HNG DN S DNG EVIEWS (1)

1. Khi ng Eviews 3.0

a. T Start:
Window XP: Start - >All Programs ->Eviews -> Eviews 3.0
Window 98/2000: Start -> Programs -> Eviews -> Eviews 3.0
b. T biu tng ca Eviews
Mt s my c biu tng ca Eviews trn mn hnh desktop nh sau

Nhp p chut tri vo biu tng Eviews 3.0.

2. Cc menu chnh ca Eviews 3.0

Anh (Ch) th tm hiu cc menu ca bng cch nhp chut vo menu chnh thy
cc menu ph.

3. M tp tin lm vic (workfile) c lu tr t trc.

Hp thoi m workfile nh sau:

M tp tin m bn mun lm vic trn n t mc Look in.





Workfile PS1 c dng nh sau:

Nt Label +/- c chc nng Bt/Tt thng tin v gi to bin.

4. ng tp tin
File ->Close hoc nhp vo biu tng

Lu tp tin thnh mt workfile khc: File -> Save as -> Chn ng dn v
t tn mi.
5. M mt workfile mi : File -> New -> Workfile


Hp thoi m workfile nh sau:


D liu chui thi gian:
Annual: d liu theo nm
Semi-annual: d liu theo 6 thng
Quarterly: d liu theo qu
Monthly: d liu thng
Weekly: d liu tun
Daily(5 day week): d liu tun nhng ch tnh ngy lm vic
Daily(7 day week): d liu tun\
D liu chui thi gian c nhp theo ngy ca quan st u tin v ngy ca
quan st cui cng.
D liu khc
Undated or irrigular: s dng cho d liu cho hoc d liu chui thi gian nhng
khng c thu thp theo cc chu k u n.
Chng ta s lm vic ch yu trn d liu cho v vy hy bt u bng ty chn:
Undated or irrigular.

Chng ta to workfile ging nh PS1 c 89 quan st nn Anh(Ch) hy nhp s quan st
l 89.
Workfile mi ca chng ta nh sau

Workfile ny c hai bin c thit k sn l
Resid (residuals) : Phn d. Khi chng ta cha hi quy th gi tr ca n l NA (Not
available- Khng c)
C : S ban u l 0.
Workfile ny sn sng cho chng ta nhp s liu vo. Nhng trc tin chng ta nn
t tn cho n. Gi s t tn cho n l BT1(a).
Save -> Chn ng dn v t tn workfile.

6. Nhp s liu vo Eviews
a. Nhp bng bn phm
S dng workfile BT(a) u tin chng ta to bin.
To bin Q
Objects : hp thoi new object nh sau

Chn i tng mi l bin- Type of Object: Series
Tn i tng l Q Name of Object: Q

Lc ny trn ca s ca workfile BT1(a) c bin q (Lu l d chng ta c vit hoa
lc t tn bin th hin th trn ca s ca workfile vn l ch thng).
Bin Q cha c gi tr. Chng ta c th kim chng bng cch nhp p vo tn bin
Q.

nhp s liu cho Q chng ta nhp vo Edit +/- v bt u nhp.

Sau khi nhp xong, chng ta nhp vo Edit +/- kt thc. Chng ta c th nhp s
liu cho P theo cch tng t. Tuy nhin, nhp d liu bng bn phm trn Eviews l
mt qu trnh nhm chn v bt tin. Thng thng ngi ta nhp liu bng phn
mm khc, sau chuyn d liu sang Eviews. Chng ta s xem xt mt s cch tiu
biu.
b. Nhp bng Copy v dn
Chng ta c d liu PS1 trn EXCEL.
Nhp p bin Q -> Edit +/- sn sng dn.
M tp tin(workbook) PS1.XLS ca EXCEL.
Copy dy s liu ca bin Q : TEMP!B2:B90
Chuyn sang workfile BT1(a) -> Dn vo Q -> Edit +/- kt thc.
Lm tng t vi bin P.
Chng ta hy lu BT1(a).
c. Nhp d liu t phn mm khc t th tc Import
M mt workfile ca Eviews mi l BT1(b).
M tp tin PS1.XLS.
Ghi ch im khi u ca d liu: B2.
S bin chng mun nhp l : 2 vi th t ca bin l Q P.

ng tp tin PS1.XLS v Eviews ch c c d liu t mt tp tin Excel ang ng.

