Thông Tin Di Động

n TN: Tng Quan V H Thng Vin Thng GSM
B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI -------------------------------------------CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM c lp - T do - Hnh phc ---------------------------------
NHIM V N TT NGHIP H v tn sinh vin: INH TH HNG PHC.. S hiu sinh vin: 08C 01T Kho: K53 Vin : in t - Vin thng Ngnh: IN T VIN THNG......... 1. u n: TNG QUAN V H THNG THNG TIN DI NG GSM.. 2. Cc s liu v d liu ban u: ..... 3. Ni dung cc phn thuyt minh v tnh ton: ... ... 4. Cc bn v, th ( ghi r cc loi v kch thc bn v ):
... .... 5. 6. 7. H tn ging vin hng dn:PGS.TS H ANH TY ... Ngy giao nhim v n: . Ngy hon thnh n: . Ngy Ch nhim B mn thng nm Ging vin hng dn
Sinh vin hon thnh v np n tt nghip ngy
thng
nm
Cn b phn bin
SVTH: inh Th Hng Phc

B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI --------------------------------------------------BN NHN XT N TT NGHIP H v tn sinh vin: INH TH HNG PHC ............................... S hiu sinh vin: 08C 01T Ngnh: IN T VIN THNG...................................................... Kho: K53................................. Ging vin hng dn: PGS.TS H ANH TY..................................................................................... Cn b phn bin: ............................................................................................................ 1. Ni dung thit k tt nghip:
.................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................ 2. Nhn xt ca cn b phn bin:
.................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................
Ngy
thng
nm
Cn b phn bin ( K, ghi r h v tn )
MC LC
LI NI U...........................................3 MC LC.....................5 BNG CC T VIT TT.......6 DANH SCH CC HNH..10 CHNG I: GII THIU CHUNG V MNG GSM..........................................11 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.5 1.5.1 1.5.2 1.5.3 1.5.4 Lch s pht trin mng GSM.11 Mng thng tin di ng12 Cc c tnh ca mng di ng GSM..13 Cc dc v tiu chun GSM..13 Dch v thoi13 Cc dch v s liu...............14 Dch v bn tin nhn....14 Cc ch tiu k thut ca GSM.14 V kh nng phc v ..............15 V cht lng phc v v an ton bo mt .....15 V s dng tn s15 V mng...15
CHNG II: CU TRC V THNH PHN CA MNG GSM16 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.1.5 2.2 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.4 2.5 2.5.1 Cu trc a l ca mng.16 Vng phc v PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)....17 Vng mng ..17 Vng phc v MSC (Mobile Service Controler).............17 Vng nh v LA (Location Area)...........18 (Cell)18 Cu trc mng GSM19 Cc thnh phn chc nng trong h thng...20 H thng trm gc BSS ( Base Station Subsystem)20 Phn h chuyn mch SS ( Switching Subsystem)..23 Trm di ng MS (Mobile Station).28 Phn h khai thc v h tr OSS (Operation and Support Subsystem).29 Khai thc..............30
3
2.5.2 2.5.3 2.5.4
Bo dng............30 Qun l thu bao..30 Qun l thit b di ng...31
CHNG 3: CHUYN GIAO HANDOVER TRONG MNG GSM...33 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 Cc loi chuyn giao ...34 Chuyn giao trong BTS.......34 Chuyn giao trong cng BSC..35 Chuyn giao trong cng MSC.35 Chuyn giao gia cc MSC.36
CHNG 4: GIAO TIP V TUYN S.37 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.6.1 4.6.2 4.6.3 4.7 Giao din v tuyn.......37 Suy hao ng truyn v phading...38 Phn tn thi gian....40 Cc phng php phng suy hao ng truyn do phading..41 Phng php chng phn tn thi gian...44 Nguyn tc khi chia knh theo thi gian.....45 Khi nim v khe v tuyn..45 Knh vt l...45 Knh logic....47 Chia knh logic theo khe thi gian..50
CHNG 5: THIT K V QUY HOCH H THNG MNG GSM..52 5.1 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2 H thng thng tin di ng t bo...52 Cu trc h thng thoi trc y...52 H thng thng tin di ng t bo...........................................53 Quy hoch cell.54 Khi nim t bo..54 Kch thc Cell v phng thc ph sng..54 Chia cell...........................................56 Quy hoch tn s.............62 Ti s dng li tn s...63 Cc mu ti s dng li tn s.........................64
4
5.3.3 5.3.4 5.3.5 5.3.6 5.3.7
Thay i quy hoch tn s theo phn b lu lng.........................................65 Thit k tn s theo phng php MPR..67 Kiu loi anten.76 tng ch anten.77 Cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng....77
KT LUN..82 TI LIU THAM KHO..83
CC T VIT TT ACCH Associated Control Chanel Knh iu khin lin kt AGCH Access Grant Chanel Knh cho php truy nhp AuC BCCH Authentication Center Broadcast Control Chanel Trung tm nhn thc Knh iu khin qung b BCH BER Bm BSIC Broadcast Chanel Bit Error Rate Full Rate TCH Base Station Indentity Code Knh qung b T l li bit TCH ton quc M nhn dng trm gc BSS BSSA Base Station Subsystem Base Station Application Part Phn h trm gc Phn ng dng trm gc BS BTS C/A Base Station Base Transceiver Station Carrier to Adjeacent Trm gc Trm thu pht gc T s sng mang/ nhiu ln cn CCH CCCH Control Chanel Common Control Chanel Knh iu khin Knh iu khin chung CCITT International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee y ban t vn quc t v in thoi v in bo
CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access
a truy nhp chia theo m (t bo) Lin minh Chu u v Bu Chnh Vin Thng Nhn dng T s sng mang/ nhiu ng knh T s sng mang/ sng phn x Qun l kt ni Knh iu khin dnh ring Vin tiu chun VTCA B ghi nhn dng thit b a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s Knh hiu chnh tn s Knh iu khin lnh lin kt nhanh Tng i di ng cng Trung tm di ng ton cu
Cell CEPT
Cellulear Conference of European Post an Telecommunication
CI C/I
Cell Identity Carrier to Interference
C/R
Carrier to Reflection
CM DCCH
Conection Management Deidicated Control Chanel
ETSI
European Telecomunications Standards Institue
EIR
Equipment Identification Register
FDMA
Frequency Division Multiple Access
FCCH
Frequency Correction Chanel
FACCH
Fast Associated Control Chanel
GSMC GSM
Gateway MSC Global System for Mobile Communication
GPRS
Generation Packet Radio Service
Dch v v tuyn gi chung B ng k nh v thng tr
HLR
Home Location
HON ISON
Handover Number Intergrated Service Digital Network
S chuyn giao Mng s a dch v
IMSI
International Mobile Subcriber S nhn dng thu bao Identity di ng quc t T l thnh cng Handover Vng nh v M vng nh v S nhn dng vng nh v Cc th tc truy nhp ng truyn knh D LAPD c iu chnh M quc gia ca trm di ng M mng trung tm di ng a mu s dng li Tng i di ng Trm di ng
8
IHOSR
Incoming HO successful Rate
LA LAC LAI
Location Area Location Area Code Location Area Identity
LAPD
Link Access Procedures on Dchanel
LAPDm
LAPDmodified
MCC
Mobile Country Code
MNC
Mobile Network Code
MPR MSC
Multiple Reuse Patterns Mobile Switching Service Center
MS
Mobile Station
MSISDN
Mobile Station ISDN Number
S ISDN ca trm di ng in thoi di ng Bc u Phn h mng Trung tm khai thc v bo dng Phn h khai thc v h tr Lit k h thng m Knh tm gi Mng di ng mt t cng cng M s liu cng cng chuyn mch gi Mng chuyn mch in thoi cng cng Knh truy cp ngu nhin
NMT
Nordic Mobile Telephone
NSS OMC
Network Subsystem Operation and Maintencince Center
OSS
Operation and Support System
OSI PCH PLMN
Open System Interconnetion Puging Chanel Public Land Mobile Network
PSPDN
Packet Switch Public Data Network
PSTN
Public Swithched Telephone Network
RACH
Random Access Chanel
RX SABM
Receiver Set Asynchronous Balance Mode
My thu t ch cn bng khng ng b Knh iu kin dnh ring ng mt mnh Phn iu kin kt ni bo hiu Knh ng b khung
SACCH
Slow Associated Control Chanel
SCCP
Signaling Connection Control Part
SCH
Synchoronous Chanel
SDCCH
Stand Alone Dedicated
iu khin knh dnh ring Modun nhn dng thu bao Dch v bn tin ngn Phn h chuyn mch Knh lu lng a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s Mng qun l v tuyn B chuyn i m v phi hp tc B thu pht
SIM
Subscriber Identity Modul
SMS SS TCH TDMA
Short Message Service Switching Subsystem Traffic Chanel Time Division Multiple Access
TMN
Telecommunication
TRAU
Transcoding and Rate/ Adapter Unit
TRx
Transceiver
10
DANH SCH CC HNH Hnh 1.1 Thnh phn di ng trn th gii nm 200616 Hnh 2.1 Phn vng cu trc a l mng GSM20 Hnh 2.2 Phn vng v chia 20 Hnh 2.3M hnh h thng GSM..23 Hnh 2.4 Chc nng x l cuc gi ca MSC..28 Hnh 3.1 Chuyn giao trong mng GSM..36 Hnh 3.2 Chuyn giao trong BTS...36 Hnh 3.3 Chuyn giao trong cng BSC..36 Hnh 3.4 Chuyn giao trong cng MSC.38 Hnh 3.5 Chuyn giao gia cc MSC khc nhau...38 Hnh 4.1 Fading chun Logarit......41 Hnh 4.2 Fading Raile42 Hnh 4.3 Tn hiu thu c khi cch anten pht Tx mt khong nht nh.. .42 Hnh 4.4 Biu din phn tp thi gian...45 Hnh 4.5T chc a khung49 Hnh 4.6 Phn loi knh logic51 Hnh 4.7 Ghp cc BCH v CCCH Ts0..53 Hnh 4.8 Ghp RAC Ts054 Hnh 4.9 Ghp TCH..54 Hnh 5.1 Cu trc h thng thng tin di ng trc y..55 Hnh 5.2 H thng thng tin di ng s dng cu trc t bo .56 Hnh 5.3 Omni (3600) Cell site..58 Hnh 5.4 Sector ha 1200..59
11
Hnh 5.5 Phn chia Cell60 Hnh 5.6 Cc Omni (3600) Cells ban u..60 Hnh 5.7 Giai on 1 :Sector ha..60 Hnh 5.8 Tch chia 1:3 thm ln na60 Hnh 5.9 Tch chia 1:4 (sau ln u chia 3)..61 Hnh 5.10 Mng mu gm 7 cells...66 Hnh 5.11 Khong cch ti s dng tn s..67 Hnh 5.12 Thay i quy hoch tn s.68 Hnh 5.13 Ph sng khng lin tc.70 Hnh 5.14 Mt v d v hiu qu ca k thut nhy tn trn phn tp nhiu ca mt mng li. Kch thc ca mi tn phn nh nhiu tng quan gia cc cell ng knh...71 Hnh 5.15 V d v thit k tn s vi phng php MRP..75 Hnh 5.16 Anten v hng (Omni antenna)...............................................................79 Hnh 5.17 Anten v hng (Omni antenna)................................................................79
12
LI NI U
Ngy nay, cuc cch mng ca cc nghnh khoa hc k thut v ang pht trin rt mnh m. c bit l trong lnh vc Cng Ngh Thng Tin v in T - Vin Thng. Hn na thng tin di ng hin nay cn tr thnh mt dch v kinh doanh khng th thiu ca cc nh khai thc dch v vin thng. Nhng thnh tu ca Cng Ngh Thng Tin v in T - Vin Thng c nhiu ng dng to ln v tr thnh mt phn quan trng trong cuc sng ca chng ta ngy nay. i vi cc khc hng vin thng nht l i vi cc nh doanh nghip vin thng th thng tin di ng tr thnh mt phng tin quen thuc. Cc dch v thng ti di ng khng cn hn ch i vi cc khch hng giu c m pht trin cho mi i tng khch hng. Cng vi s pht trin ca t nc th Cng ngh thng tin cng c nhng bc pht trin vt bc so vi s pht trin ca cc nghnh khc nh: in, in t, tin hc, quang hc Cc quc gia u coi vin thng l nghnh mi nhn v c u t thch ng trong nhiu nghin cu v trong ng dng cng ngh thng tin lm n by kch thch s pht trin ca nghnh kinh t quc dn khc. Ngy nay vi nhu cu c v s lng v cht lng ca khch hng s dng cc dch v vin thng ngy cng cao, i hi phi c nhng phng tin thng tin hin i, p ng nhu cu a dng ca khch hng mi lc, mi ni h cn.V mng GSM vi nhng u im ni bt nh: dung lng ln, cht lng tt, tnh bo mt caoth s ra i ca mng di ng GSM p ng c cc yu cu cao, cn thit cho ton x hi. Nghnh thng tin di ng c coi l nghnh mi nhn cn phi i trc mt bc. lm c s cho cc nghnh khc pht trin, nhu cu trao i, cp nht thng tin ca con ngi mi lc, mi ni ngy cng cao. Cc h thng thng tin di ng ra i v pht trin tr thnh mt loi hnh dch v, phng tin thng tin ph bin, p ng nhu cu ca cuc sng hin i. Cc h thng thng tin di ng ang pht trin rt nhanh c v quy m, dung lng v c bit l cc loi hnh dch v mi p ng tt hn nhu cu ca ngi s dng. Nhng nm gn y, lnh vc thng tin di ng trong nc c nhng bc pht trin vt bc c v c s h tng ln cht lng phc v. Vi s hnh thnh ca nhiu nh cung cp dch v vin thng mi to ra s cnh tranh thu ht th th trng thu bao gia cc nh cung cp dch v. Hn na, cc nh cung cp dch v lin tc a ra cc chnh sch khuyn mi, gim gi cc cng thu ht c rt nhiu khch hng s dng dch v. Mt khc, mc sng chung ca ton x hi ngy cng c nng cao khin cho s lng cc thu bao s dng dch v di ng tng t bin trong vi nm gn y.
13
Ti Vit Nam, mng di ng s th h th 2 (2G) s dng cng ngh GSM v ang pht trin rng khp cc tnh thnh trong c nc. Cng ngh GSM s dng di tn 900Mhz, 9,6Kbps ch c p dng cho cc dch v thoi, dch v bn tin nhn, hn ch nhiu dch v phi thoi yu cu c tc cao nh hnh nh, gi hnh nh, vn bn v truy cp Internet... ng thi vi s pht trin ca mng di ng s dng cng ngh GSM, ngy nay, khng ch c cc nc tin tin trn th gii m nc ta cng pht trin rt mnh cc mng s dng cng ngh cao hn nh: GPRS, 3G, W CDMA(4G). Cc mng di ng s dng cng ngh cao c tc truy cp nhanh hn, cung cp nhiu loi hnh dch v tin tin m GSM khng cung cp c v cng p ng c nhu cu s dng vin thng hin nay ca khch hng s dng mng. C th ni, ngy nay h thng cng ngh thng tin cng nh h thng thng tin di ng lin tc thay i v pht trin nhanh chng. Hay ni cch khc l chng thay i, nng cp theo tng ngy, bin i tng gi. Tuy vy, cc khai nim c bn nn tng v h thng thng tin di ng th khng thay i. Bi tt c cc cng ngh tin tin by gi u c ci tin t cc nn tng c bn . Do vy, da trn nhng hiu bit thc t em tm hiu v nhng kin thc tch ly trong ba nm hc tp chuyn ngnh in T - Vin Thng ti trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni. Em chn ti Tng Quan V H Thng Thng Tin Di ng GSM. Em nhn c s hng dn tn tnh ca c PGS.TS H Anh Ty. Em xin chn trng cm n c. Em cng xin chn thnh gi li cm n ti tt c cc thy, c gio trong vin in T - Vin Thng trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni, ni dy d v du dt em trong sut ba nm hc ti trng. H Ni, thng 3 nm 2011. Sinh vin thc hin: inh Th Hng Phc
14
CHNG I: GII THIU CHUNG V MNG GSM

