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Cc vng t ngp nc Vit Nam - Tim nng v thch thc

1. M u t ngp nc (NN) Vit Nam rt a dng v kiu loi, phong ph v ti nguyn, a dng sinh hc (DSH), c nhiu chc nng v gi tr (kinh t, x hi, vn ha...) rt quan trng. Vi hn 10 triu ha, NN phn b hu khp cc vng sinh thi ca nc ta, gn b lu i vi cng ng dn c, c vai tr ln i vi i sng nhn dn v pht trin kinh t - x hi. Nm 1989, Vit Nam l quc gia th 50 trn th gii tham gia Cng c Ramsar. Trong 15 nm qua, Vit Nam c nhiu n lc trin khai cc hot ng nghin cu, kim k, xy dng cc cng c v k thut khc nhau bo tn, s dng, qun l NN theo tinh thn ca Cng c Ramsar. Tuy nhin, nhng c gng ny cha p ng c yu cu s dng khn kho, bo tn v pht trin bn vng NN. Vic r sot, nh gi nhng thnh tu, tn ti v xu th ca cc hot ng lin quan n NN nhm rt ra nhng bi hc kinh nghim v xut nh hng qun l, bo tn, s dng khn kho v pht trin bn vng NN l ht sc cn thit. 2. Tng quan v t ngp nc Vit Nam 2.1. t ngp nc Vit Nam Hin nay, trn th gii c nhiu nh ngha khc nhau v NN, ty theo mi quc gia v mc ch qun l, s dng NN. nh ngha v NN ghi ti iu 1 ca Cng c Ramsar (Ph lc A), c s dng chnh thc Vit Nam trong cc hot ng lin quan n NN: "NN l nhng vng m ly, than bn hoc vng nc bt k l t nhin hay nhn to, thng xuyn hay tm thi, c nc chy hay nc t, l nc ngt, nc l hay nc bin, k c nhng vng nc bin c su khng qu 6m khi triu thp". Theo nh ngha ny, cc yu t a mo, thy vn, th nhng, ng vt, thc vt, hin trng s dng t ai l nhng tiu ch quan trng xc nh cc vng NN. 2.1.1. Cc c im t nhin ch yu hnh thnh t ngp nc Vit Nam c im a mo: 2/3 din tch t nhin Vit Nam l i ni, c hng nghing chung t Ty sang ng. ng bng Bc B v Nam B l nhng vng trng, to nn hai vng NN tiu biu cho a mo vng chu th sng Hng v sng Cu Long. c im kh hu: thuc vng kh hu nhit i gi ma, nhit trung bnh hng nm kh cao (hn 200 C/nm), m tng i ln (hn 80%/nm), lng ma di do (1.500mm/nm). S khc nhau v ch kh hu gia cc vng, c bit l ch nhit - m c nh hng n ch thy vn ca tng vng nh thi gian ngp nc,

su ngp nc, ch nhit ca nc, dn n s khc nhau gia cc loi hnh NN. c im thy vn: h thng dng chy vi mt mng li tiu nc ra bin kh dy. Tng s cc con sng ln nh Vit Nam ln ti 2.500, trong nhng con sng di trn 10 km l 2.360 sng (Phan Nguyn Hng, 1996). Theo s liu tnh ton cho thy h thng sng Cu Long c ngun nc chy vo Vit Nam l ln nht, chim 61,4% tng lng dng chy sng ngi ca c nc. Cc dng sng chy ra bin to thnh h thng ca sng l mt trong nhng loi hnh NN quan trng ca Vit Nam. Hin nay, c nc c trn 3.500 h cha nc nh v 650 h cha nc va v ln, cc h cha nc ln nh h Thc B c din tch mt nc 23.400 ha, h Ha Bnh 218 km2 , h Du Ting 35.000 ha, h Tr An 27.000 ha (Nguyn Vit Ph, V Vn Tun, Trn Thanh Xun, 2003). Th nhng: c 15 nhm t, trong c 7 nhm t lin quan n cc c trng ca cc vng NN, l t mn, t phn, t ph sa, t gly, t than bn, t xm v t ct. Do cc c im khc nhau v a mo, kh hu, th nhng hnh thnh cc c trng v thc vt ca cc vng NN vi hai dng in hnh l thc vt vng NN mn v thc vt vng NN ngt. Hp 1: H thng cc sng ln ca Vit Nam 1. Sng Mkng 2. Sng Hng 3. Sng Thi Bnh 4. Sng K Cng - Bng 5. Sng M 6. Sng C 7. Sng Thu Bn 8. Sng Ba 9. Sng ng Nai 2.1.4. Cc h sinh thi t ngp nc t ngp nc Vit Nam gm 2 nhm: NN ni a v NN ven bin. NN ni a c mt c ba min v cc vng sinh thi, a dng v kiu loi, hnh thi, ti nguyn, chc nng v gi tr cng nh kh nng khai thc, s dng v bo v. Cc kiu NN ni a gm: chu th ngp nc thng xuyn; lch nc; sng sui chy thng xuyn, tm thi; h nc ngt; than bn; m ly; h nc mn; NN trn ni; NN a nhit; m nui thy sn; ao ln hn 8 ha, m ly... NN ven bin phn b rng khp vng b bin Vit