Procs -> Import -> Read Text-Lotus-Excel

Hp thoi tm tp tin c d liu ngun nh sau:

Sau khi nhp Open chng ta c hp thoi nhp liu nh sau

By observations-series in column: Theo quan st-bin xp theo ct
im bt u : B2
Tn trang d liu: Excel 5+sheet name: TEMP
Tn bin: Name of series. : Q P hoc n gin l nhp s 2 ch 2 bin.
C mu: Sample to import : Workfile range.

7. Tr thng k m t
M workfile PS1.wf1. M Q. Trng thi mc nh ca bin l
View/Spreadsheet. Cc ty chn khc nh sau:
View -> Line graph








View -> Bar graph

View -> Descriptive statistics -> Histogram and Stats


8. Quan h gia cc bin s
Nhm cc bin s thnh mt Group. Gi Ctrl v nhp ln lt vo P, Q. Nhp
chut phi, chn as Group.

Sau khi thnh mt group, dng mc nh ca group nh
sau.(View/spreadsheet)


Ma trn tng quan: View -> Correlations


Ma trn hip phng sai: View -> Covariances


9. th
Chng ta ang lm vic vi mt group. lu group gm P v Q va kho st trn,
ta chn Name v t tn group. Tn c ngh l GROUP01 nhng bn c th t
tn khc.

Chng ta ang lm vic vi GROUP01.

th:
View -> Scatter -> Simple Scatter: th phn tn.
View -> Scatter -> Simple Scatter: th phn tn vi ng hi quy.

Gi s chng ta chn Scatter with regression, kt qu hin th nh sau:

th ny t ng thay i khi chng ta cp nht s liu.

10. Lu li mt bng tnh hay th : Freeze
Lnh ny lu gi mt bn th nguyn dng nh lc chng ta nhp vo lnh
Freeze. Khi cc thay i ca d liu khng tc ng ln th. Bn th gc
vn c gi nguyn v vn cp nht s thay i ca d liu sau ny.

GROUP01: Biu gc
FREEZE01: Biu b lm ng.

11. Hi quy
T menu Procs ca chng trnh chnh hoc t menu Procs ca GROUP01:
Procs -> Make equation
T chng trnh chnh: Quick -> Estimate equation










Kt qu hi quy nh sau.

12. Ni dung ca handout tip theo v Eviews:
- To v sa i bin s
- Cc tr thng k v kim nh gi thit thng k
- Xy dng hm hi quy
- Hi quy c iu kin rng buc
- Hi quy vi d liu bng
-
Nu Anh(Ch) hiu k mun bit trc v cc ni dung ny v nhiu ng dng khc na
ca Eviews th hy nhp vo: Help

Ti liu tham kho:
(1) Daniel Westbrook Applied Econometrics with Eviews, Fulbright Economics
Teaching Program, 2002.
(2) Nguyn Trng Hoi, Phn tch s liu bng phn mm Eviews, Chng trnh ging
dy Kinh t Fulbright, 2003.
(3) Eviews 4, UserGuide, Quantitative Micro Software, 2000.
(4) Nguyn Quang Dong, Bi tp Kinh t lng vi s tr gip ca phn mm Eviews,
NXB Khoa hc v k thut, 2002.


HNG DN THC HNH TRN PHN MM EVIEWS(2)

Bi thc hnh 1

Bi thc hnh ny rn luyn cc k nng sau:
n tp li to workfile, to bin trn Eviews, tm tr thng k m t, ma trn tng
quan v xy dng m hnh hi quy bi n gin gm: 1 bin c lp nh tnh, 1
bin gi v 1 bin tng tc. Bi thc hnh cng gip Anh(Ch) so snh hai cch
xy dng m hnh.

