VẬN HÀNH HỆ THỐNG PIN MẶT

I HC QUC GIA THNH PH H CH MINH
TRNG I HC BCH KHOA

KHOA IN IN T
B MN THIT B IN
------------
LUN VN TT NGHIP
M PHNG, THI CNG H THNG PIN MT

TRI NUI TI DC.
TM HIU VN HNH H THNG PIN MT
TRI C LP (AA10-121107_ISOLE).
GVHD: PGSTS. NGUYN HU PHC
ThS. PHAN QUANG N
SVTH: NG MINH AN
MSSV: 40200009
TP H Ch Minh, Thng 6/2008
i hc Quc Gia TPHCM

i hc Bch Khoa TPHCM
Khoa in in t
CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

c lp - T do - Hnh phc
NHIM V LUN VN TT NGHIP

SVTH: Ng Minh An
Lp: DD02KTD1
B mn: Thit b in
MSSV: 40200009
Ngnh: K thut in
1 - ti:
M PHNG, THI CNG H THNG PIN MT TRI NUI TI DC.
TM HIU VN HNH H THNG PIN MT TRI C LP
(AA-121107_ISOLE).
2 - Nhim v:
- M phng h thng pin mt tri c lp bng chng trnh Bond-Graph:
+ Gii thiu phn mm 20 SIM (Bond - Graph).
+ Pin mt tri (tnh ton, c s l thuyt, m phng).
+ Mch bin i DC-DC (tnh ton, c s l thuyt, m phng).
+ Acquy (tnh ton, c s l thuyt, m phng).
+ M phng h thng.
- Thit k v thi cng mch np acquy trong h thng pin mt tri.
- Tm hiu vn hnh h thng pin mt tri c lp (AA-121107_ISOLE).
3 Ngy nhn ti lun vn: 03-03-2008.
4 Ngy hon thnh lun vn: 22-06-2008.
5 - Gio vin hng dn :
Phn hng dn:
50%
1.
NGUYN HU PHC
2.
PHAN QUANG N
50%
Ni dung v yu cu LATN c thng qua B mn.
Ngy. thng.nm 2008
CH NHIM B MN
(k v ghi r h tn)
GIO VIN HNG DN

(k v ghi r h tn)
LI CM N
Knh tha qu thy c!
Em xin c gi li cm n chn thnh n Ban Gim Hiu v
cc thy c trong trng, c bit l cc thy c trong khoa inin t trng i hc Bch Khoa TPHCM, tn tnh ch dy,
truyn t kin thc cng nh to iu kin thun li cho em trong
sut qu trnh hc tp va qua.
Em xin chn thnh cm n thy Nguyn Hu Phc v thy Phan
Quang n dnh nhiu thi gian, cng sc, quan tm theo di, tn
tnh hng dn, ng vin v nhc nh em hon thnh tt lun vn
ny.
Qua y, em cng xin gi li cm n n tt c cc bn b v
ngi thn xung quanh ng vin, gip em rt nhiu trong qu
trnh hc tp.
TP.HCM, thng 6 / 2008
Sinh vin
NG MINH AN
TM TT LUN VN.
Nng lng mt tri cng nh nhiu ngun nng lng mi khc nh nng
lng gi, nng lng thy triu, tuy khng cn l ti mi i vi th gii nhng
i vi Vit Nam vn ny gn y mi c quan tm.
Lun vn M PHNG, THI CNG H THNG PIN MT TRI NUI TI
DC , TM HIU VN HNH H THNG PIN MT TRI C LP l mt ti
ch nghin cu mt mng nh trong h thng pin mt tri, l phn nui ti DC.
Lun vn gm 2 phn chnh:
- Phn m phng : m phng h thng pin mt tri nui ti DC bng chng
trnh Bond-Graph gm c: m phng tm pin mt tri, m phng b bin i DC-DC,
m phng Acquy v m phng h thng gm 3 phn trn.
- Phn thi cng: thit k v thi cng mch np cho acquy v cung cp cho ph ti
t ngun pin mt tri. Mch in c hai phn chnh l mch iu khin dng PIC
18F8722 v mch bin i DC-DC (Cuk converter).
Ni dung lun vn gm 5 chng:
Chng 1: GII THIU V NNG LNG MT TRI V H THNG PIN
MT TRI.
Chng 2: M PHNG H THNG PIN MT TRI NUI TI DC BNG
CHNG TRNH BOND-GRAPH.
Chng 3: THI CNG MCH IN V CHNG TRNH IU KHIN
NP ACQUY T PIN MT TRI.
Chng 4: TM HIU VN HNH H THNG PIN MT TRI C LP
AA-121107_ISOLE
.
Chng 5: KT QU, HNG PHT TRIN CA TI.
Trong lun vn ny ti c gng a vo ni dung nhng phn l thuyt quan
trng v h thng pin mt tri. c bit l phn m phng trong chng 2, ni dung
gii thiu v mt cng c m phng mi, l chng trnh 20Sim. Qua y ti
khng ch mun gii thiu v m phng pin mt tri m cn mong mun ngi c
xem nh y l mt v d tm hiu v chng trnh m phng ny.
Phn mch in cha tht s hon thin nhng nhng ai quan tm n vi iu
khin PIC, cc mch hi tip dng p, mch Cuk v mch ngun cch ly u c th ly
y lm v d tham kho.
Mc d l kt qu tm huyt ca gn 3 thng lm vic nhng cng khng trnh
c nhng sai xt, xin qu thy c v cc bn ng gp kin.
Rt tic ti khng c thi gian v kh nng theo ui n cng ti
ny, mong cc bn kha sau pht trin v hon thin hn na. Xin ng ngh y ch
l mt lun vn, hy ngh n mt ngy c mt sn phm h thng pin mt tri mang
thng hiu Vit Nam.
MC LC
mc:
Trang ba......................................................................................................................................i
Nhim v lun vn
Li cm n..................................................................................................................................ii
Tm tt lun vn ........................................................................................................................iii
Mc lc ......................................................................................................................................iv
Danh sch bng v hnh v ........................................................................................................vi
CHNG 1: GII THIU V NNG LNG MT TRI V H THNG PIN MT
TRI........................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Mt tri v ngun bc x Mt tri ........................................................................1

