32.2 36.7 27.2 36.7 1,2
4/17/2010
10:30
7 74.5 21.4 32.2 34.2 26.5 34.2 1,5
4/17/2010
10:45
8 73.0 21.6 32.2 36.7 27.5 36.7 1,7
4/17/2010
11:00
9 72.2 21.6 32.2 36.7 26.9 36.7 1,8
4/17/2010
11:15
10 70.3 21.6 32.2 36.7 27.2 36.7 2,1
4/17/2010
11:30
11 70.3 21.4 32.2 34.2 27.4 34.2 2,3
4/17/2010
11:45
12 71.0 21.4 32.2 34.2 26.9 34.2 2,4
4/17/2010
12:00
13 70.5 21.4 33.2 34.2 26.7 34.2 2,6
4/17/2010
12:15
14 70.5 21.4 33.2 34.2 27 34.2 2,8
4/17/2010
12:30
15 69.3 21.4 33.2 34.2 27 34.2 2,9
4/17/2010
12:45
16 69.3 21.4 33.2 34.2 27.1 34.2 2,0
4/17/2010
13:00
17 69.3 21.6 33.2 36.7 27 36.7 3,1
4/17/2010
13:15
18 69.4 21.6 33.7 36.7 27.5 36.7 3,4

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Rh ngoai troi
Rh khi say
T ngoai troi
T khi say
T buong lanh
T xa
Lng m ngng t, (kg)
4/17/2010
13:30
19 69.3 21.6 33.7 36.7 27.9 36.7 3,6
4/17/2010
13:45
20 69.3 21.6 33.7 36.7 27.7 36.7 3,8
4/17/2010
14:00
21 69.3 21.6 33.2 36.7 27.5 36.7 3,9
4/17/2010
14:15
22 70.8 21.6 33.2 36.7 27.3 36.7 4,2
4/17/2010
14:30
23 70.8 21.4 33.2 34.2 27.6 34.2 4,5
4/17/2010
14:45
24 70.8 21.4 33.2 34.2 27.6 34.2 4,8
4/17/2010
15:00
25 70.8 21.4 33.2 34.2 27.6 34.2 5,1

Hnh 4-5. S cc thng s ch sy thi b tc nhn

4.3.6. Kt lun rt ra t thc nghim
T m hnh h thng sy lnh ta tin hnh th nghim sy C rt hai ch sy hi
lu hon ton v ch sy thi b tc nhn. Da vo sn phm thu c t qu trnh
sy v cc s liu thu c t hai ch bng vic ng dng phm mm Labview ta a
ra cc kt lun sau:
* Thc nghim qu trnh sy trn m hnh ta nhn thy rng ch sy thc nghim
m bo chnh xc so vi cc kt qu tnh ton l thuyt trn.
* Sn phm hai ch sy u t yu cu v mu sc, mi v.
* Lng m ngng t ch sy hi lu t hn so vi lng m ngng t t ch
sy thi b tc nhn. Do phi ngng t m t mi trng nn nng sut ca dn
lnh ch sy khng hi lu ln hn ch sy hi lu hon ton. Do , ch
ph nng lng cho mi kg thnh phm ch sy khng hi lu cao hn.
* C nhiu yu t tc ng n qu trnh sy nh nhit , vn tc tc nhn sy;
nng sut kh m ca dn lnh cng cn phi tnh n tng th sy vv
4.4. ng dng phn mm Labview vo nghin cu thc nghim
4.4.1.Khi nim v phn mm ha LabView
LabView (Laboratory Virtual Istrument Engineerring Worbench) l mt chng
trnh ng dng pht trin, da trn c s ngn ng lp trnh ha G, thng c s
dng cho mc ch o lng, x l, iu khin tham s v m phng thit b.
L mt ngn ng lp trnh a nng, ging nh C hoc Visual Basic, LabView c cc
th vin hm cho cc nhim v khc nhau. Vi mc ch xy dng mt ngn ng
chuyn dng cho cc bi ton khoa hc k thut, cc th vin hm c cung cp bi
LabView rt mnh, phong ph v lun c pht trin tng thch vi s pht trin
ca phn cng v cc yu cu thc tin.
Khc vi ngn ng lp trnh thng thng (ngn ng dng lnh) LabView s dng
ngn ng lp trnh G ngn ng lp trnh hnh to cc chng trnh dng s
khi. Do ngi lp trnh c th to thit k mt giao din m phng theo panel
ca cc thit b vt l thc. N cn to ra mt ci nhn trc quan trong vic xy dng
m ngun gip ngi lp trnh trong thit k h thng, g ri v kim tra chng trnh.