Nam bao gm NN ca sng, bi triu, NN m ph v vng nc bin c su nh hn 6 m khi triu kit. Rng ngp mn v bi snh ly tp trung ch yu cc vng chu th, vng ca sng v vng triu. Cc m ph cng tp trung vng b bin min Trung (t Hu n Ninh Thun). Cc rn san h v h rong to - c bin phn b nhiu vng b bin Nam Trung B. Tuy nhin, trong khun kh bo co ny ch cp n 5 vng NN quan trng, l: NN vng ca sng ng bng sng Hng (BSH); NN cc m ph min Trung; NN chu th sng Cu Long; NN cc h v mt s kiu NN khc. a. t ngp nc vng ca sng ng bng sng Hng Theo bn NN ca vng ca sng BSH t l 1/100.000 (Phn vin iu tra Quy hoch Rng Nam B v Hi khoa hc t Vit Nam, 2004 - Ph lc C1), din tch NN vng ny l 229.762 ha (chim 76,01 % din tch t nhin). Trong , din tch NN mn l 125.389 ha, gm 22.487 ha NN ven bin v 102.482 ha NN mn ca sng, phn b ch yu cc ca sng Nam Triu, Cm, Lch Tray, Vn c, Thi Bnh, Ba Lt, Lch Giang, ca y vi loi hnh s dng t chnh l sn xut nng lm nghip v nui trng thu sn (NTTS); din tch NN ngt l 103.373 ha, vi loi hnh s dng t chnh l canh tc nng nghip. b. t ngp nc ng bng sng Cu Long ng bng sng Cu Long (BSCL) thuc lnh th Vit Nam l phn cui cng ca lu vc sng Mkng, c din tch khong 3,9 triu ha, chim khong 12% din tch t nhin c nc, bao gm 13 tnh v thnh ph: Long An, Tin Giang, ng Thp, An Giang, Kin Giang, Hu Giang, C Mau (nh 2), Bc Liu, Sc Trng, Tr Vinh, Vnh Long, Bn Tre v thnh ph Cn Th. NN ca BSCL l mt trong nhng h sinh thi giu c nht ca lu vc (ng bng ngp triu, m ly ven bin, m than bn, ca sng...), l bi quan trng ca nhiu loi thy sn di c t pha thng ngun sng Mkng. Theo bn NN vng ng bng sng Cu Long, t l 1:250.000 (Ph lc C3), din tch NN c 4.939.684 ha chim 95,88 % din tch t nhin, bao gm din tch NN ni a v NN ven bin ngp thy triu di 6m (biu 1). NN mn ven bin phn b dc ven bin ng, pha Ty Nam bn o C Mau v vnh Thi Lan.