1.2 ng dng ca nng lng Mt tri.......................................................................4
1.3 Pin mt tri, cu to v nguyn l hot ng...6
1.3.1 Cu to.................................................................................................................... 7
1.3.2 Nguyn l hot ng .......................................................................................... 10
1.4 H thng pin mt tri 13
1.4.1 Thit k mt h thng pin mt tri ................................................................... 14
1.4.2 ng dng ca pin mt tri ................................................................................. 16
CHNG 2: M PHNG H THNG PIN MT TRI NUI TI DC BNG CHNG
TRNH BOND-GRAPH........................................................................................................... 18
2.1 Gii thiu chng trnh Bond-Graph..................................................................18

2.1.1 Giao din v cc cng c c bn.19
2.1.2 Mt s m hnh c bn ca chng trnh Bond Graph..23
2.1.3 Mt s quy tc xy dng m hnh mch in trn Bond-Graph25
2.1.4 Cc quy c biu din ng lin kt .............................................................. 26
2.2 M phng pin mt tri ........................................................................................28
2.2.1 S tng ng ca pin mt tri ................................................................. 28
2.2.2 Dng ngn mch Isc............................................................................................... 29
2.2.3 in p h mch VOC ........................................................................................ 29

2.2.4 Mch in tng ng chnh xc ................................................................... 31
2.2.5 Tm pin mt tri.................................................................................................. 34
2.2.6 im cng sut cc i MPP ............................................................................ 36
2.2.7 H s lp y v hiu sut ca pin mt tri ..................................................... 38
2.2.8 M phng pin mt tri........................................................................................ 38
2.3 Mch bin i DC-DC ........................................................................................42
2.3.1 Mch Cuk converter ........................................................................................... 42
2.3.2 Tnh thng s chi tit mch Cuk ....................................................................... 44
2.3.3 M phng mch Cuk bng chng trnh Bond-Graph................................... 46
2.4 Acquy ..................................................................................................................48
2.4.1 Gii thiu v Acquy............................................................................................ 48
2.4.2 Cc phng php phng v np Acquy ........................................................... 50
5
2.4.3 Cc ch vn hnh ........................................................................................... 51

2.4.4 M hnh Bond Graph ca Acquy ...................................................................... 51
2.5 M phng mch np Acquy trong h thng pin mt tri c lp .......................53
CHNG 3: THI CNG MCH IN V CHNG TRNH IU KHIN NP
ACQUY T PIN MT TRI .............................................................................................. 57
3.1 Thi cng mch np Acquy t ngun pin mt tri ...............................................57

3.1.1 Mch iu khin .................................................................................................. 58
3.1.2 Mch Cuk converter ........................................................................................... 61
3.1.3 Cc mch hi tip dng p................................................................................. 63
3.1.4 Cc mch ngun .................................................................................................. 67
3.2 Chng trnh iu khin .....................................................................................71
CHNG 4: TM HIU VN HNH H THNG PIN MT TRI C LP
AA-121107_ISOLE ..74
4.1 Gii thiu v h thng pin mt tri c lp AA10-121107_ISOLE...................74
4.2 Vn hnh h thng pin mt tri c lp AA10-121107_ISOLE ........................84
4.2.1 Trnh t vn hnh t iu khin ........................................................................ 85
4.2.2 Gii thiu v b iu khin BP-GM ................................................................. 86
4.2.3 Vn hnh bng Datapex ..................................................................................... 94
Chng 5: KT QU, HNG PHT TRIN CA TI ............................................ 106
5.1 Kt qu: .............................................................................................................106

5.1.1 Kt qu kho st pin mt tri........................................................................... 106
5.1.2 Kt qu phn thi cng mch ............................................................................ 110
5.2 Nhn xt ............................................................................................................112
5.3 Hng pht trin ...............................................................................................112
TI LIU THAM KHO ...................................................................................................... 114
PH LC : DATASHEET CA PIC 18F8722..................................................................... 115
DANH SCH BNG V HNH NH.

Bng 4.1 Thng s ca tm pin mt tri.
Bng 4.2 Thng s Acquy.
Bng 4.3 Tnh cht v chc nng ca thit b.
Bng 4.4 Thng s b nghch lu.
Bng 4.5: Cc k hiu hin th trn mn hnh BP GM.
Bng 4.6 Cc menu chnh trong BP-GM.
Bng 5.1 Kt qu kho st ln 1(10h, ngy 29/5/08).
Bng 5.2 Kt qu kho st ln 2(10h 30, ngy 29/5/08).
Hnh 1.1 Cu trc ca mt tri.
Hnh 1.2 Di bc x in t.
Hnh 1.3 Cc tuc bin gi pht in nh sc gi v thy triu, tn thu mt cch
gin tip nng lng Mt Tri.
Hnh 1.4 Nh my in mt tri.
Hnh 1.5 Mt cell pin mt tri.
Hnh 1.6 Cu to ca pin mt tri.
Hnh 1.7 Cc loi cu trc tinh th ca pin mt tri.
Hnh 1.8 Mt s loi panel pin mt tri.
Hnh 1.9 Qu trnh to mt panel pin mt tri.
Hnh 1.10 Nguyn l hot ng ca pin mt tri.
Hnh 1.11 H thng 2 mc nng lng trong E1 < E2.
Hnh 1.12 Cc vng nng lng.
Hnh 1.14 S khi h thng pin mt tri c lp.
Hnh 1.15 S khi h thng pin mt tri.
Hnh 1.16 B Acquy ca hng KesslerSun.
Hnh 1.17 B iu khin.
Hnh 1.18 Inverter ca Sunny Boy.
Hnh 1.19 Trm v tr ISS.
Hnh 1.20 Robot t hnh trn sao ha v v tinh nhn to.
Hnh 1.21 Pin mt tri c ng dng ti cc h gia nh v trong nng nghip.
Hnh 2.1 Chng trnh m phng 20-SIM.
Hnh 2.2 Ca s 20-Sim Editor.

