LI NI U Ngy nay nghnh cng ngh thng tin c nhng bc pht trin vt bc.

.Ch t vic pht minh ra con transistor u tin nm 1947,cho n nay cc sn phm cng ngh thng tin len li n tt c cc nghnh ngh trong x hi t nghnh ngn hng,ti chnh n cc nghnh bn l...Khng nhng vy chng cng len li vo mi gia nh t cc sn phm gia dng nh my git,t lnh...n cc thit b gii tr truyn thng nh ipod,...Trong tng lai, bn cnh vic pht trin cng ngh vi in t ch to ra cc th h b vi x l vi tc x l ngy cng nhanh,th cc h thng ng dng vn s pht trin rt mnh. Chnh v l ,ti chn ti v, Thit k h thng qun l bnh nhn dng cng ngh RFID. Cng ngh ny xut hin kh lu nhng cho n nay cc ng dng ca n vn cha c trin khai rng ri. Vi vic chn ti ny ,ti hi vng mnh s gp phn cng sc b nh ca mnh vo cng vic trin khai n.Tuy nhin , mc mt n tt nghip v cng do thi gian c hn, nn y ti ch thit k v thi cng h thng mc kim th. Cn c th trin khai p dng n vo thc t th s phi u t thm nhiu thi gian v tin bc. Song vi vic thit k thnh cng h thng ny, ti thu c thm kh nhiu kinh nghim lm bc m cho ti tr thnh k s sau khi ra trng. Qua y ti xin chn thnh cm n thy hng dn Trn Hi Lu cng cc thy c khc gip tn tnh ti hon thnh ti ny. H Ni ngy 26/5/2010 Trn Phan Bnh

MC LC LI NI U..........................................................................................................3 CHNG 1.TNG QUAN CNG NGH RFID...................................................13 1.1 Lch s cng ngh RFID.................................................................................13 1.2 Cc khi nim c bn......................................................................................14 1.3 Cc c im ca mt h thng RFID............................................................17 1.3.1 Tn s hot ng....................................................................................17 1.3.2 Phm vi c............................................................................................17 1.3.3 Phng php ghp ni vt l..................................................................18 1.4 Cc thnh phn h thng RFID.......................................................................18 1.4.1 Thnh phn th.......................................................................................20 1.4.1.1 Th th ng.................................................................................20 1.4.1.1.1 Thnh phn vi chip.........................................................21 1.4.1.1.2 Thnh phn anten...........................................................22 1.4.1.2 Th tch cc..................................................................................24 1.4.1.2.1 Khi ngun.....................................................................25 1.4.1.2.2 Cc thnh phn in t...................................................26 1.4.1.3 Th bn tch cc ..........................................................................26 1.4.1.4 Th ch c...................................................................................27 1.4.1.5 Th ghi mt ln-c nhiu ln......................................................28 1.4.1.6 Th c-ghi..................................................................................28 1.4.2 Thit b c th......................................................................................28 1.4.2.1 Khi truyn tn hiu....................................................................29 1.4.2.2 Khi nhn tn hiu.......................................................................29 1.4.2.3 Khi vi x l...............................................................................29 1.4.2.4 Khi b nh................................................................................29 1.4.2.5 Cc knh vo/ra cho cm bin,b truyn ng,b bo hiu.....29 1.4.2.6 Khi iu khin..........................................................................30 1.4.2.7 Khi giao tip truyn thng........................................................30 1.4.2.8 Khi ngun.................................................................................30 1.4.2.9 Phn loi thit b c th............................................................30 1.4.2.9.1 Thit b c th ni tip...........................................................31 1.4.2.9.2 Thit b c th mng..............................................................31 1.4.2.9.3 Thit b c th c nh...........................................................32 1.4.2.9.4 Thit b c th cm tay..........................................................34 1.4.3 Giao tip gia thit b c th v th.....................................................34 1.4.3.1 Kiu iu ch backscatter...........................................................35 1.4.3.2 Kiu transmitter..........................................................................36 1.4.3.3 Kiu transponder.........................................................................36 1.4.4 Anten ca thit b c th......................................................................37 1.4.4.1 Vng ph sng ca anten............................................................38 1.4.4.2 S phn cc ca anten................................................................39 1.4.4.3 Nng lng ca anten.................................................................41

1.4.5 My ch v h thng phn mm.............................................................41 1.4.6 C s h tng truyn thng...................................................................44 1.4.7 Cc thnh phn ph khc......................................................................44 1.5 Cc tiu chun cng ngh RFID.....................................................................45 1.5.1 Tiu chun ANSI...................................................................................46 1.5.2 Tiu chun EPCglobal...........................................................................46 1.5.3 Tiu chun ISO......................................................................................47 1.6 Quyn ring t v tnh bo mt trong cng ngh RFID.................................48 1.6.1 Quyn ring t.......................................................................................48 1.6.1.1 Cc bin php bo v quyn ring t da trn lut php...........48 1.6.1.2 Cc bin php bo v quyn ring t da trn vic ci tin cng ngh.............................................................................49 1.6.2 Tnh bo mt..........................................................................................49 1.6.2.1 Vng mt : Cc th RF................................................................50 1.6.2.2 Vng hai : Thit b c th RFID................................................51 1.6.2.3 Vng ba : Knh dch v RFID.....................................................51 1.6.2.4 Vng bn : Cc h thng thng tin doanh nghip.......................51 1.7 So snh gia cng ngh RFID v cng ngh m vch..................................52 1.8 Kt lun.........................................................................................................56 CHNG 2.THIT K H THNG QUN L BNH NHN..........................57 2.1 Giao tip gia th th ng EM4100 v chip EM4095.................................57 2.1.1 Hot ng ca chip EM4095.................................................................57 2.1.2 Hot ng ca th th ng EM4100....................................................62 2.1.2.1 S cc khi ca chip EM4100................................................63 2.1.2.2 T chc b nh ca chip EM4100...............................................64 2.1.2.3 M ha d liu trn th................................................................64 2.1.2.3.1 M ha Manchester..........................................................65 2.1.2.3.2 M ha hai pha.................................................................65 2.1.2.3.3 M ha PSK.....................................................................65 2.1.3 S khi mch RF v tnh ton cc thng s......................................66 2.1.4 Thit k anten cho reader.......................................................................68 2.1.5 Phng php iu ch sng mang OOK...............................................74 2.2 Giao tip chun USB gia reader v my vi tnh..........................................77 2.2.1 Chun giao tip USB............................................................................77 2.2.1.1 Quy trnh lm vic trong giao tip USB.....................................78 2.2.1.2 Cc c trng ca giao tip USB................................................78 2.2.1.3 Chun giao tip USB 2.0............................................................79 2.2.1.4 Chun giao tip USB 3.0............................................................79 2.2.2 Lp nh ngha HID..............................................................................80 2.2.2.1 Tng quan v qun l chung ca lp HID..................................81 2.2.2.2 M hnh hot ng......................................................................82 2.2.3 Vi iu khin PIC18F2550 v s khi mch iu khin.................83 2.3 Thit k phn mm qun l............................................................................86 2.3.1 Xy dng giao din...............................................................................86 2.3.2 Xy dng c s d liu.........................................................................91 2.3.3 Giao tip vi c s d liu....................................................................93

2.3.4 Qun l kt ni USB gia reader v my tnh......................................95 2.4 Kt lun..........................................................................................................96 TI LIU THAM KHO.........................................................................................98 BNG I CHIU THUT NG VIT ANH...................................................99 PH LC A............................................................................................................102 PH LC B............................................................................................................110 PH LC C............................................................................................................112

CHNG 1 TNG QUAN CNG NGH RFID Khong chc nm tr li y chng ta bt u bt gp nhiu ng dng cng ngh RFID trong thc tin cuc sng hng ngy. n gin nht c th thy, mi khi chng ta vo chui siu th ca Walmart mua hng,khi ra ta ch cn a tng sn phm li gn mt thit b c v sau thc hin tr tin. chnh l mt h thng RFID in hnh m c Walmart trin khai cho chui siu th ca h trn khp th gii.T y chng ta c th thy mt iu rng, cng ngh RFID gip chng ta tin li hn rt nhiu trong cuc sng hng ngy. By gi chng ta hy cng i tm hiu mt h thng RFID ni chung hiu r hn hot ng ca n. 1.1 Lch s cng ngh RFID RFID khng phi l mt khi nim mi ,m lch s ca n bt u t th chin th II. Thi cc nc nh M, Anh, c v Nht Bn s dng radar xc nh my bay i vo lnh th ca h bi vy vic nhn dng my bay i phng tr thnh mt nhim v ti quan trng. Nhn thc c vn ny, ngi c tm ra c rng nu nh cc phi cng ln vng my bay ca h trong khi quay tr li cn c th n s thay i tn hiu phn x tr li v ci ny c th coi nh l h thng RFID th ng u tin. Bn cnh ,Watson-Watt pht trin c vic nhn dng tch cc i tng bn/k th u tin hay cn c gi l h thng IFF cho nc Anh trong cng thi gian . Nm 1973 Mario W. Cardullo c nhn bng sng ch cho vic ch to thnh cng th tch cc RFID vi b nh c th ghi c. V cng trong nm c bit California, mt doanh nhn c tn l Charles Walton c nhn gii thng nh vic sng ch ra cc transponder th ng m ca m khng cn s dng ti cha kha. Thi k ny chng kin cc cng ty pht trin cc h thng tn s thp vi cc transponder nh v n vn cn c s dng trong ngnh chn nui gia sc cho ti ngy nay. Cc h thng 125 kHz c thng mi ha trong khong thi gian v t cc cng ty bt u tin ti cc tn s cao hn c th s dng c ti mt vi vng trn th gii. Cc cng ty ln bt u nhn thy tm quan trng ca RFID l vo nhng nm chn mi ca th k trc,c th l IBM pht trin v sng ch ra cc h thng UHF RFID. Tuy nhin na u nhng nm chn mi c th c coi l qu trnh hc tp cng ngh bi cc sn phm sn xut ra c gi thnh rt cao v khng c cc tiu chun c th no. Nm 1999 c th coi l nm vng ca cng ngh ny khi m cc t chc nh : t chc quc t EAN, Gillette, Uniform Code Council v P&G to ra mt qu cho vic thnh lp trung tm Auto-ID ti hc vin cng ngh MIT. Hai gio s ca MIT l Sanjay Sharma v David Brock, l nhng ngi u tin ngh ra vic a cc m s ln trn cc th RFID cho bit gi tr ca chng v iu ny c th lm thay i cch thc ng dng cng ngh ny trong mt chui cung ng. Trong khong gia nhng nm t 1999 ti 2003 trung tm Auto-ID nhn c s tr gip t hn mt ngn cng ty , cc nh cung cp RFID chnh v B

Quc Phng Hoa K. Cc phng nghin cu c m ra nhiu nc v sau khng lu cng ngh c cp php cho Uniform Code Council vo nm 2003 thc hin thng mi ha . i u trong vic ng dng cng ngh ny trong thc t c th k n cc tn tui ln nh Wal-Mart,Metro. Ngy nay cng ngh ny c ng dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc nh ng dng vo vic chm cng ti cc cng ty, hay ng dng vo vic ghi nh ngun gc thy sn ng lnh xut khu,...V theo nhn nh ca nhiu chuyn gia th trong tng lai gn cng ngh ny vn lun l mt la chn ti u. 1.2 Cc khi nim c bn Sng l mt dao ng vn chuyn nng lng t mt im ny ti im khc. Sng in t l sng c to ra bi cc electron chuyn ng v dao ng in t trng. Cc sng ny c th i xuyn qua mt s kiu cht liu khc nhau. im c v tr cao nht trn mt sng c gi l mt nh sng, v im thp nht c gi l mt lm sng. Khong cch gia hai nh sng lin tip hoc hai lm sng lin tip th c gi l mt bc sng. Mt bc sng hon chnh ca mt dao ng sng c gi l chu k. V thi gian cn thit mt sng hon thnh mt chu k,c gi l chu k dao ng . S cc chu k trong mt giy c gi l tn s ca sng. Tn s c n v l hertz (k hiu Hz). V nu nh tn s ca mt sng l 1 Hz,th c ngha l sng ang dao ng vi tc mt chu k trn giy. Cc n v khc thng c dng l KHz (= 1,000 Hz), MHz (= 1,000,000 Hz), hoc GHz (= 1,000,000,000 Hz). Hnh di y ch ra mt vi b phn ca mt sng.

Hnh 1.1 Cc thnh phn ca sng Cc sng v tuyn hay cc sng c tn s v tuyn (RF) l cc sng in t vi chiu di bc sng gia khong 0.1 cm v 1,000 km hoc l c tn s nm trong khong gia 30 Hz v 300 GHz.Ngoi ra cn c nhiu kiu sng in t khc nh : tia hng ngoi, tia t ngoi, tia gamma, tia x, v cc tia v tr. iu ch l qu trnh thay i cc c tnh ca mt sng v tuyn m ha mt vi tn hiu thng tin mang theo .
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Cng ngh RFID ch yu dng ba loi tn s l : tn s thp LF, tn s cao HF, tn s siu cao UHF .Cn loi tn s rt cao VHF th cha thy c h thng RFID s dng, do vy ti khng cp n y. Tn s thp LF: l cc tn s nm trong khong gia 30 KHz n 300 KHz ,h thng RFID thng thng ch s dng cc tn s trong phm vi t 125 KHz ti 134 KHz.Cn vi mt h thng LF RFID in hnh th thng hot ng ti tn s l 125 KHz hoc l 134.2 KHz. H thng RFID hot ng ti tn s thp thng s dng cc th th ng, nn tc truyn d liu t th ti thit b c th l rt thp. Song tuy nhin, cc th tch cc LF cng c th c s dng bi cc nh cung cp. Ngy nay phm vi tn s LF c chp nhn s dng khp mi ni trn th gii. Tn s cao HF:l cc tn s nm trong phm vi t 3 MHz ti 30 MHz, trong 13.56 MHz l tn s in hnh thng c s dng cho cc h thng RFID. H thng HF RFID thng s dng cc th th ng,nn c tc truyn d liu kh thp t th ti thit b c th. Ngy nay cc h thng HF c s dng rng ri, c bit l trong cc bnh vin (v n khng gy nhiu cho cc thit b y t ang hot ng khc). V c l do vy m phm vi tn s HF c chp nhn s dng hu nh khp th gii. Tn s siu cao UHF: l cc tn s nm trong khong t 300 MHz ti 1 GHz .H thng UHF RFID th ng thng hot ng ti tn s 915 MHz ti Hoa K v ti 868 MHz cc nc Chu u. Cn h thng UHF RFID tch cc hot ng ti tn s 315 MHz v 433 MHz.V v vy h thng UHF c th s dng c c hai loi th tch cc v th ng v c th t c mt tc truyn d liu kh nhanh gia th v thit b c th. Cc h thng UHF RFID hin ti bt u c trin khai rng ri trong cc t chc chnh ph cc nc nh b quc phng M v cc t chc quc t, ... Tuy nhin phm vi tn s UHF vn khng c chp nhn s dng trn ton th gii. Di y hnh nh minh ha phm vi cc tn s m ta ni trn

Hnh 1.2 Ph tn s v tuyn By gi ta s ni thm v cc nguyn nhn gy nhiu cho sng in t.Ni chung, sng in t thng b nhiu t nhiu ngun khc nhau, song ch yu l cc ngun di y:

 Cc iu kin thi tit nh ma ,tuyt, ... Tuy nhin, nh ni trc ,ngun nhiu ny t nh hng vi cc phm vi tn s LF v HF. S c mt ca mt vi ngun sng v tuyn khc chng hn nh cell phone, mobile radio,... Cc dng tnh in (ESD). ESD l mt lung dng in bt ng i qua mt cht liu trong tnh hung cht liu c s cch in di mc chun. Nu nh c mt s khc nhau ln v in p tn ti gia hai im trn cht liu, th cc nguyn t gia hai im ny c th tr thnh cc in tch v to thnh dng in. Ngoi ra chng ta cng cn bit thm cc khi nim khc di y c lin quan n h thng RFID. S xung t th : Mt reader ch c th lin lc c vi mt th ti mt thi im. Khi c nhiu hn mt th c gng lin lc vi reader, th lc xut hin hin tng c tn gi l s xung t th. Trong trng hp ny, p li truy vn t reader, nhiu th s phn hi cc tn hiu ca chng ti reader ti cng mt thi im. Reader cn thit phi lin lc sau vi cc th bng cch s dng mt giao thc c ng dng mt thut ton c bit. Thut ton m c s dng ha gii cc xung t th th c gi vi ci tn l cc thut ton chng xung t. Hin ti, hai kiu thut ton chng xung t di y l c s dng rng ri nht:

ALOHA cho cc kiu tn s HF Tree Walking cho cc kiu tn s UHF

Bng cch s dng mt trong cc thut ton chng xung t trn, mt reader c th nhn dng c vi th trong vng c ca n vi mt chu k thi gian rt ngn. Chnh v vy, m n khin cho ta c cm gic reader lin lc vi cc th gn nh l ng thi. S xung t reader :Khi vng c (hoc l ca s c) ca hai hoc nhiu reader chng ln nhau, th tn hiu t mt reader c th giao thoa vi tn hiu t cc reader khc, gy ra nhiu tn hiu. Hin tng ny c gi s xung t reader. Tnh trng ny c th pht sinh nu nh cc anten hai reader ny c ci t theo cch thc no m dn n s can thip ph hoi ln nhau (v d nh, vng ph sng ca anten). Dn n mt h qu l, nng lng RF t mt trong cc anten ca mt reader s b loi ra ngoi v nng lng RF t mt trong cc anten ca reader khc. trnh vn ny, ta phi iu chnh li v tr cc anten ca cc reader sao cho anten ca mt reader khng i din trc tip vi anten ca reader khc. Nu nh khng th trnh khi vic c hai anten i din nhau, th gii php nn lm l phn chia khong cch hiu qu cho chng vng c ca chng khng chng ln nhau. Ngoi ra, hai anten ca cng mt reader cng c th to ra s chng lp ln nhau nhng n khng to s xung t reader, bi v nng lng i ti cc anten l cc chuyn dch vt

l c thc hin bi reader theo cch m ch c mt anten hot ng ti mt thi im. iu dn n, s khng c c hi hai hay nhiu anten ca reader ny pht ra cc tn hiu cng lc. Chng ta cng c th s dng k thut khc, c tn gi l TDMA , trnh s xung t reader. Trong k thut ny, cc reader s c hng dn c ti cc thi im khc nhau ch khng phi tt c cng c mt lc. V nh vy, ch c anten ca mt reader l c hot ng ti mt thi im. Nhng c mt vn pht sinh vi phng php ny l, mt th c th c c nhiu hn mt ln bi cc reader khc nhau trong vng c chng cho ln nhau. Do , cn phi p dng mt vi c ch lc thng minh bi khi iu khin lc ra cc th c c. Kh nng c th: ca mt h thng RFID trong mt mi trng hot ng ph bin c th c nh ngha l kh nng ca h thng c thnh cng d liu t mt th c th. Kh nng c th ph thuc vo mt s cc yu t. cung cp kh nng c th tt th h thng RFID cn phi c thnh cng mt th t nht mt ln. m bo iu ny, th h thng nn c thit k sao cho s ln c mt th va ngay c khi th c li vi ln th vn c c hi tt mt trong s ln c thnh cng. Tc l xc sut thnh cng s cao hn. 1.3 Cc c im ca mt h thng RFID Cc h thng RFID c th c phn bit vi nhau theo ba cch khc nhau da trn cc thuc tnh c trng di y:

Tn s hot ng Phm vi c Phng php ghp ni vt l

1.3.1 Tn s hot ng Tn s hot ng l thuc tnh quan trng nht ca mt h thng RFID. l tn s m ti , reader s truyn i cc tn hiu ca n. N gn kt cht ch vi mt thuc tnh in hnh, l c t mt khong cch xa. Trong hu ht cc trng hp,tn s ca mt h thng RFID c quyt nh bi khong cch cn thit vic thc hin c thnh cng . 1.3.2 Phm vi c Phm vi c ca mt h thng RFID c xc nh l khong cch gia th v reader. T y ta thy mt h thng RFID c th c phn chia thnh ba kiu di y:

Trc tip : l cc h thng c phm vi c thp hn 1 cm. Mt vi h thng LF v HF RFID thuc v nhm ny. Tm gn : l cc h thng c phm vi c t 1 cm ti 100 cm. a phn cc h thng RFID hot ng ti cc di tn LF v HF thuc v nhm ny.

Tm xa : l cc h thng c phm vi c ln hn 100 cm. Cc h thng RFID ang hot ng trong di tn UHF v phm vi tn s vi ba thuc v nhm ny.