4.4.2. K thut lp trnh c bn trn LabView
a) Cu trc chng trnh
Cc chng trnh xy dng trn LabView (Vis) tng t nh cc function ca mt
ngn ng lp trnh dng lnh. Mt s Vis gm ba phn: Giao din vi ngi s dng
front panel, lu cung cp m ngun Block Diagram, v biu tng kt ni
Icon/Conector.
- Front Panel: L ni giao tip gia ngi dng v chng trnh. N tng t nh
mt panel ca cc thit b vt l, bao gm cc nt bt, cng tc chuyn mch, b hin
th,
- Block Diagram: VI nhn lnh t block diagram. y l mt phng thc c s
dng trong G ngn ng hnh. Block Diagram thng c cc i tng, cc hm
v SubVI, c kt ni vi nhau theo mt quy tc nht nh cung cp m ngun
hnh cho VI thc hin. Block Diagram gm c cc terminal, node v wire. Terminal l
cng truyn d liu gia block diagram vi front panel hoc gia cc node trong cng
mt block diagram. hin th cc terminal ca hm hoc VI, kch chut phi vo
icon chng ri chn menu: Show>>Terminal. Note l cc phn t thc hin chng
trnh. Chng tng t nh cc mnh , ton t, hm hoc chng trnh con trong
cc ngn ng lp trnh dng lnh.
- Icon v Connector: VI c th thc hin mt cch c lp hoc c mt VI khc
gi ti nh mt chng trnh (SubVI). lm iu ny LabView a ra khi nim
Icon v Connector. Icon l biu tng ca mt VI, c dng khi s dng VI ny nh
mt SubVI trong mt VI khc. Mt VI gi ti mt VI khc bng cch a icon ca n
vo block diagram. Connector l mt phn t ca terminal dng kt ni cc u
vo hoc cc u ra ca mt SubVI vi cc node khc trong block diagram ca VI gi
n. Mi VI c mt icon mc nh hin th trong bng Icon gc trn bn phi ca ca
s Front Panel hoc Block Diagram. hin th connector ca mt VI trn front
panel, kch chut phi vo icon v chn menu: Show>>Connector.


b) Cng c h tr lp trnh
- Tools palette: bao gm cc ch lm vic ca chut. Cc cng c c trong tools
palette c s dng son tho hoc chy chng trnh. truy cp vo tools
palette chn menu: Window>>Show Tools palette.
- Controls palette: L bng cha cc b iu khin v ch th c s dng trn
front panel ca cc VI. Controls l cc terminal u vo, dng cung cp d liu cho
VI cn Indicators l cc terminal u ra dng hin th d liu cho VI to c.
truy cp vo control panel ta chn menu: Window>>Show Controls palette.
- Functions palette: Functions l cc node c bn trong ngn ng lp trnh G, n
tng t cc ton t hoc cc hm trong ngn ng thng thng. Functions c biu
tng mu vng, khng c front panel v block diagram (do chng khng phi l cc
VIs). C th truy nhp cc functions t Window>> Functions palette. Functions c
s dng xy dng block diagram. LabView c th vin hm rt mnh v phong
ph x l kt qu cng nh iu khin v m phng thit b nh: cc hm x l ton
hc Numeric Functions, cc hm bin i logic Boolean Functions, cc hm x l
mng v ma trn Array Functions. Cng vi s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut m
cc th vin hm trn LabView lun lun c pht trin v chuyn dng ha
ngi dng c th cp nht v s dng hiu qu cho mc ch ca mnh.
c) ng dng phn mm Labview vo nghin cu thc nghim
M hnh labview s dng trong vic ci t v ghi nhn kt qu ca th nghim trn
my sy lnh. Giao din ca chng trnh gm cc th ghi nhn cc gi tr nhit v
m ca mi trng, nhit v m tc nhn sy, nhit bung lnh v nhit
kh x. Da vo chng trnh lp trnh ta c th ghi nhn cc kt qu t tm ra ch
sy ti u i vi tng loi vt liu tin hnh thc nghim.