Hnh 2.3 Ca s Editor vi m hnh Central Heating System.
Hnh 2.4 Ca s Icon Editor.
Hnh 2.5 Ca s Type Editor.
Hnh 2.6 Ca s m phng.
Hnh 2.7 Ca s Parameter/Initial Values Editor.
Hnh 2.8 Ca s Variable Chooser.
Hnh 2.9 Ca s Run Properties.
Hnh 2.10 Ca s Plot Properties.
Hnh 2.11 S mch in cn c m phng v m hnh cha c rt gn.
Hnh 2.12 Cch biu din th hai ca v d trn.
Hnh 2.13 V d mt ngun pin cp cho ti.
Hnh 2.14 S tng ng ca pin mt tri.
Hnh 2.15 S tng ng n gin ca pin mt tri gm mt ngun dng
mc song song vi mt diode l tng.
Hnh 2.16 th V-A ca pin mt tri.
Hnh 2.17 th V-A ca v d trn.
Hnh 2.18 M hnh n gin vi mt pin b khut sng.
Hnh 2.19 S tng ng n gin vi Rsh mc song song.
Hnh 2.20 th V-A ca s tng ng c Rsh mc song song.
Hnh 2.21 S tng ng n gin vi Rs mc ni tip.
Hnh 2.22 th V A ca mch in tng ng c Rs mc ni tip.
Hnh 2.23 S tng ng gm Rsh v Rs.
Hnh 2.24 th V A ca s tng ng trn vi Rsh = 1, Rs = 0,05.
Hnh 2.25 Mc ni tip hoc song song cc pin mt tri to thnh tm hay kt
ni cc tm pin li to thnh mng t cng sut cao hn.
Hnh 2.26 th V - A ca mt tm pin mt tri.
Hnh 2.27 Khi mc ni tip cc tm pin mt tri, dng ngn mch ca h thng
s bng dng ngn mch ca mt tm, p h mch ca h thng bng tng p h
mch ca tt c tm pin mt tri trong h thng.
Hnh 2.28 Khi mc song song cc tm pin mt tri, dng ngn mch ca h
thng s bng tng dng ngn mch ca tt c tm pin mt tri trong h thng,
p h mch ca h thng bng p h mch ca mt tm.
Hnh 2.29 Pin mt tri khi h mch, ngn mch v mc vi ti.
Hnh 2.30 th V A v th cng sut ca pin mt tri.
Hnh 2.31 Xc nh im MPP.
Hnh 2.32 M hnh Bond-Graph ca pin mt tri.
Hnh 2.33 M hnh ngun dng v ti.
8
Hnh 2.34 c tuyn V-A ca pin mt tri.

Hnh 2.35 ng c tuyn V-A, th cng sut v im cc i cng sut
MPP.
Hnh 2.36 th V A vi s thay i ca cng nh sng.
Hnh 2.37 c tuyn V A di s thay i ca nhit .
Hnh 2.38 th V A khi mc ni tip cc pin li vi nhau.
Hnh 2.39 th V A khi cc pin c mc song song.
Hnh 2.40 S mch sc acquy t h thng pin mt tri dng mch Cuk
Converter.
Hnh 2.41 S mch nguyn l.
Hnh 2.42 S tng ng ca mch Cuk khi Q dn.
Hnh 2.43 S tng ng ca mch Cuk khi Q ngt.
Hnh 2.44 Kho st ch dng ti lin tc.
Hnh 2.45 S nguyn l mch Cuk.
Hnh 2.46 S Bond Graph ca mch Cuk Converter.
Hnh 2.47 th Vin, Vout ca mch Cuk converter.
Hnh 2.48 th Iin, Iout ca mch Cuk converter.
Hnh 2.49 Cu to ca Acquy ch.
Hnh 2.50 S tng ng ca Acquy.
Hnh 2.51 M hnh Bond Graph ca Acquy.
Hnh 2.52 th in p v dng in ca Acquy khi ni ti 30.
Hnh 2.53 th in p v dng in ca Acquy khi np t ngun 30V.
Hnh 2.54 S nguyn l mch np acquy t pin mt tri.
Hnh 2.55 S chu trnh hot ng ca mch.
Hnh 2.56 Chu trnh kn ca dng IL2.
Hnh 2.57 S khi qut chu trnh in p.
Hnh 2.58 S iu khin vng kn mch np Acquy.
Hnh 2.59 M hnh Bond Graph mch np acquy t h thng pin mt tri.
Hnh 3.1 M hnh h thng.
Hnh 3.2 S khi mch in.
Hnh 3.3 S chn ca PIC 18F8722.
Hnh 3.4 S nguyn l mch iu khin.
Hnh 3.5 Mch chnh in p chun cho b ADC.
Hnh 3.6 Mch giao tip my tnh dng MAX232.
Hnh 3.7 S chn MAX232.
Hnh 3.8 S nguyn l mch Cuk converter.
Hnh 3.9 S chn ca FGA25N120 ANTD.
Hnh 3.10 S nguyn l mch kch IGBT.

Hnh 3.11 S chn HCPL 2231.
Hnh 3.12 S chn HEF40106BP.
Hnh 3.13 S chn ca OP07.
Hnh 3.14 S nguyn l mch hi tip p ng vo.
Hnh 3.15 S chn LM393.
Hnh 3.16 S nguyn l mch hi tip p ng ra.
Hnh 3.17 Cm bin dng LTS25-NP.
Hnh 3.18 S chn ca LTS25-NP.
Hnh 3.19 S nguyn l mch hi tip dng ng vo.
Hnh 3.20 Mch hi tip dng ng ra.
Hnh 3.21 Mch ngun DC 5V.
Hnh 3.22 S chn ca 205S24FR.
Hnh 3.23 S mch ngun DC 12V.
Hnh 3.25 S chn ca B688.
Hnh 3.26 S chn ca LM78XX
Hnh 3.27 S chn 0515.
Hnh 3.28 Mch in sau khi hon thnh.
Hnh 3.29 Giao din chng trnh MPLAB.
Hnh 3.30 Giao din chng trnh WinPic800.
Hnh 3.31 Lu gii thut.
Hnh 3.32 Chng trnh iu khin giao tip vi my tnh.
Hnh 4.1 S khi h thng pin mt tri c lp AA10 121107_Isole.
Hnh 4.2 T in h thng pin mt tri c lp.
Hnh 4.3 H thng pin mt tri c lp AA10 121107_ISOLE.
Hnh 4.4 Acquy dng trong h thng.
Hnh 4.5 B bin tn s dng trong h thng.
Hnh 4.6 S u dy ca t iu khin.
Hnh 4.7 S u dy b BP controller.
Hnh 4.8 B iu khin BP-GM.
Hnh 4.9 Giao din u tin ca BP GM.
Hnh 4.10 Giao din menu A.
Hnh 4.11 Giao din menu C.
Hnh 4.12 Giao din menu D.
Hnh 4.13 Giao din menu E.
Hnh 4.14 Giao din menu F.
10