D liu trn EXCEL : DATA1.xls l d liu gi nh c 16 quan st theo tng qu
t Qu 1 nm 1999 n Qu 4 nm 2003.
Q = Sn lng sn phm A, chic.
TC = Tng chi ph sn xut trong qu, triu ng.
CN = 1 ng vi thi k i mi cng ngh, t qu 4 nm 2001 tr v
sau, 0 ng vi qu 3 nm 2001 tr v trc.
LD = S lao ng ca cng ty
Nu tm thi b qua bin c lp l s lao ng trong ca cng ty, cc m hnh c
th c nh sau:
M hnh ng nht: TC = |
1
+ |
2
Q
M hnh song song: TC = |
1
+ |
2
Q + |
3
CN
M hnh ng quy: TC = |
1
+ |
2
Q + |
3
(CN*Q)
M hnh phn bit: TC = |
1
+ |
2
Q + |
3
CN+|
4
(CN*Q)
Anh(Ch) hy t phn tch ngha ca tng m hnh.

1. To workfile: d liu chui thi gian dng d liu qu

File -> New -> Workfile -> Quaterly-> Start date: 2000Q1 & End date: 2003Q4
-> OK.
Q i din cho Quarter ~ Qu
i din cho cc dng d liu khc l cc k t c gch chn nh trong hnh.
Name -> t tn v lu Workfile.

2. Nhp d liu t EXCEL

Procs -> Import -> Read Text-Lotus-Excel

Look in: Tm file d liu ca Excel (lu l lc ny file Excel phi ang ng).

Chng ta ly 3 bin TC, Q v CN, lu l d liu bt u bng C2.
Hy b thi gian kim tra xem chng ta nhp d liu ng hay khng.
3. To bin tng tc
To bin tng tc bng lnh ca Eviews:
nhp vo ca s lnh (Command window) -> Series CNQ = CN*Q -> Enter

Series: gii thch lnh l to ra 1 bin.
CNQ = CN*Q : Nhp cng thc to ra bin tng tc.
Hy b thi gian kim tra li bin tng tc va c to ra.
Xong, ng tic nui bin CNQ, hy xa n i.
To bin bng menu lnh:
Procs -> Generate Series by Equation
Nhp cng thc CNQ = CN*Q -> OK.

Mt ln na hy kim tra li bin CNQ va c to ra.
4. To Group
Chng ta th tm hiu thm mt cch to Group t menu.
Objects -> New Object -> Group -> OK.

Nhp tn cc bin:

Kt qu thu c nh sau:

t tn Group l G1.


5. Ly tr thng k m t

6. Ly ma trn tng quan

7. Kim nh tnh nhn qu
Q quyt nh TC hay TC quyt nh Q?
Nhm TC v Q thnh G2.

View Granger Causality -> Chn tc ng tr l 2
1
.

1
S tr c xc nh mt cch p t ch quan, thng thng ngi ta hay chn 2 tr.





Kt qu kim quan h nhn qu Granger nh sau:

Kt qu ny cho thy c th bc b gi thit cho rng Q khng tc ng nhn
qu Granger ln TC vi mc ngha 10% nhng khng th bc b gi thit cho
rng TC khng tc ng nhn qu Granger ln Q vi cng mc ngha 10%.
2

8. Xy dng m hnh t n gin n tng qut
Xut pht t m hnh ng nht -> M hnh phn bit. Nguyn tc l nu m
hnh va c xy dng c ngha thng k th thm bin. Sau khi thm bin -
> xem xt tr thng k v kim nh Wald.

- M hnh ng nht : hy xem xt thm mt cch xy dng m hnh

2
Php kim nh nhn qu Granger khng phi lc no cng chng minh c mi quan h nhn qu. Cho nn
ngi ta din t quan h c xc lp bng kim nh Granger l nhn qu Granger.

Tip tc

Kt qu hi quy nh sau:

Lu gi m hnh ny: t tn MHDN.
M hnh song song:


Kt qu m hnh song song nh sau:

Thc hin kim nh Wald
View -> Coefficient Tests-> Wald Coefficient Restrictions

Tip tc

c(3) l h s ng vi bin gi CN. Kt qu nh sau:

Ta bc b c Ho -> MHSS tt hn MHDN
Xt m hnh ng quy
Quick -> Estimate Equation

Kt qu nh sau

Lu m hnh vi tn MHDQ. Kim nh Wald

Kt qu cho thy MHDQ tt hn MHDN.
So snh MHSS v MHDQ: Cha c s so snh. CN v CNQ
u tt, ti sao khng chng trong cng 1 m hnh.
M hnh phn bit:

Kim nh Wald:
So snh MHPB v MHSS

So snh MHPB v MHDQ



So snh MHPB v MHDN


9. Xy dng m hnh t tng qut n n gin
Nhp thm bin LD vo workfile:
Procs -> Look in : tm Workbook DATA1 -> Open
Tr thng k ca LD nh sau:


Xy dng m hnh tng qut nh sau:
TC = |
1
+ |
2
Q + |
3
CN + |
4
(CNQ) + |
5
LD
Kt qu hi quy nh sau
bin thin
CV = Std.Dev. /Mean = 0,03

Bin LD qu n nh. Chng ta
d on bin LD s c ngha
thng k thp.