Hnh 4-6. Giao din chng trnh ng dng phn mm Labview

4.5 Mt s yu t nh hng n cht lng sn phm sy
a) Nhit sy
Yu t nh hng nhiu n cht lng sn phm rau qu kh l nhit sy. Nu
nhit sn phm trong qu trnh sy cao hn 60
o
C th prtin b bin tnh. Nu trn 90
o
C th fruetoza bt u b caramen ho, cc phn ng to ra mebanoizin, polime ho hp
cht cao phn t ... xy ra mnh v nhit cao hn na rau qu c th b chy. Rau
qu i hi c ch sy n ho (nhit thp). Nu loi rau qu t thnh phn protin
th nhit t nng sn phm c th ln n 80-90
o
C. i vi sn phm khng chn
nh chui, u th c th sy nhit cao, sau gim dn xung.
Qu trnh sy cn ph thuc vo tc tng nhit ca vt liu sy. Nu tc tng
nhit qu nhanh th b mt mt qu b rn li v ngn qu trnh thot m. Ngc li, nu
tc tng chm th cng thot m yu.
b) m khng kh
Mun nng cao kh nng ht m ca khng kh th phi gim m tng i ca
n xung. C 2 cch lm gim m tng i ca khng kh:
- Tng nhit khng kh bng cch dng calorife.
- Gim nhit khng kh bng cch dng my ht m.
Thng thng khi vo l sy, khng kh c m 10-13%. Nu m ca khng
kh qu thp s lm rau qu nt hoc to ra lp v kh trn b mt, lm nh hng xu
n qu trnh thot hi m tip theo. Nhng nu m qu cao s lm tc sy gim.
Khi ra khi l sy, khng kh mang theo hi m ca rau qu ti nn m tng ln
(thng thng khong 40 - 60%). Nu khng kh i ra c m qu thp th s tn nng
lng; ngc li, nu qu cao s d b ng sng, lm h hng sn phm sy. Ngi
ta iu chnh m ca khng kh ra bng cch iu chnh tc lu thng ca n v
lng rau qu ti cha trong l sy.
c) Lu thng ca khng kh.
Trong qu trnh sy, khng kh c th lu thng t nhin hoc cng bc. Trong cc
l sy, khng kh lu thng t nhin vi tc nh (nh hn 0,4m/s), do vy thi gian
sy thng ko di, lm cht lng sn phm sy khng cao. khc phc nhc im

ny, ngi ta phi dng qut thng gi cng bc vi tc trong khong 0,4 - 4,0
m/s trong cc thit b sy. Nu tc gi qu ln (trn 4,0 m/s) s gy tn tht nhit
lng.
d) ca lp sy
dy ca lp rau qu sy cng nh hng n qu trnh sy. Lp nguyn liu cng
mng th qu trnh sy cng nhanh v ng u, nhng nu qu mng s lm gim nng
sut ca l sy. Ngc li, nu qu dy th s lm gim s lu thng ca khng kh, dn
n sn phm b " m hi" do hi m ng li. Thng thng nn xp lp hoa qu
trn cc khay sy vi khi lng 5 8 kg/m
2
l ph hp.