Hnh 4.16 ng nhp v chn ng dn.
Hnh 4.17 Ca s lm vic chnh.
Hnh 4.18 Nhp site number, site name, a ch, s in thoi, ngy thng nm.
Hnh 4.19 Nhp cc thng s k thut ca acquy.
Hnh 4.20 Chn thit b,nhp s seri ca BP- GM.
Hnh 4.21 Pin quang in, acquy, ti, BP-GM kt ni.
Hnh 4.22 Chn cng kt ni.
Hnh 4.23 Chn tc bauds.
Hnh 4.24 Kt ni BP-GM.
Hnh 4.25 Kt ni thnh cng.
Hnh 4.26 Cc gi tr Ip1, P, Iu1, P ca pin v ti.
Hnh 4.27 Ngt kha S3, S7.
Hnh 4.28 Chn kiu in p acquy, ngy gi.
Hnh 4.29 Chn kiu acquy S3, S7.
Hnh 4.30 Chn gi tr dng I1, I3.
Hnh 4.31 Xem ci t BP-GM.
Hnh 4.32. Chn ngy gi bt u v kt thc vn hnh.
Hnh 4.33. Kt ni d liu.
Hnh 4.34 Chn ngy, thng, nm hin th.
Hnh 4.35 th in p acquy.
Hnh 4.36 th dng in ca pin quang in.
Hnh 4.37 th dng in pin quang in v ti.
Hnh 4.38 th dng np, dng phng in, dng bo ha ca acquy.
Hnh 5.1 th V A kho st ln 1.
Hnh 5.7 Mch np Acquy sau khi hon thin.
Hnh 5.8 Tn hiu kch IGBT sau khi qua b m.
Hnh 5.9 p trn cun cm L1.
Hnh 5.11 in p ng ra trn t C2.
Hnh 5.12 in p trn t C1.
11
Chng 1: GII THIU V NNG LNG MT TRI V

H THNG PIN MT TRI.
1.1 Mt tri v ngun bc x Mt tri :
Mt tri l mt khi kh hnh cu c ng knh 1,390.106km (ln hn 110 ln ng
knh tri t), cch xa tri t 150.106km (bng mt n v thin vn AU nh sng mt tri
cn khong 8 pht vt qua khong ny n tri t). Khi lng mt tri khong Mo =
2.1030kg. Nhit T trung tm mt tri thay i trong khong t 10.106K n 20.106K,
trung bnh khong 15600000 K. nhit nh vy vt cht khng th gi c cu trc trt
t thng thng gm cc nguyn t v phn t. N tr thnh plasma trong cc ht nhn
ca nguyn t chuyn ng tch bit vi cc electron. Khi cc ht nhn t do c va chm vi
nhau s xut hin nhng v n nhit hch. Khi quan st tnh cht ca vt cht ngui hn trn
b mt nhn thy c ca mt tri, cc nh khoa hc kt lun rng c phn ng nhit
hch xy ra trong lng mt tri. Mt Tri khng c ranh gii r rng nh cc hnh tinh
c t . Ngc li, mt cc kh gim dn xung theo quan h s m theo khong cch
tnh t tm Mt Tri. Bn knh ca Mt Tri c o t tm ti phn ra ngoi ca quang
quyn.
Hnh 1.1 Cu trc ca mt tri.

Nhit To ti trung tm mt tri thay i trong khong t 10.106K n
20.106K, trung bnh khong 15600000 K. nhit nh vy vt cht khng th gi
c cu trc trt t thng thng gm cc nguyn t v phn t. N tr thnh plasma
trong cc ht nhn ca nguyn t chuyn ng tch bit vi cc electron. Khi cc
ht nhn t do c va chm vi nhau s xut hin nhng v n nhit hch. Khi quan st
tnh cht ca vt cht ngui hn trn b mt nhn thy c ca mt tri, cc nh khoa
hc kt lun rng c phn ng nhit hch xy ra trong lng mt tri.
12
V cu trc, mt tri c th chia lm 4 vng, tt c hp thnh mt khi cu kh