Nhn xt tr thng k ca MHTQ so vi MHPB.
Anh(Ch) c thy R2 tng nhng R2 hiu chnh li gim?
C phi chng ta va thm mt bin khng ph hp vo m hnh?
Kim nh Wald:

Kim nh Wald khng bc b c Ho. Vy chng ta nn loi bin LD ra
khi m hnh.
Sau khi loi b LD, chng ta c lng MHPB v xc nh c
MHPB l m hnh tt nht.
Hy so snh hai cch xy dng m hnh, cch no ph hp vi Anh(Ch).






Bi thc hnh s 2: Dng hm s
Xt quan h gia sn lng theo vn u t v lao ng trong ngnh cng nghip
ch to ca i Loan t nm 1958 n nm 1972 (15 quan st).
3

Q = Tng sn phm, triu $ NT gi thc 1958
K = Vn u t, triu $ NT gi thc 1958
L = S nhn cng trong ngnh, ngn ngi.
S liu c nhp sn bai 2.wfl
1. Hi quy tuyn tnh: Q = |
1
+ |
2
K + |
3
L
t tn l TT, nhn xt.
2. Hi quy log kp: ln(Q) = |
1
+ |
2
ln(K) + |
3
ln(L)
C hai cch hi quy vi bin log:
a. Khi to bin log ri hi quy trn cc bin ny
Quick( hocProcs) -> Generate Series : LNQ = LOG(Q)
Quick( hocProcs) -> Generate Series : LNK = LOG(K)
Quick( hocProcs) -> Generate Series : LNL = LOG(L)
Hi quy : Quick -> Estimate Equation: LNQ C LNK LNL
Thc hin hi quy xong hy t tn CD1 lu gi kt qu.
b. To bin log ngay trong phng trnh hi quy.
Quick -> Estimate Equation: LOG(Q) C LOG(K) LOG(L)
t tn l CD2, nhn xt v kt qu ca CD1 v CD2.
Gi CD1 v CD2 u l CD. So snh TT v CD.
3. Kim nh tnh a cng tuyn
a. Nhn xt v tnh a cng tuyn ca K v L (LNK v LNL) bng li.
b. Xt ma trn tng quan ca K v L (LNK v LNL)

Hy ch h s tng quan gia K v L.

3
Ngun s liu: Gujarati, Excercise 7.18 - Basic Econometrics 3
rd
, Mc GrawHill Inc, 1995

Hy ch h s tng quan gia LNK v LNL
Vy tn ti a cng tuyn khng hn l lm cho tr thng k t nh.
c. Php th chnh thc
Khng c php th chnh thc c chp nhn rng ri. Do Eviews
khng cung cp cho chng ta cc php kim nh ny.

Bi thc hnh s 3: a cng tuyn
D liu bai 3.wfl.
4

D liu nm t 1928 n 1950.
CONS = tiu dng ca Hoa K
W = Thu nhp t lng
P = Thu nhp t phi nng nghip v khc lng
A = Thu nhp t nng nghip
Kt qu hi quy nh sau:

4
S liu nhp li t ngun : Table 13.1 The Klein-Golberger Data, William E.Griffith et al, Learning and Practicing
Econometrics, John Willey & Sons Inc, 1993.