GSM l h thng thng tin di ng ton cu (ting Anh: Global System for Mobile Communication, c vit tt l: GSM) l mt cng ngh dng cho mng thng tin di ng. Dch v GSM c s dng bi hn 2 t ngi trn 212 quc gia v vng lnh th. Cc mng thng tin di ng GSM cho php c th roaming vi nhau. Do nhng my in thoi di ng ca cc mng GSM khc nhau ch c th s dng nhiu ni trn th gii. GSM l chun ph bin nht cho in thoi di ng (TD) trn th gii. Kh nng c th ph sng khp ni ca chun GSM khin n tr nn ph bin trn th gii, cho php ngi s dng c th s dng TD ca h nhiu vng trn th gii. GSM khc vi cc chun trc kia v c tn hiu, tc ln cht lng cuc gi. N c xem nh l mt h thng TD th h th 2 (second generation, 2G ). GSM l mt chun m, hin ti n c pht trin bi 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). 1.1 Lch s pht trin ca mng GSM:
Vo u thp nin 1980, ti Chu u, ngi ta pht trin mt mng TD ch s dng trong mt s khu vc. Sau nm 1982 n c chun ha bi CEPT (European Conference of Postal and Telecommunication Administrations) v to ra Groupe Spcial Mobile (GSM) vi mc ch pht trin mt chun thng nht cho h thng thng tin di ng c th s dng chung cho ton Chu u. Mng in thoi di ng s dng cng ngh GSM c xy dng v a vo s dng u tin bi mng Radiolinja Phn Lan. Vo nm 1989, cng vic qun l tiu chun v pht trin mng GSM c chuyn cho Vin vin thng Chu u (European Telecommunications Standards Istitute - ETSI) v cc tiu chun, c tnh phase 1 ca cng ngh GSM c cng b vo nm 1990. Nm 1992, Telstra Australia l mng u tin ngoi Chu u k vo bin bn ghi nh ca GSM MoU (Memorandum of Understanding). Cng trong nm ny, tha thun chuyn vng quc t u tin c k kt gia hai mng Finland Telecom ca Phn Lan v Vodafone ca Anh. Tin nhn u tin cng c gi i trong nm 1992. Nhng nm sau , h thng thng tin di ng ton cu GSM pht trin mt cch mnh m, cng vi s gia tng nhanh chng ca cc nh iu hnh, cc mng di ng mi th s lng cc thu bao cng gia tng mt cch chng mt. n cui nm 1993
SVTH: inh Th Hng Phc 15
c hn 1 triu thu bao s dng mng GSM ca 70 nh cung cp dch v trn 48 quc gia. Nm 1996, s thnh vin GSM MoU ln ti 200 nh iu hnh t gn 100 quc gia, 167 mng hot ng trn 94 quc gia vi s thu bao t trn 50 triu. Nm 2000, GPRS c ng dng. Nm 2001, mng 3GSM (UMTS) c i vo hot ng, s thu bao GSM vt qu 500 triu. Nm 2003, mng EDGE i vo hot ng. Cho n nm 2006 s thu bao di ng GSM ln ti con s 2 t vi trn 700 nh iu hnh, chim gn 80% th phn thng tin di ng trn th gii. Theo d on ca GSM Association, nm 2007 s thu bao GSM s t 2,5 t.
1.2
Hnh 1.1 Thnh phn di ng trn th gii nm 2006. Mng thng tin di ng:
T u nm 1980 sau khi h thng WMT a vo hot ng mt cch thnh cng th n cng biu hin mt s hn ch. - Th nht: do yu cu ca dch v qu ln so vi mong i ca cc nh thit k nn h thng ny khng th p ng c. - Th hai: cc h thng khc nhau ang hot ng khng ph hp vi ngi dng trong mng. V d: mt u cui trong TACS khng th truy nhp vo mng NMT cng nh mt u cui NMT khng th truy nhp vo mng TACS. - Th ba: nu thit k mt mng cho ton Chu u th khng mt nc no p ng c v vn u t qu ln.
16
Tt c nhng hn ch trn dn n mt yu cu l phi thit k mt h thng mi c lm theo kiu chung c th dng cho nhiu nc. Trc tnh hnh vo thng 9/1987 trong hi ngh ca Chu u v bu chnh vin thng, 17 quc gia ang s dng mng in thoi hp hi ngh v k vo bin bn ghi nh lm nn tng cho mng thng tin di ng s l ton Chu u s dng di tn 900 Mhz. n nm 1988 vin tiu chun Chu u (European- TelecommunicationStandard Institute) thnh lp nhm c trch v mng thng tin di ng s GSM. Nhm ny c nhim v a ra tiu chun thng nht cho thng tin di ng s GSM di hnh thc cc khuyn ngh, ly cc tiu chun ny lm c s cho vic xy dng mng thng tin di ng v lm sao cho chng thng nht, tng thch nhau. Cc c tnh ca mng di ng GSM: T cc khuyn ngh ca GSM ta c th t hp nn cc c tnh ch yu nh sau: - S lng ln cc dch v v tin ch ca cc thu bao c trong thng tin thoi v s liu. - S tng thch ca cc dch v trong GSM vi cc dch v mng ca mng c sn (PSTN- ISDN) bi cc giao din theo tiu chun chung. - T ng cp nht v tr cho mi thu bao di ng. - linh hot cao nh s dng cc u cui thng tin di ng khc nhau nh my xch tay, my cm tay, t trn t. - S dng bng tn s 900MHz vi hiu qu cao nh s kt hp gia TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) vi FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access). - Gii quyt s hn ch dung lng nh vic s dng tn s tt hn. 1.4 Cc dch v c tiu chun GSM. 1.4.1 Dch v thoi: - Chuyn hng cc cuc gi v iu kin. - Chuyn hng cuc gi khi thu bao di ng khng bn. - Chuyn hng cuc gi khi khng n c MS. - Chuyn hng cuc gi khi nghn v tuyn. - Cm tt c cc cuc gi ra. - Cm tt c cc cuc gi ra quc t. - Cm tt c cc cuc gi ra quc t tr cc nc PLMN thng tr. - Cm tt c cc cuc gi n. - Cm tt c cc cuc gi n khi lu ng nc ngoi c PLMN thng tr. - Gi cuc gi. - i gi. - Chuyn tip cuc gi. 1.3
- Hon thnh cc cuc gi n cc thu bao bn. - Nhm v s dng khp kn. - Dch v ba pha. - Thng bo cc ph. - Dch v in thoi khng tnh cc. - Nhn dng s ch gi. - Nhn dng cuc gi him th. - Nhn dng s thoi c ni. 1.4.2 Cc dch v s liu: GSM c thit k a ra rt nhiu cc dch v s liu. Cc dch v s liu c phn bit vi nhau bi ngi s dng phng tin (ngi s dng in thoi PSTN, ISDN hoc cc mng c bit ) bi bn cht ca lung thng tin u cui (d liu th, Fax, Videotex, Teletex). Bi phng tin truyn dn (gi hay mch, ng b hay khng ng b) v bi bn cht ca thit b u cui. Cc dch v ny cha thc s thch hp vi mi trng di ng. Mt trong cc yu cu l do yu cu thit b u cui kh cng knh, ch ph hp vi mc ch bn c nh hoc thit b t trn t. 1.4.3 Dch v bn tin nhn:
Dch v bn tin nhn kh ph hp vi mi trng di ng cc bn tin nhn di vi octet c th c tip nhn bng thit b u cui rt nh. C hai loi dch v bn tin nhn: - Dch v bn tin nhn truyn im im (gia hai thu bao). Loi ny c chia thnh hai loi nh: + Dch v bn tin nhn kt cui di ng, im im (SMS- MO/ PP). Cho php ngi s dng GSM nhn cc bn tin nhn. + Dch v bn tin nhn khi u t Mobile, im im (SMS-MI/PP). Cho php ngi s dng GSM gi bn tin n ngi s dng GSM khc. - Dch v bn tin nhn pht qung b: cho php bn tin nhn gi n my di ng trn mt vng a l nht nh.
18
1.5
Cc ch tiu k thut ca mng GSM:
H thng thng tin di ng GSM cho php chuyn vng t do ca cc thu bao trong khu vc Chu u, c ngha l mt thu bao c th thm nhp sang mng ca cc nc khc khi di chuyn sang bin gii. Trm di ng GSM MS (GSM Mobile Station) phi c kh nng trao i thng tin bt c ni no ph sng quc t. 1.5.1 V kh nng phc v: - H thng c thit k sao cho MS c th dng c tt c cc nc c mng. - Cng vi phc v thoi, h thng phi cho php s linh hot ln nht cho cc loi dch v khc lin quan n mng s kt ni a dch v (ISDN). - To mt h thng c th phc v cho cc MS trn cc tu vin dng nh mt mng m rng c cc dch v di ng mt t. 1.5.2 V cht lng dch v v an ton bo mt: - Cht lng ca thoi trong GSM phi t nht c cht lng nh cc h thng di ng tng t trc trong iu kin vn hnh thc t. - H thng c kh nng bo mt, m ha thng tin ngi dng m khng nh hng n h s cng nh khng nh hng n cc thu bao khc khng dng n kh nng ny. 1.5.3 V s dng tn s: - H thng cho php mc cao v hiu qu ca di tn m c th phc v vng thnh th v nng thn cng nh cc dch v mi pht trin. - Di tn s hot ng l 890- 915 v 935-960 Mhz. - H thng GSM 900 Mhz phi c th tn ti cng cc h thng dng 900 Mhz trc y. 1.5.4 V mng: - K hoch nhn dng da trn khuyn ngh ca CCITT. - K hoch nh s da trn khuyn ngh ca CCITT. - H thng phi cho php cu trc v t l tnh cc khc nhau khi c nhn dng trong cc mng khc nhau. - Trung tm chuyn mng v cc thanh ghi nh v phi dng h thng bo hiu c tiu chun ha quc t. - Chc nng bo v thng tin bo hiu v thng tin iu khin mng phi c cung cp trong h thng.
19
CHNG II: CU TRC V THNH PHN MNG GSM

2.1 Cu trc a l ca mng: Mi mt mng in thoi cn mt cu trc nht nh, nh tuyn cc cuc gi n tng i cn thit v cui cng n thu bao b gi. Trong mng di ng th cu trc ny rt quan trng do tnh lu thng ca cc thu bao trong mng. Trong h thng GSM th cu trc c th c chia thnh cc phn vng sau:
Hnh 2.1 Phn vng cu trc a l mng GSM.
Hnh 2.2 Phn vng v chia .