khng l. Vng gia gi l nhn hay li c nhng chuyn ng i lu, ni xy ra
nhng phn ng nhit ht nhn to nn ngun nng lng mt tri, vng ny c bn
knh khong 175.000km, khi lng ring 160kg/dm3, nhit c tnh t 14 n 20
triu , p sut vo khong hng trm t atmotphe. Vng k tip l vng trung gian
cn gi l vng i ngc qua nng lng truyn t trong ra ngoi, vt cht
vng ny gm c st (Fe), can xi (Ca), nt ri (Na), stronti (Sr), crm (Cr), kn (Ni),
ccbon ( C), silc (Si) v cc kh nh hir (H2), hli (He), chiu dy vng ny khong
400.000km. Tip theo l vng i lu dy 125.000km v vng quang cu c nhit
khong 6000K, dy 1000km vng ny gm cc bt kh si sc, c ch to ra cc
vt en, l cc h xoy c nhit thp khong 4500K v cc tai la c nhit t
7000K -10000K. Vng ngoi cng l vng bt nh v gi l kh quyn ca mt tri.
nh sng ni ring, hay bc x in t ni chung, t b mt ca Mt Tri c
xem l ngun nng lng chnh cho Tri t. Hng s nng lng mt tri c tnh
bng cng sut ca lng bc x trc tip chiu trn mt n v din tch b mt Tri
t, bng khong 1370 W/m2. nh sng Mt Tri b hp th mt phn trn bu kh
quyn Tri t, nn mt phn nh hn ti c b mt Tri t, gn 1000 W/m nng
lng Mt Tri ti Tri t trong iu kin tri quang ng. Nng lng ny c th
dng vo cc qu trnh t nhin hay nhn to. Qu trnh quang hp trong cy s dng
nh sng mt tri v chuyn i CO2 thnh xy v hp cht hu c, trong khi ngun
nhit trc tip l lm nng cc bnh un nc dng nng lng Mt Tri, hay chuyn
thnh in nng bng cc pin nng lng Mt Tri. Nng lng d tr trong du m
c gi nh rng l ngun nng lng ca Mt Tri c chuyn i t xa xa trong
qu trnh quang hp v phn ng ha sinh ca sinh vt c.
Trong ton b bc x ca Mt tri, bc x lin quan trc tip n cc phn ng
ht nhn xy ra trong Mt tri khng qu 3%. Bc x ban u khi i qua 5.105 km
chiu dy ca lp vt cht Mt tri ca bin i rt mnh. Tt c cc dng ca bc x
in t u c bn cht sng v chng khc nhau bc sng. Bc x l sng ngn
nht trong cc sng , t tm Mt tri i ra cho s va chm hoc tn x m nng
lng ca chng gim i v by gi chng ng vi bc x c bc sng di. Nh vy
bc x chuyn thnh bc x Rnghen c bc sng di hn. Gn n b mt Mt tri
ni c nhit thp c th tn ti vt cht trong trng thi nguyn t v cc c
ch khc bt u xy ra.
13
Hnh 1.2 Di bc x in t.
c trng ca bc x Mt tri truyn trong khng gian bn ngoi Mt tri l mt
ph rng trong cc i ca cng bc x nm trong di 10-1 10 m v hu nh
mt na tng nng lng Mt tri tp trung trong khong bc sng 0,38 0,78 m
l vng nhn thy ca ph.
Chm tia truyn thng t Mt tri gi l bc x trc x.Tng hp cc tia trc x
v tn x gi l tng x. Mt dng bc x trc x ngoi lp kh quyn, tnh i
vi 1m2 b mt t vung gc vi tia bc x, c tnh theo cng thc:
q = D-T.C0(T/100)4
(1.1)
Trong : D-T : h s gc bc x gia Tri t v Mt tri.
D-T = 2/4
(1.2)
: gc nhn mt tri, 32
C0 = 5,67 W/m2.K4 h s bc x ca vt en tuyt i.
T 57620K nhit b mt Mt tri.
q
1353 W/m2.
Do khong cch gia Tri t v Mt tri thay i theo ma trong nm nn

cng thay i, do q cng thay i nhng thay i khng ln lm nn c th xem
q l khng i v c gi l hng s Mt tri.
Khi truyn qua lp kh quyn bao bc quanh Tri t, cc chm tia bc x b hp
th v tn x tng ozon, hi nc v bi trong kh quyn, ch mt phn nng lng
c truyn trc tip n Tri t.Ton b bc x t ngoi c s dng duy tr
qu trnh phn ly v hp nht ca O,O2 v O3 l qu trnh n nh. Do qu trnh
ny, khi i qua kh quyn, bc x t ngoi bin i thnh bc x vi nng lng nh
hn.
Cc bc x vi bc sng ng vi cc vng nhn thy v vng hng ngoi ca
ph tng tc vi cc phn t kh v cc ht bi ca khng kh nhng khng ph v
14
cc lin kt ca chng, khi cc photon b tn x kh u theo mi hng v mt s

photon quay tr li khng gian v tr. Bc x chu dng tn x ch yu l bc x c
bc sng ngn nht. Sau khi phn x t cc phn khc nhau ca kh quyn bc x tn
x i n chng ta mang theo mu xanh lam ca bu tri trong sng v c th quan st
c nhng cao khng ln. Cc git nc cng tn x rt mnh bc x mt tri.
Bc x mt tri khi i qua kh quyn cn gp mt tr ngi ng k na l do s hp
th ca cc phn t hi nc, kh cacbnic v cc hp cht khc, mc ca s hp
th ny ph thuc vo bc sng, mnh nht khong gia vng hng ngoi ca ph.
Phn nng lng bc x mt tri truyn ti b mt tri t trong nhng ngy
quang ng (khng c my) thi im cao nht vo khong 1000W/m2.
1.2 ng dng ca nng lng Mt tri:
i vi cuc sng ca loi ngi, nng lng Mt Tri l mt ngun nng lng
ti to qu bu.
C th trc tip thu ly nng lng ny thng qua hiu ng quang in, chuyn
nng lng cc photon ca Mt Tri thnh in nng, nh trong pin Mt Tri. Nng
lng ca cc photon cng c th c hp th lm nng cc vt th, tc l chuyn
thnh nhit nng, s dng cho bnh un nc Mt Tri, hoc lm si nc trong cc
my nhit in ca thp Mt Tri, hoc vn ng cc h thng nhit nh my iu ha
Mt Tri.
Nng lng ca cc photon c th c hp th v chuyn ha thnh nng lng
trong cc lin kt ha hc ca cc phn ng quang ha.
Mt phn ng quang ha t nhin l qu trnh quang hp. Qu trnh ny c
cho l tng d tr nng lng Mt Tri vo cc ngun nhin liu ha thch khng
ti sinh m cc nn cng nghip ca th k 19 n 21 v ang tn dng. N cng l
qu trnh cung cp nng lng cho mi hot ng sinh hc t nhin, cho sc ko gia
sc v ci t, nhng ngun nng lng sinh hc ti to truyn thng. Trong tng lai,
qu trnh ny c th gip to ra ngun nng lng ti to nhin liu sinh hc, nh
cc nhin liu lng (diesel sinh hc, nhin liu t du thc vt), kh (kh t sinh hc)
hay rn.
Nng lng Mt Tri cng c hp th bi thy quyn Tri t v kh quyn
Tri t sinh ra cc hin tng kh tng hc cha cc dng d tr nng lng c
th khai thc c. Tri t, trong m hnh nng lng ny, gn ging bnh un nc
ca nhng ng c nhit u tin, chuyn ha nhit nng hp th t photon ca Mt
Tri, thnh ng nng ca cc dng chy ca nc, hi nc v khng kh, v thay
i tnh cht ha hc v vt l ca cc dng chy ny.
Th nng ca nc ma c th c d tr ti cc p nc v chy my pht
in ca cc cng trnh thy in. Mt dng tn dng nng lng dng chy sng sui
15
c trc khi thy in ra i l ci xay nc. Dng chy ca bin cng c th lm