1. S bt hp l ca kt qu c lng c tho lun trn lp.
2. Nhn nh tnh a cng tuyn bng ma trn tng quan
M Group G1 -> View -> Correlations

3. Khng c php th chnh thc v phng php khc phc chnh thc
cho hin tng a cng tuyn.

Bi thc hnh 4: Phng sai ca sai s thay i
D liu bai 4.wfl c mu l mc lng v thm nin ca 222 gio s
7 trngi hc ca Hoa K.
5

Salary = Lng ca mt gio s i hc
Years = Thm nin ging dy sau ly bng tin s


5
DATA 3-11, Ramanathan.
1. Thc hin hi quy bng Eviews

Hy nhn xt v tr thng k v lp lun v phng sai ca sai s.
2. Kim tra phng sai ca sai s thay i


3. Php kim nh chnh thc

Kt qu kim nh White nh sau

Hy nhn xt v tnh t tng quan.
4. Weighted Least Squares

Procs -> Estimation Specication -> Options -> Weighted LS/TSLS: YEARS
-> OK -> OK.

Kt qu nh sau:


Hy nhn xt tr thng k ca m hnh WLS v m hnh LS.



Bi thc hnh 5: Hin tng t tng quan
Bai 5.wfl cha d liu v doanh thu v li nhun ca ngnh cng nghip ch
to ca Hoa K t nm 1974 n 1994
6
.
1. c lng m hnh : Profits = |
1
+ |
2
Sales
2. Xem xt th phn d.
3. Kim nh LM

6
DATA 9-4 Ramanathan.

Kt qu kim nh nh sau:

Kt qu kim nh ny cho thy c hin tng tng quan chui.
4. Khc phc tng quan chui:
Vic khc phc tng quan chui kh phc tp v c l thuyt v thc hnh. Trong
chng trnh chng ta cha xt n(TSLS, ARCH, GMM,..).

Li kt:
- Xy dng m hnh hi quy l vic lm rt tn thi gian v cng sc.
- Trong qu trnh xy dng m hnh lun phi cn nhc ngha kinh
t(ti chnh, x hi) ca bin s v tnh hp l ca quy trnh xy
dng m hnh.
- Ta thng gp cc hin tng a cng tuyn, phng sai ca sai s
thay i v t tng quan trong cc mo hnh hi quy nhng khng
phi lc no chng cng nghim trng.
- Hin tng a cng tuyn c th xy ra bt c loi d liu no.
- Hin tng phng sai ca sai s thay i thng xy ra i vi d
liu cho.
- Hin tng tng quan chui thng xy ra trn d liu chui thi
gian.
- Nhc li l Eviews cung cp rt nhu cng c ci thin m hnh
nhng chng ta phi bit mnh ang lm g.
C HIU KT QU HI QUY

DATA 3.3(Ramanathan) c d liu v chi ph nghin cu pht trin v s lng
sng ch c ng k Hoa K.
S quan st = 34, t 1960 n 1993
PATENTS = S lng ng k sng ch, ngn sng ch
R&D = Chi cho nghin cu & pht trin, $US c nh nm 1992
Phng trnh hi quy c xy dng nh sau:
PATENTS = |
1
+ |
2
*R&D

A. KT QU HI QUY BNG EXCEL
SUMMARY OUTPUT

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0,926858
R Square 0,859065
Adjusted R Square 0,854661
Standard Error 11,17237
Observations 34

ANOVA
df SS MS F Significance F
Regression 1 24347,14 24347,14 195,0551 3,64E-15
Residual 32 3994,3 124,8219
Total 33 28341,44

Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95%
Intercept 34,57106 6,357873 5,437521 5,56E-06 21,62051 47,52162
R&D 0,791935 0,056704 13,96621 3,64E-15 0,676434 0,907436

Cch trnh by kt qu hi quy c chp nhn rng ri
7
nh sau:
PATENTS = 34,57 + 0,79*R&D
t (5,43) (13,97)
R
2
= 0,859
2
R = 0,854
F = 195

Mt s nh kinh t li trnh by kt qu hi quy nh sau
PATENTS = 34,57 + 0,79*R&D
p (0,000) (0,000)
R
2
= 0,859
2
R = 0,854
P(F) = 0,000

Regression statistics = Tr thng k ca hi quy
Multiple R =
2
R
R Square = R
2
Adjusted R Square =
2
R
Standard error =
c
o - lch chun ca sai s hi quy
Observations = n - S quan st
ANOVA
k = S h s trong m hnh hi quy
df = Degrees of freedom Bc t do
SS = Sum of squares Tng bnh phng
MS = Mean of squares Trung bnh ca tng bnh phng
MS = SS/df
df(Regression) = k 1
df(Residual) = n k
df(Total) = n 1
SS(Regression) = ESS Explained Sum of Squares