2.1.1 Vng phc v PLMN ( Public Lan Mobile Network ): Vng phc v GSM l ton b vng phc v do s kt hp ca cc quc gia thnh vin nn nhng my in thoi di ng GSM ca cc mng GSM khc nhau c th s dng c nhiu ni trn th gii. Phn cp tip theo l vng phc v PLMN, c th l mt hay nhiu vng trong mt quc gia ty theo kch thc ca vng phc v. Kt ni cc ng truyn gia mng di ng GSM/PLMN v cc mng khc (c nh hay di ng) u mc tng i trung k quc gia hay quc t. Tt c cc cuc gi vo hay ra mng GSM/PLMN u c nh tuyn thng qua tng i v tuyn cng G- MSC (Gateway Mobile Service Switching Center). G-MSC lm vic nh mt tng i trung k vo cho GSM/PLMN. 2.1.2 Vng mng: Tt c cc cuc gi vo mng s c nh tuyn n mt hay nhiu tng i v tuyn cng (GMSC). GMSC lm vic nh mt tng i trung k vo cho mng GSM. y l ni thc hin chc nng hi nh tuyn cuc gi n mt tng i v tuyn cng. 2.1.3 Vng phc v MSC: MSC (trung tm chuyn mch cc nghip v di ng, gi tt l tng i di ng). Vng phc v MSC l mt phn ca mng c mt MSC qun l, nh tuyn mt cuc gi n mt thu bao di ng. Mi thng tin nh tuyn cuc gi ti thu bao di ng hin ang trong vng phc v ca MSC c lu gi trong b ghi nh v tm tr VLR. Mt vng mng GSM/PLMN c chia thnh mt hay nhiu vng phc v MSC/VLR.
21
2.1.4 Vng nh v LA( Location Area): Mi vng phc v MSC/VLR c chia thnh mt s vng nh v LA. Vng nh v l mt phn ca vng phc v MSC/VLR, c mt trm di ng c th chuyn ng t do m khng cn cp nht thng tin v v tr ca tng i MSC iu khin vng nh v ny. Khi c cuc gi n, h thng s pht qung b mt thng bo tm thu bao b gi. Vng nh v LA c h thng s dng tm mt thu bao ang trng thi hot ng. Vng ny c th c mt s v thuc vo mt hay vi BSC nhng n ch thuc vo MSC v n c nhn dng bng ch s vng nhn dng vng nh v LAI (location Area Identity). Vng nh v c h thng s dng tm mt thu bao ang trng thi hot ng. LAI = MCC + MNC +LAC MCC (Mobile Country Code): m quc gia. MNC (Mobile Network Code): m mng di ng . LAC (Location Area Code): m vng nh v (16 bit) 2.1.5 (Cell): Vng nh v c chia thnh mt s . l n v nh nht ca mng, l mt vng bao ph v tuyn c mng nhn dng bng ch s nhn dng ton cu CGI (Cell Global Identity). Mi c qun l bi mt trm v tuyn gc BTS. CGI = MCC + MNC + LAC + CI CI: Nhn dng mt xc nh v tr trong vng nh v. Trm di ng t nhn dng mt bng cch s dng m nhn dng trm gc BSIC (Base Station Identity Code).
22
2.2 Cu trc mng GSM: H thng GSM c th chia thnh nhiu h thng con. H thng con chuyn mch SS (Switching Subsystem), h thng con trm gc BSS (Base Station Subsystem), h thng khai thc v bo dng mng OMC (Operations & Maintenance Center).
Hnh 2.3 M hnh h thng GSM Cc k hiu: - SS: H thng chuyn mch - AUC: Trung tm nhn thc - VLR: B ghi nh v tm tr - HLR: B ghi nh v thng tr - EIR: Thanh ghi nhn dng thit b - MSC: Trung tm chuyn mch cc dch v di ng (gi tt l tng i v tuyn) - BSS: H thng trm gc
- BTS: Trm thu pht gc - BSC: H thng iu khin trm gc - MS: Trm di ng - OMC: Trung tm khai thc v bo dng - ISDN: Mng lin kt a dch v - PSPDN: Mng chuyn mch cng cng theo gi - PSSTN: Mng chuyn mch in thoi cng cng - PLMN: Mng di ng cng cng mt t. Cu trc mng di ng s GSM theo khuyn ngh ca GSM th mng GSM c chia thnh h thng chuyn mch (SS) v h thng trm gc BSS. Mi mt h thng cha mt s khi chc nng v cc khi ny c thc hin cc phn cng khc nhau. 2.3 Cc thnh phn chc nng trong h thng: Mng thng tin di ng cng cng mt t PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) theo chun GSM c chia thnh 4 phn h chnh sau: - Trm di ng MS (Mobile Station). - Phn h trm gc BSS (Base Station Subsystem) - Phn h chuyn mch SS (Switching Subsystem) - Phn h khai thc v h tr (Operation and Support Subsystem) 2.3.1 H thng trm gc BSS (Base Station Subsystem): H thng BSS c chia thnh hai khi chc nng chnh: Trm thu pht gc BTS (Base Transceiver Station) v b iu khin trm gc BSC (Base Station Controller), ngoi ra cn c khi thch ng tc chuyn i m TRAU (Transcoder Rate Adaptor Unit). Phn h trm gc BSS (Base Station Subsystem), giao din trc tip vi cc trm di ng MS bng thit b BTS thng qua giao din v tuyn. Mt khc BSS thc hin
giao din vi cc tng i phn h chuyn mch SS. Ni chung, BSS thc hin giao din vi tng i v nh vy u ni nhng ngi s dng cc trm di ng vi nhng ngi s dng vin thng khc. BSS cng phi c iu khin, do n c u ni vi phn h vn hnh v bo dng OSS. Phn h trm gc BSS bao gm: a. TRAU (Transcoding and Rate Adapter Unit): B chuyn i m v phi hp tc . C nhim v chuyn i tn hiu thoi thnh lung tc s 64kbit/s truyn t BSC n MSC. TRAU tip nhn cc khung s liu 16kbit/s t giao din Abis gia BSC n MSC, v n nh dng li thng tin ca mi lung s liu thnh dng A- TRAU truyn i trn giao din A gia BSC v MSC. TRAU thng c t cng v tr vi BSC. b. BSC (Base Station Controler): Trm thu pht gc BSC c nhim v qun l giao din v tuyn gia BTS vi MS thng qua cc lnh iu khin t xa. l cc lnh n nh, gii phng knh v tuyn v qun l chuyn giao. Vai tr ca BSC l qun l knh v qun l chuyn giao. BSC n nh knh v tuyn trong ton b thi gian thit lp cuc gi v gii phng knh khi kt thc cuc gi. BSC thc hin cc qu trnh chuyn giao (Handover) gia cc BTS. Mt BSC c th qun l hng chc BTS. Cc chc nng chnh ca BSC: 1. Qun l mng v tuyn: Vic qun l mng v tuyn chnh l qun l cc Cell v cc knh logic ca chng. Cc s liu qun l u c a v BSC o c v x l, v d nh lu lng thng tin mt Cell, mi trng v tuyn, s lng cuc gi b mt, cc ln chuyn giao thnh cng v tht bi
25
2.
Qun l trm v tuyn gc BTS: Trc khi a vo khai thc th BSC lp cu hnh ca BTS (s my thu / pht
TRX, tn s cho mi trm). Nh m BSC c sn mt tp cc knh v tuyn dnh cho iu khin v ni thng cuc gi. 3. iu khin ni thng tin cc cuc gi: BSC chu trch nhim thit lp v gii phng cc u ni ti my di ng MS. Trong qu trnh gi, s u ni c BSC gim st. Cng tn hiu, cht lng cc cuc u ni c my di ng v TRX gi n BSC. Da vo m BSC s quyt nh cng sut pht tt nht ca MS v TRX gim nhiu v tng cht lng cuc u ni. BSC cn iu khin qu trnh chuyn giao nh cc kt qu o k trn quyt nh chuyn giao MS sang Cell khc, nhm t c cht lng cuc gi tt hn. Trong trng hp chuyn giao sang Cell ca mt BSC khc th n phi nh s tr gip ca MSC. Ngoi ra, BSC cn c th iu khin chuyn giao gia cc knh trong mt Cell hoc t Cell ny sang knh ca Cell khc khi Cell ny b nghn hoc nhiu. 4. Qun l mng truyn dn: BSC c chc nng qun l cu hnh cc ng truyn dn ti MSC v BTS m bo cht lng thng tin. Trong trng hp c s c mt tuyn no th n s t ng iu khin ti mt tuyn d phng. c. BTS (Base Transceiver Station): Thc hin chc nng v tuyn trc tip n cc thu bao di ng MS thng qua giao din v tuyn Um. BTS gm cc thit b thu, pht, anten v cc khi x l tn hiu. BTS c coi l mt modem v tuyn phc tp c thm mt s chc nng khc. Chc nng chnh ca BTS l: - Qun l lp vt l truyn dn v tuyn
- Qun l giao thc lin kt s liu gia MS vi BSC - Vn hnh v bo dng trm BTS - Cung cp cc thit b truyn dn v ghp knh ni trn giao tip A- bis 2.3.2 Phn h chuyn mch SS (Switching Subsystem ):
Phn h chuyn mch (SS) bao gm cc chc nng chnh ca mng GSM cng nh cc c s d liu cn thit cho s liu thu bao v qun l di ng ca thu bao. Chc nng chnh ca SS l qun l thng tin gia nhng ngi s dng mng GSM vi nhau v vi mng khc. Phn h chuyn mch bao gm cc khi chc nng sau: - Trung tm chuyn mch nghip v di ng MSC. - Thanh ghi nh v thng tr HLR. - Thanh ghi nh v tm tr VLR. - Trung tm nhn thc AuC. - Thanh ghi nhn dng thit b EIR. a. Trung tm chuyn mch di ng MSC: phn h chuyn mch SS, chc nng chuyn mch chnh c MSC thc hin. Tng i di ng MSC (Mobile service Switching Center) thng l mt tng i di ng ln iu khin v qun l mt s cc b iu khin trm gc BSC. MSC thc hin cc chc nng chuyn mch chnh, v vy nhim v chnh ca MSC l to kt ni v x l cuc gi n nhng thu bao ca GSM, ngoi ra MSC giao tip vi phn h BSS v giao tip vi mng ngoi qua tng i cng GMSC (Gate MSC). Vic giao tip vi mng ngoi m bo thng tin cho ngi s dng mng GSM i hi cng thch ng (cc chc nng tng tc IWF: Interworking Function). SS cng cn giao tip vi cc mng ngoi s dng kh nng truyn ti ca cc mng ny cho vic truyn ti s liu ca ngi s dng hoc bo hiu gia cc phn t ca mng GSM. kt ni MSC vi mt s cc mng khc, cn phi thch ng cc c im truyn dn ca GSM vi cc mng ny. Cc thch ng c gi l chc nng tng tc
IWF (Interworking Function). Bao gm mt thit b thch ng giao thc v truyn dn. N cho php kt ni vi cc mng: PSPDN (Packet Switched Public Data Network: mng s liu cng cng chuyn mch gi), hay CSPDN (Circuit Switched Public Data Network: mng s liu cng cng chuyn mch knh). N cng tn ti khi cc mng khc ch n thun l PSTN hay ISDN. IWF c th c thc hin trong cng chc nng MSC hay c th thit b ring, trng hp hai th giao tip gia MSC v IWF c m. thit lp mt cuc gi n ngi s dng GSN, trc ht cuc gi phi c nh tuyn n mt tng i cng GMSC m khng cn bit n hin thi thu bao ang u. Cc tng i cng c nhim v ly thng tin v v tr ca thu bao ri nh tuyn cuc gi n tng i ang qun l thu bao thi im hin thi (MSC tm tr). Nhng trc ht cc tng i phi da trn s thoi danh b ca thu bao tm ng HLR cn thit v hi HLR ny. Tng i c mt giao din vi cc mng bn ngoi vi mng GSM. V mt kinh t, khng phi bao gi tng i cng ng ring m thng c kt hp vi MSC. Chc nng chnh ca tng i MSC: - X l cuc gi( Call Processing) - iu khin chuyn giao(Handover Control) - Qun l di ng ( Mobility Management) - Tng tc mng IWF ( Interworking Function): qua GMSC
Hnh 2.4 Chc nng x l cuc gi ca MSC
28
- (1): Khi thu bao ch gi quay s thu bao di ng b gi, s mng dch v s lin kt ca thu bao di ng, s c hai trng hp xy ra: - (1.a): Nu cuc gi khi u t mng c nh PSTN th tng i sau khi phn tch s thoi s bit y l cuc gi cho mt thu bao di ng. Cuc gi s c nh tuyn ti ti tng i cng GMSC gn nht. - (1.b): Nu cuc gi khi u t trm di ng, MSC ph trch m trm di ng trc thuc s nhn c bn tin thit lp cuc gi t MS thng qua BTS c cha s thoi ca thu bao di ng b gi. - (2): MSC (hay GMSC) s phn tch s MSISDN (The Mobile Station ISDN) ca thu bao b gi tm ra HLR ni MS ng k. - (3): MSC (hay GMSC) s ri khi HLR thng tin c th nh tuyn n MSC/VLR qun l MS. - (4): HLR s tr li, khi MSC (hay GMSC) ny c th nh tuyn li cuc gi n MSC cn thit. Khi cuc gi n MSC ny, VLR s bit chi tit hn v v tr ca MS. Vy c th ni thng mt cuc gi mng GSM, l chc nng x l cuc gi ca MSC. kt ni MSC vi mt s mng khc cn phi thch ng cc c im truyn dn ca mng GSM vi cc mng ny. Cc thch ng c gi l chc nng tng tc IWF (Internet Working Function). IWF bao gm mt thit b thch ng giao thc v truyn dn. IWF c th thc hin trong cng chc nng MSC hay c th thit b ring, trng hp giao tip gia MSC v IWF c m. b. B ghi nh v thng tr (HLR- Home Location Register): Ngoi SS, MSC bao gm cc c s d liu, cc thng tin lin quan n vic cung cp cc dch v vin thng c lu tr HLR v khng ph thuc vo v tr hin thi ca thu bao, ng thi cha cc thng tin v v tr hin thi ca thu bao. Chnh v vy HLR c coi l c s d liu quan trng nht ca GSM. Thng HLR l mt
29
my tnh ng ring khng c kh nng chuyn mch nhng c kh nng qun l hng trm ngn thu bao. Cc thng tin lu tr trong HLR bao gm: - Cc s nhn dng: IMSI, MSISDN. - Cc thng tin v thu bao. - Danh sch cc dch v m MS c s dng v b hn ch. - S hiu VLR ang phc v MS. Mt chc nng con ca HLR l nhn dng trung tm nhn thc AuC, nhim v ca trung tm ny l qun l an ton s liu ca cc thu bao c php. HLR cn cha nhng c s d liu bc cao ca tt c cc thu bao trong GSM. Nhng d liu ny c truy nhp t xa bi cc MSC v VLR ca mng. c. B ghi nh v tm tr VLR (Visitor Location Register): VLR l c s d liu th hai trong GSM, cha thng tin v tt c cc MS hin ang vng phc v ca MSC tng ng v ng thi lu tr s liu v v tr ca cc thu bao ni trn mc chnh xc hn HLR. Mi MSC c mt VLR, thng thit k VLR ngay trong MSC. V vy cc chc nng ca VLR thng c lin kt vi cc chc nng ca MSC. Ngay c khi MS lu ng vo mt vng MSC mi. VLR lin kt vi MSC s yu cu s liu v MS t HLR. ng thi HLR s c thng bo rng MS ang vng MSC no. Nu sau MS mun thc hin mt cuc gi th VLR s c tt c cc thng tin cn thit thit lp mt cuc gi m khng cn hi HLR. C th coi VLR nh mt HLR phn b. VLR cha thng tin chnh xc hn v v tr MS vng MSC. Nhng khi thu bao tt my hay ri khi vng phc v ca MSC th cc s liu lin quan ti n cng ht gi tr. Ni cch khc, VLR l c s d liu trung gian lu tr tm thi thng tin v thu bao trong vng phc v MSC/VLR c tham chiu t c s d liu HLR. VLR bao gm: - Cc s nhn dng: IMSI, MSISDN, TMSI.
- S hiu nhn dng vng nh v ang phc v MS. - Danh sch cc dch v m MS c v b hn ch s dng. - Trng thi ca MS (bn: busy; ri: idle). d. B ng k nhn dng thit b EIR (Equipment Indentity Register): Qun l thit b di ng c thc hin bi b ng k nhn dng thit b EIR. EIR lu gi tt c cc d liu lin quan n phn thit b di ng ME ca trm di ng MS. EIR c ni vi cc trm MSC thng qua ng bo hiu kim tra tnh hp l ca ME thng qua s liu nhn dng di ng quc t IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Indentity) ca thu bao gi ti khi thit lp thng tin vi s IMEI lu tr trong EIR phng trng hp y l nhng thit b u cui b nh cp, nu so snh khng ng th thit b khng th truy nhp vo mng c. Hn na EIR cn cha cc s liu v phn cng ca thit b. Mt ME s c s IMEI thuc mt trong ba danh sch sau: 1. Nu ME thuc danh sch trng (White list) th n vn c quyn truy nhp
v s dng dch v ng k. 2. Nu ME thuc danh sch xm (Gray List), tc l c nghi vn v cn kim tra.
Danh sch xm bao gm nhng ME c li (li phn mm hay li sn xut thit b) nhng khng nghim trng ti mc loi tr khi h thng. 3. Nu ME thuc danh sch en (Black List) c ngha l b cm khng cho truy nhp vo h thng, nhng ME thng bo mt my. e. Khi trung tm nhn thc AuC (Aunthentication Center): AuC c kt ni n HLR, chc nng ca AuC l cung cp cho HLR cc tn s nhn thc v cc kha mt m s dng cho bo mt. ng thi cc AuC qun l cc thng tin nhn thc v mt m lin quan n tng c nhn thu bao da trn mt kha nhn dng b mt Ki m bo an ton s liu cho cc thu bao c php. Kha ny cng c lu gi vnh cu v b mt trong b nh MS. B nh ny c
31
dng Simcard c th rt ra v cm li c. AuC c th c t trong MSC hoc HLR hoc c lp vi c hai. Khi ng k thu bao, kha nhn thc Ki c ghi nh vo Simcard ca thu bao cng vi IMSI ca n. ng thi kha nhn thc Ki cng c lu gi trung tm nhn thc AuC to ra b ba thng s cn thit cho qu trnh nhn thc v mt m ha: - S ngu nhin RAND. - Mt khu SRES c to ra t kha Ki v s ngu nhin RAND bng thut ton A3. - Kha mt m Kc c to ra t Ki v s ngu nhin bng thut ton A8. ng v tuyn cng c AuC cung cp m bo mt chng nghe trm, m ny c thay i ring bit cho tng thu bao. C s d liu ca AuC cn ghi nhiu thng tin cn thit khc khi thu bao ng k nhp mng v c s dng kim tra khi thu bao yu cu cung cp dch v, trnh vic truy nhp mng mt cch tri php. 2.4 Trm di ng (MS Mobile Station): Trm di ng l thit b duy nht ngi s dng c th thng xuyn nhn thy ca h thng. MS c th l: my cm tay, my xch tay hay my t trn t. Ngoi vic cha cc chc nng v tuyn chung v x l cho giao din v tuyn, MS cn phi cung cp cc giao din vi ngi s dng nh: micro, loa, mn hnh hin th, bn phm qun l cui gi) hoc giao din vi mt s cc thit b khc (nh giao din vi my tnh c nhn, FAX). Hin nay ngi ta ang c gng sn xut cc thit b u cui gn nh u ni vi trm di ng. Trm di ng (MS) bao gm thit b trm di ng ME (Mobile Equipment) v mt khi nh gi l mun nhn dng thu bao (SIM - Subscriber Identity Module). l mt khi vt l tch ring, chng hn l mt IC Card hoc cn gi l card thng minh. SIM cng vi thit b trm (ME- Mobile Eqiupment) hp thnh trm di ng MS. SIM cung cp kh nng di ng c nhn, v th ngi s dng c th lp SIM vo
bt c my di ng GSM no truy nhp vo dch v ng k. Mi in thoi di ng c phn bit bi mt s nhn dng in thoi di ng IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity). Card SIM cha mt s nhn dng thu bao di ng IMSI (International Mobile Subcriber Identity) h thng nhn dng thu bao, mt mt m xc thc v cc thng tin khc. IMEI v IMSI hon ton c lp vi nhau m bo tnh di ng c nhn. Card SIM c th chng vic s dng tri php bng mt khu hoc s nhn dng c nhn (PIN). Trm di ng GSM thc hin ba chc nng: - Thit b u cui thc hin chc nng khng lin quan n mng GSM. - Kt cui trm di ng thc hin chc nng lien quan n truyn dn giao din v tuyn. - B thch ng u cui lm vic nh mt ca ni thng thit b u cui vi kt cui di ng. Cn s dng b thch ng u cui khi giao din ngoi trm di ng tun theo tiu chun ISDN u ni u cui, cn thit b u cui li c th giao din u cui Modem. 2.5 Phn h khai thc v h tr (OSS): Mt h thng GSM bao gm rt nhiu trung tm chuyn mch MSC, b iu khin trm gc BSC v trm thu pht gc BTS c lp t rt nhiu v tr khc nhau trn mt vng din tch ln. OSS (Operation and Support System) thc hin 3 chc nng chnh: 1) 2) 3) Khai thc v bo dng mng. Qun l thu bao v tnh cc. Qun l thit b di ng
33
2.5.1 Khai thc: Khai thc l hot ng cho php nh khai thc mng theo di hnh vi ca mng nh ti ca h thng, mc chn, s lng chuyn giao gia hai Cell nh vy nh khai thc c th gim st c ton b cht lng dch v m h cung cp cho khch hng v kp thi nng cp. Khai thc cn bao gm vic thay i cu hnh gim nhng vn xut hin thi im hin thi, chun b tng lu lng trong tng lai, tng vng ph sng. h thng vin thng hin i, khai thc c thc hin bng my tnh v tp trung mt trm. 2.5.2 Bo dng: C nhim v pht hin, nh v v sa cha cc s c v hng hc, n c mt s quan h vi khai thc. Cc thit b h thng vin thng hin i c kh nng t pht hin mt s cc s c hay d bo s c thng qua kim tra. Bo dng bao gm cc hot ng ti hin trng nhm thay th cc thit b c s c, cng nh vic s dng cc phn mm iu khin t xa. H thng khai thc v bo dng c th xy dng trn nguyn l ca TMN (Telecommunication Management Network- Mng qun l vin thng). Khi , h thng khai thc v bo dng c ni n cc phn t ca mng vin thng (MSC, HLR, VLR, BSC v cc phn t mng khc tr BTS). Ngoi ra h thng khai thc v bo dng c ni ti my tnh ch ng vai tr giao tip ngi - my. Theo tiu chun GSM h thng ny c gi l trung tm vn hnh v bo dng (OMCOperation and Maintenance Center).
34
2.5.3
Qun l thu bao: Bao gm cc hot ng qun l ng k thu bao. Nhim v u tin l nhp v
xa thu bao khi mng. ng k thu bao cng c th rt phc tp, bao gm nhiu dch v v cc tnh nng b sung. Nh khai thc c th thm nhp c cc thng s ni trn. Mt nhim v quan trng khc ca khai thc l tnh cc cc cuc gi ri gi n thu bao. Khi HLR, SIM - Card ng vai tr nh mt b phn qun l thu bao. 2.5.4 Qun l thit b di ng: Qun l thit b di ng c b ng k nhn dng thit b EIR thc hin. EIR lu tr ton b d liu lin quan n trm di ng MS. EIR c ni n MSC qua ng bo hiu kim tra tnh hp l ca thit b. Trong h thng GSM th EIR c coi l thuc phn h chuyn mch SS.
35
CHNG III: CHUYN GIAO HANDOVER TRONG GSM