chuyn ng my pht ca nh my in dng dng chy ca bin.
Hnh 1.3 Cc tuc bin gi pht in nh sc gi v thy triu, tn thu mt cch gin
tip nng lng Mt Tri.
Dng chy ca khng kh, hay gi, c th sinh ra in khi lm quay tuc bin gi. Trc
khi my pht in dng nng lng gi ra i, ci xay gi c ng dng xay ng cc.
Nng lng gi cng gy ra chuyn ng sng trn mt bin. Chuyn ng ny c th c
tn dng trong cc nh my in dng sng bin.
i dng trn Tri t c nhit dung ring ln hn khng kh v do thay i nhit
chm hn khng kh khi hp th cng nhit lng ca Mt Tri. i dng nng hn
khng kh vo ban m v lnh hn khng kh vo ban ngy. S chnh lch nhit ny c
th c khai thc chy cc ng c nhit trong cc nh my in dng nhit lng ca
bin.
Khi nhit nng hp th t photon ca Mt Tri lm bc hi nc bin, mt phn nng
lng c d tr trong vic tch mui ra khi nc mn ca bin. Nh my in dng
phn ng nc ngt - nc mn thu li phn nng lng ny khi a nc ngt ca dng
sng tr v bin.
Hnh 1.4 Nh my in mt tri.

in nng cn c th to ra t nng lng mt tri da trn nguyn tc to nhit cao
bng mt h thng gng phn chiu v hi t gia nhit cho mi cht lm vic truyn
ng cho my pht in.
16
Hin nay trong cc nh my nhit in s dng nng lng mt tri c cc loi h

thng b thu ch yu sau y:
H thng dng parabol tr tp trung tia bc x mt tri vo mt ng mi cht t
dc theo ng hi t ca b thu, nhit c th t ti 400oC.
H thng nhn nhit trung tm bng cch s dng cc gng phn x c nh v theo
phng mt tri tp trung nng lng mt tri n b thu t trn nh thp cao, nhit
c th t ti trn 1500oC.
Trong thi i khoa hc k thut pht trin, nhu cu v nng lng ngy cng tng.
Trong khi cc ngun nhin liu d tr nh than , du m, kh thin nhin v ngay c
thy in th c hn khin cho nhn loi ng trc nguy c thiu ht nng lng. Vic tm
kim v khai thc cc ngun nng lng mi nh nng lng ht nhn, nng lng a
nhit, nng lng gi v nng lng mt tri l mt trong nhng hng quan trng trong k
hoch pht trin nng lng, khng nhng i vi nhng nc pht trin m ngay c vi
nhng nc ang pht trin.
Nng lng mt tri - ngun nng lng sch v tim tng nht - ang c loi ngi
thc s c bit quan tm. Do vic nghin cu nng cao hiu qu cc thit b s dng
nng lng mt tri v trin khai ng dng chng vo thc t l vn c tnh thi s.
Vit Nam l nc c tim nng v nng lng mt tri, tri di t v 8 Bc n 23
Bc, nm trong khu vc c cng bc x mt tri tng i cao, vi tr s tng x kh
ln t 100-175 kcal/cm2.nm (4,2 -7,3GJ/m2.nm) do vic s dng nng lng mt tri
nc ta s em li hiu qu kinh t rt ln.
1.3 Pin mt tri, cu to v nguyn l hot ng :
Pin nng lng mt tri (hay pin quang in, t bo quang in), l thit b bn dn
cha lng ln cc diod p-n, dui s hin din ca nh sng mt tri c kh nng to ra
dng in s dng c. S chuyn i ny gi l hiu ng quang in.
Cc pin nng lng mt tri c nhiu ng dng. Chng c bit thch hp cho cc
vng m in nng trong mng li cha vn ti, cc v tinh quay xung quanh qu o tri
t, my tnh cm tay, cc my t xa, thit b bm nc... Pin nng lng mt tri (to thnh
cc module hay cc tm nng lng mt tri) xut hin trn nc cc ta nh ni chng c
th kt ni vi b chuyn i ca mng li in.
17
Hnh 1.5 Mt cell pin mt tri.

Hiu ng quang in c pht hin u tin nm 1839 bi nh vt l Php
Alexandre Edmond Becquerel. Tuy nhin cho n 1883 mt pin nng lng mi c
ch to thnh cng, bi Charles Fritts, ng ph ln mch bn dn selen mt lp cc
mng vng to nn mch ni. Russell Ohl c xem l ngi to ra pin nng lng
mt tri u tin nm 1946 tuy nhin n ch c hiu sut 1%. Pin mt tri ln u tin
c ng dng l trn v tinh Vangaurd 1 ca M, c phng nm 1958. Ngy nay
pin mt tri c sn xut trn ton th gii t bit l cc nc tin tin nh M,
c, Ty Ban Nha
1.3.1 Cu to :
Cu to ca pin mt tri l mt lp tip xc bn dn p-n c kh nng bin i trc tip
nng lng bc x mt tri thnh in nng nh hiu ng quang in bn trong.
Hnh 1.6 Cu to ca pin mt tri.
18
Cho ti hin ti th vt liu ch yu cho pin mt tri (v cho cc thit b bn dn) l cc

silic tinh th. Pin mt tri t tinh th silic chia ra thnh 3 loi:
- Mt tinh th hay n tinh th module sn xut da trn qu trnh Czochralski.
Pin mt tri dn tinh th c th t hiu sut t 11% - 16% . Chng thng rt mc
tin do c ct t cc thi hnh ng, cc tm n th ny c cc mt trng gc ni
cc module.
- a tinh th lm t cc thi c c t silic nung chy cn thn c lm ngui
v lm rn. Cc pin ny thng r hn cc n tinh th, tuy nhin hiu sut km hn,
t 8% - 11%. Tuy nhin chng c th to thnh cc tm vung che ph b mt nhiu
hn n tinh th b li cho hiu sut thp ca n.
- Di silic to t cc ming phim mng t silic nng chy v c cu trc a tinh
th. Loi ny c hiu sut thp nht, t 3% - 6%, tuy nhin loi ny r nht trong cc
loi v khng cn phi ct t thi silicon.
Hnh 1.7 Cc loi cu trc tinh th ca pin mt tri.