7
Chun
SS(Residual) = RSS Residual Sum of Squares
SS(Total) = TSS Total Sum of Squares
MS(Regression) = ESS/(k-1)
MS(Residual) = RSS/(n-k)
) k n /( RSS
) 1 k /( ESS
F

=
Tr thng k F
Significance F =Gi tr p ca F~Mc ngha chnh xc ca tr thng k F
Coefficients ~ |
1
; |
2
H s hi quy


B. KT QU HI QUY BNG EVIEWS

Dependent Variable: PATENTS
Method: Least Squares
Date: 03/11/04 Time: 16:04
Sample: 1960 1993
Included observations: 34
Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.
C 34.57106 6.357873 5.437521 0.0000
R_D 0.791935 0.056704 13.96621 0.0000
R-squared 0.859065 Mean dependent var 119.2382
Adjusted R-squared 0.854661 S.D. dependent var 29.30583
S.E. of regression 11.17237 Akaike info criterion 7.721787
Sum squared resid 3994.300 Schwarz criterion 7.811573
Log likelihood -129.2704 F-statistic 195.0551
Durbin-Watson stat 0.233951 Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000
Cch trnh by kt qu hi quy c th hin phn gii thch kt qu ca
EXCEL.
Mean dependent var = Gi tr trung bnh ca bin ph thuc
S.D. dependent var = lch chun ca bin ph thuc
S.E of regression = lch chun ca sai s hi quy
Sum squared resid = RSS
F-statistic = Tr thng k F
Prob(F-statistic) = Gi tr p ca F

Cc tr thng k sau nm ngoi khun kh ca gio trnh

Akaike info criterion AIC
|
.
|

\
|

=
n
k
1
n
RSS
AIC
AIC dng nhn xt v thch hp ca m hnh hi quy tng t nh R
2

nhng li theo hng AIC cng nh cng tt (khng khuyn khch s dng
trong lp kinh t lng ny).

Schwarz criterion
Schwarz =
n
k
n
n
RSS
|
.
|

\
|

Schwarz c s dng tng t nh AIC.
Log likelihood =Logarit ca hm Likelihood
( )
2
2
RSS
2 ln n ln n LnL
o
t o =

Likelihood l mt phng php c lng h s hi quy, nm ngoi gio trnh.

Durbin-Watson stat = Tr thng k d
( )

=
=

=
n
1 t
2
t
n
1 t
2
1 t t
e
e e
d

Anh(Ch) s c hc tr thng k d chng hc sau, tr thng k d kim
nh hin tng t tng quan.




C. KT QU HI QUY TRN SPSS
Lnh : Analyze -> Regression -> Linear
Regression

Variables Enter ed/Removed
b
R&D
a
, Enter
Model
1
Variables
Entered
Variables
Removed Method
All requested variables entered.
a.
Dependent Variable: PATENTS
b.



Mt s thut ng l
Predictor = Bin d bo
Unstandardized Coefficients = Cc h s hi quy i vi bin cha chun ha
y l h s hi quy m ta xt hai phn mm trn.
Standardized Coefficients = H s hi quy i vi bin s chun ha
Khng xt trong gio trnh ny.
Ch cch th hin s thp phn ca M: .792 =0.792
EXCEL Trong Microsoft Office ca Microft, mun thc hin hi quy phi
Add-In chng trnh Data Analysis.
EVIEWS Ca Quantitative Micro Software.
SPSS Ca SPSS Inc, SPSS: Statistic Package for Social Science.

Model Summary
,927
a
,859 ,855 11,172
Model
1
R R Square
Adjusted
R Square
Std. Error of
the Estimate
Predictors: (Constant), R&D
a.
ANOVA
b
24347,140 1 24347,140 195,055 ,000
a
3994,300 32 124,822
28341,440 33
Regression
Residual
Total
Model
1
Sum of
Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Predictors: (Constant), R&D
a.
Dependent Variable: PATENTS
b.
Coefficients
a
34,571 6,358 5,438 ,000
,792 ,057 ,927 13,966 ,000
(Constant)
R&D
Model
1
B Std. Error
Unstandardized
Coef f icients
Beta
Standardi
zed
Coef f icien
ts
t Sig.
Dependent Variable: PATENTS
a.