Trong , NN mn ven bin - ngp thng xuyn c din tch 879.644 ha, phn b vng bin nng c su nh hn 6 m khi triu kit; NN mn ven bin - ngp khng thng xuyn c din tch 756.425 ha. Cc kiu NN chnh trong vng ny l NN mn thng xuyn, khng c thc vt; NN mn khng thng xuyn, canh tc nng nghip; NN mn khng thng xuyn, nui trng thy sn. Cc di rng ngp mn phn b dc ven bin, nhng vng bi bn ngp mn, c vai tr rt quan trng trong h sinh thi NN ven bin Hp 4: H thng cc m ph min Trung Vit Nam: 1. Tam Giang - Cu Hai 2. Lng C 3. Trng Giang 4. An Kh 5. Nc Mn 6. Tr 7. Nc Ngt 8. Th Ni 9. C Mng 10. Loan 11. Thu Triu d. Mt s kiu NN khc ven bin Vit Nam Rng ngp mn: theo kt qu thng k ca Vin Khoa hc Lm nghip Vit Nam nm 2001 cho thy, Vit Nam c khong 155.290 ha rng ngp mn, trong din tch rng ngp mn t nhin l 32.402 ha (chim 21%), rng ngp mn trng l 122.892 ha (79%), phn b nh sau: vng ng Bc c 22.969 ha (14,8%), ng bng Bc B 20.842 ha (13,4%), Bc Trung B v thnh ph H Ch Minh 20.092 ha (16,8%) v nhiu nht l BSCL 82.387 ha (53%). Rng ngp mn c vai tr quan trng bo v b bin, chn sng, chn bo; n nh kh hu khu vc; l ni thm quan du lch; cung cp ngun dc liu v thc n gia sc... Rng ngp mn c cc chc nng v gi tr rt quan trng nh: cung cp cc sn phm g, ci, thy sn v nhiu sn phm khc; l bi , bi n v ng cc loi c, tm, cua v cc loi thy sn c gi tr kinh t khc; xm chim v c nh cc bi bn ngp triu mi bi, bo v b bin chng li tc ng ca sng, bo v sng thn; l ni c tr cho rt nhiu loi ng vt hoang d (chim, th, lng c, b st), gm cc loi a phng v cc loi di c

Rn san h: l mt trong cc h sinh thi c sc ca bin Vit Nam, ni c DSH rt cao, nng xut s cp ln, cnh quan k th. Cc rn san h Vit Nam phn b rng khp t Bc vo Nam trn din tch khong 1.122 km2 , tp trung nhiu vng bin Nam Trung B, ng Nam B, qun o Hong Sa v Trng Sa (nh 8, 9). San h Vit Nam rt a dng v phong ph vi khong 350 loi to rn km theo khong 3.000 loi sinh vt khc c i sng lin quan v sng gn b vi vng rn san h. Trong , c khong 2.000 loi sinh vt y, c (500 loi) v nhiu loi c gi tr kinh t cao nh tm hm (Panulirus), bo ng (Haliotis diversicolor), trai ngc (Pteria martensi), hi sm (Holothuria),... Thm c bin: l h sinh thi c gi tr cao (Biu 4), l ni c tr, bi , bi ng ging ca nhiu loi sinh vt khc nh to b sinh, ng vt y, c bin, th bin; l mi trng sinh sn thun li; l ngun thc n quan trng ca nhiu loi sinh vt (c tm, i mi, vch, b bin); l ngun nguyn liu sn xut giy, phn bn ha hc, thc n gia sc ng thi l ni thm quan du lch v c tc dng tch t trm tch, chn sng, hn ch xi l b bin,... Vit Nam, xc nh c 15 loi c bin (Seagrass) /16 loi c bin vng ng Nam . Cc thm c phn b cc trong vng triu ven bin, ven o, vng ca sng, rng ngp mn, vnh, m nc l su t 0-20 m, trong di mui rng t 5-32% (nh 11). m ph Tam Giang - Cu Hai, din tch bi c bin khong 1.000ha, vi 5 loi c bin c tng tr lng cc loi khong 95.500 tn ti (Nguyn Vn Tin, 2003). Tuy nhin, h sinh thi c bin cng l mt trong nhng h sinh thi nhy cm v rt d b tn thng khi mi trng thay i. Hin nay, thm c bin nc ta b suy thoi nghim trng do nhim mi trng, nh bt thy sn bng thuc n, cc hot ng khai thc cc vng t bi c c bin vo mc ch nng nghip, nui trng thy sn lm cho din tch bi c bin b thu hp, gy mt ni c tr ca cc ngun li hi sn c gi tr v hn ch s pht trin ca c bin (nh 12). R rt nht, nm 2003, v din tch c bin b mt l 6.775 ha chim 63% (so vi nm 1997). c bit, nhiu ni b mt hn c bin nh ng Rui, Chng C, Tun Chu (Qung Ninh), Trng Ct, Gia Lun (Hi Phng) hoc gn mt hn nh Vng Bu (Ph Quc). S suy gim v mt cc