Silic thuc nhm IV, tc l c 4 electron lp ngoi cng. Silic c th kt hp vi
silicon khc to nn cht rn. C bn c 2 loi cht rn silicon, a th hnh (khng
c trt t sp xp) v tinh th (cc nguyn t sp xp theo th t dy khng gian 3
chiu). Pin nng lng mt tri ph bin nht dng a tinh th silicon.
Silic l cht bn dn. Tc l th rn silic, ti mt tng nng lng nht nh,
electron c th t c, v mt s tng nng lng khc th khng c. Cc tng
nng lng khng c php ny xem l tng trng. L thuyt ny cn c theo thuyt
c hc lng t.
nhit phng, Silic nguyn cht c tnh dn in km. Trong c hc lng
t, gii thch tht t ti mc nng lng Fermi trong tng trng. to ra silic c tnh
dn in tt hn, c th thm vo mt lng nh cc nguyn t nhm III hay V trong
bng tun hon ha hc. Cc nguyn t ny chim v tr ca nguyn t silic trong
mng tinh th, v lin kt vi cc nguyn t silic bn cnh tng t nh l mt silic.
Tuy nhin cc phn t nhm III c 3 electron ngoi cng v nguyn t nhm V c 5
19
electron ngoi cng, v th nn c ch trong mng tinh th c d electron cn c ch

th thiu electron. V th cc electron tha hay thiu electron (gi l l trng) khng
tham gia vo cc kt ni mng tinh th. Chng c th t do di chuyn trong khi tinh
th. Silic kt hp vi nguyn t nhm III (nhm hay gali) c gi l loi bn dn p
bi v nng lng ch yu mang in tch dng (positive), trong khi phn kt hp vi
cc nguyn t nhm V (pht pho, asen) gi l bn dn n v mang nng lng m
(negative). Lu rng c hai loi n v p c nng lng trung ha, tc l chng c
cng nng lng dng v m, loi bn dn n, loi m c th di chuyn xung quanh,
tng t ngc li vi loi p.
Cc tinh th silic (Si) hay gali asenua (GaAs) l cc vt liu c s dng lm
pin mt tri. Gali asenua c bit to nn dng cho pin mt tri, tuy nhin thi tinh
th silic cng c th dng c vi gi thnh thp hn, sn xut ch yu tiu th
trong cng nghip vi in t. a tinh th silic c hiu qu km hn nhng gi tin
cng thp hn.
Khi trc tip di nh sng mt tri, mt pin silic c ng knh 6 cm c th
sn xut dng in khong 0,5 ampe 0,5 volt.
Cc tm tinh th mng hnh a, c nh bng loi b cc khuyt tt trong
qu trnh ct, cht kch thch c dng cho cc pin, v cc tm kim loi dn truyn
t vo mt mt: mt li mng trn b mt chiu nh sng mt tri, v mt phng
trn mt cn li. Tm nng lng mt tri to thnh t cc pin nh vy ct theo hnh
dng thch hp, c bo v khi tia bc x v h hi trn mt trc bng cc ming
gng, dn vo cht nn. S lin mch c to nn thnh cc dy song song quyt
nh nng lng to ra. Cht keo v cht nn phi c tnh dn nhit, v khi cc pin
c lm nng khi hp th nng lng hng ngoi, vn khng th chuyn ha thnh
nng lng. Mt khi cc pin b lm nng th gim hiu sut hot ng v th nn phi
lm gim thiu nhit nng.
Hnh 1.8 Mt s loi panel pin mt tri.
20
Hnh 1.9 Qu trnh to mt panel pin mt tri.

1.3.2 Nguyn l hot ng :
21
Hnh 1.11 H thng 2 mc nng lng trong E1 < E2.

Bnh thng in t chim mc nng lng thp hn E1 .Khi chiu sng h thng,
lng t nh sng (photon) mang nng lng hv (h l hng s Plank v v l tn s nh sng)
b in t hp th v chuyn ln mc E2.
Phng trnh cn bng nng lng:
hv = E1-E2
(1.3)
Trong cc vt rn ,do tng tc rt mnh ca mng tinh th ln in t vnh ngoi ,
nn cc nng lng ca n b tch ra nhiu mc nng lng con rt st nhau v to thnh
vng nng lng. Vng nng lng thp b cc in t chim y khi trng thi cn bng
gi l vng ho tr m bn trn ca n c nng lng EV. Vng nng lng pha trn tip
hon ton trng hoc ch b chim mt phn gi l vng dn, bn di ca vng c nng
lng l EC, cch ly gia vng ha tr v vng dn gi l mt vng cm c rng nng
lng l Eg, trong khng c mc nng lng cho php no ca in t.
Khi nh sng chiu n vt rn c vng nng lng ni trn, photon c nng lng hv
ti h thng , b in t ca vng ho tr hp th v n c th chuyn ln vng dn tr
thnh in t t do e-,lc ny vng ho tr s c mt l trng c th di chuyn nh ht
mang in tch dng nguyn t (k hiu h+). L trng ny c th di chuyn v tham gia vo
qu trnh dn in.
Hnh 1.12 Cc vng nng lng.

Phng trnh hiu ng lng t:
eV+hv e- + h+
22
(1.4)
iu kin in t c th hp th nng lng ca photon v chuyn t vng ho tr

ln vng dn, to ra cp in t l trng l:
hv > Eg = EC - EV
(1.5)
+
Suy ra bc sng ti hn C ca nh sng c th to ra cp e - h l:
(1.6)
C = hc/( EC EV)
Vy khi chiu sng vo vt rn, in t vng ho tr hp th nng lng photon hv v
chuyn ln vng dn to ra cp ht dn in t l trng e- - h+, tc l to ra mt in th.
Hin tng gi l hin tng quang in bn trong.
Nguyn l hot ng ca pin mt tri chnh l hin tng quang in xy ra trn lp
tip xc p-n.
in t
Ec
(vng dn)
photon
Vng cm
Ev
(vng ha tr)
L trng
Khi mt photon chm vo mnh silic, mt trong hai iu sau s xy ra:
Photon truyn trc xuyn qua mnh silic. iu ny thng xy ra khi nng lng
ca photon thp hn nng lng a cc ht electron ln mc nng lng cao
hn.
Nng lng ca photon c hp th bi silic. iu ny thng xy ra khi nng
lng ca photon ln hn nng lng a electron ln mc nng lng cao hn.
Khi photon c hp th, nng lng ca n c truyn n cc ht electron
trong mng tinh th. Thng thng cc electron ny lp ngoi cng, v thng c
kt dnh vi cc nguyn t ln cn v th khng th di chuyn xa. Khi electron c
kch thch, tr thnh dn in, cc electron ny c th t do di chuyn trong bn dn.
Khi nguyn t s thiu 1 electron v gi l l trng. L trng ny to iu kin
cho cc electron ca nguyn t bn cnh di chuyn n in vo l trng, v iu ny
to ra l trng cho nguyn t ln cn c "l trng". C tip tc nh vy l trng di
chuyn xuyn sut mch bn dn.
Mt photon ch cn c nng lng ln hn nng lung kch thch electron
lp ngoi cng dn in. Tuy nhin, tn s ca mt tri thng tng ng 6000K,
23
v th nn phn ln nng lng mt tri u c hp th bi silic. Tuy nhin hu ht

nng lng mt tri chuyn i thnh nng lng nhit nhiu hn l nng lng in
s dng c.