1.3.3 Phng php ghp ni Vic ghp ni vt l m ta cp ti y l ni ti phng php s dng ghp ni gia th v anten (tc l, l mt c ch m theo nng lng c dch chuyn t th ti anten). Da trn tiu ch ny, c ba kiu h thng RFID khc nhau di y:

T trng : l cc kiu h thng RFID c bit ti nh l cc h thng c ghp ni theo kiu in khng. Mt vi h thng RFID LF v HF l thuc v nhm ny. in trng : l cc kiu h thng RFID c bit ti nh l cc h thng c ghp ni theo kiu in dung. Nhm ny cng ch yu bao gm cc h thng RFID LF v HF. in t trng : Phn ln cc h thng RFID thuc lp ny cng c gi l cc h thng backscatter. Cc h thng RFID hot ng trong phm vi di tn s UHF v vi ba thuc v nhm ny. 1.4 Cc thnh phn h thng RFID Mt h thng RFID l mt tp hp cc thnh phn nhm thc hin mt gii php RFID. Ni chung mt h thng RFID bao gm cc thnh phn di y:

Th : y l mt thnh phn bt buc ca bt c h thng RFID no Thit b c th: y cng l mt thnh phn bt buc Anten ca thit b c th : y l cng l mt thnh phn bt buc phi c.Ngy nay mt s reader c tch hp anten ln trn n,v vy kch thc ca n gim i rt nhiu. Khi iu khin : y l mt thnh phn quan trng. Tuy nhin hu ht cc reader th h mi u tch hp thnh phn ny ln trn chng. Cc cm bin, b truyn ng ,b bo hiu : y l cc thnh phn ty chn, c s dng u vo v u ra h thng RFID. My ch v h thng phn mm :V mt l thuyt ,mt h thng RFID c th hot ng mt cch c lp m khng cn ti thnh phn ny.Tuy nhin trong thc t, nu khng c thnh phn ny th h thng RFID gn nh v gi tr. C s h tng truyn thng: Thnh phn quan trng ny l mt tp hp bao gm c mng c dy v khng dy v c s h tng kt ni ni tip, c th kt ni cc thnh phn lit k pha trn vi nhau.

Di y l biu mt h thng RFID :

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Hnh 1.3 Biu h thng RFID Cn di y l m hnh mt mu ca biu trn vi cc thnh phn c th trong thc t:

Hnh 1.4 Mt v d v h thng RFID trong thc t By gi ta s i chi tit vo tng thnh phn ca h thng RFID.

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1.4.1 Thnh phn th Mt th RFID l mt thit b c th lu tr v truyn c c d liu ti reader khng phi theo cch tip xc trc tip m bng cch s dng cc sng v tuyn. Cc th RFID c th c phn loi theo hai cch khc nhau. Di y l cch phn loi th nht, da trn c s th c cha ngun nng lng ngay trn bng mch th hay khng hoc da trn c s cc chc nng c bit m n cung cp: Th th ng Th tch cc Th bn tch cc (hoc bn th ng) 1.4.1.1 Th th ng Kiu th RFID ny khng c ngun nui tch hp cng trn bng mch th (v d,pin),thay v vy n s dng nng lng c pht ra t reader lm ngun nng lng cho bn thn n hot ng v thc hin truyn d liu m n lu tr ti reader. Th th ng kh n gin v cu to v khng c cc b phn ri rc.V c l chnh v vy cc th th ng tn ti kh lu trong iu kin mi trng khc nghit. i vi loi th ny, thc hin truyn thng tin gia th v reader th reader lun lun phi lin lc trc tin,tip sau mi ti lt th. V vy s hin din ca reader l bt buc th c th truyn c d liu ca n. Th th ng thng thng nh hn so vi th tch cc v th bn tch cc. N c mt phm vi c kh a dng t 1 inch (=2.54cm) ti khong 30 feet (xp x 9 mt). C l bi vy m th th ng bao gi cng r hn th tch cc hay th bn tch cc. Mt th th ng bao gm cc thnh phn chnh di y: Thnh phn vi chip Thnh phn anten Di y l hnh nh minh ha cc thnh phn th th ng trong thc t:

Hnh 1.5 Cc thnh phn ca th th ng Cn tip theo y l mt s hnh nh thc t v cc th th ng ca mt vi hng sn xut ln khc nhau:
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Hnh1.6 Cc th LF ca hng Texas Instruments

Hnh1.7 Cc th 2.45 GHz ca hng Alien Technology

Hnh1.8 Cc th 915 MHz ca hng Intermec Corporation 1.4.1.1.1 Thnh phn vi chip Mt vi chip ca th th ng bao gm cc khi nh ch ra hnh v di y:

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Hnh 1.9 S cc khi ca vi chip Khi Power control/rectifier thc hin chuyn i ngun in xoay chiu thu c t tn hiu pht ra anten ca reader thnh ngun in mt chiu.Chnh ngun in mt chiu ny s cung cp nng lng ti cc thnh phn khc ca vi chip. Xung t khi Clock Extractor thc hin tch xung tn hiu t tn hiu thu c do anten ca reader pht ra. Sau khi Modulator s iu ch tn hiu nhn c.Thng tin m th tr li truyn ti reader c nhng vo bn trong tn hiu c iu ch.B nh ca vi chip c s dng lu tr d liu. B nh ny thng c chia thnh cc phn (bao gm cc khi hoc l cc trng). y ta cn ch n thut ng addressability ,ngha l kh nng nh a ch (c hoc ghi) cc v tr b nh ring l ca mt vi chip. Mt khi b nh ca th c th lu tr c nhiu kiu d liu khc nhau,chng hn nh mt phn ca i tng d liu c s dng nhn dng th, cc bit kim tra tng (v d, cyclic redundancy check [CRC]) kim tra chnh xc ca d liu c truyn,... 1.4.1.1.2 Thnh phn anten Anten ca th c s dng a tn hiu thu c t reader thnh nng lng cho th ,phc v cho vic gi hoc nhn d liu ti reader.Anten ny c gn tip xc vt l vi vi chip ca th. Trong thc t c rt nhiu cch thit k anten,tuy nhin chng ta cn phi ch rng chiu di ca anten t l trc tip vi chiu di bc sng hot ng ca th.Ngoi ra cn c mt khi nim na cng rt quan trng , l lng cc (dipole). Mt anten lng cc c th l mt dy in thng (v d,vi cht liu l ng) b t qung ti im gia. Chiu di tng cng ca mt anten lng cc bng mt bc sng ca tn s c s dng ti u ha nng lng chuyn t tn hiu ca anten reader ti th. Vi mt anten lng cc kp (dual dipole) th n bao gm hai lng cc, nn c th gim i rt nhiu tnh nhy cm thng hng ca th .Chnh v vy m, reader c th c th ti nhiu hng khc nhau.Cn mt lng cc gp (folded dipole) l bao gm hai hoc nhiu dy in thng kt ni song song v mi ci c chiu di bng na chiu di
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bc sng (ca tn s c s dng). Khi hai dy c ni li, th kt qu to ra mt lng cc gp-2 dy.Tng t nh vy ba dy kt ni song song s to ra mt lng cc gp-3 dy. Hnh di ch ra hnh dng minh ha mt vi kiu anten ny.

Hnh 1.10 Cc kiu anten lng cc Chiu di anten ca th thng ln hn rt nhiu so vi microchip ca th, v do n quyt nh n kch thc vt l sau cng ca th. Ngoi ra c mt vi thng s ta cn ch khi thit k th: Khong cch c th c tnh t reader Hng nhn bit th so vi reader

15

Hng bt k ca th so vi reader Cc kiu ring bit ca sn phm Tc di chuyn ca i tng c gn th Cc iu kin hot ng c th S phn cc ca anten reader 1.4.1.2 Th tch cc Cc th RFID tch cc c sn mt ngun nng lng trn bng mch th (v d nh ,c pin km theo;hoc l dng ngun nng lng khc) v cc b phn in t thc hin cc chc nng c bit. Mt th tch cc s dng ngun nng lng trn bng mch th ca chnh n truyn d liu ca n ti reader. N khng phi cn n nng lng pht ra t reader truyn d liu. Cc b phn in t trn bng mch th c th bao gm b vi x l, cm bin, v cc cng vo/ra. V d, cc thnh phn in t ny thc hin o mt khong nhit no v sinh ra d liu v gi tr nhit trung bnh.Sau chng s s dng d liu ny quyt nh cc tham s khc chng hn nh ngy kt thc ca mt hng c gn th . Ri tip th c th truyn thng tin ny ti reader. Chng ta c th hnh dung th tch cc ging nh mt chic my tnh khng dy cng thm vi vi thuc tnh khc (v d, c th bao gm thm mt cm bin hoc mt tp hp cc cm bin). Trong giao tip truyn thng tin gia th v reader, th th lun lun phi thc hin lin lc trc tin, tip sau mi ti phin reader. Bi vy s hin din ca reader khng cn thit cho s truyn i ca d liu, mt th tch cc c th pht i d liu lu tr trong n ti cc khu vc xung quanh ngay c khi khng c reader. C l v vy m kiu th ny cng c gi l mt b pht tn hiu. Khong cch c th ca mt th tch cc c th l 100 feet (xp x 30.5 mt) hoc ln hn. Mt th tch cc bao gm cc thnh phn: Vi chip Anten Ngun nng lng nui th Cc thnh phn in t Di y l cc hnh nh minh ha cc thnh phn bn trong mt th tch cc:

16

Hnh 1.11 Cc thnh phn bn trong mt th tch cc Cn tip theo l hnh nh thc t ca th tch cc ca cc hng sn xut ln:

Hnh 1.12 Cc th tch cc di UHF tn s thp (303.8 MHz) ca hng RFCode, Inc Do cc thnh phn vi chip v anten ca th tch cc cng ging vi th th ng nn ta s khng ni ti y.By gi ta ch ni qua v hai thnh phn cn li l khi ngun v cc thnh phn in t. 1.4.1.2.1 Khi ngun Tt c cc th tch cc u c mang mt ngun nng lng trn n (v d, c mt pin nh km theo) cung cp nng lng ti cc thnh phn in t v n thc hin truyn d liu i. Nu nh s dng mt pin lm ngun nng lng , th

17

mt th tch cc c th s dng c t nht khong t 2 ti 7 nm ph thuc vo bn ca pin. Mt trong nhng nhn t quyt nh bn ca pin l tc truyn d liu ca th. V d, gi thit rng mt th tch cc c ch to mc nh l c thc hin truyn mt ln sau vi giy. Nu nh bn tng n ln,tc l thit lp c truyn mt ln sau mt vi pht thm ch l mt vi gi,th bn lm cho tui th s dng pin lu hn. Ngoi ra, cc cm bin nm trn bng mch th v cc b x l tiu th nng lng t cng c th gp phn lm cho tui th ca pin ngn i. 1.4.1.2.2 Cc thnh phn in t Cc thnh phn in t nm trn bng mch th cho php th hot ng nh mt b pht tn hiu (transmiter), v ty theo la chn c th m n c th thc hin c cc chc nng c bit chng hn nh vic tnh ton, hoc hot ng nh mt cm bin,...Thnh phn ny cng c th cung cp thng tin cho vic kt ni vi cc cm bin bn ngoi. Cho nn, ty theo kiu cm bin gn vo, m th c th thc hin c rt nhiu cc chc nng cm bin. Ni chung, phm vi cc chc nng ca thnh phn ny l khng gii hn. Ta cn ch rng khi s cc chc nng tng nn th kch thc vt l ca phn ny tng nn ,v v vy kch thc th cng tng ln. Tuy nhin iu ny hon ton c th chp nhn c vi cc th tch cc . V vy m, cc th tch cc c th trin khai ti mt phm vi rng cc ng dng hin nay. 1.4.1.3 Th bn tch cc (hoc th bn th ng) Cc th bn tch cc cng c mt ngun nng lng nm trn n v c km thm cc thnh phn in t thc hin cc chc nng c bit. Ngun nng lng nm trn bng mch th cung cp nng lng cho cc hot ng ca th. Tuy nhin, truyn d liu i, th bn tch cc phi s dng nng lng pht ra t reader.y l mt c im ging vi th th ng. V vy kiu th ny cng c gi di ci tn khc l th c tr gip bi pin. Trong vic giao tip truyn thng tin gia th v reader, th reader lun lun phi thc hin lin lc trc tin, tip sau mi ti phin th. Cng c cc c im tng t nh trn l cc th bn th ng. Vy ti sao li dng th bn th ng m khng dng th th ng ? L bi v th bn tch cc khng s dng cc tn hiu ca reader kch thch bn thn n nh cc th th ng, v n c th c c t mt khong cch xa hn so vi th th ng. V cng bi l do cc th bn th ng c th t kch thch chnh bn thn n . Do vy, ngay c khi i tng c gn th ang di chuyn vi mt tc ln,th d liu trn th vn c th c c khi ta s dng th bn th ng (hoc bn tch cc). Di y l hnh nh thc t ca th bn tch cc t cc hng sn xut ln trn th gii:

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Hnh 1.13 Cc th bn tch cc 2.45 GHz ca hng Alien Technology

Hnh 1.14 Cc th bn tch cc 915 MHz/2.45 GHz ca hng TransCore Ngoi cch phn loi trn cn c cch phn loi da trn c s v vic h tr kh nng ghi li d liu nh di y :

Ch c (RO) Ghi mt ln ,c nhiu ln (RW) c, ghi (WORM)

Ta cn ch rng c hai loi th th ng v tch cc u c th l RO, WORM, v RW.Di y ta s i qua chi tit hn mt cht v cch phn loi ny. 1.4.1.4 Th ch c Mt th RO ch c th lp trnh mt ln trong sut thi gian n tn ti. D liu c th c burn vo bn trong th ti nh my trong sut giai on ch to. hon thnh ci ny,cc cu ch ring l trn vi chip ca th c burn vnh cu bng cch dng mt chm laser c u nhn. Sau khi xong cng on ,th d liu s khng th ghi ln na ln th trong sut thi gian tn ti ca n. C l do vy m loi th ny cn c tn gi khc l factory programmed (c ngha l , c lp trnh bi nh sn xut). Nh sn xut th thc hin a d liu ln trn th,cn ngi dng th thng thng s khng c bt c iu khin no trn n.
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Kiu th ny kh thch hp cho cc ng dng nh, nhng khng thc t khi ch to s lng ln hoc khi d liu trn th cn c ty chnh da trn c s ng dng trin khai. 1.4.1.5 Th ghi mt ln c nhiu ln Mt th WORM c th c lp trnh hay ghi li mt ln, thng thng vic ny s khng phi c thc hin bi nh sn xut m bi ngi dng th ti thi im h thc hin cng on to th. Trong thc t ,cc th loi ny thng ch c ghi vi mt s ln c nh (khong 100 ln) ! Nu nh d liu ghi ln th vt qu s ln quy nh , th th c th b h hng vnh vin. y l kiu th c gi c phi chng c th thc hin vi s lng ln v c tnh bo mt d liu cao,c l vy m n l kiu th c s dng thnh hnh nht trong cc nghip v kinh doanh ngy nay.
1.4.1.6 Th ghi c

Mt th RW c th c lp trnh li hay l ghi li nhiu ln. Thng thng, con s ny nm trong khong gia 10,000 v 100,000 ln v c th hn na! Kh nng ghi ny a ra mt c trng to ln , l d liu c th c ghi hoc bi reader hoc bi chnh bn thn th (trong trng hp l cc th tch cc). Th RW thng c cha mt b nh Flash hoc FRAM lu tr d liu ca n. Bo mt d liu l mt th thch kh ln cho loi th ny. Ngoi ra, chi ph thc hin ch to chng cng kh t . C l v vy nn cc th RW khng c s dng rng ri trong cc ng dng ngy nay. Thit b c th (Reader) Mt RFID reader l mt thit b cho php c hoc ghi ti cc th RFID thch hp. Hnh ng ghi d liu ln th bi mt reader c gi l cng on to th. Cng on to th cng vi vic gn th ln mt i tng no c gi l quy trnh a th i vo hot ng. Qung thi gian mt reader c th pht x nng lng RF c cc th c gi l chu trnh hot ng ca reader. Reader l h thng thn kinh trung tm ca ton b phn cng h thng RFID .Mt reader c cc thnh phn chnh di y:
1.4.2

B truyn tn hiu B nhn tn hiu B vi x l B nh Cc knh vo/ra cho cc cm bin, b truyn ng, v b bo hiu bn ngoi. Khi iu khin Khi giao tip truyn thng Khi ngun Di y l hnh minh ha c th cc thnh phn trong mt reader:

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Hnh 1.15 Cc thnh phn bn trong reader 1.4.2.1 Khi truyn tn hiu B truyn tn hiu ca reader c s dng truyn nng lng in xoay chiu v chu k xung thng qua anten ca chnh n ti cc th nm trong phm vi c ca n. y l mt phn ca b thu pht tn hiu, l thnh phn m chu trch nhim gi tn hiu ca reader ti mi trng xung quanh v nhn thng tin tr li t th thng qua anten ca reader. Cc cng anten ca reader s c kt ni ti thnh phn thu pht ca chnh n. Hin nay, mt vi reader c th h tr nn ti bn cng anten. iu c ngha l reader c th nhn dng c nhiu th ti cng mt thi im. 1.4.2.2 Khi nhn tn hiu Thnh phn ny cng l mt phn ca khi thu pht. N nhn cc tn hiu tng t t th thng qua anten ca reader. Sau n gi cc tn hiu ny ti b vi x l ca reader, n s thc hin chuyn i sang nh dng s. 1.4.2.3 Khi vi x l Thnh phn ny chu trch nhim thc hin cc giao thc ca reader lin lc vi tng loi th ph hp. N s thc hin gii m v kim tra li ca cc tn hiu tng t t b nhn tn hiu. Ngoi ra, n cn bao gm thm logic ty chnh lc mc thp v x l d liu c c t th. 1.4.2.4 Khi b nh B nh c s dng lu tr d liu chng hn nh cc thng s cu hnh ca reader v danh sch cc th c th c c. Nu nh kt ni gia reader v thnh phn iu khin hoc h thng phn mm b ngt,th tt c d liu c c t th s b mt. 1.4.2.5 Cc knh vo/ra cho cm bin, b truyn ng, v b bo hiu bn ngoi

21

Cc reader khng phi lun hot ng c th ti tt c cc thi im. Xt cho cng, th cc th ch phi xut hin ti cc thi im chnh trong vng c ca n, v cng cho reader c rnh ri tit kim nng lng. Chnh v mc ch m ta phi s dng thnh phn ny. N cung cp mt kt cu c hc bt hay tt reader ph thuc vo cc s kin bn ngoi. Thng thng ta hay gp cc loi cm bin, chng hn nh mt cm bin chuyn ng hay mt cm bin nh sng, pht hin s hin din ca cc i tng c gn th trong vng c ca reader. Sau cm bin c th thit lp reader c th ny. Tng t, thnh phn ny cng cho php reader cung cp mt vi u ra ni b ph thuc vo mt vi iu kin no qua mt b bo hiu (v d nh, pht ra mt m thanh cnh bo). 1.4.2.6 Khi iu khin Khi iu khin l mt thc th m cho php mt thc th bn ngoi, hoc l con ngi hoc l mt chng trnh my tnh, thc hin lin lc vi reader v iu khin cc chc nng ca n cng nh iu khin b bo hiu v b truyn ng c kt hp vi reader . Thng thng,cc nh sn xut s tch hp thnh phn ny vo bn trong bn thn reader (v d nh firmware). Tuy nhin, n cng c th c ng gi li nh mt thnh phn phn cng hoc phn mm ring bit m ngi s dng s phi mua n i km cng vi reader. 1.4.2.7 Khi giao tip truyn thng Thnh phn giao tip truyn thng cung cp cch thc truyn thng tin ti reader ,cho php n tng tc vi cc thc th bn ngoi, thng qua mt thnh phn iu khin , chuyn d liu lu tr trong n v nhn lnh v gi tr li cc phn hi tng ng. Thc th ny c cc c tnh quan trng khin n cn phi c ch to ra nh mt thnh phn c lp. Mt reader cng c th c kiu truyn thng ni tip ging nh giao tip mng my tnh ta thng thy. l kiu giao tip c kh nng ph bin thnh hnh nht trong cc kiu giao tip c th ca reader , tuy nhin cc phin bn reader sp ti y li ang pht trin cc giao din mng nh l cc chun c trng tin tin ca tng lai. 1.4.2.8 Khi ngun Thnh phn ny thc hin vic cung cp nng lng nui cc thnh phn khc trn reader. 1.4.2.9 Phn loi thit b c th Cng ging nh cc th, cc reader cng c th c phn loi bng cch s dng hai tiu ch khc nhau. Tiu ch u tin l da trn cch cung cp giao tip lin lc cho reader. Da trn ci ny, cc reader c th c phn loi nh di y:

Reader ni tip Reader mng

Tip sau y ta s m t qua v cc kiu reader ny.