thm c bin ca nc ta ang c nguy c gia tng, nh hng nghim trng ti mi trng sinh thi bin: suy gim cht lng mi trng nc v trm tch, mt cn bng dinh dng, sinh thi v DSH, gim tr lng c v ngun trng c v c con trong h sinh thi ny, gim ngun cung cp nguyn liu cho cng nghip v nng nghip, mt din tch sa bi cc vng ca sng gy nh hng ti qu trnh bi t v m rng qu t... e. t ngp nc thuc h (h cha, h t nhin) Cc h t nhin tiu biu Vit Nam l: H Ba B (Bc Kn - nh 13), H Ch (Ph Th), H Ty (H Ni), Bin H (Gia Lai), H Lk (k Lk), H n Dng, an Kia ( Lt), H Bin Lc (Bnh Thun). Mt s c din tch ln c th k n l: H Lk c din tch 600 ha, thc vt trong h phong ph vi hn 100 loi thc vt ni, 50 loi ng vt ni, 20 loi ng vt y v 49 loi c, ngoi ra c c c su, k , chim di tr; H Ty c din tch 526 ha vi 12 loi thc vt ni, 33 loi c chp (Cypriniformes); Bin H c din tch 300 ha, 122 loi thc vt ni, 54 loi ng vt ni, 15 loi ng vt y v 27 loi c f. Sng sui Vit Nam c lng ma ln, cng vi c im a hnh (75% lnh th l i ni) hnh thnh mt h thng sng, sui dy c. c trng cho loi hnh thy vc ny l qun x thc vt ni kh phong ph, nhng c s lng thp. Sng, sui l ni c tr rt quan trng ca cc qun th c: cc sng min Bc c 243 loi, sng min Trung c 134 loi, sng min Nam c 255 loi. Tuy nhin, cc hot ng xy p, k, khai thc khong sn (ct, si,...), giao thng thy, x thi,... v ang lm suy thoi mi trng v ti nguyn ca h sinh thi ny. 2.1.5. Xu th bin ng t ngp nc Vit Nam a. Bin ng v din tch Theo B Ti nguyn v Mi trng (nm 2004), tng din tch NN Vit Nam l khong hn 10 triu ha. Trong 15 nm qua, din tch NN t nhin gim i, din tch NN nhn to tng ln: Cc khu rng ngp mn t nhin ven bin mt dn, thay vo l cc m nui thy sn, cc cng trnh du lch v mt s t din tch rng trng. Din tch rng ngp mn gim i 183.724 ha trong 20 nm qua (t nm 1985). Trong khi din tch nui trng thy sn tng ln 1,1 triu ha vo

nm 2003. Cc khu rng Trm t nhin v cc trng c ngp nc theo ma ng Thp Mi cng mt dn, thay vo l din tch khai hoang trng la v cc khu rng trng trm. Din tch NN mn ven bin nm 1982 l 494.000 ha, n nm 2000 l 606.792 ha, do m rng din tch nui tm b. Bin ng v cht lng mi trng Mi trng Vit Nam ni chung v NN ni ring ang theo xu hng xu do mt s nguyn nhn chnh sau: nhim do cht thi cng nghip: cc cht nhim cng nghip, t tu thuyn, cc x nghip sn xut v ch bin v ang gy ra nhng tc ng nghim trng n cht lng cc vng NN (sng, h v knh rch cha nc) nhim du: nghim trng nht l cc ca sng, cng bin nhim do s dng ha cht bo v thc vt trong nng nghip nhim cht hu c: xu hng tng cao hm lng cc cht hu c km theo cc cht dinh dng, ha cht c s gy hin tng to n hoa, to c e do ln cho ti nguyn sinh vt vng NN. S dng cc ha cht c trong khai thc ti nguyn NN: vic s dng thuc n, c t xyanua nh bt c gy nhim mi trng y, ph hu cu trc v sinh thi rn san h (C T, Bch Long V, Cn o), hu dit qun x sinh vt v li nhiu tc ng lu di cho mi trng, DSH. 2.2. Gi tr v chc nng ca t ngp nc Vit Nam 2.2.1. Chc nng ca t ngp nc Vit Nam t ngp nc Vit Nam c nhiu chc nng rt quan trng nh: np v tit nc ngm, cung cp nc ngt, iu ha sinh thi v kh hu, xut khu sinh khi, hn ch l lt, chn sng v gi bo, chng xi l v n nh b bin, l ni du lch gii tr, duy tr DSH, to mi trng hot ng cho nhiu ngnh kinh t nh thy sn, lm nghip, giao thng vn ti thy, sn xut nng lng, du lch, khai khong... NN l ngun sng ca mt b phn kh ln ngi dn Vit Nam, mang li li ch v gi tr to ln v kinh t - x hi - vn ha -