Mt tr ngi trong vic pht trin mng thng tin di ng t bo l vn pht sinh khi mt thu bao di ng di chuyn t cell ny sang cell khc. Cc khu vc k nhau trong h thng t bo s dng cc knh v tuyn c tn s khc nhau. Khi thu bao di ng di chuyn t cell ny sang cell khc th cuc gi hoc b rt hoc t ng chuyn t knh v tuyn ny sang mt knh khc thuc cell khc. Thay v cuc gi b rt, qu trnh Handover (ting M: Handoff) gip cho cuc gi c lin tc trong qu trnh m thoi, hai thu bao cng chim mt knh thoi. Khi mt thu bao di ng chuyn ng ra khi vng ph sng ca cell cho trc, tn hiu u thu ca cell ny s gim. Lc , cell ang s dng s yu cu mt Handover (chuyn giao) n h thng. H thng s chuyn mch cuc gi n mt cell c tn s vi cng tn hiu thu mnh hn m khng lm gin on cuc gi hay gi cnh bo n ngi s dng. Cuc gi s c tip tc m ngi s dng khng nhn thy qu trnh Handover din ra. Quyt nh c thc hin chuyn giao hay khng ph thuc vo BSC phc v. Khi gi, MS nh k gi kt qu o ti BTS. BTS phc v o ng ln v cht lng tn hiu v tuyn ca cuc gi v trc kt qu o t MS. C hai kt qu o c s c BTS gi ti BSC. Da vo bn tin bo co kt qu o BSC s quyt nh c chuyn giao ti cell khc hay khng. Quyt nh c thc hin bi mt thut ton c ci t v thng s ca n do ngi qun tr mng ci t. C cc loi chuyn giao khc nhau v trong c cc phn t khc nhau ca mng. Chuyn giao trong cng BSC hay gia cc BTS khng phc tp nh gia cc MSC.
36
Hnh 3.1 Chuyn giao trong mng GSM 3.1 Cc loi chuyn giao : 3.1.1 Chuyn giao trong BTS: c gi l chuyn giao trong cell hay trong cng BTS. Chuyn giao trong cell trn thc t l khng c chuyn giao thc. V kt qu ca n ch thay i tn s ca cuc gi ang xy ra. Thay i tn s c thc hin khi cht lng ca lin kt gim v s o lng cc cell k bn cng khng tt hn. Trong trng hp ny BSC iu khin BTS phc v MS ra lnh cho MS v BTS tr v tn s c th cho cht lng lin kt tt hn. Vic lm gim cht lng lin kt l do nh hng ca cc cuc gi khc trong cc cell ln cn s dng chung tn s (nhiu ng knh). Gii php l c gng thay i sang mt knh khc (khe thi gian khc) m c th m bo tt hn cho cuc gi.
37
Hnh 3.2 Chuyn giao trong BTS. 3.1.2 Chuyn giao trong cng BSC: Chuyn giao trong cng BSC thc hin khi cell ch c iu khin bi mt BTS khc t cell ngun v c hai BTS c iu khin bi cng mt BSC. MSC khng lin quan ti qu trnh chuyn giao, n ch c BSC thng bo khi chuyn giao hon thnh. Nu cell ch c t trong LA khc, MS cn thc hin cp nht v tr mt th tc sau khi kt thc cuc gi.
Hnh 3.3 Chuyn giao trong cng BSC. 3.1.3 Chuyn giao trong cng MSC: Khi BSC quyt nh chuyn giao l cn thit, nhng cell ch khng c iu khin bi chnh n, n cn s gip t MSC tm ra chnh xc v tr ca cell ang c BSC no qun l, lc ny MSC mi tham gia vo qu trnh chuyn giao. Cell ch s c xc nh ng v tr trong mt BSS khc no m cng c qun l cng mt MSC. Khi tm ra BSS ch, MSC s kt ni BSS ngun vi BSS ch v gi tin bo cho BSS ngun khi sn sng. Sau qu trnh yu cu BTS ch cp ti nguyn, khi cp ti nguyn thnh cng, MS c ch dn truy cp knh mi v cuc gi c chuyn sang BSS mi.
Hnh 3.4 Chuyn giao trong cng MSC. 3.1.4 Chuyn giao gia cc MSC: Th tc chuyn giao gia cc MSC khc nhau c thc hin khi cc cell ch kt ni ti MSC khc (MSC B) vi yu cu chuyn giao. Yu cu MSC B cp ti nguyn cho cuc gi nh trong trng hp intra MSC.
Hnh 3.5 Chuyn giao gia cc MSC khc nhau. Khi ti nguyn c cp , cuc gi c chuyn mch nh trong trng hp intra MSC. V MS chuyn sang mt cell khc (c phc v bi BSS/MSC VLR) m MSC A c tt c thng tin v thu bao trong VLR ca n. Thng tin ch c chuyn qua cho MSC/VLR mi khi LU c thc hin. Do vy, LU lun c yu cu khi kt thc cuc gi, khi chuyn giao gia cc MSC thc hin xong.
39
CHNG IV: GIAO TIP V TUYN S