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1.4.2.9.1 Thit b c th ni tip Cc reader ni tip s dng mt lin kt truyn thng ni tip lin lc vi mt ng dng. Reader c lin kt vt l ti mt cng ni tip trn my tnh s dng mt kt ni ni tip RS-232 hoc RS-485. Ch rng c hai kiu kt ni ny u c mt gii hn v chiu di cp c th c s dng ni t reader ti my tnh. Vi kiu RS-485 cho php chiu di cp s dng di hn so vi kiu RS-232. u im ca cc reader ni tip l c cc lin kt truyn thng ng tin cy hn so vi cc reader mng, bi v n khng ra cc hin tng mt gi tin nh trong reader mng . Do , vic s dng cc reader loi ny c khuyn khch gim thiu s ph thuc vo mt knh truyn thng. Tuy nhin, nhc im ca cc reader ni tip l ph thuc vo chiu di ln nht ca cp c s dng ni t reader ti my tnh. Ngoi ra, bi v s lng cng ni tip thng c gii hn trn mt my ch, nn phi cn ti mt lng ln my ch c th kt ni c vi tt c cc reader ni tip.V cp nht firmware cho reader th ngi bo dng phi thc hin tin hnh vi tng reader. V vy i ng bo dng cng phi cn ti vi s lng nhiu. Ngoi ra, tc truyn d liu ni tip thng thp hn nhiu so vi tc truyn d liu mng. Tt c cc yu t ny c th dn n mt kt qu l , chi ph bo dng s cao hn v thi gian ngng hot ng l ng k. 1.4.2.9.2 Thit b c th mng Cc reader mng c th c kt ni ti mt my tnh bng cch s dng c mng c dy v mng khng dy. Trong thc t, loi reader ny c th c ci t vn hnh ging nh mt thit b mng thng thng m khng cn yu cu kin thc chuyn mn v phn cng. Tuy nhin cn phi ch rng, tnh nng gim st SNMP hin ang c s dng trn mt vi kiu reader mng. Do , phn ln cc reader ny khng th c gim st nh vi cc thit b mng chun c. u im ca cc reader mng l n khng ph thuc vo chiu di ln nht ca dy cp c ni t reader ti my tnh. V n cng cn s lng my ch t hn so vi cc reader ni tip. Ngoi ra, firmware ca reader c th c cp nht t xa thng qua mng m khng cn ti bt c tip xc vt l no vi reader. Ci ny khin cho h thng d dng bo dng hn v cho thy n lc h thp chi ph ca mt h thng RFID. Nhc im ca cc reader mng l cc lin kt truyn thng km tin cy hn so vi cc reader ni tip. V d, c th do l do no lin kt mng b trc trc trong khong thi gian ngn, khin cho mt gi d liu trong qu trnh chuyn d liu t reader v my ch. V c th dn n sai kt qu v d liu trn th . gii quyt vn ny, ni chung cc reader c thm b nh trong lu tr d liu c c t th. Tnh nng ny d khng ti u nhng phn no gim bt c hu qu gy ra do mt lin kt mng.

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Tiu ch phn loi th hai c to ra da trn c s tnh di ng ca n, nh ch ra di y:

Reader c nh Reader cm tay

Di y ta s m t v cc kiu reader ny. 1.4.2.9.3 Thit b c th c nh Cc reader loi ny c gn vo tng, cng, hoc mt vi cu trc ph hp trong vng c. Cc cu trc m trn reader c gn vo c th khng cn phi l tnh! V d , mt vi reader loi ny c th c gn ln cc xe nng hng. Tng t, ta cng c th gn cc reader ny bn trong cc xe ti giao nhn hng. Tri ngc vi cc th, cc reader khng chu c vi cc iu kin mi trng khc nghit. Do , nu nh chng ta ci t mt reader ngoi tri hoc trn cc i tng ang chuyn ng, th chng ta phi ch ti cc iu kin xung quanh n. Cc reader c nh ni chung thng phi cn ti anten bn ngoi c th c c th. Mt reader c th cung cp ln ti bn cng anten bn ngoi. Gi c ca cc reader c nh thng thp hn nhiu so vi cc reader cm tay.Chnh v vy cc reader loi ny l kiu reader c s dng thng dng nht hin nay. Mt kiu reader c tn gi l reader agile c th hot ng trong cc tn s khc nhau hoc c th s dng cc giao thc lin lc t th ti reader khc nhau. Ngy nay cc reader agile l loi reader c nh thng c s dng nht.

Hnh 1.16 Reader mng di UHF tn s thp (303.8 MHz) h tr giao tip mng c dy v khng dy ca hng RFCode, Inc

24

Mt kiu reader c nh c tn gi l my in RFID, c th in ra mt m vch v ng thi to ra mt th RFID trn mt nhn thng minh. Mt nhn thng minh bao gm mt nhn m vch v c mt th RFID c nhng trong n. Cc kiu thng tin khc nhau, chng hn nh ngi gi v a ch ngi nhn, thng tin sn phm, cng c th c in trn nhn . Sau , my in RFID s c cc th nhn thng minh m n va mi ghi ln xc thc thng tin. Nu nh thng tin ny c li, th tc l my in t chi nhn thng minh v n ch thc hin vic duy nht l in ra. Mt nghip v no m hin ang s dng m vch cho cc thao tc ca n th ta c th s dng RFID printer nh l bc u tin tip cn lm quen vi cng ngh RFID. Di y l mt vi hnh nh trong thc t v cc nhn thng minh v my in RFID:

Hnh 1.17 Nhn RFID thng minh ca hng Zebra Technologies

Hnh 1.18 My in RFID ca hng Zebra Technologies

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1.4.2.9.4 Thit b c th cm tay Mt reader cm tay l mt reader di ng m ngi s dng c th thao tc n nh mt vt cm tay. Mt reader cm tay ni chung c xy dng bao gm c anten bn trong n. Mc d cc reader ny c gi c rt t (v t c thng mi ha), tuy nhin , gn y vi nhng tin b trong cng ngh ch to reader th gi c ca cc thit b loi ny ang c xu hng gim dn. Di y l hnh thit b reader cm tay trong thc t.

Hnh 1.19 Reader cm tay 1.4.3 Giao tip gia thit b c th v th Ty thuc vo kiu th s dng,giao tip truyn thng tin gia mt reader v mt th c th l mt trong cc cch di y: Kiu iu ch backscatter Kiu transmitter Kiu transponder Trc khi i vo tng kiu giao tip truyn thng , ta s tm hiu qua v hai khi nim l trng gn v trng xa . Khu vc nm gia mt anten ca reader v mt bc sng y ca sng RF c pht ra t anten c gi l trng gn. Cn khu vc nm pha ngoi bc sng y th c gi l trng xa. Cc h thng RFID th ng hot ng ti cc tn s LF v HF th s dng lin lc trng gn,cn ti cc tn s UHF th s dng lin lc trng xa. Cng ca tn hiu trong lin lc trng gn b gim i mt lng bng ly tha bc ba ca khong cch ti anten ca reader. Cn trong trng xa, n gim i mt lng bng bnh phng ca khong cch ti anten ca reader.T dn n mt h qu l,lin lc trng xa s ph hp hn vi phm vi c ln hn so vi lin lc trng gn.Di y l cc hnh nh minh ha trng gn v trng xa:

26

Hnh 1.20 Trng gn v trng xa Tip theo ta s i so snh s ging nhau cng nh khc nhau gia hai thao tc c th v ghi th vi cc th c kh nng ghi c nn n, v d th EM4150 ca hng EM microelectronic. Thao tc ghi th s mt nhiu thi gian hn thao tc c th di cng mt iu kin bi v mt thao tc ghi bao gm nhiu bc, c th l bao gm, bc kim tra khi to, bc xa i bt c d liu g ang tn ti trn th,bc ghi d liu mi ln th , v bc kim tra cui cng. Ngoi ra, d liu c ghi ln th thnh cc khi theo nhiu bc.V kt qu l,vi thao tc ghi ln mt th c lp c th mt ti hng trm mili giy hon thnh v thi gian s tng ln khi kch thc d liu tng ln. Tri ngc li vi iu , th nhiu th c th c c trong cng khong thi gian bi cng mt reader. Bi vy, thao tc ghi th l mt qu trnh nhy cm v cn phi xc nh th ch, c th l th m ta s thc hin thao tc ghi ln. Nn,trong sut thao tc ghi th,bt c th no khc khng phi l th ch th ta khng nn trong phm vi ghi ca reader. 1.4.3.1Kiu iu ch backscatter Phng php truyn thng tin theo kiu iu ch backscatter c trin khai vi c cc th th ng cng nh l vi cc th bn tch cc. Trong kiu truyn thng tin ny, reader gi i mt tn hiu sng lin tc (CW) RF c bao gm thm tn hiu nng lng in xoay chiu v tn hiu xung ti th ti tn s ca sng mang (l tn s m ti reader hot ng). Thng qua u ni vt l , anten ca th s cung cp nng lng ti vi chip trn th. Thng thng phc v cho mc ch c th,thnh phn vi chip phi c a ln ti mc in p 1.2 vn .Cn thc hin ghi, vi chip thng phi a ln khong 2.2 vn t tn hiu ca reader. Sau vi chip thc hin iu ch hoc phn chia tn hiu u vo thnh mt dy cc mu on v off biu th d liu ca n v thc hin truyn d liu tr li. Khi reader nhn c tn hiu c iu ch ny, n thc hin gii m mu v nhn c d liu trn th. Do , trong phng php truyn thng tin theo kiu iu ch backscatter, reader lun lun phi thc hin "bt chuyn" trc ,tip sau mi ti phin th.

27

Th s dng kiu truyn thng ny s khng th lin lc c ti cc thi im vng mt reader bi v n ph thuc vo lng nng lng c trn reader truyn d liu ca bn thn n. Hnh di minh ha kiu truyn thng backscatter.

Hnh 1.21 iu ch backscatter 1.4.3.2 Kiu transmitter Kiu truyn thng tin ny ch c trin khai vi cc th tch cc. Trong kiu truyn thng ny, th pht i cc thng ip ca n ti mi trng xung quanh theo cc khong cch chun, bt chp c s hin din hay vng mt reader. Do ,trong kiu truyn thng tin ny, th lun lun phi thc hin "bt chuyn" trc reader. Hnh di minh ha phng php truyn thng tin theo kiu transmitter.

Hnh 1.22 Kiu transmitter 1.4.3.3 Kiu transponder Kiu truyn thng tin ny c trin khai vi kiu th c bit c tn gi l transponder. Trong kiu truyn thng tin ny, th thng trng thi "ng" khi khng c truy vn t bt c reader no. Trong trng thi ny, th phi gi i theo chu k mt thng ip kim tra xem c reader no ang lng nghe n khng. Khi mt reader nhn c chng hn mt thng ip truy vn, n c th "nh thc " th n kt thc trng thi ng. Khi th nhn c lnh ny t reader, n thot khi trng thi hin ti v bt u hot ng tr li nh mt th transmitter trn. D liu trn th ch c gi i khi c mt reader c th truy vn n. Hnh di ch ra kiu truyn thng tin transponder.

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Hnh 1.23 Kiu transponder 1.4.4 Anten ca thit b c th Thit b c th (reader) lin lc vi th thng qua anten ca n, l mt thit b ring bit c gn kt vt l vi n, ti mt trong cc cng anten. Nh ni phn trc,mt reader c lp c th h tr ln ti bn cng anten.Khi pht tn hiu trn reader s iu khin anten pht i tn hiu RF ra bn ngoi xung quanh n v nhn v thng tin phn hi t th.Do anten c mt v tr quan trng tng ng vi reader trong h thng RFID. Thng thng trong thc t anten thng c ch to theo cch qun dy theo dng hnh vung, hoc cng c th ch to theo kiu cc ng mch PCB. Di y l mt s hnh nh trong thc t v anten ca reader ca cc hng ch to ni ting.

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Hnh 1.24. Anten UHF phn cc trn ca reader c sn xut bi Alien Technology

Hnh 1.25 Anten UHF phn cc tuyn tnh ca reader c sn xut bi Alien Technology By gi chng ta s tm hiu qua mt vi khi nim rt quan trng ca anten, l vng ph sng ca anten,s phn cc ca anten v nng lng ca anten. Ch rng , y ni cp n cc vn chung v anten ,tc l n c th lin quan n c anten ca th v anten ca reader. 1.4.4.1Vng ph sng ca anten Vng ph sng ca anten reader chnh l vng c (cng c gi vi ci tn khc l ,ca s c) ca reader . Ni chung, vng ph sng ca mt anten l mt min ba chiu c hnh dng phn no ging vi mt hnh elip trn xoay. Trong min ny, nng lng ca anten l hiu dng nht; do , mt reader c th c c mt th t pha trong min ny m t gp kh khn nht. Hnh di minh ha mt v d mu v vng ph sng ca anten.

Hnh 1.26 M hnh anten mu

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Hnh 1.27 Mt v d v m hnh anten c cha cc bin dng li 1.4.4.2 S phn cc ca anten Khng ging nh cc sng nc, cc sng in t khng b nh hng bi lc hp dn , v in trng ti cc im c th trong bt c hng no trn mt phng vung gc vi hng truyn. Nn thng thng cc anten nh hng phn cc thng theo chiu dc hoc theo chiu ngang (nh minh ha hnh di y).

Hnh 1.28 Phn cc tuyn tnh Hng phn cc a n cng c kh nng ph thuc vo thi gian. V d, trng in t c th xoay xung quanh mt trc m n lan truyn l mt hm ph thuc vo thi gian, nu nh khng c s thay i v bin ca n, th s to ra mt bc x phn cc trn (Nh hnh di y).

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Hnh 1.29 Phn cc trn Bc x phn cc trn c th c coi nh l tng hp ca cc sng phn cc dc v phn cc ngang c s sai khc 90 v pha. Bng cch iu chnh t l ca cc thnh phn ngang v dc, v mi quan h v pha gia chng, chng ta c th to ra cc sng phn cc elip c nh hng ty . Tm quan trng ca phn cc trong RFID: nhiu anten ca cc th RFID bao gm ch yu l cc ng dy kim loi i theo cng mt hng. Nu nh in trng c nh hng dc theo dy, th n c th hot ng y cc electron quay tr li v tin v pha trc t mt u ca dy dn ti mt dy khc, to ra mt in p nui chip trn th hot ng. Nu nh in trng c nh hng vung gc vi trc ca dy, th n ch n thun dich chuyn cc electron quay li v tin ln trc dc theo ng knh ca dy, th s khng to ra in p nui chip ca th.

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Hnh 1.30 Sng phn cc tuyn tnh tng tc vi anten tuyn tnh Khi mt sng phn cc trn i ti mt anten tuyn tnh, th ch c cc thnh phn dc theo trc ca anten l c hiu ng no xy ra. Do , mt sng phn cc trn s tng tc vi mt anten tuyn tnh ti bt c gc nghing no trong mt phng vung gc vi trc lan truyn, nhng trong mi trng hp th ch c mt na nng lng truyn i l c nhn.

Hnh 1.31 Sng phn cc trn tng tc vi anten tuyn tnh Nn cch tip cn tt nht ch to cc th phn cc c lp l kt hp hai anten lng cc ln trn mt th c nh hng trc giao vi mt ci khc; cc th c bit n nh l cc thit k lng cc i (ci ny ni qua phn anten ca th). Vi cc anten ca reader chng ta cn ch rng, kh nng c th , khong cch c th l ph thuc rt nhiu vo s phn cc ca anten reader v gc to vi th.Vi cc loi reader hot ng ti cc tn s UHF th cc anten ca n c ch to da trn c hai kiu phn cc : phn cc thng v phn cc trn. 1.4.4.3 Nng lng ca anten n v o lng nng lng pht x ca anten c tn gi l ERP i vi cc nc chu u v l EIRP i vi Hoa K. ERP v EIRP khng ging nhau nhng c lin h vi nhau bi h thc EIRP = 1.64 ERP. Gi tr ln nht c th ca nng lng anten c iu chnh gii hn bi cc quc gia v quc t (v d, l FCC vi Hoa K). 1.4.5My ch v h thng phn mm My ch v h thng phn mm l mt cch ni gn nhm ch cc thnh phn phn cng v phn mm tn ti ring bit vi phn cng RFID ( l, reader, th,

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v anten). N bao gm nhiu thnh phn, nhng mc n ny ta ch quan tm n thnh phn middleware . c th thu c li ch y t RFID, th nhng ngi thc hin cc gii php RFID phi tm cch kt hp d liu RFID vo bn trong cc quy trnh ra quyt nh ca h. H thng cc doanh nghip cng ngh thng tin l trung tm ca cc quy trnh . Do , tr khi cc h thng RFID c kt hp vo bn trong cc h thng thng tin doanh nghip v cc t chc u t vo RFID th mi c th ci thin c tnh hnh kinh doanh v hiu qu t chc. V chnh l ni, middleware hng n. Middleware l mt phn mm chu trch nhim kt ni phn cng RFID mi vi mt h thng thng tin doanh nghip hin c. Middleware chnh l cc cng c phn mm gip ngi s dng lm vic trn cc phn cng RFID.V vy nu thiu Middleware th phn cng RFID s khng b nh hng g c nhng n s tr nn v gi tr. Middleware cn c s dng nh tuyn d liu gia cc mng RFID v cc h thng thng tin bn trong mt t chc. N thc hin sp nhp cc h thng RFID mi vi cc h thng thng tin hin c. N cng chu trch nhim v cht lng v kh nng s dng thng tin c to ra t cc h thng RFID. Mt vi middleware cn c chc nng ging nh mt cnh st giao thng , qun l cc lung d liu gia nhiu reader v cc ng dng, chng hn nh qun l dy chuyn cung ng v k hoch v cc ti nguyn ca ng dng, trong mt t chc. Thut ng middleware c p dng rt rng ri, khng ch trong RFID m trong c nghnh cng ngh thng tin, chnh v vy m n bt u mt i ngha thc ca n. Khng ging vi cc cch dng middleware khc, RFID middleware thng thng c thit k hot ng ti vng bin ca mt mng thng tin hn l gn vng trung tm. V d, thnh phn middleware ca mt mng RFID thng c ci t s dng ti cc nh my hoc cc kho hng, khng phi ti trung tm ca t chc h thng thng tin . iu ny i hi phi s dng ti mng li phn phi v s phn cp c s h tng thng tin. RFID middleware thc hin nhim v dch chuyn d liu ti v t cc im giao dch. V d, trong mt quy trnh c th, middleware s dch chuyn d liu c cha bn trong mt th t reader ti h thng thng tin doanh nghip thch hp. Ngc li, trong mt quy trnh ghi ln th, middleware s di chuyn d liu t h thng thng tin doanh nghip ti reader thch hp v cui cng ti cc th thch hp. Tm li ,RFID middleware c bn chc nng chnh l : Tp hp d liu - Middleware s chu trch nhim khai thc, tp hp v lc d liu t nhiu RFID reader thng qua mt mng RFID. N phc v nh mt vng m gia d liu c thu thp bi cc reader RFID v khi lng d liu cn thit c yu cu bi cc h thng thng tin doanh nghip trong mt quy trnh to quyt nh. Nu nh khng s dng ti b m ny th cc h thng thng tin doanh nghip s b qu ti bi cc lung d liu, v c th dn n mt cc d liu quan trng c tnh nhy cm. nh tuyn d liu - Middleware to iu kin thun li kt hp cc mng RFID vi cc h thng nghip v doanh nghip. N thc hin vic bng cch nh hng d liu ti h thng nghip v doanh nghip thch hp

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bn trong mt t chc. V d, mt s d liu c tp hp bi mng reader phi c a n lm u vo cho h thng qun l kho hng theo di hng tn kho, trong khi cc d liu khc phi c a n cc ng dng khc nh ng dng t hng hoc ng dng ghi n. Qun l cc quy trnh - Middleware c th c s dng kch hot cc s kin da trn c s cc quy tc nghip v. V d, mt n t hng c to ra trn trang web ca mt cng ty cn kho hng th c t xa , bao gm cc khay hng c dn cc th RFID. Sau khi n hng c thit lp trn trang web, th h thng thng tin doanh nghip s chu trch nhim khi to thng tin vn chuyn v sau cc thng tin ny c chuyn n middleware, Ri middleware c nhim v xc nh v tr khay hng cn thit v ghi thng tin vn chuyn ln th dn trn khay hng . Cc s kin v cc qu trnh khc m middleware c th chu trch nhim qun l nh kim k, giy php vn chuyn, phiu vo ,phiu ra.... .

Qun l thit b - Middleware cng c th c s dng gim st v iu phi cc reader. Vi mt t chc ln th phi c n hng trm , hng nghn cc thit b reader trn mng ca n. Nn kt ni mng v theo di tnh trng hot ng cng nh trng thi ca cc reader ny l mt cng vic ht sc quan trng v c th thc hin hiu qu nht iu l mc middleware .Ngoi ra thng qua middleware ta cng c th qun l t xa mt mng RFID. Nhiu sn phm middleware hin ti l c pht trin da trn c s tiu chun EPCglobal, hoc bit n vi ci tn l Savant. Cc c im k thut Savant phn loi cc thnh phn middleware da theo cc chc nng m chng phc v nh hnh bn di. (cc tiu chun EPCglobal c ni n k hn phn cc tiu chun).