mi trng, ng gp rt quan trng cho s nghip cng nghip ha v hin i ha t nc. Chc nng np, tit nc ngm: vo ma ma, khi d lng nc mt ln, cc vng NN c tc dng nh mt b cha nc sau nc ngm dn vo lng t trong ma kh. Qu trnh ny din ra lin tc nhm b sung lng nc cho cc tng nc ngm. Mt khc, qu trnh np v tit nc lin tc gia vng NN vi cc tng nc ngm cng gp phn thm lc, lm cho cc tng nc ngm tr nn sch hn Chc nng lng ng trm tch, c t: cc vng NN (c bit l h, rng ngp mn, bi triu, vng vnh ven b...) c tc dng nh l cc b lng gi li trm tch, cc cht nhim, c hi v cht thi ni chung, gp phn lm sch nc v hn ch nhim mi trng nc bin. Chc nng tch ly cht dinh dng: gi li cc cht dinh dng (nit, photpho, cc nguyn t vi lng...) cho vi sinh vt, pht trin ngun li thy sn v lm nghip, hn ch bt hin tng ph dng nh cc vng NN BSH, BSCL v cc thy vc khc. Chc nng iu ha vi kh hu: c bit, vng c c bin, rng ngp mn, rn san h, gp phn cn bng O2 v CO2 trong kh quyn, iu ho kh hu a phng (nhit , m, lng ma) v gim hiu ng nh knh. Chc nng hn ch l lt: NN (rng ngp mn, h t nhin, h nhn to...) c th ng vai tr nh bn cha lu gi, iu ha lng nc ma v dng chy mt, gp phn gim lu lng dng chy l v hn ch l lt cc vng ln cn nh h Ha Bnh, h Thc B, h Tr An,... Chc nng sn xut sinh khi: l ni sn xut sinh khi, to ngun thc n cho cc loi thy sn, gia sc, ng vt hoang d hoc vt nui. Chc nng duy tr DSH: nhiu vng NN, c bit l cc vng NN c rng ngp mn, rn san h, c bin, l mi trng thch hp cho vic c tr, trng, sinh sng v pht trin ca nhiu loi ng, thc vt hoang d. Chc nng chn sng, chn gi bo n nh

b bin, chng xi l, hn ch sng thn: nh c thm thc vt, c bit thm thc vt rng ngp mn, thm c bin, rn san h m cc vng NN ven bin c chc nng bo v b bin khi b tc ng ca sng, thytriu, xi l, sng thn. Cc chc nng khc: Ngoi cc chc ni trn, NN cn ng vai tr quan trng to mi trng thun li cho cc hot ng kinh t ca nhiu ngnh khc nhau: nng nghip, thy sn, lm nghip, giao thng thy, dch v du lch, khai thc khong sn... c bit, NN l ni sinh sng ca 80% dn s Vit Nam. 2.2.2. Gi tr ca t ngp nc Vit Nam Gi tr kinh t ca NN: Gp phn quan trng cho s pht trin ca cc ngnh nng nghip, thy sn, lm nghip, nng lng, giao thng thy. Cc dng chy thng xuyn to cc vng chu th rng ln ph nhiu (l vng sn xut nng nghip tr ph), c khu h c phong ph vi sn lng cao, l ngun li cung cp cho nhiu cng ng nh 14: Khu du lch ven bin C Lao Cu, BnhThun dn c sng xung quanh Giai on sau nm 1989, cc vng NN gp phn quan trng thc y pht trin kinh t - x hi. Vit Nam t mt nc phi nhp khu 1 triu tn go/nm (giai on 1976-1988) tr thnh nc khng ch cung cp go n m xut khu 3,4 triu tn go/nm (nm 2003 - bng 4), a Vit Nam tr thnh nc xut khu th 2 th gii. Kim ngch xut khu ca ngnh thy sn lin tc tng, thc y s pht trin ca mt s ngnh nh cng nghip ch bin thy hi sn. Nm 2002, khai thc ven b t 1.434.800 tn, a ngnh thy sn t kim ngch xut khu 2 t USD, ng v tr th 3 c nc (bng 5). Ni bt trong giai on ny l s pht trin mnh ca ngnh du lch da trn cc gi tr ca NN. Vnh H Long, o Ct B, Cn o, cc bi bin ni ting Phan Thit, Vng Tu, Phong Nha - K Bng, cc khu cn c cch mng VQG U Minh Thng, cc khu du lch sinh thi nh VQG Xun Thy, VQG h Ba B... l im thu ht rt nhiu khch du lch trong v ngoi nc (nh 14, 15, 16, 17). Nguyn Hu Ninh, Mai Trng Nhun v nnk (2003), lng gi kinh t mt s vng NN in hnh ven bin Vit Nam: ca sng Bch ng, ca sng Ba Lt, ca sng Vn c, ca y (bi triu Kim Sn), m ph Tam Giang - Cu Hai, m Th Ni, ca sng Tin, bi triu Ty Nam C Mau