Giao tip v tuyn l tn gi chung ca u ni gia MS v BTS. Giao tip s dng khi nim TDMA v mt khung TDMA cho mt tn s mang. Mt khung bao gm 8 khe thi gian (Time Slot TS). 4.1 Giao din v tuyn: Trong GSM, giao din v tuyn s dng c hai phng thc phn knh theo tn s v theo thi gian: FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) v TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access). Trong FDMA, GSM s dng bng tn 900 Mhz (hay cn gi l GSM 900) v 1800 Mhz (hay GSM 1800). Nhng y, chng ta ch nghin cu su v GSM 900. Mi knh c c trng bi mt tn s (sng mang) gi l knh tn s RFCH (Radio Channel) cho mi hng thu pht, cc tn s ny cch nhau 200Mhz. Trong GSM 900, MS s dng 124 RFCH trong dy tn 25Mhz v BTS s dng 124 RFCH trong dy tn t 935 n 960 Mhz ( y, nu MS pht th BTS thu v ngc li). Ti mi tn s TDMA chia thnh 8 khe thi gian TS tc l s knh c tng ln 8 ln. Nhng trong tng lai s khe c th s tng ln 16 ln. Mt cp RFCH (thu v pht) ti mt khe thi gian c gi l mt knh vt l. Mi knh c dng truyn mt nhm nht nh tham s thng tin c gi l knh logic (Logical Channel). Mi knh vt l c gn cho mt hoc mt s knh logic. Cc knh c chia thnh hai loi: - Knh dng ti thng tin ca thu bao nh thoi, s liu.c gi l knh Traffic (Traffic Channel - TCH). C 2 loi tc truyn trn TCH l tc y (Full Rate) THC/F l loi tc ang c s dng hin nay v tc bng mt na (Half Rate), TCH/H s c s dng trong tng lai. - Knh iu khin CCH (Control Channel) c s dng truyn thng tin bo hiu cc thng tin qun l Um.
40
4.2 Suy hao ng truyn v Fading: Suy hao ng truyn l qu trnh m tn hiu thu yu dn do khong cch gia trm di ng v trm gc tng m khng c mt vt cn gia anten pht v thu. Suy hao trong khng gian t do: Ls d.f Ls (dB) = 33,4(dB) + 20logF(Mhz) + 20logd(km) d: l khong cch gia anten pht Tx v thu Rx. f: tn s pht. Mi trng s dng ca MS thng c chng ngi vt gy hiu ng che ti lm gim cng tn hiu thu. Khi di ng cng vi i di ng cng tn hiu gim gia Tx v Rx c hay khng c chng ngi. Hiu ng ny gi l Fading chun logarit. Thi gian gia 2 ch trng Fading khong vi giy khi my di ng MS l loi lp trn xe v chuyn ng.
Hnh 4.1 Fading chun Logarit. Khi mi trng thng tin c mt thu bao dy v nhiu chng ngi ta c Fading nhiu tia hay Raile, xy ra khi tn hiu truyn nhiu ng t anten Tx n Rx. hin tng Fading Raile, tn hiu thu c l tng cc tn hiu phn x khc pha, khc bin . Nhng tn hiu ny khi cng li nh cc vct to nn mt vct tng
gn bng khng c ngha l cng tn hiu bng 0. l ch trng Fading nghim trng. Khong thi gian gia hai ch trng Fading ph thuc vo tc chuyn ng v tn s pht.
Hnh 4.2 Fading Raile. mt khong cch nht nh (x mt) so vi anten pht Tx. Tn hiu thu c minh ha nh sau:
Hnh 4.3 Tn hiu thu c khi cch anten pht Tx mt khong nht nh nhy my thu l mc tn hiu vo yu nht cn thit cho mt tn hiu ra quy nh. Khi quy hoch h thng, chng li Fading th gi tr trung bnh chung c ly ln hn nhy my thu lng Y(dB) bng ch trng Fading mnh nht, Y(dB) c gi l d tr Fading.
42
4.3 Phn tn thi gian: Hin tng ny c ngun gc t phn x ca mt vt xa anten thu Rx vi km. Khi phn x s dn n giao thoa gia cc k hiu ISI tc l giao thoa gia cc k hiu ln cn vi nhau dn n pha thu kh quyt nh nhn c k hiu no. GSM tc bit l 270kb/s, mi bit tng ng vi 3,7m v tng ng vi khong cch l 1,1km. Khi c phn x t 1km pha sau trm di ng th tn hiu phn x phi qua qung ng di hn tn hiu i thng l 2km. Tn hiu phn x s trn tn hiu mong mun vi tn hiu tr 2bit. H thng GSM c thit k c th hn ch phn tn thi gian nh s dng mt b cn bng m c th thc hin cn bng mt s quy nh tn hiu phn x nhng khng phi l tt c. B cn bng ca GSM c th t c s cn bng cho cc tn hiu phn x chm khong 4bit so vi tn hiu n trc tip, tng ng vi 15s. Tuy nhin nu tn hiu phn x m n tr hn th th b cn bng khng th p ng c. Giai on m b cn bng c th p ng c gi l ca s thi gian. Trong ca s thi gian s tng cng tn hiu n trc tip. Tng cc tn hiu phn x c th nh hn 15s phi t nht nh hn 9 ln tng cc tn hiu trong ca s. T s ny gi l t s sng mang trn sng phn x (C/R). C/R c tnh bng t s gia nng lng trong ca s C v nng lng ngoi ca s R ca b cn bng, C/R cng nh th cht lng cng km. V tr t BTS nh hng rt ln n t s ny, nn t khng hp l s gy nn phn tn thi gian ln. Cc vng c a hnh nh min ni, thnh ph nhiu nh cao tng, vng h xy dng nhiu thm, bc thng c t s C/R nh. Thng thng tn hiu phn x phi i qung ng ln hn 4,5km so vi tn hiu trc tip th mi c tr hn 15s. Tuy vy, nu tn hiu phn x khng mnh tc l t s C/R ln hn mt s cho php th khng nh hng n vng sng phc v. Ngc li, nu tn hiu phn x mnh nhng tr vn thuc ca s th s tng mnh ca tn hiu i thng. Ch khi C/R nh phn tn thi gian ln th mi c yu cu thay i v tr BTS, hoc dng phng php t thm BTS ph tr.
43
Nhiu ng knh: Nhiu giao thoa ng knh l nhiu do tn hiu thu khng mong mun c cng tn s vi tn s tn hiu thu mong mun. T s gia mc sng mang mong mun v khng mong mun l t s nhiu giao thoa ng knh (C/I). T s ny ph thuc vo cc yu t sau: - Mu s dng li tn s: khong cch gia hai Cell tn s nh hng ln nhau. - V tr a hnh. - Cc vng phn x a phng. - Kiu anten, tnh nh hng, chiu cao anten. - Cc sng gy nhiu a phng c cng tn s. T s ny c nh hng rt ln n cht lng ca tn hiu, dn n sai tn hiu, gii m sai gy ra st cuc gi hoc tht bi trn ng truyn v tuyn. Tiu chun GSM cho php t s C/I nh nht l 10. Ngoi ra trong thng tin v tuyn tn hiu cn nh hng bi cc knh ln cn l cc knh gn tn s vi tn hiu thu, di tn ca chng trng ln nhau mc ln. Khi cng gy nhiu gi l nhiu giao thoa knh ln cn (C/A). Trong thc t cc tn s ca cc BTS cng v tr thng gy nh hng cho nhau.Tn hiu khi o c c gm rt nhiu loi tn hiu v nhiu nh ni trn. 4.4 Cc phng php phng suy hao ng truyn do Fading: ci tin my thu v cht lng ca tn hiu thu, c bn phng php thc hin nh sau: - Phn tp anten (phn tp khng gian): do hai anten thu t c nguy c b ch trng Fading su cng mt lc nn ta s dng hai anten Rx c lp thu cng tn hiu ri kt hp cc tn hiu ny li ta s c mt tn hiu ra khi b kt hp t b Fading hn. Khong cch gia hai anten phi ln tng quan gia cc tn hiu hai anten nh.
44
Hnh 4.4 Biu din phn tp khng gian - Nhy tn: vi Fading Raile mu Fading ph thuc vo tn s. Ngha l ch trng Fading xy ra cc v tr khc nhau i vi cc tn s khc nhau. V vy, ta c th thay i tn s sng mang trong mt tn s khi cuc gi ang tin hnh, khi gp ch trng Fading mt phn thng tin b mt. - M ha knh: truyn dn s ngi ta o cht lng ca tn hiu c ch yu bng s lng cc bit thu c chnh xc, dn n biu din t s bit li BER quan trng vi pht trin s liu hn Voice. phng php m ha knh ta phi pht i mt lng thng tin c s bit ln hn nhng s t an ton chng li cao hn. Ngoi ra phng php ny c th pht hin v sa li tng bit thu. V d: Khi mun gi mt bit 0 hay 1 c bo v ta b sung 3 bit nh sau: Thng tin 0 1 B sung 000 111 Gi i 0000 1111
Khi m 0000 s ng vi bit 0 v khi m 1111 s ng vi bit 1111. T l l 1:4, bo v xy ra nh sau: Thu c: 0000 Quyt nh: 0 0010 0 0110 x 0111 1 1110 1
Ring m 0110 khng xc nh c c th, m 0111 v 1110 c pht hin l li v c th sa.

mi knh kim tra li c chia thnh m khi v m xon v hai loi m u c s dng cho c truyn ting v s liu: + Cc m khi tuyn tnh: vi loi m ny lung thng tin c chia thnh cc khi c di bng nhau. Cc bit d c b sung vo khi theo mt thut ton nht nh ph thuc vo loi m c s dng. Cc m khi tuyn tnh c xc nh bng ba thng s: di khi n, di thng tin v khong cch cc i d. Cc m khi tuyn tnh, trong cc bn tin xut hin phn u ca khi c gi l m h thng. + Cc m xon: i vi m xon, b m ha to ra cc bit m khng ch ph thuc vo cc bit thng tin ca khi bn tin hin thi. - Ghp xen k: cc li bit thng xy ra theo tng cm do cc ch trng Fading lu lm nh hng nhiu bit lin tip. gii quyt hin tng li bit qu di, ta dng phng php ghp knh xen k tch cc bit lin tip ca mt bn tin sao cho cc bit ny gi i khng lin tip.
Khi truyn dn khung 2 c th mt nu khng ghp xen ton b khi bn tin s mt nhng ghp xen s m bo ch th th hai tng khi l b mc li:
M ha knh c th khi phc li thng tin ca tt c cc khi. GSM th b m ha knh cung cp 456 bit cho tng 20ms ting v c ghp xen to ra cc khi 57bit.
46
4.5 Phng php chng phn tn thi gian: M hnh truyn dn:
My thu ti u l my thu hiu r knh. Ta lp m hnh ton hc ca knh v iu chnh my thu n m hnh. Knh c xt nh mt b lc v c kch thch bi mt tn hiu bit trc. So snh u ra vi u vo ta c p ng xung ca b lc. p ng xung ca b lc cho ta bit c tn hiu ra i vi tn hiu vo, nh vy ta c th tm c p ng xung ca knh v lp m hnh knh khi phn tch mt tn hiu thu c. p ng xung khi khng c phn x (a) v khi c phn x (b).
Nguyn l lm vic ca mt b cn bng: sau khi lp m hnh knh ta s phi to ra tt c cc chui bit c th ri a chng qua m hnh knh chui u vo m t nhn c chui u ra ging n nht gi l chui ngyn thy hay chui pht. Theo quy nh ca GSM, mt b cn bng cn c kh nng x l mt tn hiu phn x tr n 14,8s tng ng vi thi gian ca 4bit. Khi ngay c tn hiu phn x cng b nh hng bi Fading Raile, nhng do tn hiu c mu Fading c lp so vi tn hiu i thng nn n c li dng t hiu qu cao hn. Nh vy, vi cc tn hiu phn x tr di 15s cho ta thm nng lng ci to tn hiu thu.
Thc t, di chui N ln nn phi c thc hin nhiu so snh v mt nhiu thi gian tnh ton gy s chm tr khng cho php. khc phc kh khn ny ngi ta s dng thut ton Viterbi m khng cn phi th tt c cc chui. Nguyn l l khi tnh ton ta loi b tt c cc t hp khng c kh nng l tn hiu v nh gim c s lng tnh ton cn thit. 4.6 Nguyn tc khi chia knh theo thi gian: 4.6.1 Khi nim v khe v tuyn: Mng GSM/PLMN c chia thnh 124 knh sng mang, sng ny di tn: - ng ln (MS-BTS): 890 915 Mhz. - ng xung (BTS MS): 935 960 Mhz. Bng tn ng ln 890,2 914,8 Mhz v ng xung 935,2 959,8 Mhz. Trn mi sng mang thc hin ghp knh theo thi gian, thc hin ghp khung TDMA ta c s knh bng 124 x 8 (TS) = 992 knh. 4.6.2 Knh vt l: Mt khe thi gian mt tn s v tuyn dnh truyn ti thng tin ng v tuyn ca GSM l mt knh vt l. Mi mt knh tn s v tuyn c t chc thnh cc khung TDMA di 4,62ms gm 8 khe thi gian (mi khe di 577s). Ti BTS, cc khung TDMA trong cc knh tn s c ng ln v ng xung u c ng b. Tuy nhin khung ng ln tr 3 khe so vi khung ng xung. Nh c tr ny m c th s dng mt khe thi gian c cng s th t c ng ln v ng xung truyn tin bn song cng. V mt thi gian, cc knh vt l mt knh tn s c t chc theo cu trc khung, a khung, siu a khung, siu siu khung nh sau:
48
Hnh 4.5: T chc khung, a khung. Mt siu siu khung c chia thnh 2048 siu khung vi thi gian l 6,12s. Siu khung li c chia thnh cc a khung, c hai loi a khung: - a khung 26 khung cha 26 khung TDMA. a khung ny c s dng mang TCH (v SACCH cng vi FACCH). 51 a khung ny to nn mt siu khung. - a khung 51 khung cha 51 khung TDMA. a khung ny s dng mang BCH v CCH. 26 a khung ny to nn mt siu khung. Knh vt l c t chc theo quan nim truyn dn. i vi TDMA GSM th knh vt l l mt khe thi gian tn s sng mang v tuyn c ch nh. GSM 900 nguyn thy: Di tn s: 890, 815 Mhz cho ng ln uplink (t MS n BTS). 835, 960 Mhz cho ng xung downlink (t BTS n MS). Di thng tn ca mt knh vt l l 200Khz. Di tn bo v bin cng rng 200 Khz.
Ful (n) = 890,0 Mhz + (0,2 Mhz) * n Fdl (n) = Ful (n) + 45Mhz Vi 1 n 124 Cc knh t 1124 c gi l knh tn s v tuyn tuyt i ARFCN (Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number). Knh 0 l di phng v. Vy GSM 900 c 124 tn s bt u t 890,2Mhz. Mi di thng tn l mt khung TDMA c 8 khe thi gian. Nh vy s knh vt l GSM 900 l s c 992 knh. EGSM (GSM m rng E: extended) H thng GSM nguyn thy c m rng mi bng tn thm 10 Mhz (tng ng 50 knh tn s) th c gi l EGSM: Di tn s: 880. 915 Mhz uplink. 925, 960 Mhz downlink. Ful (n) = 880Mhz + (0,2Mhz) * n Fdl (n) = Ful (n) + 45Mhz. Vi n = ARFCN, 1 n 174. Knh 0 l di phng v. DCS 1800 c s knh tn s tng gp 3 ln so vi GSM 900 Di tn s: 1710, 1785 Mhz uplink. 1850, 1880 Mhz downlink. Ful (n) = 1710 + (0,2Mhz) * (n-511) Fdl (n) = Ful (n) + 95 Mhz Vi 512 n 885.
50
4.6.3 Knh logic: Knh logic c t chc theo quan im ni dung tin tc, cc knh ny c t vo cc knh vt l. Cc knh logic c c trng bi thng tin truyn gia BTS v MS. V c th chia cc knh logic thnh hai loi tng qut: cc knh lu lng TCH v cc knh bo hiu iu khin CCH.
Hnh 4.6 Phn loi knh logic. a. Knh lu lng TCH: mang ting c m ha hoc s liu ca ngi s
dng, c hai loi knh lu lng: - Bm hay knh lu lng ton tc (TCH/F), knh ny mang thng tin ting hay s liu tc 22,8kbit/s. - Lm hay knh lu lng bn tc (TCH/H), knh ny mang thng tin tc 11,4 kbit/s. b. Knh iu khin CCH (k hiu l Dm): mang tn hiu bo hiu hay s liu ng b, bao gm: - Knh qung b BCH (Broadcast Channel) li bao gm cc knh nh : + Knh hiu chnh tn s FCCH (Frequency Correction Channel): mang thng tin hiu chnh tn s MS.
51
+ Knh ng b SCH (Synchronous Channel): mang thng tin ng b khung (s khung TDMA) ca MS nhn dng BST (BSIC). + Knh iu khin qung b BCCH (Broadcast Control Channel): pht qung b thng tin chung trn c s mt knh cho mt BTS. ng thi n cung cp cc tin tc sau: M vng nh v LAC, m mng di ng MNC, tin tc v tn s ca cc Cell ln cn, thng tin di qut ca Cell v cc thng s phc v truy cp. - Knh iu khin ring CCCH (Common Control Channel): l knh thit lp s truyn thng gia BTS v MS. N bao gm: CCCH=RACH +PCH+AGCH. + Knh truy cp ngu nhin RACH (Random Access Channel): l knh hng ln MS a yu cu knh dnh ring, yu cu ny th hin trong bn tin u ca MS gi n BTS trong qu trnh mt cuc lin lc. + Knh tm gi PCH (Paging Channel): c BTS truyn xung gi MS. + Knh cho php truy nhp AGCH (Access Grant Channel): l knh hng xung, mang tin tc phc p ca BTS i vi bn tin yu cu knh ca MS thc hin mt knh lu lng TCH v knh DCCH cho thu bao. - Knh iu khin ring DCCH: l knh dng c hng ln v hng xung, dng trao i bn tin bo hiu, phc v cp nht v tr ng k v thit lp cuc gi, phc v bo dng knh. DCCH bao gm: + Knh iu khin ring ng mt mnh SDCCH: dng cp nht v tr v thit lp cuc gi trc khi n nh mt TC. Knh ng ln/ xung, im n im. + Knh iu khin lin kt chm SACCH: lin kt vi mt TCH hay mt SDCCH, l knh s liu lin tc, mang thng tin lin tc nh cc thng bo o c t cc trm di ng v cng tn hiu thu t hin thi v cc ln cn. Thng tin ny cn cho chc nng chuyn giao. Knh ny cn c s dng iu chnh cng sut ca MS v ng b thi gian. Knh ng ln/ xung, im n im.
+ Knh iu khin lin kt nhanh FACCH: l knh lin kt vi mt knh TCH. V lm vic ch ny bng cch thay i lu lng ting hoc s liu bng bo hiu. 4.7 Chia knh logic theo khe thi gian: Xt mt BTS vi n sng mang, k hiu l C0, C1..Cn, mi sng mang vi 8 khe thi gian Ts0, Ts1,..,Ts7. Cc knh logic c sp xp C0 nh sau: - Cc knh iu khin BCCH, FCCH, SCH, PCH, AGCH c sp xp trn Ts0 ng xung, cn knh RACH knh Ts0 ng ln. Chu k lp l 51 Ts. - Ts1 c s dng sp xp cc knh iu khin ring SDCCH v SACCH vi chu k lp 102 Ts. - T Ts2 n Ts7 l cc kn lu thng TCH, chu k lp 26Ts. Cc sng mang khc (C1 - Cn): ch c s dng cho knh lu lng TCH, ngha l t Ts0 - Ts7 u l TCH.
Hnh 4.7 Ghp cc BCH v cc CCCH Ts0 F (FCCH): ti y trm di ng ng b tn s. S (SCH): trm di ng c s khung TDMA v BSIC. B (BCCH): trm di ng c cc thng tin chung v ny. C (CCCH): c th tm gi mt trm di ng v dnh mt SDCCH.
53
Hnh 4.8 Ghp RAC Ts0. Cc Ts 2-7 ca C0 s dng cho cc knh lu thng TCH c sp xp cc knh vt l nh hnh 4.7.3
Hnh 4.9 Ghp TCH. Hnh v Ts2 ng xung C0, thng tin Ts2 to thnh mt TCH. Tt c c 26 Ts, sau Ts trng li bt u li. T (TCH): cha ting hoc s liu c m ha. A (SACCH): nm Ts13, l bo hiu iu khin. Cu trc ng ln cng tng t nh ng xung, iu khc nhau duy nht l s dch v mt thi gian. Ts2 ng xung khng xy ra cng thi gian nh l Ts2 ng ln. Thi gian dch l 3 khe thi gian.
54
CHNG V: THIT K V QUY HOCH H THNG MNG GSM.