Hnh 1.32 RFID Middleware l mt phn ca h thng RFID v h thng thng tin doanh nghip

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1.4.6C s h tng truyn thng Thnh phn ny cung cp kh nng kt ni,kh nng bo mt v cc chc nng qun l h thng cho cc thnh phn khc nhau ca mt h thng RFID, v do n l phn khng th thiu ca h thng. N bao gm dy v mng khng dy, v cc kt ni ni tip gia cc reader, b iu khin, v my vi tnh. Kiu mng khng dy y c th l mng PAN, mng LAN hoc mng WAN . 1.4.7Cc thnh phn ph khc Cc thnh phn ph khc ni n y , bao gm cc cm bin, thnh phn bo hiu ,b truyn ng,... Mt reader khng th cho hot ng ti tt c cc thi im; ngoi ra n c th c khi ng (hoc l dng li) mt cch t dng nu cn . C uwocj nh vy l do c mt cm bin c gn vo reader .Cm bin ny c th c s dng bt hoc tt reader da trn c s mt vi s kin bn ngoi c pht hin bi cm bin ny. Do cm bin c dng to ra mt vi kch hot u vo tt hn cho reader. Thnh phn bo hiu c th l mt tn hiu in t hoc l cc ch th. C th thy cc v d v b bo hiu nh cc cnh bo m thanh, cc b sng,... Mt b sng (light stack) bao gm cc ch th c cc mu khc nhau c xp xp theo th t thng ng v n rt c ch trong vic hin th cc trng thi khc nhau ca cc thuc tnh khc nhau trong h thng . v d, ch th c ngha l khng c c th hoc d liu trn th c li ,ch th xanh c ngha l khng c th c... B truyn ng l mt thit b c kh c dng iu khin v di chuyn cc i tng. Cc v d ca b truyn ng nh PLC (programmable logic controller), robot arm, kt cu c hc arm cho mt ca truy nhp,...Trong PLC l mt trong nhng b truyn ng linh hot nht, v PLC c s dng rng ri trong cc k hoch ch to. Do c b truyn ng v b bo hiu u c th c s dng cung cp cc u ra cc b kh tt cho h thng RFID,chng hn nh cc cnh bo audiovisual trong trng hp xut hin li khi c,hoc m mt ca truy nhp khi c thnh cng, ...Di y l mt hnh nh v b bo hiu trong thc t.

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Hnh 1.33 LED nhiu tng ca hng Patlite Corporation 1.5 Cc tiu chun cng ngh RFID Nhiu tiu chun cng ngh RFID c xut t nhiu t chc khc nhau trn th gii. m t y v cc tiu chun , c l phi cn n c mt cun sch v n. Nn y ta ch cp s qua v mt s tiu chun ang s dng ngy nay v c a s cc cng ty sn xut cc thit b RFID tun th theo. Di y l tn cc tiu chun chnh cng tn cc cc t chc nh ngha n i km theo: ANSI (American National Standards Institute) AIAG (Automotive Industry Action Group) EAN.UCC (European Article Numbering Association International, Uniform Code Council) EPCglobal ISO (International Organization for Standardization) ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) ERO (European Radiocommunications Office) UPU (Universal Postal Union) ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) CEN (Comit Europen Normalisation (European Comite for Standardization ) By gi ta s tm hiu s qua v hai tiu chun ANSI v EPCglobal c ci nhn tng quan v chng.

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1.5.1 Tiu chun ANSI ANSI l mt t chc t nhn phi li nhun , thng ch ng ra cc tiu chun v cc h thng nh gi chun ca Hoa K. Nhim v ca vin l nng cao kh nng cnh tranh ton cu ca Hoa K trong kinh doanh cng nh cht lng cuc sng ngi dn Hoa K bng cch thc y v to s ng thun tnh nguyn v cc tiu chun, cc h thng nh gi, v bo v tnh ton vn ca chng. Mt vi tiu chun chnh ca ANSI v cng ngh RFID m n c s dng trong cc ng dng thc t c cp di y:

ANS INCITS 371. Thng tin v v tr ca cc h thng thi gian thc. Ci ny bao gm ba phn nh di y: Phn 1. Cc giao thc giao tip trn khng ti di tn 2.4 GHz. Phn 2. Cc giao thc giao tip trn khng ti di tn 433 MHz. Phn 3. Giao tip vi cc chng trnh ng dng.

ANS MH10.8.4. Tiu chun ANSI cho cc ng dng RFID vi cc container bng nha c th s dng li c.

1.5.2Tiu chun EPCglobal EPCglobal, Inc, l mt lin doanh gia cc t chc quc t UCC v EAN. Mc ch ca EPCglobal l thit lp cc tiu chun trn ton th gii v thit k v trin khai thc hin thng qua EPC (Electronic Product Code) v EPCglobal Network . Cc c im k thut EPCglobal nhm n mc tiu l hot ng ca cc chui cung ng v c xem l cc c im k thut ha hn nht cho cng ngh RFID trn ton cu ,ngoi ra n cng c th p dng c cho mng rt rng cc ng dng khc na. Di y ta s tm hiu qua v EPCglobal Network, ci c xem l thnh phn nn tng ca EPCglobal. EPCglobal Network l mt tp hp cc cng ngh, c th cung cp t ng, nhn dng thi gian thc v chia s d liu thng minh ca mt danh mc mt hng c bn trong v bn ngoi mt doanh nghip. Tt c cc ci ny rt ph hp vi cc hot ng ca mt chui cung ng trong mt doanh nghip, tuy nhin n cng c th trin khai c vi cc kiu ng dng khc na. Nm thnh phn cng ngh chnh to nn cc tiu chun EPCglobal Network, bao gm:

Electronic Product Code (EPC). Data-collection hardware bao gm cc loi th v reader EPC. Ci ny cng c bit ti nh l h thng ID. EPCglobal middleware.
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Discovery Services (DS), V d, ONS (Object Naming Service) l thuc thnh phn ny. EPC Information Services (EPCIS).

EPC (Electronic Product Code) l mt tm nhn dng c cp php, m c th nhn din c bt k danh mc mt hng no trong mt chui cung ng. N rt n gin v nh gn v c th to ra s lng rt ln cc nh danh duy nht. ng thi, n cho php a vo cc m k tha v cc tiu chun cho ph hp vi tng hon cnh c th chng hn nh:

Global Trade Identity Number (GTIN). Ci ny cung cp mt s EAN-UCC duy nht trn ton cu phc v cho vic nhn dng cc sn phm v cc dch v. Unique Identification (UID). Ci ny c s dng nh s theo di ti sn ca B Quc Phng M. Global Location Number (GLN). Ci ny c s dng biu th cc v tr, cc i tc thng mi, v cc thc th php l. Serial Shipping Container Code (SSCC). Ci ny c s dng nhn dng n v vn chuyn chng hn nh mt khay hng,mt thng cc tng,... Ngy nay mt cng ty ang s dng m vch trong cc hot ng ca h c th c mt cch d dng chuyn sang s dng cng ngh RFID bng cch dng EPC. Mt m EPC c th c s dng xc nh cc thuc tnh khc nhau ca mt danh mc mt hng, chng hn nh:

Phin bn EPC c s dng. Thng tin nhn dng nh sn xut. Kiu sn phm. Chui s duy nht ca danh mc mt hng.

1.5.3Tiu chun ISO ISO l mt mng li cc vin tiu chun quc gia ca 146 quc gia, trn c s mi nc l mt thnh vin, vi trung tm t ti Geneva, Thy S. ISO l mt t chc phi chnh ph. ISO c cc y ban k thut (Technical Committee-TC) v cc hi ng k thut chung (Joint Technical Councils -JTC) c tham gia xy dng cc tiu chun c lin quan n RFID bao gm: ISO JTC1 SC31 ISO JTC1 SC17 ISO TC 104 / SC 4 ISO TC 23 / SC 19 ISO TC 204 ISO TC 122

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Di y l mt s tiu chun ISO c lin quan n cng ngh RFID m n c s dng trong cc ng dng thc t:

ISO 6346. Nhn dng v nh du m cc vn chuyn container. ISO 11784. Tn s v tuyn xc nh cu trc m s nhn dng ng vt s dng RFID. Tuy nhin, n khng ch ra bt c c tnh no ca giao thc truyn gia mt th RFID v mt reader.

1.6Quyn ring t v tnh bo mt trong cng ngh RFID By gi, chng ta bt u tm hiu v vn ring t v tnh bo mt trong vic s dng cc h thng RFID v mi quan tm ca ngi tiu dng v cng ngh ny. Chng ta s cng i lt qua cc kha cnh chnh ca hai vn trong h thng RFID, ln lt t tng vt l ti tng ng dng. 1.6.1 Quyn ring t Vic kim tra trong thc t cc mi e da n s ring t v an ton ca ngi dng t vic s dng cc cng ngh RFID l rt quan trng. Mi cng ngh u mang trong n mt kh nng no , nhng khng c m bo 100%, cng nh khng c lm dng n. V d vi vic cp php gn th RFID ln cc loi thuc. Th vi cc loi thuc iu tr cho cc bnh nhn trm cm hay cc bnh nhn AID c th s khin mi ngi rt lo ngi rng mt ai c th tm ra h s dng chng n gin ch bng cch c th RFID t mt khong cch no . Tuy nhin, s dng cch ny c th gip loi b tnh trng gi mo thuc ht hn hoc bn thuc ra ngoi, hoc c th s dng ti thi im bn thng bo cho c dc s v ngi tiu dng v vic xy ra tiu cc trong giao dch. V vy cho ta thy mt iu rng, cc mi quan tm v tnh ring t nn c cn bng vi cc li ch ca ngi tiu dng. 1.6.1.1 Cc bin php bo v quyn ring t da trn lut php Nhiu chnh ph hin ang tranh lun v lut php bo v ngi tiu dng v vic s dng d liu RFID trong c hai lnh vc cng cng v c nhn.Tuy nhin cho d cc b lut c bit s c a vo thc y s tnh ring t v bo mt ca RFID i na th cc vn y vn cha c r rng. M quan trng nht l cc chnh ph phi cn bng c nhu cu v tnh ring t ca ngi tiu dng cng nh ca mt ngi dn vi nhu cu ca cng ty trong vic thu thp d liu tip th v nhng li ch x hi ni chung nh hiu qu ca vic a vo dy chuyn cung ng s dng cng ngh RFID. Mt vi d n lut c lin quan n bo v tnh ring t ca d liu, c gii thiu trong sut phin iu trn th 108 ca quc hi Hoa K. i din tiu bng Wisconsin Gerald D. Kleczka xut mt d lut yu cu phi c cc nhn cnh bo trn cc sn phm gia dng c cha thit b RFID. l d lut, H.R.4673, c gii thiu di tiu l "Opt Out of ID Chips Act". Trong thng tm nm 2004, Thng vin tiu bang California thng qua mt bin php thit lp gii hn s dng cng ngh RFID ca cc th vin, nh bn l v cc t chc t nhn khc. c bit n vi ci tn l SB1834, d tho lut

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ngn cm cc doanh nghip v cc th vin California s dng cc th RFID gn ln sn phm tiu dng hoc s dng mt u c RFID nhn dng mt c nhn,tr trng hp trong mt s hon cnh no . 1.6.1.2 Cc bin php bo v quyn ring t thng qua vic ci tin cng ngh Cc c ch v cng c hn ch cc kh nng gim st khng an ton hoc tri php ca cc h thng RFID c th nng cao hiu qu ca cc b lut v cc nguyn tc v quyn ring t. Mt s cng ngh c xut nh cc tiu chun kill tag ca EPCglobal v blocker tag ca RSA Security. Cch tip cn vi khi nim kill tag l cch n gin nht tin ti thc y s ring t ca ngi tiu dng. Trong cch tip cn ny, ngi tiu dng c th lin h trc tip vi mt nh bn l no ra lnh hy th RFID c nhng vo bn trong sn phm sau khi mua n. Vi phng php ny c th bo v cc ti sn ca h khng b qut bi cc tn s v tuyn tri php. Hn ch chnh ca phng php kill tag l , n gii hn cc c tnh hu dng ca cng ngh RFID ti cc im bn hng. Nu nh sn phm cn phi c tr li cho ca hng sau v mt l do no , th vic nhn dng th RFID trn sn phm vn rt cn thit, v nh vy ta phi thc hin li cng on to th. Ngoi ra vi vic thc hin phng php kill tag ngi tiu dng s mt nhiu thi gian hn cho vic mua sm cng nh s phi xp hng di ch i hy th RFID. Cn cch tip cn blocker tag, c xut bi t chc RSA Security, s dng mt th c dng gi l th chn c thit k gy nhiu th ng cc reader, khin chng khng c c t cc th RFID bnh thng khc. Cc th chn lm vic theo cch lm nhiu cc thut ton chng xung t ca mt reader trong mt phm vi c ca cc th ID. Hnh di y s minh ha nguyn tc hot ng ca n trong thc t.

Hnh 1.34 Nguyn tc hot ng ca cc th blocker 1.6.2 Tnh bo mt Nh vi bt c h thng no, xc nh chin lc bo mt vi cc h thng RFID, chng ta bt u bng vic kho st tt c truy nhp nh th chng ang n

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t cc tc nhn e da tim tng. Hnh di y ch ra s mt h thng RFID in hnh c th chia thnh cc khu vc bo mt nh th no.

Hnh 1.35 Cc khu vc bo mt ca h thng RFID 1.6.2.1 Vng mt : Cc th RF Vng mt bao gm bn thn cc th RF. C hai khu vc chnh d b tn thng , l::

D liu lu tr trn th m khng c m ha.V thm vo cc iu kin bo mt ln th th cn thit phi tng thm khng gian v cc khi mch trn cc chip RF. iu ny c ngha l gi thnh ca th s tng ln ,thi gian x l cng tng ln. Khng c mt c ch gim st vt l, nn bt c ai trn c s c quyn truy cp n cc th th cng c th loi b mt th hoc chuyn i cc th cho nhau. Nhn t e da: Cc nhn t e da c th l bao gm bt c ci g m c th truy nhp vt l ti th v c th lm thay i ni dung ca n. V gii quyt cc vn , ta c mt vi bin php i ph di y:

Thc hin gim st cc hng ha c gn th RFID.

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Yu cu kim sot nghim ngt cc truy nhp ti thng tin c th ly c t mt m EPC. Tch bit m EPC t bt c thng tin no m nhy cm vi cc doanh nghip v ngi tiu dng. Ch s dng cc th c kh nng ghi li c ti nhng ni thch hp c kim sot truy nhp hp l. 1.6.2.2 Vng hai : Cc thit b c th RFID Cc reader RFID thng c kt ni ti mt mng ni b bng cch s dng cc kt ni c dy hoc l cc kt ni khng dy. Cc l hng bo mt c th xut hin nh:

D liu c truyn t th ti reader cha c m ha. Cc reader khng c c ch xc nhn cc th. chnh l cc nguyn nhn dn n s gi mo , hoc cc cuc tn cng DoS, hay tn cng giao thc. Cc nhn t e da: Cc nhn t e da bao gm bt c ci g c kt ni n cng mng (ging nh bt c nt mng no c kt ni n mt mng, mt reader s c m ti tt c cc nhn t trn mng), v bt c ai vi mt thit b khng dy cng mt cht kin thc v cc giao thc ca reader m c xu. 1.6.2.3 Vng ba : Tuyn dch v RFID Tuyn dch v RFID l mt nhm cc thnh phn middleware bao gm dch v ONS (Object Naming Service), qun l s kin EPC, my ch EPCIS, v my ch tch hp RFID. Cc l hng bo mt: Cc thnh phn ca tuyn dch v RFID lin lc vi cc h thng thng tin ni b ca cc doanh nghip(trn cc mng LAN v WAN) v vi i tc v cc h thng cng nghip (trn mng Internet). Cc nhn t e da: Cc nhn t e da bao gm cc ip vin ca cc cng ty, cc i l gin ip, v cc k xm nhp bt hp php. 1.6.2.4 Vng bn : Cc h thng thng tin doanh nghip Cc h thng thng tin doanh nghip bao gm cc h thng ca cng ty chng hn nh, h thng qun l nhn dng, h thng iu khin truy nhp, cc h thng gi thng bo, v tt c cc h thng ph tr m s tr thnh khch hng ca d liu RFID. Cc h thng ph tr y l bao gm cc h thng ERP.

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Cc l hng bo mt : Cc giao dch v khi lng d liu cn thit ca cc h thng RFID c th p o cc c s h tng mng hin c. Cc cng ty c th phi i mt vi cc tnh hung cn lu tr bt ng hoc cc thng tin nhy cm. Cc tc nhn e da : Cc tc nhn e da bao gm cc gin ip ca cc cng ty, v nhng k xm nhp tri php. 1.7 So snh gia cng ngh RFID v cng ngh m vch Mt m vch l mt lot cc sc en , trng ni tip nhau vi cc chiu rng gia chng khc nhau, sao cho to thnh mt nh dng m my mc c th hiu c. M vch l mt cng ngh quang in t, trong nh sng laser s phn x tr li cc biu tng m vch v sau cc biu tng ny s c c bi mt my qut. Cc biu tng m sn phm ph bin khp ni (UPC) l hnh thc ca m vch m thn thin vi nhiu ngi. Nghin cu v m vch bt u trc t rt lu trc khi ni nn cc tiu chun UPC.Tuy nhin, mi ti nm 1952, hai nh nghin cu ti IBM c trao bng sng ch u tin cho cng ngh nhn dng t ng .Mi ti nhng nm su mi , mi xut hin h thng thng mi ha u tin ,nhng ch yu s dng cc ga ng st vn chuyn hng ha v sn phm. Sau ,trong nhng nm u tin ca thp k by mi, mt tp on tp ha ca Hoa K triu tp mt y ban c bit nh gi cng ngh m vch, vi mc ch l trin khai n trong cc chui siu th trn khp c nc nh l mt phng tin gim chi ph lao ng, ci thin tc tnh tin v theo di hng tn kho. Vo nm 1973 ,cc tiu chun UPC ra i t cc n lc trn v tr thnh nh hng chnh trong vic trin khai cng ngh m vch. Tng trng ca cc ca hng tp ha gim trong sut nhng nm by mi. y khng phi do li ca cc ca hng tp ha, m phn ln l do cc cng ty cung cp sn xut ra cc sn xut ra cc sn phm vi tc rt chm do cn phi bao gm thm cc biu tng m vch trn bao b ng gi. V trong nm 1978, th cch nh m c ci thin mnh m v cc h thng qut m vch cng bt u xut hin ph bin. Sau , vo nm 1981, DoD khi to chng trnh LOGMARS , trong yu cu tt c cc sn phm bn cho qun i phi c nh du 39 biu tng m m sau ny tr thnh mt tiu chun m khc song hnh cng tiu chun UPC. Di y l hnh nh mt s m vch trong thc t.

Hnh 1.36 Mt m vch theo tiu chun UPC

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Hnh 1.37 M vch theo tiu chun Code39 Thit b c m vch cng c gi l my qut s s dng mt chum nh sng qut ngang qua m vch. Ni chung hng qut khng lin quan nhiu n kt qu cui cng. Tuy nhin, trong sut qu trnh qut, chum sang khng c di chuyn ra ngoi khu vc m vch. Do , ni chung, khi tng chiu di m vch th cng c ngha l tng chiu cao ca my qut ph hp vi lch ln hn ca chm sng bn ngoi khu vc m vch trong sut qu trnh qut. Trong sut qu trnh c, thit b c phi nh lng cng ca chum sang phn x tr li bi cc khu vc en v trng cho m vch . L do bi mt thanh ti s hp th nh sng, cn mt khong trng s phn x nh sang tr li. Mt thit b in t c gi l photodiode hoc photocell s chuyn i m hnh sang ny thnh mt dng in (hoc l tn hiu tng t). Cc mch in sau s gii m cc tn hiu in ny thnh cc tn hiu s. D liu ny l nhng g m ban u c m ha bi m vch. Cc d liu s thu c c biu din di dng cc k t ASCII. Hnh di y m t cc quy trnh c m vch.

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Hnh 1.38 Cc bc c mt m vch Trong m vch, chm nh sang laser c s dng nh l cc sng mang d liu. Ngc li, cc th RFID ni chung thng s dng cc sng v tuyn mang thng tin. Do m vch c cp ti nh mt cng ngh quang in t cn RFID th c gi l cng ngh RF. Di y l cc so snh chi tit gia mt th RFID v mt m vch. Kch thc b nh, hay l khu vc lu tr d liu : Cc m vch ch c th cha mt lng ha hn d liu. Cc th nh nht, v lu tr d liu, l cc biu tng E ca chun UPC, m ch lu gi c tm k t; ch l mt vi byte. Ti ni i din vi v tr cui ca quang ph, ma trn d liu theo tiu chun m vch cho php lu tr ln ti 2000 k t ASCII, trn mt th hai chiu, nh ch ra hnh di y.Ch l thut ng th s dng y khc vi trong cng ngh RFID.