Chng 5
HIU QU KINH T

5.1. Chi ph nguyn liu, nhin liu
Cc thng s c:
* T l ti/kh = 7,7
* Nng sut sy : 1,9 kg/m
* Cng sut tng: 2,55 kW(My nn 1,71 kW v qut 0,44kW, chiu sng 0,4kW).
* Gi thnh in : 1000/hWh
* Gi thnh mt kg nguyn liu u vo 6000 /kg
Ta tnh c:
- Nng sut sy (kg/h) = Nng sut sy /thi gian sy mi m = 1,9/28,2 = 0,0673
kg/h
- Chi ph nhin liu sy 1kg c rt kh.
Chi nng lng (/kg) = Nng lng ng c (kWh)*gi nng lng(/kWh)/nng
sut sy (kg/h) = 2,55*1000/0,0673 = 37890 /kg
5.2. Chi ph lao ng
* Tin nhn cng 1 ngi l: 40000 VN/1ngi
* S cng nhn phc v: 2 ngi chia lm 2 ca trn mt m sy
* Vy chi ph cho nhn cng l: 40000 x 2 =80000 VN/1m
* Chi ph lao ng cho mt kg thnh phm l: 80000/1,9= 42105 /kg
5.3. Chi khu hao
Gi s ta c th sy 24 gi mi ngy.
Nng sut sy mi ngy (kg) = Nng sut sy (kg/h)*24(h/ngy)
= 0,0673.24 = 1,62 kg/ngy
Nng sut sy mi nm (kg) = s ngy sy mi nm* Nng sut sy mi ngy
(kg/ngy) = 365.1,62 = 591,3 kg/nm

n gin cho vic tnh ton kinh t, ta thay th bm nhit bng mt my iu ha
c cng sut lnh tng t nh bm nhit tnh ton. Vi cng sut lnh ca dn lnh
l 2,32 kW tng ng vi cng sut lnh l 8400 Btu/h. Ta chn my iu ha ca
hng Daikin c model l FXAQ25MAVE vi cc thng s:
+ Nng sut dn lnh 9900 Btu/h;
+ Cng sut in 815 W;
+ Dng in 3,94 A;
+ Mi cht s dng R22;
+ Ga tin 12000000 ;
Tnh thm khon u t ban u xy dng hm sy v mua qut, Vy tng vn
u t cho ton b bung sy c tnh t l, tng u t = 15000000
Tui th ca h thng c th 10 nm. Do din tch t my sy khng nhiu nn b qua
khu hao nh xng.
Khu hao phn sy v ng c mi nm l:
Khu hao = tng u t / tui th
=15000000/10 = 1500000
=> Chi khu hao = khu hao mi nm/ Lng sy mi nm
= 1500000/591,2= 2540 /kg
Bng 5-1. Tng hp cc thnh phn chi ph
Cc loi chi ph Thnh phn chi ph sy Chi ph ()
Chi ph c nh
Chi ph khu hao v sa cha 2540
Chi ph nguyn liu ti 45790
Chi ph vn hnh
Chi ph nng lng ng c 37890
Khng tnh n chi ph vn hnh 42105
Tng cng chi ph c 1kg C rt sy kh (/kg)
128235

Chng 6

KT LUN V NGH

6.1. Kt lun
Da trn cc kt qu tnh ton v thc nghim nghin cu qu trnh sy lnh rau qu
hai ch sy khc nhau trn m hnh my sy lnh ti Khoa Cng ngh Nhit Lnh
Trng i hc Cng nghip Tp H Ch Minh ta rt ra kt lun:
- Bc u xy dng c quy trnh cng ngh sy C rt trn m hnh my sy lnh
ca Khoa Cng Ngh Nhit Lnh, i hc Cng Nghip TP H Ch Minh, thng qua
hai ch sy tin hnh thc nghim.
- Xc nh c cc thng s qu trnh ca hai ch sy qua xc nh c u
nhc im ca mi ch , t xy dng c nhng quy trnh sy rau qu ring
bit.
- Vic s dng my sy lnh bm nhit sy cc loi vt liu i hi nhit thp,
vi cc yu cu kht khe v cht lng nh mu sc, mi v l rt kh thi. Vic xy
dng mt m hnh hon chnh c th ng dng vo qu trnh sn xut thc t.
- i vi my sy lnh vic xc nh nng sut lnh ca dn lnh ng vai tr ht sc
quan trng trong vic xc nh ch sy ti u ca thit b, chi ph u t, chi ph
vn hnh thit b.
- Hiu sut tch m ti u v p sut bay hi ti u l c s cho vic thit k mt h
thng iu khin thch hp ng dng phn mm Labview, qua chng ta c th d
dng iu khin qu trnh sy nhiu ch khc nhau mt cch d dng.
6.2. ngh
- V thi gian thc hin ti hn ch nn vic tin hnh thc nghim m hnh vi cc
ch khc nhau v thng s vn tc tc nhn sy, cng nh cha tm c di nhit
sy ti u i vi cc vt liu, i hi phi nghin cu su hn xy dng nn
m hnh chun i vi nhiu vt liu sy khc nhau.
- Vic kt hp qu trnh sy lnh vi vic thu hi tinh du ca vt liu sy bay hi
ngng t dn lnh i vi mt s vt liu c nhiu tinh du cng cn c nghin
c pht trin.