5.1 H thng thng tin di ng t bo: H thng thng tin di ng t bo s dng mt s lng ln cc my pht v tuyn cng sut thp to nn cc Cell hay cn gi l t bo (n v a l c bn ca h thng thng tin v tuyn). Thay i cng sut my pht nhm thay i kch thc cell theo phn b mt thu bao, nhu cu thu bao theo tng vng c th. Khi thu bao di ng di chuyn t cell ny sang cell khc, cuc m thoi ca h s c gi nguyn lin tc, khng gin on. Tn s s dng cell ny c th c s dng li cell khc vi khong cch xc nh gia hai cell. 5.1.1 Cu trc h thng thoi di ng trc y Dch v thoi di ng truyn thng c cu trc ging nh h thng truyn hnh pht thanh qung b: Mt trm pht sng cng sut mnh t ti mt cao im c th pht tn hiu trong vng bn knh n 50km.
Hnh 5.1 Cu trc h thng thng tin di ng trc y.
55
5.1.2 H thng thng tin di ng t bo: Khi nim mng t ong cu trc li h thng thng tin di ng theo cch khc. Thay v s dng mt trm cng sut ln, ngi ta s dng nhiu trm cng sut nh trong vng ph sng c n nh trc. Ly v d, bng cch phn chia mt vng trung tm thnh 100 vng nh hn (cc t bo), mi cell s dng mt my pht cng sut thp vi kh nng cung cp 12 knh thoi cho mi my. Khi nng lc ca h thng v l thuyt c th tng t 12 knh thoi s dng mt my pht cng sut ln ln n 1200 knh thoi bng cch s dng 100 my pht cng sut thp. Nh vy l dung lng h thng tng ln rt nhiu. Bng cch gim bn knh ca vng ph sng i 50% (din tch vng ph sng gim 4 ln), nh cung cp dch v c th tng kh nng phc v ln 4 ln. H thng c trin khai trn vng c bn knh 1 Km c th cung cp s knh ln hn gp 100 ln so vi h thng trin khai trn vng c bn knh 10 Km. T thc t rt ra kt lun rng, bng cch gim bn knh vng i vi trm mt th nh cung cp c th phc v thm vi triu cuc gi.
Hnh 5.2 H thng thng tin di ng s dng cu trc t bo Khi nim cell (t bo) c s dng vi cc mc cng sut thp khc nhau, n cho php cc cell (cc t bo) c th thay i vng ph sng tu theo mt , nhu cu ca thu bao trong mt vng nht nh. Cc cell c th c thm vo tng vng tu
theo s pht trin ca thu bao trong vng . Tn s cell ny c th c ti s dng cell khc, cc cuc in thoi vn c duy tr lin tc khi thu bao di chuyn t cell ny sang cell khc. 5.2 Quy hoch Cell
5.2.1Khi nim t bo (Cell) Cell (t bo hay ): l n v c s ca mng, ti trm di ng MS tin hnh trao i thng tin vi mng qua trm thu pht gc BTS. BTS trao i thng tin qua sng v tuyn vi tt c cc trm di ng MS c mt trong Cell. 5.2.2 Kch thc Cell v phng thc ph sng a. Kch thc Cell
Cell ln: Bn knh ph sng khong: n km n*10 km (GSM: 35km) V tr thit k cc Cell ln: Sng v tuyn t b che khut (vng nng thn, ven bin) Mt thu bao thp. Yu cu cng sut pht ln.
Cell nh: Bn knh ph sng khong: n*100 m. (GSM: 1 km) V tr thit k cc Cell nh: Sng v tuyn b che khut (vng th ln). Mt thu bao cao. Yu cu cng sut pht nh. C tt c bn kch thc cell trong mng GSM l macro, micro, pico v umbrella. Vng ph sng ca mi cell ph thuc nhiu vo mi trng. Macro cell c lp trn ct cao hoc trn cc to nh cao tng. Micro cell li c lp cc khu thnh th, khu dn c.
57
Pico cell th tm ph sng ch khong vi chc mt tr li n thng c lp tip sng trong nh. Umbrella lp b sung vo cc vng b che khut hay cc vng trng gia cc cell. Bn knh ph sng ca mt cell tu thuc vo cao ca anten, li anten thng th n c th t vi trm mt ti vi chc km. Trong thc t th kh nng ph sng xa nht ca mt trm GSM l 32 km (22 dm). Mt s khu vc trong nh m cc anten ngoi tri khng th ph sng ti nh nh ga, sn bay, siu th...th ngi ta s dng cc trm pico chuyn tip sng t cc anten ngoi tri vo. b. Phng thc ph sng Hnh dng ca cell trong mi mt s chun ph thuc vo kiu anten v cng sut ra ca mi mt BTS. C hai loi anten thng c s dng: anten v hng (omni) l anten pht ng hng, v anten c hng l anten bc x nng lng tp trung trong mt r qut (sector). Pht sng v hng Omni directional Cell (3600) Anten v hng hay 3600 bc x nng lng u theo mi hng.
Hnh 5.3 Omni (3600) Cell site Khi nim Site: Site c nh ngha l v tr t trm BTS. Vi Anten v hng: 1 Site = 1 Cell 3600 Pht sng nh hng Sectorization: Li ch ca sectorization (sector ha):
Ci thin cht lng tn hiu (Gim can nhiu knh chung). Tng dung lng thu bao.
Hnh 5.4 Sector ha 1200 Vi Anten nh hng 1200: 1 Site = 3 Cell 1200 5.2.3 Chia Cell (Cells Splitting) Mt cell vi kch thc cng nh th dung lng thng tin cng tng. Tuy nhin, kch thc nh i c ngha l cn phi c nhiu trm gc hn v nh th chi ph cho h thng lp t trm cng cao hn. Khi h thng bt u c s dng s thu bao cn thp, ti u th kch thc cell phi ln. Nhng khi dung lng h thng tng th kch thc cell cng phi gim i p ng vi dung lng mi. Phng php ny gi l chia cell. Tuy nhin, s khng thc t khi ngi ta chia nh ton b cc h thng ra cc vng nh hn na v tng ng vi n l cc cells. Nhu cu lu lng cng nh mt thu bao s dng gia cc vng nng thn v thnh th c s khc nhau nn i hi cu trc mng cc vng cng khc nhau. Cc nh quy hoch s dng khi nim cells splitting phn chia mt khu vc c mt thu bao cao, lu lng ln thnh nhiu vng nh hn cung cp tt hn cc dch v mng. V d cc thnh ph ln c phn chia thnh cc vng a l nh hn vi cc cell c mc ph sng hp nhm cung cp cht lng dch v cng nh lu lng s dng cao, trong khi khu vc nng thn nn s dng cc cell c vng ph
sng ln, tng ng vi n s lng cell s s dng t hn p ng cho lu lng thp v s ngi dng vi mt thp hn.
Hnh 5.4 Phn chia Cell ng trn quan im kinh t, vic hoch nh cell phi bo m lu lng h thng khi s thu bao tng ln, ng thi chi ph phi l thp nht. Thc hin c iu ny th yu cu phi tn dng c c s h tng ca i trm c. p ng c yu cu ny, ngi ta s dng phng php gim kch thc cell gi l tch cell (cells splitting). Theo phng php ny vic hoch nh c chia thnh cc giai on sau: 1. Giai on 0 (phase 0): Khi mng li mi c thit lp, lu lng cn thp, s lng i trm cn t, mng thng s dng cc omni cell vi cc anten v hng, phm vi ph sng rng.
Hnh 5.5 Cc Omni (3600) Cells ban u