(Ph lc E). Kt qu cho thy: vng bi triu Ty Nam C Mau t gi tr cao nht (tng gi tr kinh t - TEV tnh cho 1 ha NN l: 4.593,91 USD), tip l vng ca sng Tin, ca sng Ba Lt v m ph Tam Giang Cu Hai (c TEV l 2.301,21 USD/ha), cc im c gi tr thp hn nh ca sng Vn c, m Th Ni v thp nht l ca sng Bch ng (TEV l 503,57 USD/ha). Theo s liu ca khu Ramsar - VQG Xun Thu, tng gi tr khai thc loi Ngao nm 2004, c tnh t 7-10 triu USD, gp phn rt quan trng cho i sng nhn dn a phng. Gi tr vn ha ca NN: NN c nhng gi tr vn ha, lch s, tn ngng v kho c quan trng i vi cng ng a phng cng nh quc gia. NN Vit Nam l ci ngun ca nn vn minh la nc 2.2.3. a dng sinh hc Vit Nam nm trong vng nhit i, c coi l mt trong nhng trung tm c mc DSH cao trn th gii. DSH c ngha rt ln, l c s sinh tn cho mi sinh vt; cung cp cho con ngi ngun lng thc v thc phm, cc ngun dc liu quan trng, ngun nguyn liu cho cng nghip, cho xy dng; duy tr v bo v sc kho cho con ngi, vn ha v thm m,... Cc h sinh thi nc ngt c khong 2611 loi thy sinh vt, c 1.403 loi to, 190 loi gip xc, 147 loi trai c, 546 loi c, 157 loi ng vt nguyn sinh,... Cc vng NN ni a ln nh ng Thp Mi, U Minh v h thng sng sui l ni cha nhiu loi ng thc vt c hu. Cc h sinh thi NN ven bin (rng ngp mn, rn san h, c bin, m ph, ca sng) l ni c tr ca nhiu loi c, chim di c, c bin, rong to,... vng ven bin Vit Nam xc nh c 350 loi san h to rn (sng gn b cng 2.000 loi sinh vt y, c v nhiu loi hi sn khc), 15 loi c bin, 667 loi rong bin, 94 loi thc vt ngp mn. Cc loi ny to nn nt c o v sinh cnh t nhin v gi tr DSH cao. NN vng ca sng l ni c s a dng v cc loi chim nh c, di c, ni phn b ca rng ngp mn, m ly nc mn, c bin v to. Cc m ph min Trung l ni c tr ca nhiu loi c v chim di c, c nt c o v sinh cnh t nhin, cha ng gi tr DSH ln. Hin nay, sn lng thy sn nc ta t trn 2.536 triu tn, trong khai thc hi sn t 1.426 triu tn v nui trng 1.110 triu tn. DSH cn duy tr v cung cp ngun gen qu nh: Trai ngc (Pteria

martensi), Bo ng (Haliotis diversicolor), i mi (Eretmochelys imbricata), B bin (Dugong dugon)... Tuy nhin, s mt mt v suy gim DSH c chiu hng gia tng trong nhiu nm gn y. 3.5.2. Mt s tn ti, thch thc trong qun l t ngp nc a. V h thng lut php Vit Nam cha c lut ring v NN, cn thiu cc quy nh, php lut v qun l, bo tn, s dng khn kho v pht trin bn vng NN; thiu nhng quy nh c th v r rng v h thng qun l nh nc; thiu s thng nht v c ch phi hp gia cc b, ban ngnh, a phng trong cc hot ng lin quan n NN v thiu cc ch ti thi hnh. Nhng quy nh iu chnh trc tip hot ng qun l v bo tn NN ch yu do B v cc a phng ban hnh, cn thiu cc vn bn mang tnh php l cao nh Ngh nh ca Chnh ph. Hin nay, mi ch c Ngh nh 109/2003/N-CP ca Chnh ph ban hnh l vn bn c gi tr php l cao nht lin quan trc tip n phn cng trch nhim qun l NN. Cc vn bn do U ban Nhn dn cc a phng ban hnh cn nng n v bin php hnh chnh, thiu cc ch ti huy ng s tham gia ca cng ng trong khai thc NN. Do , cc vn bn php lut cha p ng yu cu ca vic bo tn v pht trin bn vng NN. H thng chnh sch v php lut qun l NN cn thiu ng b v cha hon thin. Cc iu khon qui nh php l c lin quan n NN b phn tn, chng cho trong nhiu vn bn quy phm php lut khc nhau, thiu c th, cha m bo c tnh khoa hc v ng b, cha tnh ht cc yu t kinh t - x hi nn rt kh thc thi hoc thc thi km hiu qu. Nhiu thut ng v khi nim lin quan n NN khng c quy nh thng nht v gii thch r rng trong cc vn bn php lut v chnh sch ca Vit Nam b. V qun l t ngp nc Mt trong nhng thch thc rt to ln i vi qun l, bo tn v pht trin bn vng NN l s gia tng dn s (khong 1,32%/nm), mt dn s nhiu vng NN rt cao (v d 276 ngi/km2 cc huyn ven bin), t l th ha nhanh (n nm 2010 khong 33%) m khng c kim sot hp l. Cc nh qun l v nhng ngi c hng quyn li cha hiu bit y , thu o v chc nng v gi tr ca NN i vi kinh t, x hi, sinh thi, tm quan trng ca qun l, bo tn dn n vic s dng v ra quyt nh lin quan trc tip n NN cn thiu tnh thc tin v tnh kh thi. Hin nay, qun l NN Vit Nam cn mang tnh n ngnh, chng cho, thiu phi hp, thiu tp