- Cn phi ci tin my sy bm nhit c kh nng sy ph hp vi cc loi VLS
khc nhau tng kh nng lm vic ca my.
- Cn lp thm mch iu khin v mch bo v lm tng tnh t ng ha ca thit
b.
- Lp t thm b bin tn iu khin vn tc ca qut, qua c th iu khin ch
sy nhng vn tc khc nhau tm ra ch sy ti u.

TI LIU THAM KHO


1. Bi Trung Thnh (2009) - L Thuyt & Tnh Ton Thit K H Thng Sy -
Trng H Cng Nghip TP HCM.
2. Trn Vn Ph (2004) Tnh ton v thit k h thng sy NXB Khoa Hc v
K Thut.
3. Hong Vn Chc (2006)Thit k h thng thit b sy- Nh xut bn Khoa
Hc v K Thut.
4. Nguyn Vn La (2006) - K Thut Sy Vt Liu - NXB i Hc Quc Gia
TP H Ch Minh.
5. Hong nh Tn Truyn Nhit & Thit B Trao i Nhit - NXB Khoa Hc
v K Thut.
6. Phm L Dn, PGS.TS Bi Hi (2004) - Nhit ng Lc Hc K Thut Nh
xut bn Khoa Hc v K Thut.
7. Nguyn c Li (2006) - Hng dn thit k h thng lnh- Nh xut bn
Khoa Hc v K Thut.
8. Nguyn c Li, Phm Vn Ty (1994) K thut lnh c s - Nh xut bn
Gio Dc.
9. PGS.TS V Ch Chnh (2000) Gio trnh iu Ho Khng Kh NXB Khoa
Hc v K Thut.
10. Nguyn Vn May (2005) - Bm Qut My Nn NXB Khoa Hc v K Thut.
11. Trn Thanh K (2006) - My Lnh - NXB i Hc Quc Gia TP H Ch
Minh.
12. Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut cc sn phm rau qu lnh ng v rau qu
sy kh - (T Internet)
13. Nguyn c Li, Phm Vn Ty (1994) - K thut lnh c s Nh xut bn
Gio Dc.
14. Phm Vn Ty (2005) - Phng Php Tnh Ton V Phn Tch Hiu Qu Cc
H Thng Lnh - NXB Khoa hc v K Thut, H Ni.
15. Phm Vn Ty, Thi Sn, V Khuy Hu, Nguyn Thanh Lim, Dng
Vn Vng, Nguyn c Tuyn - Nghin Cu Cng Ngh Ht m V Sy

Lnh Nng Sn Thc Phm Bo co tng kt ti NCKH cp B B2001-28-
30, H Ni 7/2003.
16. Phm Vn Ty - c im tnh ton, thit k ht m v sy lnh bng bm
nhit my nn Tp Ch KH&CN Nhit N
o
54 (11/2003).
17. Phm Vn Ty, Nguyn Thanh Lim, Dng Vn Vng - Bm nhit khng
kh/khng kh vi cng ngh ht m v sy kh ; Tp Ch KH&CN Nhit N
o
5
(2001).
18. Phm Vn Ty, Thi Sn, Nguyn Lun - Hiu qu s dng bm nhit sy
lnh cng ty Bnh ko Hi H Tp Ch KH&CN Nhit N
o
2 (1999).
19. Nguyn Phong Nh - Nghin cu thc nghim c tnh ng hc qu trnh bm
tuyt trn b mt dn bay hi- tch m my sy lnh-, H Ni, 2007.
20. Gio n k thut sy nng sn thc phm- Nguyn Vn La, NXB Khoa Hc
K Thut, 2003.

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