Khi mng c m rng, dung lng s tng ln, p ng c iu ny phi dng nhiu sng mang hn hoc s dng li nhng sng mang c mt cch thng xuyn hn. Tuy nhin, mi s thay i trong quy hoch cu trc tn s phi gn lin vi vic quan tm ti t s C/I. Cc tn s khng th c n nh mt cch ngu nhin cho cc cell. thc hin c iu ny, phng php ph bin l chia cell theo th t. 2. Giai on 1 (Phase 1): Sector ha Thay anten v hng (omni) bng 3 anten ring bit nh hng di qut 1200 l mt gii php tch chia mt Cell thnh 3 Cells. l gii php di qut ha (sectorization sector ha). Cch lm ny khng i hi thm mt bng cho cc Cell mi. Tuy cc Cell mi phn bit nhau theo chc nng mng nhng chng vn ti mt bng c. Khi , ti mi v tr c (Site) by gi c th phc v c 3 cell mi, nhng cell ny nh hn v c 3 anten nh hng c t v tr ny, gc gia cc anten ny l 1200.
Hnh 5.6 Giai on 1 :Sector ha
61
3. Giai on 2: Tch chia nh hn na v sau Tch chia Cell 1:3 thm ln na Hnh di y trnh by vic tch chia 3 thm ln na. Ln tch ny s dng li mt bng c v thm mi gp i mt bng mi cho cc BTS mi. mt bng c, anten cn quay i 300 ngc chiu kim ng h. Nh vy tng s mt bng gp 3 ln mt bng c tr gi cho s tng dung lng mng ln gp 3 ln.
Hnh 5.7 Tch chia 1:3 thm ln na Tch chia 1:4 (sau ln u chia 3)
62
Hnh 5.8 Tch chia 1:4 (sau ln u chia 3) S tch chia ny khng i hi xoay hng anten tt c cc BTS c mt bng c. V tr BTS mt bng mi c biu th trn hnh v 4.3.6. S ln s dng li tn s, dng lng h thng v s lng mt bng BTS u tng 4 ln so vi trc khi chia tch. Ty theo yu cu v dung lng h thng, vic chia cell c th c thc hin tip tc. Tuy nhin, mi s thay i trong quy hoch cu trc tn s phi gn lin vi vic quan tm ti t s nhiu C/I. By gi ta hy xt mt v d thy c s tng dung lng khi thu hp kch thc cell. Gi thit rng h thng c 24 tn s v chng ta bt u t mt cm 7 cell c bn knh cc i 14 km. Sau chng ta thc hin cc giai on 1 tch 3 v 1 tch 4. Cng gi thit rng mt thu bao c lu lng 0,02 Erlang vi mc phc v GoS = 5%. Vi 24 tn s, ngha l s knh logic ca h thng s l: 24 x 8 = 192 knh
Trong giai on th nht, khi 1 cm (s nhm tn s) l N = 7, th s knh lu lng TCH cho mi cell l: (192 - 2 x7 )/7 = 178/7 = 25 TCH Trong giai on tip theo, khi mt cm c N = 21. S knh lu lng cho mi cell l: (192 - 21)/21 = 171/21 = 8 TCH Trong giai on th nht, ta phi s dng 2 knh cho vic iu khin. Trong cc giai on tip theo ta ch cn dnh 1 knh cho vic iu khin l .
Cn c bng Erlang ta s c bng thng k v mt lu lng qua cc bc tch cell nh sau: Giai on 0 1 2 3 Bn knh 14 km 8 km 4 km 2 km N 7 21 21 21 TCH mi 25 8 8 8 Phm vi 499,2km2 166,4km2 41,6 km2 10,4 km2 S thu bao/ 1 999 227 227 227 S thu Hiu qu
bao/km2 trung k 2,0 1,4 5,5 21,8 76% 54% 54% 54%
Bng 5.1 Thng k v mt lu lng qua cc bc tch cell. T bng ta thy, trong ln tch th nht, dung lng b gim (s thu bao trn 1 km2 gim t 2 xung cn 1,4) l do hiu sut trung k b gim khi s knh trn mt cell t i. Tuy nhin, y l mt bc khng th thiu c thc hin cc bc tip theo. i vi cc bc tip theo l qui trnh 1 tch 4, bn knh cell gim 2 ln, nhng dung lng tng 4 ln. Nh vy, ta thy rng bin php cell split lm gim kch thc ca cell. Nhng cng lm tng dung lng h thng. Bin php ny phi c p dng theo tng giai on pht trin ca mng. Tuy nhin, bin php ny cng c mt s hn ch bi kch thc cell cng c gii hn (gii hn trn l do cng sut bc x ca BTS v MS c hn, gii hn di l do vn nhiu). ng thi vic lp t cc v tr trm mi i hi kinh ph ln, vic kho st chn c nhng v tr thch hp cng gp nhiu kh khn (nh trm t thit b, xy dng ct anten, mng in li thun tin...) gii quyt vn dung lng nhng khu vc c mt rt cao m cc bin php trn khng gii quyt c, th vic s dng cc minicell v cc microcell s tr nn ph bin vi phm vi ph sng nh, cng sut bc x ca BTS (thng l cc trm Repeater) thp.
64
5.3
Quy hoch tn s Ngy nay cc nh cung cp dch v di ng GSM s dng hai di tn s, l
GSM 900 v GSM 1800. Mt s quc gia Chu M th s dng bng 850 Mhz v 1900 Mhz do bng 900 Mhz v 1800 Mhz y c s dng trc . Di tn s dng cho GSM 900 l 890 960 MHz, gm 124 tn s sng mang vi mi hng: Uplink: 890 ~ 915 MHz v Downlink: 935~960 MHz. Di tn s dng cho GSM 1800 l 1710 1880 MHz, gm 374 tn s sng mang vi mi hng: Uplink: 1710~1785 MHz v Downlink: 1805~1880 MHz. Hin nay, ti Vit Nam ang c 3 nh cung cp dch v di ng GSM l Vinaphone, Mobiphone, Viettel, cng ng thi hot ng, nn di tn s hn hp phi chia s u cho c 3 mng. Vi mng di ng VMS-Mobifone di tn c n nh cho mng nh sau: vi: Uplink: 906,6 MHz 914,8 MHz. Downlink: 951,6 MHz 959,8 MHz. GSM 1800: Di tn s dng trong VMS l t knh 579 n 644 tng ng vi: GSM 900: Di tn s dng trong VMS l 41 tn s t knh 84 n 124 tng ng
Uplink: 1723,6 MHz 1736,6 MHz. Downlink: 1818,6 MHz 1831,6 MHz. Ti nguyn tn s c hn trong khi s lng thu bao th ngy cng tng ln, nn vic s dng li tn s l iu tt yu. Tuy nhin, khi s dng li tn s th vn
65
nhiu ng knh xut hin. Do cn c s hoch nh tn s tt ti thiu ha nh hng ca nhiu ti cht lng ca h thng. 5.3.1 Ti s dng li tn s Mt h thng t ong l da trn vic s dng li tn s. Nguyn l c bn khi thit k h thng t ong l cc mu s dng li tn s. Theo nh ngha s dng li tn s l vic s dng cc knh v tuyn cng mt tn s mang ph sng cho cc vng a l khc nhau. Cc vng ny phi cch nhau mt c ly ln mi nhiu giao thoa ng knh (c th xy ra) chp nhn c. T s sng mang trn nhiu C/I ph thuc vo v tr tc thi ca thu bao di ng do a hnh khng ng nht, s lng v kiu tn x. Mng mu (Cluster) Cluster l mt nhm cc cell. Cc knh khng c ti s dng tn s trong mt cluster. Nh khai thc mng c giy php s dng mt s c hn cc tn s v tuyn. Vic quy hoch tn s, ta phi sp xp thch hp cc tn s v tuyn vo mt mng mu sao cho cc mng mu s dng li tn s m khng b nhiu qu mc. Hnh 5.3.1 m t cch ph sng bng mng mu gm 7 cell n gin.
Hnh 5.9 Mng mu gm 7 cells
66
C ly dng li tn s Ta bit rng s dng li tn s cc cell khc nhau th b gii hn bi nhiu ng knh C/I gia cc cell nn C/I s l mt vn chnh cn c quan tm. D dng thy rng, vi mt kch thc cell nht nh, khong cch s dng li tn s ph thuc vo s nhm tn s N. Nu N cng ln, khong cch s dng li tn s cng ln v ngc li. Ta c cng thc tnh khong cch s dng li tn s: D = R* 3 * N (trong : R l bn knh cell)
Hnh 5.10 Khong cch ti s dng tn s 5.3.2 Cc mu ti s dng tn s
K hiu tng qut ca mu s dng li tn s: Mu M /N Trong : M = tng s sites trong mng mu N = tng s cells trong mng mu Ba kiu mu s dng li tn s thng dng l: 3/9, 4/12 v 7/21. 5.3.3 a. Thay i quy hoch tn s theo phn b lu lng Thay i quy hoch tn s
67
S phn b lu lng S thay i lu lng v hiu ng im nng (hotspot) hnh thnh nhu cu tng thm knh tn s mt cell no . Khi ngi ta ngh ngay n kh nng ly knh tn s cell no c lu lng rt nh thm vo cho cell no c lu lng qu ln. Tuy nhin, vic lm ny ph hng quy hoch tn s v mang li can nhiu qu mc cho php nu nh vic thc thi khng ng khoa hc.
Hnh 5.11 Thay i quy hoch tn s Hnh 5.3.3 biu th mt tnh hung nh vy. y l mu ti s dng tn s 4/12. Ti mng mu X, cell D1 cn 3 knh tn s m bo lu lng, trong khi cell C3 ch cn 1 knh tn s p ng lu lng ti thi im ang xt.
68
Ti cell C3, c hai knh tn s 94 v 106, nh vy nn chn ti tn 94 hay 106 chuyn sang D1 ? nh hng ti
C A
Cell D1 v cell D3 l hai cell lin k. M ti tn 94, 106 ca cell C3 lin k vi ti tn 95, 107 ca cell D3. Chnh v vy, chn ti tn no d l 94 hay 106 a sang D1 th u lm tng can nhiu knh k, i vi MS bin gii D1 v D3 th t s chng gn bng 0 dB. nh hng ti C
I
C ca A
Nu chn ti tn 94 (hay 106) t cell C3 a sang D1, th c ly s dng li tn s 94 (hay 106) by gi l t cell D1 ca mng mu X n cell C3 ca mng mu Y, tc l gim i mt na so vi ban u. Ngha l nhiu knh chung tng ln nghim trng, t s C/I gim ng k. V bn knh cell R vn gi nguyn, m c ly s dng li tn s ca ti tn chuyn sang gim ch cn mt na, ngha l D/ R cn li mt na so vi quy hoch trc. V l thuyt, iu lm gim t s C/ I i chng 6 8 dB. Mun phn tch chnh xc C/ I, phi k n yu t a hnh thc t v cc nhn t mng mu. iu ny cn n cng c phn mm c bit x l vn bng my tnh. Mt trong nhng gii php cho vn ny l cu trc ng tm ca cell c tng cng thm ti tn ly t cell khc. Khi , cc ti tn sn c ban u ca cell vn c dng nh vn c, cn ti tn tng cng c pht cng sut b hn mc microcell. Cc nhn t khc Cng c phn mm quy hoch v tuyn s tnh n nhiu yu t sau y khi chuyn knh tn s: S khc nhau v cng sut pht v tuyn c cc BTS.
69
b.
S khc nhau v anten c dng cc c s mt bng. a hnh thay i Mng mu thay i. .v.v.. Quy hoch ph sng khng lin tc Bi ton quy hoch ny phi x l c bit. Tuy nhin, c s gii bi ton ny vn
l quy hoch tn s sao cho cc t s C/ I v C/ A t mc quy nh cht lng. Nhng mu thun pht sinh c th c dung ha ty hon cnh. V d: trong lng x ven quc l c th chu C/ I nh.
Hnh 5.12 Ph sng khng lin tc 5.3.4 Thit k tn s theo phng php MRP (Multiple Reuse Patterns)
Thit k h thng c dung lng ln vi chi ph cho h tng l ti thiu ang ngy cng tr nn quan trng trong cuc chy ua gia cc nh iu hnh di ng. Phn ny trnh by v vic p dng k thut nhy tn kt hp vi mt phng php thit k tn s tin tin, Multiple Reuse Patterns (MRP)_a mu s dng li. 1. Nhy tn _ Frequency Hopping Vic tng dung lng mng bng cch gim c ly ti s dng li tn s s ko theo nhng vn v nhiu tn s tr nn trm trng hn, iu ny gy kh khn cho vic thit k tn s vi cht lng tt. Mt s k thut c s dng nhm gim bt nh hng ca nhiu nh: nhy tn, iu khin cng sut, truyn pht gin on DTX (Discontinuous Transmission). Trong phn ny ta quan tm n k thut nhy tn _
70
Frequency Hopping. K thut nhy tn a ra hai khi nim phn tn tn s v phn tn nhiu. Phn tn tn s: Tn s c phn chia nhm cn bng cht lng tn hiu gia cc thu bao cho d thu bao ang di chuyn nhanh hay chm. iu ny c ngha l d tr cho Fainh nhanh (Rayleigh Fading) l khng cn thit. Chnh nh hiu qu ca phn tn tn s m vng ph sng c tng ln do gim c d tr cho Fainh nhanh. Ngy nay, quy hoch cell tiu biu dng 3 dB cho d tr Fainh nhanh. Phn tn nhiu: Cng nhiu c chia s u cho cc thu bao quy v mc nhiu trung bnh. Ni chung, vi mt mng li s dng k thut nhy tn th ta c th gim c ly ti s dng tn s do c th ci thin c dung lng ca h thng so vi mng khng s dng k thut nhy tn. Hiu qu ca k thut nhy tn Phn tn nhiu trong k thut nhy tn c th c nhn nhn nh s gim tng quan ca tn hiu nhiu tri qua nhng cm (burst) lin tip. Hnh 4.20 m t s suy gim tng quan tn hiu trong ba trng hp, khi ng ln uplink ca mt kt ni trong cell A b gy nhiu bi cc trm di ng trong cc cell ng knh. Cell A c n nh tn s 1 v 10 trong c ba trng hp.
71
Hnh 5.13 Mt v d v hiu qu ca k thut nhy tn trn phn tp nhiu ca mt mng li. Kch thc ca mi tn phn nh nhiu tng quan gia cc cell ng knh.
Trng hp th nht, mng khng s dng k thut nhy tn. MS kt ni trn knh tn s 1 trong cell A. Sau nhiu I xut hin t mt thu bao cell B ng thi hot ng trn cng knh tn s 1. Tng quan ca tn hiu nhiu trn cc cm lin tip do l rt cao. Nh vy cht lng ca kt ni l xu. Tnh hnh ch c th ci thin nu cell ng knh ngng pht tn hiu trn knh tn s ny hoc kt ni cell A c thc hin chuyn giao Handover (bi Intra-cell Handover, hay Inter-cell Handover). Trong trng hp th hai l trng hp nhy tn trong quy hoch tn s truyn thng, khi cc nhm tn s n nh cho tng cell. Kt ni trong cell A nhy trn hai knh tn s (1 v 10), cell B cng vy. Do , ngun nhiu c th thay i gia hai thu bao trong cell B, gy ra hai tn hiu nhiu I1 v I2. Bi v cng hai tn hiu nhiu ny c s khc nhau kh r rt, tng quan tn hiu nhiu c th thp hn cho cc cm lin tip. Ni cch khc, s phn tn nhiu tng ln so vi trng hp khng dng k thut nhy tn. Trng hp cui cng, mt thit k tn s bt quy tc kt hp vi k thut nhy tn. im c bit trong trng hp ny l khng c s n nh tn s s dng trong mt cell v cc cell ng knh ca n. Do , cell B ch l mt cell ng knh b phn ca cell A, bi chng ch c mt tn s dng chung. Mt khc, s sp xp ny to ra s cell ng knh b phn l ln hn, trong v d trn l cell C. Trong trng hp ny, nhng cm khc nhau ca mt kt ni ti cell A s b nhiu bi cc thu bao nhng cell khc nhau. Do , cc cm lin tip s tri qua cc tn hiu nhiu I1 v I2 , thng thng l khng tng quan. Chnh v vy, trng hp ny phn tn nhiu l cao
72
hn so vi thit k tn s theo truyn thng. M thut ng gi l Phn tn nhiu ti a _ Maximizing Interference Diversity. V d trn y trnh by cch thc c th t c phn tn nhiu ti a, mt thit k tn s khng s dng cc nhm tn s c nh l thch hp hn c. Tuy nhin, cch thit k tn s ny biu hin nhng hn ch, bao gm c vic thit k li trn phm vi rng cn thit cho mt h thng tin trin v m rng khng ngng. p dng k thut a mu s dng li_MRP c th t c phn tn nhiu ti a m vn duy tr cu trc thit k tn s. 2. Phng php a mu s dng li MRP _ Multiple Reuse Patterns Phng php MRP l phng php tng qut t c dung lng cao bng cch s dng li tn s kt hp vi k thut nhy tn. Phng php MRP khai thc li th ca k thut nhy tn nhm tng dung lng. C s ca phng php MRP l phn chia cc tn s thnh cc mu lp bng tn s khc bit vi cc mc s dng li khc nhau v dng k thut nhy tn kt hp chng li mt mc s dng li trung bnh. Vi mc ch l trin khai c cng nhiu cng tt cc b thu pht TRX cc cell hin ti ti thiu chi ph cho lp t trm mi. Phn ny ta ch xt ti MRP s dng nhy tn bng c bn. a. Phn chia bng tn: Bc u tin ca phng php MRP l phn chia ph tn sn c thnh cc bng tn khc nhau. Mt bng tn l bng tn BCCH, v mt hay nhiu bng tn TCH theo ngha rng mt tn s c dng lm tn s BCCH mt cell th s khng c s dng lm tn s TCH mt cell khc v ngc li. Bng tn BCCH dng thit k cho knh iu khin qung b BCCH. L do dng cc tn s BCCH duy nht l: Lu lng khng ph thuc vo c tnh gii m BSIC: Khi MS c gng gii m BSIC (Base Station Identity Code_M nhn dng trm gc) trn knh ng b SCH (Synchronisation Channel), c tnh ny khng b nh hng bi ti lu lng. L do l lu lng c n nh vo cc tn s TCH s
khng lm nhiu lon bt k tn s BCCH m knh ng b SCH nh x vo. Gii m nhn dng trm gc BSIC l rt quan trng i vi hiu sut chuyn giao (Handover). Hiu sut handover khng tt s lm tng s lng cc cuc gi b rt. n gin ha vic khai bo danh sch cell ln cn: Vi mt bng tn BCCH ring bit, s lng cc tn s cell ln cn s c gim bt. Vic thit k s n gin khi m tt c cc tn s ngoi tr tn s BCCH ca chnh cell v trong danh sch cell ln cn u c th c s dng. Nu s dng tt c cc tn s sn c nh l cc tn s BCCH s dn ti kt qu l danh sch cell ln cn di hn nh hng xu ti hiu sut handover. Vic thit k li tn s TCH khng nh hng g ti thit k tn s BCCH: Nu nhng TRX b sung c thm vo cc cell c sn, vic thit k tn s BCCH s khng b nh hng g. Hn ch duy nht cn tnh n l nhiu tn s k bn. Chnh v vy, s l hp l khi gi cng thit k tn s cho d TRX b sung c thm vo h thng. Nh iu hnh mng do bit rng nu thit k tn s BCCH tt th n vn gi nguyn c tnh trng tt, khng ph thuc vo nhng tn s TCH. Li ch ca vic iu khin cng sut v pht gin on DTX: Ch c cc tn s TCH c th s dng pht gin on v iu khin cng sut trn hng xung downlink. Vi mt bng tn BCCH ring bit, li ch y t vic iu khin cng sut v pht gin on DTX l t c trn hng xung downlink. Bc tip theo trong phng php MRP, nhng tn s cn li (TCH) c phn chia thnh nhng bng tn khc nhau. Nh vy s tn ti mt bng tn BCCH v vi bng tn TCH. tng chnh l mt vi bng tn TCH c p dng nhng mu s dng li khc nhau trn nhng b thu pht khc nhau. B thu pht TCH th nht trong tt c cc cell s s dng cc tn s ca bng tn TCH th nht, bng tn TCH th hai cho b thu pht th hai, v.v L do cho vic phn chia nhng tn s TCH thnh cc bng khc nhau l: - Kch c s dng li tn s trung bnh ph thuc vo phn b cc TRX ca mng li: S phn b TRX quyt nh h s s dng li tn s trung bnh m c th p
dng trong mng. H s s dng li tn s trung bnh c iu chnh theo s TRX ti a cn thit cho mi cell v s lng cell cn s TRX nh vy. Theo cch ny th cht lng h thng c th kim sot tt hn nh iu chnh trong x l thit k tn s. - Khi m rng thm TRX, nh hng ti thit k tn s hin ti s nh hn: Vic phn chia bng tn TCH s gii hn s lng cc yu cu ca cng tc thit k tn s khi c thm nhng TRX c b sung. Ch nhng cell c cng s TRX hoc nhiu hn mi b nh hng nu c thm nhng TRX b sung. V d, thm TRX th t vo mt cell c ba TRX s ch c nh hng ti nhng cell c bn hoc c nhiu hn s TRX. Mt bin php cu trc cho thit k tn s: Vi vic phn chia bng tn TCH thnh cc bng khc nhau, cu trc s tr nn hp l khi thit k quy hoch tn s cho b thu pht TCH th nht m khng lm thay i quy hoch BCCH hay nhng quy hoch cho nhng b thu pht TCH khc. Cu trc ny gip n gin hn trong vic a ra thit k tn s mi v trong vic pht hin ra thit k tn s khng tt. b. n nh tn s Vic n nh tn s c minh ha trong hnh di, mt biu ch ra cch nhng tn s khc nhau c th n nh cho mt cu hnh MRP vi ti a bn TRX mi cell. V d ny xt thit k 12/10/8/6. iu ny ngha l c 12 tn s BCCH (tn s 1, 3, 5, , 23), 10 tn s TCH cho nhm 1 (tn s 2, 4, 6, , 20), 8 tn s TCH nhm 2 (22, 24, 26, , 36) v 6 tn s TCH cho nhm 3 (25, 27, , 35). Hnh v cng ch ra s n nh tn s cho hai cell A v B vi s b thu pht theo th t l hai v bn.
75
Hnh 5.14 V d v thit k tn s vi phng php MRP Cell A c n nh tn s BCCH th 1 v tn s TCH th 6. Do cell A s s dng nhy tn bng c bn trn hai tn s. Trong khi cell B c n nh tn s BCCH th 23 v cc tn s TCH th 20, 26, 35. Do , cell B s dng nhy tn bng c bn trn bn tn s. Ch rng, nhng tn s BCCH khng cn xc nh r v tr, do bt k tn s no trong di tn c sn u c th chn lm tn s BCCH min sao s chia tch BCCH/ TCH c tha mn. Khng cn phi lc no cng tun th cht ch vic n nh tn s theo phng php MRP. Nu mt cell tn ti nhng vn v cht lng th c th gii quyt vn ny bng thay i mt tn s trong cell sang mt tn s tri lut, tn s m ban u c s dng trong nhm b thu pht khc. c. Thit k tn s
Phng php MRP c pht trin nhm x l c trng tiu biu ca mng li khi s phn phi TRX l khng ng u. iu ny rt quan trng khi mng t bo c s khc nhau v nhng c tnh mng nh kch c cell, s ph tn sn c v a hnh. C ngha l trong mng li, mt s cell c nhiu TRX trong khi c nhng cell vi s TRX t hn. tm hiu cc trng thi s dng li tn s khc nhau ca nhng cell khc nhau vi s TRX l khc nhau, ta xem xt v d sau: Cu hnh MRP 12/8/6/4 c chn cho tng s 30 tn s sn c. Trong , 12 tn s BCCH, ba nhm tn s
76
TCH ln lt gm 8, 6, 4 tn s. Trong v d ny ta gi thit rng t l cc cell c 2, 3,
S TRX /cell T l cell (%) MRP groups H s s dng li tn s TB S dng li tn s TB thc t (Gii hn trn) phn tn
2 20% 12 / 8
12 8 10 2
3 30% 12 / 8 / 6
12 8 6 8,7 3
4 50% 12 / 8 / 6 / 4
12 8 6 4 7,5 4
10
9,0
8,5
Nh
Ln
Rt ln
4 TRX ln lt l 20%, 30%, 50%. H s s dng li tn s trung bnh ca mt cell = Tng s tn s trong nhm n nh cho cell / S TRX ca cell Do , cc cell khc nhau s c h s s dng li tn s khc nhau: h s bng 10 vi cell c 2 TRX, bng 8,7 vi cell c 3 TRX, v bng 7,5 vi cell c 4 TRX. H s s dng li tn s trung bnh thc t c hiu theo ngha ri rc, v khng phi tt c cc cell u trang b y thit b. V d, TRX th 3 c s dng trn 80% tng s cell, do vy m h s s dng li thc t ca TRX ny ri rc s l 6/ 0,8 = 7 (lm trn t 7,5), ty thuc vo phn b a l ca nhng cell vi TRX th 3. Do , gii hn trn ca h s s dng li tn s thc t ca cell c 3 TRX s l: (12+8+7)/3 = 9,0.
77
Li ch ca nhy tn s tng cng vi s lng nhng tn s trong chui nhy tn. Nhng cell c nhiu TRX hn tng ng vi hiu qu s dng li cao hn, cng ng ngha vi mc nhiu l cao hn, nhng vi phng php MRP iu ny c cn bng vi mt phn tn nhiu l ln hn. Mu MRP ti H Ni nm 2007 ca VMS_Center1 l cu hnh 15/ 12/ 9 /3:
Group BCCH TCH1 TCH2 TCH3 Patch 84 113 95 103 93 111 86 114 99 Cell A 88 115 107 90 120 92 94 117 105 91 96 118 109 Cell B 98 119 87 100 124 102 104 121 85 101 106 122 89 Cell C 108 123 97 110 116 112 15 12 9 3 2 41
d.
Antenna Anten l thit b thc hin vic chuyn i nng lng gia sng c dn hng
(v d trong cp ng trc) v sng trong mi trng khng gian t do, hoc ngc li. Anten c th c s dng pht hoc thu tn hiu v tuyn. 5.3.5 Kiu loi anten:
Trong thng tin di ng ngi ta thng dng hai loi anten chnh l: Anten v hng (omni anten): Pht x tn hiu theo mi hng (3600). Anten nh hng (sector anten): Ch pht x theo mt hng nht nh. S dng Anten nh hng c hiu qu chng nhiu ng knh cao hn so vi Anten v hng.
78
Gim nhiu ng knh s dng anten nh hng (Sector ha) Ta bit vn nhiu giao thoa ng knh thng lin quan n vic s dng
li tn s v mt trong nhng dng ca loi nhiu ny l t cc thu bao ang hot ng nhng v tr cao (cc qu i, trn cc to nh cao tng...) gy nhiu ti cc cell c cng tn s lm vic. Khi dng Omni Antenna:
Hnh 5.16 Anten v hng (Omni antenna) Ta gi thit hai cell E1 v E2 s dng chung mt tn s v E1 c a th cao hn so vi E2. Mt thu bao MS ang di chuyn t E1 ti E2. Khi thu bao di chuyn cng gn E2, kh nng gy nhiu ca n ti E2 cng ln. Khi dng Sector Antenna:
Hnh 5.17 Anten v hng (Omni antenna) By gi ta cng vn dng E1 v E2. Nhng c sector ho thnh: EA1, EB1, EC v EA2, EB2, EC2. MS di chuyn v pha E2, xut pht t EA1 (c khong cch ln nht ti E2). Khi MS vt qua v tr trm EA1, n c chuyn giao ti EB1 v khong cch t MS ti E2 gn hn. EB1 cng tn s vi EB2 nhng nh a hnh ta thy, cc nhiu n to ra u nm pha sau anten ca EB2 (v l anten nh hng nn c t s nng lng hng trc trn hng sau = 6 15 dB). iu ny c ngha l kh nng chng nhiu ca h thng tng t 6 15 dB. Tng t nh vy khi MS
79
i ti EA2 n ch to nhiu cho EA1 t pha sau ca anten EA1.Tm li dng sector anten l mt bin php lm tng t s C/ I ca h thng. 5.3.6 tng ch anten (Gain of an Antenna) tng ch ca mt anten l t s, thng tnh bng dB, gia cng sut cn thit ti u vo ca mt anten chun khng suy hao vi cng sut cung cp u vo ca anten sao cho mt hng cho trc to ra cng trng hay mt thng lng cng sut nh nhau ti cng mt c ly. Nu khng c ghi ch g thm, th tng ch anten c tnh i vi hng pht x ln nht. Ty thuc vo s la chn vo anten chun, c cc loi tng ch anten sau: 1. Tng ch tuyt i hay tng ch ng hng (Gi) khi anten chun l mt anten tng ch ng vi mt dipol na bc sng (Gd) khi anten chun l mt dipol
ng hng bit lp trong khng gian. 2. na bc sng bit lp trong khng gian v mt phng vung gc ca n cha hng pht x. 3. tng ch ng vi mt anten thng ng ngn (Gv) khi anten chun l mt dy dn thng ngn hn nhiu so vi mt phn t bc sng, vung gc vi mt phng dn in l tng cha hng pht x. 5.3.7 Cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng - EIRP
Cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng EIRP (Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power) l tch s ca cng sut sinh ra cung cp cho mt anten vi tng ch ca anten hng nht nh ng vi anten ng hng ( tng ch ng hng hay tng ch tuyt i). EIRP c xc nh bi cng thc: PEIRP (W) = Pt (W)* 10(G - L)/10 Hay PEIRP (dB) Pt (dB) L G Trong : PEIRP (dBm): cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng; Pt (dBm): tng cng sut ca cc my pht.
80
L (dB): tng suy hao t cc my pht n anten (v d do combiner, feeder). G (dBi): tng ch cc i ca anten tng ng vi anten ng hng.
KT LUN
Thng tin di ng pht trin t rt lu, v trong i sng hin nay th n cng ng mt vai tr quan trng trong cuc sng sinh hot hng ngy ca con ngi chng ta. n ny ca em trnh by nhng kin thc c bn nht v mng thng tin di ng GSM l mt phn quan trng trong h thng thng tin di ng hin nay. Trong qu trnh thc hin n em tip thu c rt nhiu kin thc v mng GSM. Do vn kin thc cn hn hp, thi gian tip xc thc tin v nghin cu cn cha c nhiu nn em cha tm hiu trnh by tht s tt nht v k lng v cc vn lin quan ht n mng di ng GSM. Trn y l nhng kin thc em tm hiu c trong qu trnh thc tp v nghin cu. Mt ln na em xin gi li cm n chn thnh ti c gio hng dn PGS.TS H Anh Ty gip em rt nhiu trong sut qu trnh thc hin v hon thin n ny. Em xin chn thnh cm n. H Ni, thng 6 nm 2011 Sinh vin thc hin : inh Th Hng Phc
81
TI LIU THAM KHO 1. 2. Thng tin di ng s : V c Th - Nh xut bn gio dc 1997 Ti liu down load trn mng
- www.cisco.com - www.gsmworld.com - www.tailieu.vn - www.dtvt.org.vn - www.ebook.edu.vn - www.4tech.com.vn - www.luanvan.com.vn
82