Hnh 1.39 Ma trn d liu biu tng m vch Cc th RFID c kh nng lu gi thng tin nhiu hn rt nhiu. Mc d cc th RFID c th c ch to vi cc b nh nh hn lu gi ch mt vi byte,

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nhng vi v tr hin ti ca cng ngh c th t gii hn ln ti 128 Kilo byte, ln hn rt nhiu so vi cc biu tng m vch. Kh nng oc/ ghi : M vch khng th sa i c mt khi chng c in ra, do m vch c bit ti l mt cng ngh RO. Ngc li, cc th RFID RW , li c c kh nng c v ghi ti b nh, v s ln nh dng th trong sut qung i tn ti ca n c th ln ti hng nghn ln, y cng l mt phn khin cho cng ngh RFID tr nn mnh m nh vy. Khng cn ng ngm : Mt u th khc ca cng ngh RFID so vi cc m vch l cc h thng RFID khng cn n mt ng ngm gia mt th v thit b c c th lm vic ng. Bi v cc sng v tuyn c kh nng lan truyn qua nhiu cht liu rn khc nhau, tc l hiu qu c vi cc th RFID nm su bn trong mt khay hng khng km l bao so vi cc th nm trc tip trn ng ngm. Nhng vi m vch th khc, cc m vch phi nm trn ng ngm ca my qut th n mi hot ng ng c. iu ny c ngha l cc m vch phi c t bn ngoi bao b cng nh cc i tng c gn th khng c t su bn trong khay hng trong qu trnh c. Trong cc ng dng qun l chui cung ng, trong hu ht cc thi im u c mt s lng ln hng ha di chuyn, nn rt kh c c mt ng ngm ca my qut vi mt hng ha c th. y chnh l u im ln ca cng ngh RFID so vi cng ngh m vch. Phm vi c : Phm vi c ca m vch c th c c mt khong kh di. Thng thng cc phm vi c c gi tr vo khong c vi chc cm. Tuy nhin cc phm vi c ca cc th RFID li c mt khong thay i kh rng, ph thuc vo tn s hot ng ca h thng, kch thc anten v th ang s dng l th tch cc hay th th ng. Thng thng, cc phm vi c ca cc th RFID c th chy t vi cm ti vi mt. Tnh bo mt truy nhp : D liu m vch c tnh bo mt rt thp. Bi v cc m vch cn thit phi c mt ng ngm nn phi c t r rng bn ngoi bao b, do bt c ai vi mt my qut m vch chun hoc ch vi mt chic camera cng c th xem trm hoc ghi li d liu trn . Nhng vi cc h thng RFID th li c cung cp mt mc bo mt cao hn rt nhiu. Nh cp cc phn trc, cc h thng RFID c kh nng ngn chn cc bn th ba, hn ch truy nhp tri php ti h thng, v bo v d liu nhy cm. bn, tnh nhy cm vi mi trng : Cng ngh RFID c kh nng chu ng tt hn vi bi bn v mi trng khc nghit so vi cng ngh m vch. Cc m vch c th s khng c c nu nh chng b bao ph bi bi bn, hoc l b rch nt. Ngoi ra trong mt mi trng vi nh ng cng cao cng c th gy tr ngi cho my qut m vch m ti t hn l khng th c c cc m vch. Ring vi cng ngh RFID th cc vn ny khng nh hng g nhiu ti n. Kh nng c n nh : Trong cc ng dng chui cung ng, c chnh xc ngay ln u sn phm i qua n l rt quan trng duy tr hiu qu hot ng cao. Vi cc m vch th thng phi c qua h thng ti hai ln hoc thc hin c bng tay. R rng nh vy rt bt tin v nh hng nhiu ti hot ng chung ca ton h thng. Vi cc h thng RFID, thng qua cc thut ton chng xung t v cc tnh nng RW , c th loi b c vic sn phm phi qut nhiu ln mi thu c thnh cng d liu.

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Gi thnh : Ro cn ln nht ngn cn s tng trng ca cng ngh RFID chnh l chi ph cho cc th. Trong khi m vch thng c gi di 0.01 la th chi ph hin ti cho mt th th ng vi phm vi c vi cm l cao hn rt nhiu. 1.8 Kt lun Nh vy chng ny ta i tm hiu qua v cc kiu th RFID, cc loi reader cng nh hot ng ca mt h thng RFID trong thc t. Tuy ch tm hiu mc s si ,song y s l nhng kin thc c s cn thit chng ta c th i vo thit k mt thng qun l bnh nhn chng sau. Ngoi ra , chng ta cng c thm nhng kin thc hiu bit v quyn ring t v tnh bo mt ca cng ngh RFID. N rt c ch vi mi ngi tiu dng chng ta trong vic s dng cc h thng RFID cng cng nh cc siu th chng hn .Cng nh rt c ch vi vi cc nh pht trin , gip h bit cch i ph vi cc l hng bo mt.

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CHNG 2 THIT K H THNG QUN L BNH NHN chng ny y ta s bt u i vo thit k mt h thng qun l bnh nhn hon chnh mc th nghim. H thng s bao gm mt reader ,mt th RFID chun, mt laptop c ci t trn mt phn mm qun l vit bng visual C sharp v reader s giao tip vi laptop thng qua chun giao tip USB2.0. c th trin khai c h thng trong thc t, th mi bnh nhn khi nhp vin phi c eo vo tay mt chic vng m trn c gn th RFID.Th RFID n gin ch gm c mt chip nh v mt anten km theo,ni dung bn trong chip ch cha m s ca bnh nhn. Cn ngi bc s s c trang b mt thit b c th (hay cn gi l reader) v mt laptop hoc PDA c ci t sn phn mm qun l c vit bng visual C sharp. Reader s c ni vi laptop qua mt cp USB truyn kt qu v laptop. u tin ,mi bnh nhn s tay mnh gn Reader.Thit b ny s thc hin c m s ca bnh nhn v truyn m s ny v laptop qua ng USB.Phn mm trn laptop da vo m s truy cp c s d liu bnh nhn v hin th thng tin c nhn cng nh thng tin bnh n ca ngi bnh .Sau mi ln thm khm nh vy ,bc s cng s cp nhp thng tin iu tr mi vo c s d liu.
2.1 Giao tip gia th th ng EM4100 v chip EM4095

i tng c s dng cn phi nhn dng y l th th ng EM4100 ca hng EM microcontroller. Cn thnh phn s dng nhn dng trn reader ca ta s l chip EM4095 ca cng hng trn.Nhim v ca chng ta s l iu khin giao tip gia chip EM4100 trn th th ng v chip EM4095 thu v kt qu cui cng l m s ghi trn chip EM4100 ca th 2.1.1 Hot ng ca chip EM4095 Chip EM4095 (trc y c tn gi l P4095) l mt b thu pht cng ngh mch tch hp CMOS vi mc ch s dng trong mt trm RFID c s thc hin cc chc nng sau: iu khin anten vi tn s ca sng mang Thc hin iu ch AM c th ghi ln transponder Thc hin gii iu ch AM ca tn hiu iu ch anten c to ra bi cc b pht p (transponder). Ngoi ra chng ta cng cn bit thm v cc c trng chnh ca chip RFID: C tch hp h thng PLL t iu chnh c tn s sng mang ti tn s dao ng anten. Khng cn ti thch anh dao ng bn ngoi ch yu cu phm vi tn s sng mang t 100 to 150 kHz. iu khin trc tip anten s dng cc bridge driver
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Truyn d liu bng OOK (iu ch bin 100%) s dng cc cu iu khin Truyn d liu bng cch iu ch bin vi h s iu chnh iu ch c th thay i c t bn ngoi bng cch dng single ended driver H tr nhiu giao thc transponder thch hp (V d: EM400X, EM4050, EM4150, EM4070, EM4170,EM4069.) C ch ng ti mc 1A Thch hp vi phm vi ngun nng lng USB nn d dng hn trong thit k Reader s dng lun ngun nng lng t ng USB ca my tnh. Chu c phm vi nhit t 40 ti 85C C kiu ng gi nh gn

Di y l s k hiu cc chn ng gi v m t cc chc nng tng ng ca chng: Bng 2.1 Chc nng ca cc chn trn chip EM4095 Pin Tn M t chc nng 1 Vss in p t 2 RDY/CLK C trng thi sn sng v u ra xung, iu khin iu ch AM 3 ANT1 iu khin anten(ni vi anten) 4 Dvdd Cc dng ngun nng lng dng iu khin anten 5 Dvss Cc m ngun nng lng dng iu khin anten 6 ANT2 iu khin anten(ni vi anten) 7 VDD Cc dng ngun nng lng nui chip 8 DEMOD_IN Cm bin in p ca anten 9 CDEC_OUT 10 CDEC_IN 11 AGND 12 MOD 13 DEMOD_OUT Tn hiu s m c biu din di dng tn hiu iu ch AM trn anten 14 SHD Mt in p mc cao s a mch vo trng thi ng 15 FCAP 16 DC2 Ghi ch: GND: ni t PWR: ngun cung cp ANA: tn hiu tng t O: u ra Kiu GND O O PWR GND O PWR ANA ANA ANA ANA IPD O IPU ANA ANA

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Chip EM4095 thng c s dng km theo vi mt khi mch anten v mt vi iu khin nh PIC,8051,...Ngoi ra cng c th yu cu phi c thm cc thnh phn bn ngoi ,nh thnh phn lc RF, cm ng dng in,... Hot ng ca chip c iu khin bi cc mc logic ca cc u vo SHD v MOD. Khi SHD l mc cao 1 th chip i vo trng thi ng ,lc ny dng tiu th mc thp nht. Khi SHD l mc thp 0 th mch c kch hot pht x trng RF, v n bt u gii iu ch bt c tn hiu AM no m n gp trn anten. Sau khi qua khi gii iu ch AM ,tn hiu s ny c a n chn DEMOD_OUT ti vi iu khin nhm phc v cho vic gii m v x l. Cn di y l s cc khi bn trong ca chip EM4095:

Hnh 2.1 S d cc khi bn trong chip EM4095 D nhn thy vi chip EM4095 th cc thnh phn chnh s l cc khi tng t, m nhim v ca chng l th hin hai chc nng chnh ca mt trm RFID c s , l: truyn i v thu nhn. Cng vic truyn i c thc hin bng vic iu khin anten v iu ch bin ca trng RF. , anten iu khin chuyn mt dng vo bn trong trng in t c sinh ra bn ngoi anten. Cn cng vic thu nhn c thc hin bng gii iu ch AM ca tn hiu thu c trn anten pht i t th. Cc trnh iu khin : Cc trnh iu khin ca anten cung cp nng lng thch hp cho anten ca trm c s reader. Chng cung cp dng in ti tn s cng hng hin ti m thng thng l 125 kHz. Dng in c cung cp bi cc trnh iu khin ph thuc vo h s cht lng Q ca mch cng hng bn

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ngoi.Chng ta cn ch nn thit k mch anten theo mt cch no sao cho gi tr ln nht ca dng in ti nh khng bao gi c php vt qu 250 mA. PLL (Phase locked loop) : PLL bao gm b lc vng lp, VCO, v cc khi so snh pha. Bng cch s dng mt b chia in dung bn ngoi, chn DEMOD_IN ca chip s ly c thng tin v tn hiu in p cao trn anten trong thc t. Pha ca cc tn hiu ny c so snh vi tn hiu iu khin bi cc trnh iu khin ca anten. Do PLL c th chn cc tn s sng mang khng cho n lm nh hng n tn s cng hng ca anten. Ph thuc vo kiu anten m tn s cng hng ca h thng c th l bt c gi tr no trong phm vi t 100 kHz ti 150 kHz. Bt c khi no tn s cng hng trong phm vi ny th n s c duy tr bi PLL. Khi tip nhn: S gii iu ch tn hiu u vo cho khi tip nhn c thc hin bi cm bin in p trn anten. Ngoi ra chn DEMOD_IN cng c s dng nh l mt u vo ca khi tip nhn. Ch rng mc tn hiu trn u vo DEMOD_IN phi thp hn VDD-0.5V v cao hn VSS+0.5V. Mc tn hiu u vo c th c iu chnh bng cch s dng mt khi chia in khng pha bn ngoi. Ngoi ra , in dung phn chia phi c iu ha theo mt t in cng hng nh hn. Phng n thc hin gii iu ch tn hiu AM m ta s dng y l da trn k thut "Gii iu ch ng b AM". Khi tip nhn bao gm b ly mu v lu tr mu, b loi b thnh phn mt chiu, b lc di v b so snh. in p mt chiu ca tn hiu trn chn DEMOD_IN c thit lp bi AGND bng mt in tr bn trong. Sau tn hiu AM c ly mu, vic ly mu c ng b ha bi mt xung pht ra t VCO. Bt c thnh phn mt chiu no cng s c loi b khi tn hiu bng cch s dng t in CDEC. Hn na lc b tn hiu sng mang cn d tha, th cc tn s nhiu cao v thp phi c to ra bi b lc thng cao th hai v t in CDC2. Tn hiu nhn c t b khuych i v b lc s c a ti b so snh bt ng b. u ra b soa snh l c m trn chn u ra ca chip l DEMOD_OUT. Tn hiu RDY/CLK :Tn hiu ny c cung cp bi b vi x l bn ngoi vi tn hiu xung s c ng b ha vi tn hiu trn ANT1v vi thng tin v trng thi bn trong ca EM4095. Tn hiu xung ng b vi ANT1 cho bit rng PLL c kha v thi im hot ng ca khi tip nhn c thit lp. Khi SHD l mc cao th chn RDY/CLK bt buc phi mc in p thp. Sau s chuyn i t mc cao v mc thp trn SHD th khi PLL s c khi ng, v do khi tip nhn li c kha li. Sau khong thi gian TSET th khi PLL li c kha v thi im hot ng ca khi tip nhn li c thit lp. Ti thi im ny , cng mt tn hiu s c truyn ti ANT1v cng c t ti chn RDY/CLK cho bit rng b vi x l c th bt u gim st tn hiu trn DEMOD_OUT v a ra tn hiu xung tham chiu ti cng thi im . Xung trn chn RDY/CLK l lin tc, n cng xut hin trong sut thi gian cc iu khin ANT tt do chn MOD c t mc cao. Trong sut khong thi gian TSET s chuyn dch t mc cao xung mc thp ca chn SHD cng khin cho chn

52

RDY/CLK b ko xung bi cc in tr ko100 k. y l mt trong nhng chc nng c thm vo ca chn RDY/CLK trong trng hp iu ch AM vi ch s thp hn 100%. Trong trng hp n c s dng nh l mt trnh iu khin ph tr dng gi cho bin trn cun dy thp hn trong sut qu trnh iu ch.

Hnh 2.2 Cu hnh EM4095 ch ch c

Hnh 2.3 Cu hnh EM4095 ch oc/ ghi (vi h s cht lng Q thp)

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Hnh 2.4 Cu hnh EM4095 ch c/ ghi (vi h s cht lng Q ca anten cao)

Hnh 2.5 Cu hnh EM4095 ch c/ ghi (iu ch AM) 2.1.2 Hot ng ca th th ng EM4100 Th EM4100 (trc y c tn gi l H4100) l mt mch tch hp cng ngh CMOS c dng trong cc mch in t RF Transponder ch c chc nng c. Mch cn bao gm thm mt cun dy ngoi c t trong mt trng in t, v ly cc xung tn hiu gc cng t cng trng qua mt trong cc cun dy ngun. Bng cch bt hoc tt dng iu ch, chip s gi tr li 64 bit thng tin c cha bn trong mt mng b nh c lp trnh trc.Cng vic lp trnh cho chip c thc hin bng tia laser lm tan chy cc lin kt polysilicon lu tr mt m duy nht trn mi chip.Vi th EM4100 tc d liu c th l 16,32 hoc ln ti 64 chu k tn s sng mang trn mt bit d liu . Ngoi ra, th loi ny cn c u im l d liu c th c m bng nhiu kiu khc nhau nh cc kiu m ha Manchester, hai pha (Biphase) hoc l PSK. Di y l cc hnh v miu t s chn u ra ca chip EM4100 trn th ,v cch cu hnh hot ng thng thng ca n:

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Hnh 2.6 Cc chn u ra ca chip EM4100

Hnh 2.7 Cu hnh hot ng thng thng ca chip EM4100 2.1.2.1 S cc khi ca chip EM4100 Di y l s cc khi bn trong ca chip EM4100:

Hnh 2.8 S cc khi bn trong chip EM4100

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Chip EM4100 bao gm cc khi : Full Wave Rectifier, Clock Extractor, Data Modulator, Sequencer, Data Encoder, Memory Array .u tin ngun nng lng xoay chiu c to ra t t trng trn cun dy nh km vi chip EM4100 bn ngoi .Sau in p xoay chiu ny s a qua khi Full Wave Rectifier chnh lu bng mt cu ni Graetz cung cp mt ngun in p mt chiu bn trong nui chip. Khi bit cui cng c gi i, th chip s tip tc quay tr li vi bit u tin cho n khi khng cn nng lng nui n na. Chip hot ng da theo xung ch c to ra do khi Clock Extractor s dng mt trong hai cun dy bn ngoi ( hnh trn l cun COIL1) .u ra t khi Clock Extractor sau s i n iu khin khi Sequencer.y l khi cung cp tt c cc tn hiu cn thit a ch ha mng b nh v m ha tun t d liu u ra. 2.1.2.2 T chc b nh ca chip EM4100 B nh chip EM4100 cha ti 64 bit c chia thnh nm nhm thng tin. Chn bit u tin c s dng lm tiu (header), 10 bit dng chn l (parity) (t P0 ti P9), 4 bit ct chn l (t PC0 ti PC3),40 bit d liu (t D00 ti D93) , v mt bit v tr cui cng thit lp mc logic 0.

Hnh 2.9 T chc b nh chip EM4100 Phn tiu bao gm 9 bit u tin, l cc mt n (mask) c nh sn xut thit lp sn ti mc logic "1". Do c cu t chc d liu v parity,nn th t ny khng th c to li ln na trong chui d liu. Tip theo sau phn tiu l 10 nhm 4 bit d liu c th cho php t hp ln ti 100 t chui d liu. S0 l bit cui cng c thit lp sn ti mc logic "0" ,cn cc bit t D00 ti D03 v cc bit t D10 ti D13 l m nhn dng c trng ca ch s dng. Su t bit ny c a ra mt cch tun t iu khin khi Data Modulator. V khi 64 bit ny c a ra ht,th n li quay tr li vi bit u tin v lm tng t nh trn cho n khi khng cn nng lng nui n. 2.1.2.3 M ha d liu trn th Vi mi loi th RFID khc nhau th c kiu m ha d liu ca n khc nhau. Song ni chung th , trong thc t c ba kiu m ha d liu hay c s dng nht l: m ha Manchester , m ha hai pha (biphase), m ha PSK. Di y l chi tit v cc kiu m ha .

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2.1.2.3.1 M ha Manchester l mt kiu m ha m lun lun c s chuyn i t ON ti OFF hoc t OFF ti ON chnh gia chu k bit. Ti s chuyn tip t bit logic 1 ti bit logic 0 hoc t bit logic 0 ti bit logic 1 th c s thay i v pha. Gi tr high ca dng d liu c biu th chuyn mch iu bin OFF ( hnh pha di), cn gi tr low c biu th bng kha ON.

Hnh 2.10 M ha manschester 2.1.2.3.2 M ha hai pha (biphase) Ti thi im bt u ca mi bit, mt s chuyn i s xut hin. Mt bit logic 1 s gi trng thi ca n trong ton b khong thi gian bit v bit logic 0 s ch ra mt s chuyn i chnh gia khong thi gian bit.

Hnh 2.11 M ha hai pha (biphase) 2.1.2.3.3 M ha PSK Trong qu trnh iu ch cc chuyn mch ON v OFF c thc hin lun phin c mi chu k tn s sng mang. Khi mt pha xut hin s thay i , th bit logic "0" c c t b nh. Nu khng c bt c s thay i v pha no sau mt chu k d liu, th bit logic "1" s c c.

Hnh 2.12 M ha PSK

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2.1.3 S khi mch RF v tnh ton cc thng s Tip theo y ta s i tnh ton mt s cng thc tm ra gi tr thch hp cho cc linh kin trong s khi mch ta s dng. y l cc cng thc c trong ti liu i km theo chip EM4095 do nh sn xut EM Microelectronic pht hnh.Di y l s khi mch RF chu trch nhim chnh l pht ra sng v tuyn thng qua cun anten:

Hnh 2.13 S khi mch RF H thng s hot ng ti tn s l: f0 = 125 kHz v phm vi nhit mi trng xung quanh l: t -40 ti 85C. t cm ca anten thng c chn trong phm vi t 300 uH ti 800 uH. y , ta s chn t cm v h s cht lng ca anten l: LA = 720 uH 1% QA = 40. Tr khng ca anten c tnh theo cng thc:

Ta gi thit tr khng iu khin anten v cc in p ngun cung cp nng lng cho anten nh di y: RAD = 3 VDD - VSS = 5V H thng s hot ng ti tn s 125 kHz. Nn in dung cng hng Cres c tnh theo cng thc di y:

V ta tnh ra c kt qu CRES = 2.22 nF.