trung, chc nng qun l NN cha c phn nh r. Cc chnh sch v qun l NN thng khng nht qun, thiu tnh h thng v thng b thay i theo thi gian nn gy ra nhng tc ng xu nh gy suy thoi, mt mt DSH, nhim mi trng. Thiu quy hoch tng th qun l NN, cc quy hoch c th hoc cn thiu hoc khng ph hp vi iu kin t nhin, kinh t - x hi ca tng vng. iu gy ra xung t mi trng trong vic s dng NN, lm suy thoi ti nguyn. Cc quy hoch qun l lnh th, pht trin kinh t, giao thng, h cha, thy li, thy in, du lch lm thay i hoc gy tr ngi cho vic qun l NN. Vic qun l theo mnh lnh hnh chnh t trn xung thng kh huy ng v khuyn khch c s tham gia v quyn t ch ca cng ng. Thiu c s d liu NN Vit Nam ng b, h thng, tin cy cao, d cp nht v s dng. Cc vng NN c gi tr cao vn cha c quy hoch bo tn v qun l c hiu qu. Theo thng k ca Cc Bo v Mi trng nm 2001, "Cc vng t ngp nc c gi tr a dng sinh hc v mi trng cao", nhiu vng NN cha c chnh sch qun l, bo tn ph hp u t ngun lc cho vic bo tn v pht trin bn vng NN cha tng xng vi tim nng v gi tr ca n. Ngun vn u t cho o to nhn lc, nghin cu khoa hc, xy dng cc m hnh pht trin bn vng NN, cho vic bo tn, bo v mi trng v ti nguyn vng NN cn mc thp, khng hp l, thiu cn i. Vic nghin cu v iu tra tng hp v NN cha y , thiu ng b v tnh h thng. i ng nhng ngi nghin cu v iu tra tng hp v NN cha c ch trng bi dng v o to. Cc phng php nghin cu hin i cha c quan tm ng mc ci tin, vn dng vo thc tin Vit Nam. Cha c c c s d liu y v NN, kim k v nh gi p ng c yu cu pht trin bn vng cng nh qun l v bo tn NN. Nhn thc v kin thc v qun l v bo tn NN cn thp, s hiu bit v chc nng, gi tr v tm quan trng ca NN cn hn ch. Cng tc tuyn truyn, nng cao nhn thc v NN cha c ch trng, cha ph hp vi tng i tng khc nhau. NN cha c cp trong cc