Thông Tin Di Động

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Thông Tin Di Động

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

n TN: Tng Quan V H Thng Vin Thng GSM

Sinh vin hon thnh v np n tt nghip ngy

SVTH: inh Th Hng Phc

n TN: Tng Quan V H Thng Vin Thng GSM

Cn b phn bin ( K, ghi r h v tn )

SVTH: inh Th Hng Phc

n TN: Tng Quan V H Thng Vin Thng GSM

SVTH: inh Th Hng Phc

n TN: Tng Quan V H Thng Vin Thng GSM

2.5.2 2.5.3 2.5.4

Bo dng............30 Qun l thu bao..30 Qun l thit b di ng...31

SVTH: inh Th Hng Phc

n TN: Tng Quan V H Thng Vin Thng GSM

5.3.3 5.3.4 5.3.5 5.3.6 5.3.7

KT LUN..82 TI LIU THAM KHO..83

SVTH: inh Th Hng Phc

n TN: Tng Quan V H Thng Vin Thng GSM

SVTH: inh Th Hng Phc

n TN: Tng Quan V H Thng Vin Thng GSM

Code Division Multiple Access

Cellulear Conference of European Post an Telecommunication

Cell Identity Carrier to Interference

Conection Management Deidicated Control Chanel

European Telecomunications Standards Institue

Equipment Identification Register

Frequency Division Multiple Access

Frequency Correction Chanel

Fast Associated Control Chanel

Gateway MSC Global System for Mobile Communication

SVTH: inh Th Hng Phc

n TN: Tng Quan V H Thng Vin Thng GSM

Generation Packet Radio Service

Dch v v tuyn gi chung B ng k nh v thng tr

Handover Number Intergrated Service Digital Network

S chuyn giao Mng s a dch v

Incoming HO successful Rate

Location Area Location Area Code Location Area Identity

Link Access Procedures on Dchanel

Mobile Country Code

Mobile Network Code

Multiple Reuse Patterns Mobile Switching Service Center

n TN: Tng Quan V H Thng Vin Thng GSM

Mobile Station ISDN Number

Nordic Mobile Telephone

Network Subsystem Operation and Maintencince Center

Operation and Support System

OSI PCH PLMN

Open System Interconnetion Puging Chanel Public Land Mobile Network

Packet Switch Public Data Network

Public Swithched Telephone Network

Random Access Chanel

Receiver Set Asynchronous Balance Mode

Slow Associated Control Chanel

Signaling Connection Control Part

SVTH: inh Th Hng Phc

n TN: Tng Quan V H Thng Vin Thng GSM

Stand Alone Dedicated

Subscriber Identity Modul

SMS SS TCH TDMA

Transcoding and Rate/ Adapter Unit

SVTH: inh Th Hng Phc

n TN: Tng Quan V H Thng Vin Thng GSM

SVTH: inh Th Hng Phc