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Bng cch cho anten c iu khin theo cu hnh cu iu khin v p dng cng thc :

Ta s tnh c cc i lng dng v in p ti anten ca reader l (vi Rser=0):

u vo tn hiu ti DEMOD_IN c gii hn bi h s phn chia dC (tc l lm mt i mt phn tn hiu ban u vi h s dc), n c th p ng cc ch c khc nhau ca EM4095. Nh cc s mch ch ra di y , ta thy chip EM4095 c kh nhiu ch c. Nn c l vy m chip ny kh uyn chuyn trong vic thit k , tc l dng chip ny thit k mt reader cho nhiu loi th khc nhau .Chng hn nh th ch c EM4100, th c ghi EM4150 , th EM4069,...Vi s mch trn l thit k ch dnh ring cho cc th ch c EM4100.

Hnh 2.14 Tn hiu anten ti DEMOD_IN c phn chia vi h s dC Vi mi ch c , cho trng thi tn hiu ti chn DEMOD_IN tt nht c th, th gi tr ca t in phn chia nn c nh lng vi sai s thp. Ta c th nh lng gi tr da trn bt ng thc di y :

Ti VDEMOD_IN_PP = 4VPP th h s phn chia dC = 35. y c v l mt s la chn tt. Ngoi ra t l phn chia c th c thc hin theo cch s dng cc t in chun. V d, vi t in CDV2 th gi tr tt nht nn chn l nm trong phm vi t 1 nF ti 2 nF. Tng t nh vy ta cng chn c gi tr cc t in khc c lin quan n h s phn chia dC l: CRES = 2.2 nF

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CDV1 = 47 pF CDV2 = 1.5 nF tnh ton ra gi tr cng hng Co tt nht ta nn tnh n s xut hin ca c cc t in Cdv1 v Cdv2 nh cng thc di y:

V t y ta c th tnh li gi tr ca tn s cng hng theo cng thc di tng thm chnh xc trong thc t:

Cn gi tr cc t in Cdec v Cdc2 l ta thit lp mc nh ban u vi cc gi tr l: Cdec = 100nF, Cdc2 = 10nF. Vy tm li cui cng ta s thu c gi tr ca cc linh kin s dng l: CDC2 = 10nF CFCAP = 100nF CAGND = 100nF CDEC = 100nF CRES = 2.2nF CDV1 = 47uF CDV2 = 1.5nF LA = 720uH 2.1.4 Thit k anten cho reader Cc th RFID th ng s s dng cm ng t do in p cun dy anten sinh ra hot ng. Cm ng t ca in p xoay chiu ny c chnh lu cung cp mt ngun in p cho th. Khi in p mt chiu t n mt mc nht nh, th th bt u hot ng. V vy bng cch to ra mt tn hiu nng lng RF, reader c th lin lc c t xa vi th m khng cn n ngun nng lng bn ngoi cho th (v d pin). Nn cun dy anten ng vai tr rt quan trng trong cc ng dng RFID,n cung cp nng lng cho cc th th ng,v to ra mt knh lin lc gia th v reader. By gi chng ta s tm hiu s qua v cc cch ch to anten cng cc cng thc vt l lin quan tm ra cc tham s chun xc nht c th. Trc tin ta cn phi xem xt cc yu t nh hng n cun dy anten ta ch to ,chng hn nh t th so vi cun dy anten nh th no (to mt gc bao nhiu ) , hay nn chn dy c ng knh bao nhiu tr khng ca n l thp s gip cho h s cht lng Q ca anten cao ln,... Theo nh lut Ampe khi mt dng in i qua mt dy dn th n s to ra mt t trng xung quanh dy dn . T trng c to ra bi mt phn t dng in, trn mt vng dy dn vi chiu di hu hn c cho bi cng thc di y:
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I = dng in r = khong cch tnh t trung tm dy 0 = 4 x 10-7 (H/m) Trong trng hp c bit vi mt dy c chiu di v hn th: 1 = -180 2 = 0 V biu thc trn c th c vit li nh sau:

Hnh 2.15 Tnh ton t trng B ti v tr P do dng in I trn mt dy dn in thng gy ra T trng to ra bi mt vng cun dy anten trn c cho bi cng thc:

I = dng in a = bn knh ca vng r = khong cch tnh t trung tm ca vng 0 = 4 x 10-7 (H/m) Theo nh lut Faraday th s thay i ca t trng theo thi gian qua mt b mt bao quanh bi mt ng dn khp kn th s to ra mt in p xung quanh n. Hnh di y ch ra mt v d n gin ca mt ng dng RFID c rt ra t nh lut Faraday. Khi anten ca th v reader c t gn nhau, th s thay i ca t trng B theo thi gian c to ra bi cun dy anten reader s gy ra mt
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in p bn trong cun dy anten ca th t gn . Chnh in p ny l nguyn nhn dn n s xut hin dng in trn cun dy . chnh l nh lut Faraday.

Hnh 2.16 Cu hnh mt ng dng RFID in p gy ra trn cun dy anten ca th l t l vi tc thay i ca thng lng t trng theo thi gian.V n c cng thc l :

N = s vng ca cun dy anten = thng lng t trng qua mi vng dy Thng lng t trng l tng t trng B i qua ton b b mt cun dy anten,v c tm ra theo cng thc:

B = t trng S = din tch b mt cun dy Biu thc tnh ton cho in p Vo sinh ra trong mt vng cun dy l:

f = tn s ca tn hiu n N = s vng ca cun dy S = din tch vng (m2) Q = h s cht lng ca mch o = cng ca tn hiu n = gc ti ca tn hiu Trong cng thc trn, h s cht lng Q l thc o chn lc tn s c li.

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Hnh 2.17 S ph thuc v hng ca anten th so vi anten reader in p cm ng xut hin i ngang qua cun dy anten l mt hm ca gc cc tn hiu n. in p cm ng t gi tr ln nht khi cun dy anten t ti v tr song song vi tn hiu n , ti ta s c gc = 0.Nh vy c ngha l kh nng c th c tt nht trong thc t , th ta nn th theo phng song song vi cun dy anten. Ngoi ra khi ch to anten ta cng cn phi ch n ng knh dy da trn cc k hiu s theo tiu chun ca tng quc gia, v d vi Hoa K ta da vo s k hiu AWG (American Wire Gauge). Dy c ng knh cng nh th tr khng DC ca n s cng cao. Tr khng DC vi din tch mt ct ngang nh nhau ti cc v tr c cho bi cng thc:

l = tng chiu di dy = dn in ca dy (mho/m) S = din tch mt ct ngang = r2 a = bn knh dy Thng thng tr khng DC phi c gi gi tr thp nht c th gip cho h s cht lng Q ca anten cng cao cng tt. Bi vy, phi chn dy c ng knh cng ln cng tt ch to anten cho cc ng dng RFID trong thc t. Ti DC, cc in tch mang c phn b u qua ton b din tch mt ct ngang ca dy. Khi tn s tng ln, th t trng ti trung tm ca dy tng ln. Do , in khng gn v tr trung tm dy cng tng v dn n mt dng in trong khu vc cng tng ln. Nn, in tch di chuyn theo con ng t trung tm dy tin n mp dy. V kt qu l, mt dng s gim gim ti trung tm dy v tng ti v tr gn mp dy. y gi l mt hiu ng lp b mt ca dy. su ca dy ti ni m mt dng in gim ti 1/e, hay l 37% (= 0.3679) gi tr ca n dc theo b mt, c bit n vi tn gi l su lp b mt v ph thuc vo tn s hot ng v t thm, dn in ca mi trng. Di y l cng thc tnh ton su lp b mt:

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f = tn s (F/m) = r o = 4 x 10-7 (h/m) r = 1 cho ng, nhm, bc,... = 4000 vi cht liu l st tinh khit = dn in ca cht liu (mho/m) = 5.8 x 107 (mho/m) vi cht liu l ng = 3.82 x 107 (mho/m) vi cht liu l nhm = 4.1 x 107 (mho/m) vi cht liu l vng = 6.1 x 107 (mho/m) vi cht liu l bc Ta bit rng, tr khng ca dy t l vi tn s, tc l tn s tng th tr khng cng tng, v tr khng do su lp b mt to ra th c gi l tr khng AC. Mt biu thc gn ng tnh ton cc tr khng AC c cho bi:

Nh ni trn, mt phn t dng in khi chy qua mt dy dn th s to ra mt t trng xung quanh n. S thay i v t trng theo thi gian c kh nng to ra mt dng in chy qua mt dy dn khc v ci ny c gi l t cm. t cm L ph thuc vo cc c im vt l ca dy dn. Mt vng dy th c t cm ln hn so vi t cm ca on dy cng cht liu,v mt cun dy cng c nhiu vng th t cm ca n cng tng ln. Ta s tng qut li tt c iu bng mt cng thc c bn nht di y, t cm L ca dy c xc nh bng t l ca tng thng lng t trng vi dng in I i qua dy:

N = s vng dy I = dng in = thng lng ca t trng T cng thc ny ta c th suy ra c cc cng thc tnh ton khc ph hp vi tng cch qun dy , thu c cc thng s cn thit gip cho sai s trong qu trnh qun dy gim i. t cm ca cun dy c th c tnh ton theo nhiu cch khc nhau. Ta c th qun dy theo kiu dng cun hnh trn, hnh vung, hnh lc gic,...Ta cng c
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th ch to di dng cc ng mch trn mt bng mch in. y ,ti chn cch qun dy theo dng cun hnh trn, vi cht liu dy qun l ng. Vi mt cun dy ng ch c mt vng n th t cm ca n c cho bi cng thc :

Trong : a = bn knh vng (cm) d = ng knh dy (cm)

Hnh 2.18 ng knh dy v mt vng cun dy trn T ta rt ra cng thc tnh t cm ca cun dy ng c N vng l:

Trong : a = bn knh trung bnh ca cun dy(cm) N = s vng dy b = chiu dy cun (cm) h = cao cun dy (cm)

Hnh 2.19 Cun dy trn c N vng Nhn t cng thc ta thy rng L ph thuc vo bn tham s l a,h,b,N. Rt kh tnh ra kt qu chnh xc gi tr ca tng tham s tng ng vi gi tr N cn

65

thit.V d dng hn ta s c nh cc tham s h,(a-b) . T ta s c lng b theo N. n ny , ta cn qun cun dy c gi tr L = 720uH. Tng ng vi gi tr , ti xc nh c cc tham s cn thit l: A=4.75 cm B=0.3 cm N=73 vng H=0.8 cm Trong : dy ng qun ta s chn loi ng knh 0.0515cm. 2.1.5 Phng php iu ch sng mang OOK C nhiu cch khc nhau mt h thng RFID iu ch cc tn hiu v tuyn. l FM (thay i v tn s ca sng mang), PM (thay i v pha), v AM (thay i v bin ). V c mt vi k thut c th s dng c vi cc kiu iu ch ny l FSK, PSK, v ASK. Trong k thut m chng ta s s dng cho h thng RFID y c tn gi l OOK , y l mt kiu c bit ca k thut ASK m ta va ni ti trn. K thut iu ch OOK c s dng rt ph bin trong cc ng dng iu khin .Bi l do k thut ny kh n gin v c gi thnh thc thi thp hn nhiu so vi cc k thut iu ch khc. K thut iu ch OOK c c im l cho php b pht c nhn ri trong sut qung thi gian truyn i mt zero ,nn tit kim c kh nhiu nng lng.Tuy nhin nhc im ca k thut OOK l, c th pht sinh nhng tn hiu khng mong mun trong tn hiu c iu ch OOK. Tip theo y, chng ta s i vo tm hiu k v chng. Mt tn hiu tun hon m tn ti mi mi, khng thay i bin , tn s, hoc pha ca n gi l mt tn hiu sng lin tc (CW) khng mang thng tin no khc ngoi chnh bn thn n. c th chuyn ti d liu, th tn hiu cn phi thay i. Thng thng chng ta c th hiu rng, thay i ny nh mt thay i bin thin tng i chm chnh l s iu ch, v d:

Trong hm m(t) c s dng cha thng tin di c s, v hm cosin chnh l sng mang vi tn s tng i cao. Khi hm m(t) l mt hm sin hay cosin (vi tn s thp hn nhiu so vi tn s ca sng mang), th ta c th vit li biu thc trn v khai trin ra nh di y:

Mt kiu iu ch dng sin s phn chia sng mang thnh hai tn hiu c gi l cc di bin, trong mt ci trn v mt ci di sng mang (hnh di
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y). Trong khi mt kiu iu ch dng sin lin tc hu nh khng th v hay hu ch hn so vi mt tn hiu CW, th kt qu ny li cho thy rng khi mt tn hiu c iu ch, s cho ph tn s tr nn rng hn.

Hnh 2.20 Tn hiu sng mang c iu ch v ph tn s tng ng; fc l tn s sng mang Cc tn hiu m ta quan tm n trong h thng RFID ni chung u l cc tn hiu c iu ch k thut s. Mt tn hiu c iu ch k thut s l mt chui cc biu tng ring bit. Trong OOK, mi biu tng l mt chu k thi gian khng i trong nng lng ca tn hiu hoc l cao hoc l thp. nng lng ca tn hiu c gi mc cao (m = 1) biu th s nh phn '1' v mc thp hay l zero (m = 0) biu th s nh phn '0'.

Hnh 2.21 Tn hiu c iu ch OOK

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Mi biu tng trong OOK ch biu th mt bit nh phn, vi cc biu tng ca cc kiu khc c th truyn ti nhiu hn l mt bit. Tuy nhin , OOK vn c s dng rng ri l bi v mch s dng to ra cc tn hiu OOK n gin hn rt nhiu so vi cc kiu khc, bi v bt c mch no cng c th thay i mc nng lng u ra, chng hn ch dng mt chuyn mch bnh thng. Ngoi ra mch thit k nhn ra cc mc nng lng trong vic thc hin gii iu ch (ly ra d liu t tn hiu) cng rt n gin. V d, mt diode c th chnh lu mt tn hiu tn s cao, v bin n thnh cc xung mt chiu. Cc xung ny c th c gia cng vi mt t in lu tr to ra mt tn hiu u ra trng rt ging vi tn hiu di tn c s m(t). Nu nh diode phn hi nhanh, th n c th c s dng ti cc tn s rt cao. Cc diode hin i c th hot ng ti cc tn s ln ti 1 GHz, cho php cc th th ng RFID gii iu ch mt tn hiu t reader ch bng cch s dng mt diode v mt t in. OOK nguyn bn kh n gin v dng nh l mt phng php iu ch y ha hn vi cc reader RFID. Tuy nhin, c mt vn nh vi cc h thng RFID th ng. Mt th RFID th ng ph thuc vo nng lng thu c t reader chy cc mch ca n. Nu nh nng lng b gin on th cc th s khng hot ng. Hy tng tng trong trng hp mt tn hiu OOK cha mt chui di cc s nh phn 0: tc l trong trng hp ny, m = 0 cho n khi chui d liu vn cn 0. Ngha l th s khng c nhn nng lng trong sut thi gian ny. V nu nh chui cc s nh phn 0 trong d liu qu di, th th s khng c nng lng v cn phi c khi ng li, y l mt tnh hung khng c li cho kh nng hot ng tin cy ca th. Ngay c khi ti thi im hin ti trong chui c mt vi s nh phn 1, th mc nng lng pht cho cc th vn ph thuc rt ln vo d liu, l mt c im khng mong mun.

Hnh 2.22 Cc k hiu m ha khong xung cho di tn c s (hm m(t)) Tuy nhin, c mt gii php gii quyt vn nng lng l thc hin m ha d liu nh phn trc khi iu ch. Mt trong cc cch m ha RFID c bit ti l PIE (m ha khong xung). Trong mt s nh phn '1' c m ha bng xung bao gm mt khong ngn mt ngun i theo sau mt khong di c ngun, cn s nh phn '0' c m ha bng xung khc bao gm mt khong c ngun v mt khong mt ngun bng nhau (Xem hnh v trn). Dn n tn hiu di tn c

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s m(t) c m ha v sau c s dng iu ch sng mang nh hnh v di y.

Hnh 2.23 M ha khong xung vi phng php iu ch sng mang OOK PIE s dng cc xung mc thp v mc cao i vi '0' bng nhau m bo rng t nht 50% nng lng ti a c pht ti th ngay c khi d liu truyn i c cha mt chui di zero. Ch rng y, tc truyn d liu s c lp vi d liu truyn i v d, mt chui cc s nh phn 0 th s truyn i nhanh hn so vi khi truyn mt chui cc s nh phn 1. Mt biu tng n c hai c trng l thi gian ng v thi gian m tuy nhin n vn ch thc hin chuyn ti mt bit nh phn duy nht. 2.2 Giao tip chun USB gia reader v my vi tnh C nhiu cch thc hin giao tip truyn d liu gia reader v my tnh.C th k ra y nh, cc giao tip c in qua cng COM (chun RS232) hay cng my in LPT,...hoc cao hn l giao tip thng qua sng v tuyn .Tuy nhin vi cc giao tip qua cng COM v cng my in th tuy kh n gin nhng li rt bt tin , bi v hu ht cc laptop c sn xut trn th gii ngy nay u khng h tr cng giao tip ny. Cn giao tip thng qua sng v tuyn th s cn phi u t kh nhiu v mt tin ca v thi gian. Chnh v vy, y ti chn giao tip qua cng USB. y l chun giao tip rt ph bin hin nay v c hu nh tt c cc hng sn xut laptop trn th gii h tr. Di y ta s i tm hiu qua v chun giao tip ny. 2.2.1 Chun giao tip USB USB (Universal Serial Bus) l mt chun kt ni tun t trong my tnh. USB s dng kt ni cc thit b ngoi vi vi my tnh, chng thng c thit k di dng cc u cm cho cc thit b tun theo chun cm-l-chy (plug-andplay),vi tnh nng gn nng thit b (cm v ngt cc thit b khng cn phi khi ng li h thng).

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2.2.1.1 Quy trnh lm vic trong giao tip USB Khi mt my tnh c cp ngun, n truy vn tt c thit b c kt ni vo ng truyn v gn mi thit b mt a ch. Quy trnh ny c gi l lit k nhng thit b c lit k khi kt ni vo ng truyn. My tnh cng tm ra t mi thit b cch truyn d liu no m n cn hot ng: Ngt - Mt thit b nh chut hoc bn phm, gi mt lng nh d liu, s chn ch ngt. Hng lot - Mt thit b nh mt chic my in, nhn d liu trong mt gi ln, s dng ch truyn hng lot. Mt khi d liu c gi n my in (mt khi 64 byte) v c kim tra chc chn n chnh xc. ng thi - Mt thit b truyn d liu theo chui (ly v d nh loa) s dng ch ng thi. Nhng dng d liu gia thit b v my trong thi gian thc, v khng c s sa li y. My tnh c th gi lnh hay truy vn tham s vi iu khin nhng gi tin. Khi nhng thit b c lit k, my tnh s gi s kim tra i vi tng bng thng m tt c nhng thit b ng thi v ngt yu cu. Chng c th tiu hao ti 90% ca 480Mbps bng thng cho php. Sau khi 90 % c s dng, my tnh s t chi mi truy cp ca nhng thit b ng thi v ngt khc. Cn vic iu khin gi tin v cho truyn ti hng lot l s dng t nht 10% bng thng cn li. USB chia bng thng cho php thnh nhng khung, v my tnh iu khin nhng khung . Khung cha 1.500 byte, v mt khung mi bt u mi mili giy. Thng qua mt khung, nhng thit b ng thi v ngt ly c mt v tr do chng c m bo bng thng m chng cn. Truyn ti hng lot v iu khin truyn ti s dng phn cn li. 2.2.1.2 Cc c trng ca giao tip USB Giao tip USB c nhng c trng nh lit k di y: M rng ti 127 thit b c th kt ni cng vo mt my tnh trn mt cng USB duy nht (bao gm cc hub USB) Nhng si cp USB ring l c th di ti 5 mt; vi nhng hub, c th ko di ti 30 mt (6 si cp ni tip nhau thng qua cc hub) tnh t u cm trn my tnh. Vi USB 2.0 (tc cao), ng truyn t tc ti a n 480 Mbps. Cp USB gm hai si ngun (+5V v dy chung GND) cng mt cp gm hai si dy xon mang d liu. Trn si ngun, my tnh c th cp ngun ln ti 500mA in p 5V mt chiu (DC). Nhng thit b tiu th cng sut thp (v d: chut, bn phm, loa my tnh cng sut thp...) c cung cp in nng cho hot ng trc tip t cc cng USB m khng cn c s cung cp ngun ring (thm tr cc thit b gii tr s nh SmartPhone, PocketPC ngy nay s dng cc cng USB xc pin). Vi cc thit b cn s dng ngun cng sut ln (nh my in, my
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qut...) khng s dng ngun in t ng truyn USB nh ngun chnh ca chng, lc ny ng truyn ngun ch c tc dng nh mt s so snh mc in th ca tn hiu. Hub c th c ngun cp in ring cp in thm cho cc thit b s dng giao tip USB cm vo n bi mi cng USB ch cung cp mt cng sut nht nh. Nhng thit b USB c c tnh cm nng, iu ny c ngha cc thit b c th c kt ni (cm vo) hoc ngt kt ni (rt ra) trong mi thi im m ngi s dng cn m khng cn phi khi ng li h thng. Nhiu thit b USB c th c chuyn v trng thi tm ngng hot ng khi my tnh chuyn sang ch tit kim in. 2.2.1.3 Chun giao tip USB 2.0 Chun giao tip USB 2.0 c a ra vo thng t nm 2000 v c xem nh l bn nng cp ca USB1.1. USB 2.0 (USB vi loi tc cao) m rng bng thng cho ng dng a truyn thng v truyn vi tc nhanh hn 40 ln so vi USB 1.1 . c s chuyn tip cc thit b mi v c, USB 2.0 c y kh nng tng thch ngc vi nhng thit b USB trc v cng hot ng tt vi nhng si cp, u cm dnh cho cng USB trc .