chng trnh gio dc mi trng. 3.5.3. Mt s xut v qun l t ngp nc Vit Nam a. Xy dng v thc hin chin lc quc gia v bo tn v pht trin bn vng t ngp nc b. Nng cao hiu qu v hiu lc ca h thng th ch qun l v t ngp nc c. Thc thi cc bin php h tr cho vic qun l t ngp nc d. Pht trin cc bin php qun l, bo tn v s dng t ngp nc e. Quy hoch bo tn v s dng bn vng a dng sinh hc vng ca sng, ven bin f. Xy dng v thc hin quy ch qun l ti nguyn NN 4. Kt lun 4.1. NN Vit Nam rt a dng v phong ph v kiu loi phn b rng khp cc vng sinh thi, c gi tr v vai tr to ln i vi pht trin kinh t - x hi, bo v t nc, xa i gim ngho, duy tr v pht trin vn ha, hn ch tai bin, bo v mi trng, duy tr v pht trin DSH. 4.2. NN Vit Nam l nhng h sinh thi rt nhy cm, km thch nghi vi nhng thay i t ngt, d mt cn bng. NN Vit Nam v ang b suy thoi (mi trng sng, ni di c ca nhiu loi sinh vt b ph hu, b nhim, DSH v cc ngun ti nguyn NN b suy gim nghim trng). 4.3. Nhng thch thc ch yu i vi NN Vit Nam l: dn s gia tng qu nhanh, phng thc v tp qun lc hu, s ngho i ti cc vng NN v vng xung quanh; h thng chnh sch v php lut qun l NN cn thiu ng b v cha hon thin; vic qun l thiu thng nht, thiu phi hp v thiu tnh lin ngnh; khai thc, s dng v bo tn NN cha hp l; ngun vn u t cho o to nhn lc, nghin cu khoa hc, xy dng cc m hnh pht trin bn vng NN, cho vic bo tn, bo v mi trng v ti nguyn vng NN cn mc thp, khng hp l, thiu cn i; cha c c c s d liu y v NN, p ng c yu cu pht trin bn vng cng nh qun l v bo tn NN; nhn thc v kin thc v qun l v bo tn NN cn thp; cc qu trnh t nhin nh xi l, bo l, chy rng, mn ha, ngt ha v do tc ng ca ton cu ha, bin ng mi trng ton cu. 4.4. NN Vit Nam v ang tri qua bin i kh mnh theo cc xu th sau y: a. S lng kiu loi v din tch NN nhn to (h thy in, thy li, m nui thy sn, rung la, vng x l nc thi...) tng ln, nhng din tch cc kiu NN t nhin,

c bit l rng ngp mn, thm c bin, rn san h, bi triu ly, rng trm, h t nhin gim i ngy cng mnh. b. Vai tr, gi tr s dng NN i vi pht trin kinh t, x hi, bo v mi trng, hn ch tai bin ca NN ngy cng tng. c. Cht lng mi trng v h sinh thi NN ven th, khu cng nghip, vng nui trng thy sn v sn xut la nc, rng ngp mn, thm c bin, rn san h,... b suy thoi ngy cng mnh, DSH cc vng NN c xu hng suy gim. d. Cc e da i vi NN c xu hng gia tng: thin tai, chin tranh, sc p dn s, khai thc qu mc v bt hp l, bt cp v phng thc, c ch, b my qun l, thiu s kt hp gia chin lc pht trin kinh t vi bo v ti nguyn, mi trng, NN. e. Nhn thc v chc nng, gi tr, v bo tn NN ngy cng c nng ln nhng cn xa mi p ng c yu cu ca s dng khn kho v pht trin bn vng NN. f. Cch tip cn, cng c qun l NN ngy cng hin i, khoa hc, a dng hn. S lng cc vn bn php lut lin quan ti NN, s lng c quan, b phn qun l NN ngy cng tng, nhng s phi hp, hiu lc, tnh hiu qu, tc ng tch cc ca h thng th ch, qun l khng tng tng ng v cn khim tn. g. S lng cc ti, d n, cng trnh khoa hc lin quan ti NN tng mnh, tim lc khoa hc (s lng c quan, s lng cn b, trang thit b,...), nghin cu v NN tng ln nhng kt qu nghin cu khoa hc v NN cha c s dng v pht huy hiu qu. h. Cng tc tuyn truyn gio dc v NN ngy cng c ch , nhng cng tc o to chnh quy v NN cha c quan tm ng mc, cha p ng c yu cu v s dng, qun l v bo tn NN. i. S lng ti, d n hp tc quc t, s lng cc c quan nc ngoi, t chc quc t lin quan NN m Vit Nam c tham gia ngy cng tng v cng c tc dng tch cc cho vic bo tn, s dng, qun l NN. 4.5. Bo tn v pht trin bn vng NN cn c s quan tm, tham gia ca cc ngnh, cc cp, cn c mt chin lc qun l tng hp lu di cng

vi mt khung php l v th ch ph hp. Tuy nhin, vic bo tn v pht trin bn vng cc h sinh thi NN Vit Nam mi ch l bt u, rt cn cn s h tr ca cc nh ti tr, cc t chc quc t v trong nc.

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