Hnh 2.24 u ni chun giao tip USB2.0 H tr ba ch tc (1,5 Mbps; 12 Mbps v 480 Mbps), USB 2.0 h tr nhng thit b ch cn bng thng thp nh bn phm v chut, cng nh thit b cn bng thng ln nh Webcam, my qut, my in, my quay v nhng h thng lu tr ln. S pht trin ca chun USB 2.0 cho php nhng nh pht trin phn cng pht trin cc thit b giao tip nhanh hn, thay th cc chun giao tip song song v tun t c in trong cng ngh my tnh. USB 2.0 v cc phin bn k tip ca n trong tng lai s gip cc my tnh c th ng thi lm vic vi nhiu thit b ngoi vi hn. 2.2.1.4 Chun giao tip USB 3.0 n ny ti khng s dng chun USB 3.0 m s dng chun USB 2.0 thc hin giao tip gia reader v my tnh. Tuy nhin y l mt chun mi ra i vo nm 2009 vi nhiu u im ni tri so vi chun 2.0. Nn ti xin php c gii thiu qua y.

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c mnh danh l USB siu tc , USB 3.0 l chun mi nht trong giao tip gia my tnh v cc thit b ngoi vi (my nh s, thit b nghe nhc cm tay, in thoi, cng di ng...). N l s thay th cho chun USB 2.0 vn c mnh danh l tc cao. USB 2.0 c tc truyn ti d liu ti a l 480 Mbps. Chun giao tip mi c tc nhanh gp 10 ln chun c. Tc l tc ca USB 3.0 t gn 5 Gbps. Vi chun giao tip mi ny, thi gian truyn i 25 GB s gim xung ch cn khong 70 giy - mt con s v cng n tng. V ta s cn cm thy bt ng hn, khi cng vi tin trnh x l ny, USB 2.0 mt khong 14 pht, trong khi chun USB 1.1 phi mt n 9 gi. Khng ging vi USB 2.0 d liu ch c th truyn mt hng ti mt thi im xc nh th USB 3.0 li c kh nng c ghi d liu ng thi. lm c kiu ny, nh sn xut thm 4 kt ni mi (2 truyn v 2 nhn d liu) nng tng s kt ni ln 8 (so vi 4 ca USB 2.0).

Hnh 2.25 u ni chun giao tip USB3.0 USB 3.0 c thit k vi hiu sut ci thin hn so vi ngi tin nhim ca n. Khi bt u dng in ch tng t 500 ti 900 mA. iu ny gip lm tng tnh n nh, cho php my tnh v USB hub c th kt ni ti nhiu thit b ngoi vi hn. 2.2.2 Lp nh ngha HID y ta ch ni n lp HID c s dng vi chun giao tip USB 2.0. Lp HID bao gm cc thit b c bn c s dng bi con ngi iu khin thao tc ca cc h thng tnh ton. Cc v d in hnh ca lp HID bao gm: Cc thit b bn phm v con tr - v d, cc thit b chut my tnh tiu chun, cc qu bng xoay, v cc cn iu khin. Cc b phn iu khin tm thy trong cc thit b chng hn nh in thoi, iu khin t xa, cc thit b tr chi hoc m phng. Cc thit b khng cn ti thao tc ca con ngi nhng cung cp d liu theo nh dng ging nh lp thit b HID v d, cc my c m vch, nhit k o nhit , hoc vn k.

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2.2.2.1Tng quan v qun l chung ca lp HID Thng tin v bn thn mt thit b USB c lu tr bn trong cc segment ca b nh ROM ca n. Cc segment ny c gi l cc descriptor. Mt giao din descriptor c th nhn dng mt thit b nh l thuc v mt trong s cc lp c nh ngha ca n. Mt thit b lp HID s s dng mt tham chiu ti trnh iu khin lp HID ly d liu v nh tuyn n.V cng on ny c hon thnh bng vic kim tra cc descriptor ca thit b v d liu n cung cp.

Hnh 2.26 Tham chiu gia trnh iu khin lp HID v thit b HID Descriptor ca thit b lp HID c s dng nhn dng cc descriptor ca lp HID khc ti thi im hin ti v cho bit cc kch thc ca chng. V d, cc descriptor Report v Physical nh ch ra hnh di y:

Hnh 2.27 V d v descriptor ca thit b lp HID Mt descriptor report m t mi phn d liu m thit b sinh ra v o lng d liu trong thc t l g. V d, n nh ngha cc mc m t mt v tr hoc trng thi nt bm. Thng tin v cc mc ny s c s dng : Quyt nh nh tuyn u vo u . Cho php phn mm thao tc cc chc nng u vo. Bng cch kim tra mt mc (cn c gi l descriptor report) trnh iu khin ca lp HID c th quyt nh kch thc v b cc d liu c bo co t thit b lp HID. Descriptor physical thit lp cc descriptor ty chn cung cp thng tin cc phn hoc cc b phn trn c th con ngi c s dng kch hot b iu khin trn mt thit b. Tt c nhng ci ny c th c kt hp li minh ha cu trc descriptor nh di y:

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Hnh 2.28 Cu trc cc descriptor ca thit b lp HID 2.2.2.2 M hnh hot ng Ti mc cao nht, mt descriptor bao gm hai bng thng tin c tham chiu ti l descriptor device v descriptor string. Vi thit b theo chun giao tip USB th descriptor device s chu trch nhim ch ra m s sn phm ( product ID) v cc thng tin khc v thit b . V d, descriptor device c th bao gm cc trng thng tin c bn sau: Cc thng tin v lp (Class) Cc thng tin v phn lp (Subclass) Cc thng tin v nh sn xut (Vendor) Cc thng tin v sn phm (Product) Cc thng tin v phin bn ca sn phm (Version) Vi cc thit b lp HID th hi c s khc bit ch : Kiu lp khng c nh ngha ti mc descriptor device ca thit b. M n s c nh ngha bi descriptor interface. Trng phn lp c s dng nhn dng cc thit b khi ng . Trc y cc descriptor c minh ha bng cc s cc mc d liu c biu din di dng cc bng thng tin. Mi bng thng tin c th c s dng nh mt khi d liu.Tuy nhin hin ti thay v lm theo cch , cc descriptor report s bao gm nhiu on thng tin. Mi on thng tin c gi l mt danh mc (item) nh hnh minh ha di y.

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Hnh 2.29 Cc descriptor report bao gm cc on thng tin l cc danh mc Mt danh mc l mt on thng tin v thit b. Tt c cc danh mc u c mt byte u tin cha th danh mc, kiu danh mc, v kch thc danh mc.

Hnh 2.30 Cu trc mt danh mc Mt danh mc c th bao gm cc d liu ty chn ca danh mc . Kch thc ca phn d liu c quyt nh bi kiu c s ca danh mc . C hai kiu danh mc c s l: cc danh mc ngn v cc danh mc di. Nu l mt danh mc ngn, th kch thc phn d liu ca n c th l 0, 1, 2, hoc 4 byte. Cn nu l kiu danh mc di, th gi tr tham s bSize lun lun l 2. Di y l v d minh ha cc gi tr c th bn trong mt byte u tin cho mt danh mc di.

Hnh 2.31 V d v mt danh mc di 2.2.3 Vi iu khin PIC18F2550 v s khi mch iu khin Vi iu khin PIC18F2550 nm trong h PIC18 ,l dng vi iu khin PIC c tnh thc thi cao ca hng Microchip. y l dng vi iu khin c s dng nhiu trong cc ng dng h thng nhng cng nghip. Di y ta s tm hiu qua v vi iu khin PIC18F2550 ,mt thnh vin tiu biu ca h m ti la chn s dng v tnh thn thin vi cc ng dng nh ca sinh vin . Thng qua cng ngh Nanowat, hng Microchip a vo bn trong thit b PIC18F2550 cc chc nng c trng m khin n c th gim c ng k s tiu th nng lng trong sut qu trnh hot ng.Bao gm nh:

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Cc ch chy xen k: Bng cch to xung nhp cho khi iu khin t ngun Timer1 hoc t khi to dao ng bn trong , nng lng tiu th trong sut qu trnh thc thi m c th gim c ti 90%. Cc ch Idle: Khi iu khin cng c th chy vi li CPU ca n khng hot ng nhng cc thit b ngoi vi vn trng thi hot ng. Trong cc trng thi ny,nng lng tiu th c th gim ti mc thp hn na, t nht l bng 4% mc cn thit trung bnh hot ng. Ch chuyn mch on-the-fly: Cc ch qun l nng lng c gi ra bi ngi dng trong sut qu trnh thao tc m, cho php h c th a ra cc tng tit kim nng lng vo bn trong cc thit k phn mm ca ng dng. Cc ch kha tiu th t nng lng: khin cho nng lng cn cho c b Timer1 v b Watchdog Timer l rt nh. Khi ni n cc dng vi iu khin hay vi x l ni chung, th khng th khng nhc ti b to xung dao ng cho n. Vi thit b PIC18F2550 cng cc anh ch trong h ca n (nh PIC18F2455,PIC18F4550,...) c Microchip h tr ln ti mi hai la chn ch dao ng khc nhau,v vy ngi dng s ty bin hn rt nhiu trong vic thit k phn cng ng dng so vi cc loi vi iu khin khc. N bao gm: Bn ch dao ng tinh th bng cch s dng cc b cng hng tinh th hoc ceramic. Bn ch dao ng xung bn ngoi. Mt khi to dao ng bn trong cung cp mt xung tn hiu c tn s 8 MHz (vi chnh xc l 2%) v mt ngun INTRC (khong 31 kHz),cng nh l mt phm vi su tn s xung ngi dng c th la chn,nm gia 125 kHz v 4 MHz, trong tng s tm kiu tn s xung. Mt b nhn tn s PLL ,c th bao gm c ch dao ng tinh th tc cao v cc ch dao ng bn ngoi, cho php tc xung c mt phm vi rng t 4 MHz ti 48 MHz. Hai xung hot ng khng ng b vi nhau, cho php module USB c th chy c vi b to dao ng tn s cao trong khi phn cn li ca vi iu khin th c to xung dao ng t mt b to dao ng cng sut thp bn trong. Ngoi ra thit b PIC18F2550 cn c a vo mt m un truyn thng USB y ph hp vi cc c im k thut ca chun USB 2.0. M un h tr c hai kiu truyn thng low-speed v full-speed cho tt c cc kiu d liu m n h tr. N cng c tch hp thm mt b thu-pht v b iu chnh in p 3.3V trn chip ca n v h tr s dng vi cc b thu- pht v b iu chnh in p bn ngoi. Di y l hnh dng ng gi ca thit b PIC18F2550 trong thc t cng tn cc chn ca chng:

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Hnh 2.32 Hnh dng ng gi vi iu khin PIC18F2550 Trong n ny , th vi iu khin PIC18F2550 c th ni l thnh phn quan trng nht. N thc hin hai nhim v chnh l: Kt ni vi chip RFID EM4095 nhn kt qu m s th tr v v lu tr trong b nh ROM ,ng thi a ra cc cnh bo LED gip ngi dng bit c trng thi hin ti ca h thng. Kt ni vi my tnh c nhn qua chun giao tip USB2.0 , thc hin truyn d liu m s th lu tr trong b nh ROM v my tnh, cho phn mm qun l trn my tnh thc hin khu tip theo. Di y l s khi mch ny:

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Hnh 2.33 S khi mch iu khin chnh 2.3 Thit k phn mm qun l Nh ni trong phn gii thiu chung v mt h thng RFID ,h thng RFID c th hot ng m khng cn ti thnh phn ny.Tuy nhin, nu nh khng s dng thnh phn ny th h thng RFID s tr nn v gi tr.V vy vn c th ni rng, thnh phn ny ng gp phn quan trng lm nn thnh cng ca mt h thng RFID c trin khai. y ta xy dng khng phi l mt h thng phn mm m ch l phn mm qun l n gin th nghim. N c kh nng qun l kt ni gia my tnh v reader thng qua giao tip USB, v qun l c s d liu trn my tnh. Di y l chi tit v phn mm qun l ti xy dng cho n ny. 2.3.1 Xy dng giao din Visual Csharp hin l ngn ng lp trnh c s dng rng ri nht vit cc ng dng chy trn h iu hnh windows. Visual Csharp cho php pht trin nhanh chng cc ng dng truyn thng c thit k theo m hnh c trng ca windows. Vi Csharp ngi thit k c th rt nhanh chng v d dng to ra c mt giao din trc quan thn thin vi ngi s dng. Ngoi ra cc c php trong Csharp cng kh ging vi ngn ng hng i tng C++. Nn khi s dng qua ngn ng ny ngi lp trnh s c ci nhn tng quan hn v lp trnh hng i tng, mt xu hng trong nghnh cng ngh thng tin. Visual Csharp c kh nhiu u im khin ti phi la chn s dng n trong n ny . Cc u im ca n c th k n nh:
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 Visual Csharp l mt ngn ng lp trnh c cu trc tng i n gin Ngn ng ny l l tng pht trin cc giao din ha ngi dng (GUI). Cc th vin MSDN trc tuyn cung cp mt tng tc ton din v h thng tr gip trc tuyn. D dng xy dng cc phn mm qun l giao tip gia my tnh v thit b ngoi vi thng qua cc chun nh RS232, USB 2.0 ch n gin bng cch gi cc hm WIN API c sn trong h iu hnh windows. By gi ta s bt tay i vo xy dng giao din cho phn mm qun l ca ta. Giao din ca n ch n gin gm bn Form. Trong Form u tin ch yu thc hin nhim v gi cc hm WIN API giao tip vi reader qua chun giao tip USB 2.0 v nhn kt qu tr v l m s th (32 bit) ,ri hin th m s di dng m hexa. Lc u , khi thit b cha kt ni ti my tnh qua cng USB th giao din chng trnh nh di y:

Hnh 2.34 Giao din ng dng khi cha c thit b kt ni vo Khi thit b c kt ni ti cng USB th giao din ca chng trnh s c thm thng tin cu hnh USB trn vi iu khin PIC18F2550 .Sau ngi dng thc hin nhn ln nt c th th s nhn c kt qu m th tr v trong mt text:

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Hnh 2.35 Giao din ng dng khi thit b kt ni vo cng USB Trn y l cc hnh nh v Form u tin ch thc hin nhim v kt ni USB gia thit b v my tnh. Cc Form sau u l cc Form thc hin truy nhp ti c s d liu v thc hin cc tc v ti cc c s d liu . Di y l hnh nh v Form thc hin tc v cp nht mi c s d liu bnh nhn trong ng dng:

Hnh 2.36 Form thc hin tc v cp nht c s d liu

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Cn tip theo y l hnh nh v Form thc hin tc v ly thng tin t c s d liu v hin th n:

Hnh 2.37 Form thc hin tc v ly thng tin t c s d liu Bn cnh s dng cc Form trong C sharp , ti cng s dng c ngn ng lp trnh web php d dng hn trong vic giao tip vi c s d liu mysql. Cc trang php s c nhng vo bn trong cc Form tng ng. Di y l hnh nh trang gii thiu v h thng RFID c nhng vo Form u tin:

Hnh 2.38 Trang php gii thiu h thng

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 cp nht thng tin v mt bnh nhn th ta phi to ra cc trang php vi cc form cho ngi dng in vo. Cc trang ny s c nhng vo cc Form thc hin tc v cp nht c s d liu bnh nhn trn. Di y l giao din cc trang php thc hin cc nhim v l cp nht thng tin c nhn v thng tin bnh n:

Hnh 2.39 Trang php thc hin tc v cp nht thng tin c nhn

Hnh 2.40 Trang php thc hin tc v cp nht thng tin bnh n Thng tin v ngi dng bao gm cc thng tin v c nhn ngi v thng tin v bnh iu tr ca ngi . Cc thng tin ny s c hin th thng qua cc trang php. Cc trang php ny s c nhng vo bn trong cc Form thc hin tc v ly thng tin t c s d liu m ta trnh by trn.Di y l cc hnh nh v giao din ca cc trang php ny:
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Hnh 2.41 Trang php thc hin hin th thng tin c nhn

Hnh 2.42 Trang php thc hin hin th thng tin bnh n 2.3.2 Xy dng c s d liu C s d liu m ta s la chn s dng y l MySQL. MySQL l gii php nhanh nht s dng h thng qun l d liu quan h RDMS. MySQL l mt phn mm m ngun m mnh m c cp php ca t chc GPU,nn ngi dng khng phi tr ph.Ngoi ra n kh d dng trong vic ci t v s dng nn rt ph hp vi cc ng dng khng i hi tnh chuyn nghip cao. MySQL bao gm mt MySQL server, v mt s chng trnh tin ch gip qun l c s d liu

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MySQL nh workbench gip ngi dng to c s d liu vi giao din s dng rt thn thin. Ta s thit k mt c s d liu nh c tn l rfid bao gm hai bng d liu lu tr thng tin c nhn v thng tin bnh n n cc mc : Tn bnh nhn (firstname) H bnh nhn (lastname) a ch (address) Ngy sinh (dateofbirth) S in thoi (phone) Cn vi bng thng tin bnh n ta phi cp n cc mc nh : Bnh hin ang iu tr (presentcomplaint) Ngy nhp vin (date) Tin s bnh gia nh (fmhistory) D liu nh trong qu trnh iu tr (pictureurl) By gi ta s i vo c th ,xy dng ra c s d liu ch ra trn bng cc lnh trong mn hnh qun tr DOS: Chng ta s bt u MySQL bng cch g vo dng lnh di y: Mysql u root p fake_password to ra c s d liu c tn rfid ta dung lnh: CREATE DATABASE RFID Trc khi ta i vo to mt bng d liu, chng ta phi la chn c s d liu s dng bng lnh sau: USE RFID; Bng thng tin c nhn v thng tin bnh n s c to ra thng qua cc lnh di y : CREATE TABLE PERSONALDETAILS ( LASTNAME VARCHAR (50) NOT NULL, FIRSTNAME VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, DATEOFBIRTH VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL, ADDRESS VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL, PHONE VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL,
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, l cc bng c tn l

PersonalDetail v MedicalDetail.Vi bng thng tin c nhn ta cn phi cp

PATIENTID VARCHAR(8) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY(PATIENTID) ); CREATE TABLE MEDICALINFO ( PRESENTCOMPLAINT TEXT, FMHISTORY TEXT NOT NULL, PICTUREURL VARCHAR(100), DATE VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL, ID VARCHAR(8) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY(ID) ); Nh vy c s d liu rfid sn sng cho chng ta s dng trong ng dng . 2.3.3 Giao tip vi c s d liu Ta s s dng ngn ng PHP tng tc vi c s d liu MySQL v t ng sinh ra cc trang web ng ph hp.Trong ng dng ny, PHP c s dng vi cc chc nng l: Cp nht c s d liu bnh nhn do bc s gi ln. Sinh ra cc trang web ng hin th thng tin v mt bnh nhn. y ta s ch ra mt s thao tc c bn vi c s d liu trong php. l cc thao tc ly thng tin v t c s d liu,v thao tc cp nht mi ln c s d liu.C mt iu cn ch y l, s ID dng truy nhp vo c s d liu chnh l m s th m ta c c cc khu trc trong giao din C#. Sau ta c th thc hin truyn bin cha gi tr m th n trang php hay trang html cn thit bng lnh n gin sau: UrlString=http://localhost/updatepersonal_process.php + ? + number= +TagNum Khi trong trang updatepersonal_process.php ta c th ly gi tr bin cha gi tr m th nh sau: //Get the patient tag number from the URL $id = $_GET['number']; hin th ta phi thc hin hai vic.Mt l, thc thi cu lnh sql ly v cc thng tin cn thit ca mt bnh nhn. Hai l, xy dng mt trang web ng hin th kt qu nh di y:

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//Display patient's lastname $sql = "SELECT lastname FROM PersonalDetails where id = '$id'"; $result = mysql_query($sql) or die("Debug: Couldn't execute query"); $row = mysql_fetch_array($result); echo "<h2>Lastname:</h2> <h3>{$row['lastname']}</h3><br>"; //Display patient's firstname $sql = "SELECT firstname FROM PersonalDetails where id = '$id'"; $result = mysql_query($sql) or die("Debug: Couldn't execute query"); $row = mysql_fetch_array($result); echo "<h2>Firstname:</h2> <h3>{$row['firstname']}</h3><br>"; //Display patient's address $sql = "SELECT address FROM PersonalDetails where id = '$id'"; $result = mysql_query($sql) or die("Debug: Couldn't execute query"); $row = mysql_fetch_array($result); echo "<h2>Address:</h2> <h3>{$row['address']}</h3><br>"; Cn thc hin thao tc cp nht c s d liu ,u tin ta phi ly v gi tr cc bin t cc form nhp trong trang HTML gi ln my ch.V d, y ta s ly gi tr cc bin t trang html nhp thng tin c nhn do bc s nhp vo v gi ln my ch nh sau: //The request function retrieves the variables posted from the previous $firstname = $_REQUEST['firstname']; $lastname = $_REQUEST['lastname']; $address = $_REQUEST['address']; $phone = $_REQUEST['phone']; Sau l lnh thc hin cp nht vo bng d liu PersonalDetail ca c s d liu rfid: $sql = "UPDATE PersonalDetails SET firstname= '$firstname', lastname = '$lastname', address = '$address',phone = '$phone' WHERE id = '$id'"; $result=mysql_query($sql);

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2.3.4 Qun l kt ni USB gia reader v my tnh Phn qun l kt ni USB gia reader v my tnh, ta s tch hp n vo bn trong phn mm qun l ca ta trn. Ch n gin l ta s thc hin gi cc hm giao tip vi thit b ngoi vi , m hng Microsoft cung cp sn trong cc lp th vin WINDOWS API ca h iu hnh windows. By gi ta s i tm hiu qua v chng. API bao gm cc hm, cc thng bo, cc cu trc d liu, cc kiu d liu, m chng ta c th s dng to ra cc ng dng chy trn h iu hnh Windows. Cc phn ca API m ta hay s dng nht , l cc m phc v cho vic gi cc hm API t Windows. Ci ny bao gm, phn khai bo cc th tc, phn nh ngha cc kiu d liu ca ngi dng, v phn khai bo cc hng s. Trc khi mt ng dng c th trao i d liu vi mt HID, th n phi nhn dng c thit b v ly c cc thng tin v cc report ca thit b . u tin ng dng s tm ra cc HID c gn vo h thng l g. Sau , n kim tra thng tin v mi HID cho n khi n tm thy c mt trong cc thuc tnh mong mun. Vi cc thit b truyn thng, ng dng c th tm kim cc thng tin v m s nh pht hnh v m s sn phm. Hoc ng dng c th tm ra thit b l thuc kiu HID c bit no, chng hn nh HID mouse hay l HID joystick. Sau khi tm ra c thit b, ng dng c th trao i thng tin vi thit b bng cch gi hoc nhn cc report. Di y l bng danh sch cc hm API c s dng thit lp lin lc thng tin v trao i d liu vi mt HID. Bng2.2 Danh sch cc hm API dng cho kt ni usb trong windows Cc hm API HidD_GetHidGuid SetupDiGetClassDevs DLL hid.dll setupapi.dll Mc ch Ly GUID cho lp HID

SetupDiEnumDeviceInterfaces CreateFile HidD_GetAttributes HidD_GetPreparsedData HidP_GetCaps WriteFile

Tr v thng tin ca mt thit b t mt tp hp cha tt c cc thit b trong mt lp c bit. setupapi.dll Tr v thng tin mt thit b trong tp hp thng tin thit b. kernel32.dll M mt kt ni truyn thng ti thit b. hid.dll hid.dll hid.dll Tr v m s nh sn xut, m s sn phm, v s phin bn ca sn phm.

Tr v mt cu trc m t cc kh nng ca thit b. kernel32.dll Gi mt report u ra ti

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ReadFile HidD_SetFeature HidD_GetFeature CloseHandle 2.4 Kt Lun

thit b. kernel32.dll c mt report u vo t thit b. hid.dll Gi mt Feature report ti thit b. hid.dll c mt Feature report t thit b. kernel32.dll

Nh vy chng ny chng ta i thit k mt h thng qun l bnh nhn bng cng ngh RFID hon chnh mt cch chi tit t vic thit k reader n thit k phn mm chy trn my tnh. y ti xin php c lu rng, trong qu trnh thit k chng ta cn c bit ch ti anten cho reader. Tuy cch ch to n kh n gin, ch l qun dy ng theo mt hnh trn, hay hnh vung,...Nhng nu tnh ton sai dn n sai s qu ln , c th khin cho reader khng th c c th. V vy khi ch to anten cn c cc my cn thit bit c mt cch chnh nht c th gi tr t cm ca cun dy anten.

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TI LIU THAM KHO [1] Sandip Lahiri, RFID Sourcebook. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall PTR, 2005. [2] Himanshu Bhatt, Bill Glover, RFID Essentials. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly, 2006. [3] Patrick J.Sweeney II, RFID For Dummies. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2005. [4] V.Daniel Hunt, Albert Puglia, Mike Puglia, RFID A Guide To Radio Frequence Identification. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2007. [5] Frank Thornton, Brad Haines, Anand M Das, Hersh Bhargava, RFID Security. Rockland, Massachusetts: Syngress Publishing, 2006. [6] http://www.rfdesignline.com/howto/202101579 ,truy nhp cui cng ngy 10/5/2010. [7] http://www.usb.org/ ,truy nhp cui cng ngy 10/5/2010. [8] http://www.emmicroelectronic.com/Line.asp?IdLine=3/,truy nhp cui cng ngy 1/5/2010. [9] http://wikipedia.org/ ,truy nhp cui cng ngy 10/5/2010. [10] http://www.microchip.com/ ,truy nhp cui cng ngy 10/5/2010. [11] http://www.mysql.com/ ,truy nhp cui cng ngy 10/4/2010. [12] http://php.net/index.php/ ,truy nhp cui cng ngy 12/4/2010. [13] http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/vcsharp/default.aspx,truy nhp cui cng ngy 12/4/2010.

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BNG I CHIU CC THUT NG VIT- ANH

Kh nng nh a ch Dng in xoay chiu iu ch bin Kha dch bin Cc tiu chun c dy ca Hoa K Giao din lp trnh ng dng Tn x ngc M vch Hai pha Th chn (c s dng cc th RFID khc) t chy ( thao tc ghi ln chip) Phn cc trn Khi tch xung Lp Mt loi cng ngh ch to vi mch tch hp Sng lin tc Kim tra d vng B m t B m t thit b (usb) B m t cc bo co (usb) B m t chui (usb) B m t cc giao din (usb) B m t cc c tnh vt l (usb) Lng cc Dng in mt chiu Lng cc i Cng xut bc x ng hng Hiu sut bc x c lp trnh sn bi nh sn xut

Addressability Alternating Current Amplitude Modulation Amplitude Shift Key American Wire Gauge Application Programming Interface Backscatter Bar Code Biphase Blocker Tag Burn Circular Polarization Clock Extractor Class Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Continuous Wave Cyclic Redundancy Check Descriptor Descriptor Device Descriptor Report Descriptor String Descriptor Interface Descriptor physical Dipole Direct Current Dual Dipole Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power Effective Radiated Power Factory Programmed

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Phn mm nh c ci t trn vi iu khin n c th chy ngay khi khi ng Lng cc gp iu ch tn s (hay iu tn) Kha dch tn Tc y (usb) Giao din ha ngi dng Tn s cao Thit b giao tip vi con ngi Thit b chut c h tr bi lp HID Thit b cn iu khin c h tr bi lp Danh mc Phn cc tuyn tnh Mng ni b Tn s thp Tc thp (usb) Phn mm chu trch nhim kt ni phn cng RFID vo h thng iu bin Kha on off Mng c nhn Vng kha pha iu ch pha Kha dch pha Cm l chy (usb) Phn cc iu khin / chnh lu ngun Bng mch in M s sn phm M ha khong xung Nhn dng tn s v tuyn Thit b c th B nh ch c Ch c c ghi Thit b c th nhanh l

Firmware

Folded Dipole Frequency Modulation Frequency Shift Key Full Speed Graphical User Interface High Frequency Human Interface Device HID Mouse HID HID Joystick Item Linear Polarization Local Area Network Low Frequency Low Speed Midleware Modulator On Off Keying Personal Area Network Phase Locked Loop Phase Modulation Phase Shift Key Plug And Play Polarization Power control/rectifier Printed circuit board Product Pulse Interval Encoding Radio Frequency Identification Reader Read Only Memory Read Only Read -Write Reader Agile

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H thng qun l d liu c s (trong h iu hnh windows) on thng tin Giao thc qun l mng n gin Phn lp a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian My pht tn hiu B pht p Tn s siu cao But ni tip a nng M s th h sn phm M s nh sn xut B dao ng c khng ch bng in p Mng khng dy Ghi mt ln c nhiu ln Anten lng cc gp 2 dy Anten lng cc gp 3 dy

Relational Database Management System Segment Simple Network Management Protocol Subclass Time Division Multiple Access Transmitter Transponder Ultra High Frequency Universal Serial Bus Version Vendor Voltage Controlled Oscillator Wireless Write Once - Read Many 2-Wire Folded Dipole Antenna 3-Wire Folded Dipole Antena

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PH LC A : MT S M NGUN Trong phn ph lc ny ti ch xin php trch dn mt s phn m ngun chng trnh quan trng. Trong phi k n l phn m iu khin c th EM4100 v descriptor m t thit b trong kt ni USB. l hai tp em4100.c v usb_descriptor.h Em4100.c :
// Purpose: // Inputs: // // // Outputs: { int8 i; RF_get(sizeof(RFbuffer)*8, TRUE); for(i=0; i<2; ++i) { while(!END_OF_RFBUFFER) { if(header_search_em4100()) { if(decode_data_em4100(data)) // Try to decode the data after the header { RFbuffer_fill(0xAA); return TRUE; } } } RFbuffer_invert(); } // Invert the buffer because the // Manchester encoded data could have // been read starting at the wrong edge RFbuffer_fill(0xAA); return FALSE; } // Prevents false detection // Return error // Prevents false detection // Return sucessful read // Try to find 9 consecutive 1s // Fill the buffer with data Reads the ID number and data number A pointer to a 5 byte array to fill * The first byte will have the ID * The last 4 bytes will have the data TRUE if read successful, FALSE if read failed

int1 read_em4100(int8* data)

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// Purpose: // Inputs: // Outputs: {

Search for the header consisting of 9 ones None TRUE if the header was found, FALSE if it was not found

int1 header_search_em4100() int bitCounter = 0; // Loops until 9 consecutive 1s are found // or the end of the receive buffer is reached while(!END_OF_RFBUFFER) { if(RFbuffer_getBit() == 1) { if(++bitCounter == 9) { return TRUE; } } else { bitCounter = 0; } } return FALSE; }

// Purpose: // Inputs: // // // Outputs: { int1 bit = 0;

Decodes the ID number and data number A pointer to a 5 byte array to fill * The first byte will have the ID * The last 4 bytes will have the data TRUE if read successful, FALSE if read failed

int1 decode_data_em4100(int8* data)

int8 count = 1; int1 parity = 0; int1 colParity1 = 0; int1 colParity2 = 0;

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int1 colParity3 = 0; int1 colParity4 = 0; // Loop until 40 bits of data and 10 bits of parity are received for(count=1; count <= 50; ++count) { bit = RFbuffer_getBit(); if(END_OF_RFBUFFER) { return FALSE; } if(count % 5 == 0) { // Check for row parity if(parity != bit) { return FALSE; } parity = 0; } else { // Store a bit of data shift_right(data, 5, bit); // Calculate row parity parity ^= bit; // Calculate column parity switch (count % 5) { case 1: colParity1 ^= bit; break; case 2: colParity2 ^= bit; break; case 3: colParity3 ^= bit; break; case 4: colParity4 ^= bit; break; } } }

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// Check for column parity if(colParity1 != RFbuffer_getBit() || colParity2 != RFbuffer_getBit() || colParity3 != RFbuffer_getBit() || colParity4 != RFbuffer_getBit() ) { return FALSE; } // Check for stop bit if(RFbuffer_getBit() != 0) { return FALSE; } // Prevents reading all zeros for customer ID and tag ID for(count=0; count<5 && data[count] == 0; ++count); if(count == 5) { return FALSE; } // Return TRUE if no errors in decoding received transponder data return TRUE; }

Usb_descriptor.h :
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// /// /// start config descriptor /// right now we only support one configuration descriptor. /// the config, interface, class, and endpoint goes into this array. /// ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// #DEFINE USB_TOTAL_CONFIG_LEN //configuration descriptor char const USB_CONFIG_DESC[] = { //config_descriptor for config index 1 USB_DESC_CONFIG_LEN, USB_DESC_CONFIG_TYPE, //length of descriptor size //constant CONFIGURATION (0x02) 32 //config+interface+class+endpoint

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USB_TOTAL_CONFIG_LEN,0, //size of all data returned for this config 1, 0x01, configurations) 0x00, 0xC0, 0x32, 100mA) //interface descriptor 0 alt 0 USB_DESC_INTERFACE_LEN, //length of descriptor USB_DESC_INTERFACE_TYPE, 0x00, 0x00, 2, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x00, //alternate setting //number of endpoints, not counting endpoint 0. //class code, FF = vendor defined //subclass code, FF = vendor //protocol code, FF = vendor //index of string descriptor for interface //constant INTERFACE (0x04) //number defining this interface (IF we had more than one interface) //index of string descriptor for this configuration //bit 6=1 if self powered, bit 5=1 if supports remote wakeup (we //maximum bus power required (maximum milliamperes/2) (0x32 = //number of interfaces this device supports //identifier for this configuration. (IF we had more than one

don't), bits 0-4 reserved and bit7=1

//endpoint descriptor USB_DESC_ENDPOINT_LEN, //length of descriptor USB_DESC_ENDPOINT_TYPE, 0x81, 0x02, size supported 0x01, //polling interval in ms. (for interrupt transfers ONLY) //constant ENDPOINT (0x05) //endpoint number and direction (0x81 = EP1 IN) //transfer type supported (0 is control, 1 is iso, 2 is bulk, 3 is interrupt) //maximum packet

USB_EP1_TX_SIZE & 0xFF,USB_EP1_TX_SIZE >> 8,

//endpoint descriptor USB_DESC_ENDPOINT_LEN, //length of descriptor USB_DESC_ENDPOINT_TYPE, 0x01, 0x02, size supported 0x01, }; //****** BEGIN CONFIG DESCRIPTOR LOOKUP TABLES ******** //since we can't make pointers to constants in certain pic16s, this is an offset table to find //polling interval in ms. (for interrupt transfers ONLY) //constant ENDPOINT (0x05) //endpoint number and direction (0x01 = EP1 OUT) //transfer type supported (0 is control, 1 is iso, 2 is bulk, 3 is interrupt) //maximum packet

USB_EP1_RX_SIZE & 0xFF,USB_EP1_RX_SIZE >> 8,

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// a specific descriptor in the above table. //NOTE: DO TO A LIMITATION OF THE CCS CODE, ALL HID INTERFACES MUST START AT 0 AND BE SEQUENTIAL // FOR EXAMPLE, IF YOU HAVE 2 HID INTERFACES THEY MUST BE INTERFACE 0 AND INTERFACE 1 #define USB_NUM_HID_INTERFACES 0 //the maximum number of interfaces seen on any config //for example, if config 1 has 1 interface and config 2 has 2 interfaces you must define this as 2 #define USB_MAX_NUM_INTERFACES 1 //define how many interfaces there are per config. [0] is the first config, etc. const char USB_NUM_INTERFACES[USB_NUM_CONFIGURATIONS]={1}; #if (sizeof(USB_CONFIG_DESC) != USB_TOTAL_CONFIG_LEN) #error USB_TOTAL_CONFIG_LEN not defined correctly #endif ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// /// /// start device descriptors /// ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //device descriptor char const USB_DEVICE_DESC[] ={ USB_DESC_DEVICE_LEN, 0x01, 0x10,0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, SPEED SPECIFIES 8) 0xd8,0x04, 0x11,0x00, 0x00,0x01, 0x01, string_1 array (see below) 0x02, 0x00, //index of string descriptor of the product //index of string descriptor of serial number //vendor id (0x04D8 is Microchip) //product id //device release number //index of string description of manufacturer. therefore we point to //the length of this report //constant DEVICE (0x01) //usb version in bcd //class code (if 0, interface defines class. FF is vendor defined) //subclass code //protocol code

USB_MAX_EP0_PACKET_LENGTH, //max packet size for endpoint 0. (SLOW

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USB_NUM_CONFIGURATIONS //number of possible configurations }; ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// /// /// start string descriptors /// String 0 is a special language string, and must be defined. People in U.S.A. can leave this alone. /// /// You must define the length else get_next_string_character() will not see the string /// Current code only supports 10 strings (0 thru 9) /// ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //the offset of the starting location of each string. //offset[0] is the start of string 0, offset[1] is the start of string 1, etc. const char USB_STRING_DESC_OFFSET[]={0,4,12}; #define USB_STRING_DESC_COUNT sizeof(USB_STRING_DESC_OFFSET) char const USB_STRING_DESC[]={ //string 0 4, //length of string index USB_DESC_STRING_TYPE, //descriptor type 0x03 (STRING) 0x09,0x04, //Microsoft Defined for US-English //string 1 8, //length of string index USB_DESC_STRING_TYPE, //descriptor type 0x03 (STRING) 'B',0, 'M',0, 'E',0, //string 2 46, //length of string index USB_DESC_STRING_TYPE, //descriptor type 0x03 (STRING) 'D',0, 'a',0, 'T',0, 'a',0, ' ',0, 'T',0, 'r',0,

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'a',0, 'n',0, 's',0, 'f',0, 'e',0, 'r',0, ' ',0, 'B',0, 'u',0, 'l',0, 'k',0, ' ',0, 'N',0, 'N',0, 'H',0, };

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PH LC B: MT S MCH HU CH Khi pht trin mt ng dng trn bt c dng vi iu khin no th iu u tin l u phi cn n mch np. Mch np l mt mch thc hin nhim v ghi chng trnh ln b nh ca vi iu khin. N thc hin thao tc ghi thng qua to ra cc mc in p khc nhau. Vi h vi iu khin PIC16 ca hng Microchip th mch np c ch to kh n gin v b nh cn ghi chng trnh ln l b nh flash . V vy khng cn dng n ngun bn ngoi m c th s dng lun mch np qua cng COM (tc l dng ngun trc tip t cng COM my tnh). Cc mch ny kh n gin v mt thit k , ch to. Nhng vi h PIC18, b nh cn ghi chng trnh ln l b nh EEPROM nn phi cn mc in p kh cao mi c th ghi c. V vy khng th dng cc mch np qua cng com. M phi dng ti mch np c s dng ngun t bn ngoi , v truyn d liu qua cng my in. Qua qu trnh tm hiu t internet ti quyt nh s dng mch np Schaer+ cho vi iu khin PIC18F2550 m ti ang s dng cho n ny. Di y ti xin gii thiu qua v s mch np ny:

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Hnh Mch np Schaer+ Di y l layout ca s mch trn:

102

Cn di y l Layout ca mch thit b c th do ti thit k:

Hnh Layout mch thit b c th

PH LC C : DOWNLOAD CC PHN MM CHO NG DNG

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Phn mm qun l c vit bng Visual Csharp nn ch cn ng gi li thnh file t chy exe, khi ch cn mi trng windows l n c th chy c d dng. Tuy nhin c s d liu v cc trang php khng nh vy. Cc trang php v c s d liu c nhng vo bn trong phn mm qun l .Mun phn mm lm vic hiu qu th cn phi c mt my ch c ci t webserver , php v c s d liu Mysql. Hay ni mt cch n gin hn l , trn my tnh ci t phn mm qun l , cn thit phi ci t webserver, php v mysql. Di y ti xin ch ra a ch download cc phn mm . Trc ht tn cn download v cc phn mm cn thit : Webserver apache : download ti a ch: http://www.apache.org PHP : download ti a ch : http://www.php.net/ MySQL : download ti a ch : http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/ Sau khi download ta c cc file l : apache_2.0.50-win32-x86-no_ssl.msi , php-4.3.10-Win32.zip , mysql-4.0.18-win.zip.

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