1.4 H thng pin mt tri :
H thng pin mt tri l mt h thng bao gm mt s cc thnh phn nh: cc tm pin
mt tri, cc ti tiu th in, cc thit b lu tr in nng (acquy) v cc thit b iu phi
in nng
24
Hnh 1.14 S khi h thng pin mt tri c lp.

1.4.1 Thit k mt h thng pin mt tri:
Thit k mt h thng pin mt tri l xy dng mt quan h tng thch gia cc thnh
phn ca h v mt nh tnh v nh lng m bo hiu qu cao.
Cc bc thit k:
1.4.1.1 La chn s khi:
T s phn tch cc yu cu v cc c trng ca cc ph ti in ta s chn mt s
khi thch hp.
Hnh 1.15 S khi h thng pin mt tri.

Hnh 1.12 l mt s khi thng dng i vi cc h thng pin mt tri.
1.4.1.2 Tnh ton h ngun in pin mt tri:
C nhiu phng php tnh ton nhng thng dng nht ch yu da trn s cn
bng in nng trung bnh hng ngy.
1 Tnh ph ti in theo yu cu:
Gi s h cn cp in cho cc ti T1, T2, T3, c cc cng sut tiu th tng
ng P1, P2, P3, v thi gian lm vic hng ngy ca chng l t1, t2, t3,
Tng in nng phi cp hng ngy cho cc ti:
.
(1.7)
Eng = P1t1+P2t2+P3t3+=
25
T Eng nu nhn vi s ngy trong thng hoc trong nm ta s tnh c nhu cu

in nng trong cc thng hoc c nm.
2 Tnh nng lng in mt tri cn thit Ec :
Nng lng hng ngy dn pin mt tri cn phi cp cho h c xc nh theo
cng thc :
(1.8)
Ec =
Trong l hiu sut ca c h thng.

3 Cng sut ca dn pin mt tri :
Cng sut ca dn pin mt tri thng c tnh ra cng sut nh hay cc i
(Peak Watt, Wp), l cng sut ca dn pin trong iu kin chun.
E(Wp) =
(1.9)
Trong E cng bc x trn mt phng t nghing mt gc so vi mt

phng ngang.
m l hiu sut ca pin nhit T.
4 Tnh s module mc song song v ni tip :
Cc gi tr c trng c bn ca module :
- Th lm vic ti u : Vm.
- Dng lm vic ti u : Im.
- Cng sut nh : Pm.
S module cn dng trong h thng :
N=
vi N = Ns.Np
(1.10)
S module mc ni tip:
(1.11)
Ns =
V: in th yu cu ca h.
S module mc song song:
(1.12)
Np =
I: in th yu cu ca h.
5 Tnh dung lng ca b acquy:
Dung lng ca b acquy c tnh theo cng thc:
C=
(A.h)
(1.13)
D: s ngy cn d tr nng lng (s ngy khng c nng)

b: hiu sut np phng in ca acquy.
26
DOS: su phng in thch hp (khong 0,6
0,7).
Hnh 1.16 B Acquy ca hng KesslerSun.

1.4.1.3 Cc b iu phi nng lng:
Cc b iu phi nng lng gm b iu khin qu trnh np, phng in cho
Acquy v b bin i DC/AC.
B iu khin l thit b c chc nng kim sot t ng cc qu trnh np v
phng in ca b acquy. B iu khin theo di trng thi ca acquy thng qua hiu
in th trn c in cc ca n.
Hnh 1.17 B iu khin.

B bin i in c chc nng bin i dng in mt chiu t dn pin mt tri
hoc t b acquy thnh dng in xoay chiu.
27
Hnh 1.18 Inverter ca Sunny Boy.

1.4.2 ng dng ca pin mt tri:
Pin mt tri c u im l gn nh c th lp bt k u c nh sng mt tri, c
bit l trong lnh vc hng khng v tr. ng dng ca pin mt tri pht trin rt
nhanh, nht l cc nc pht trin. Ngy nay pin mt tri c ng dng trong nhiu
dng c c nhn nh my tnh, ng h v cc dng hng ngy. Pin mt tri cn
c dng chy xe t thay th dn cc ngun ngn lng truyn thng, dng thp
sng n ng, n sn vn v s dng trong tng h gia nh.
Hnh 1.19 Trm v tr ISS.
28
Hnh 1.20 Robot t hnh trn sao ha v v tinh nhn to.

Hin gi thnh thit b ca pin mt tri cn kh cao, trung bnh hin nay khong
5USD/Wp, nn cc nc ang pht trin pin mt tri hin mi ch c kh nng duy
nht l cung cp nng lng in s dng cho cc vng su, vng xa m ng in
quc gia cha c.
Hnh 1.21 Pin mt tri c ng dng ti cc h gia nh v trong nng nghip.

Vit Nam, vi s h tr ca mt s t chc quc t thc hin xy dng cc
trm in dng pin mt tri phc v nhu cu sinh hot v vn ha ca cc a phng
vng su, vng xa nht l ng bng sng Cu Long v Ty Nguyn. Tuy nhin gi
thnh ca pin mt tri cn qu cao so vi thu nhp ca ngi dn.
29
Chng 2: M PHNG H THNG PIN MT TRI NUI

TI DC BNG CHNG TRNH BOND-GRAPH.
2.1 Gii thiu chng trnh Bond-Graph:
Chng trnh Bond-Graph c pht minh bi H. Paynter ti Hc Vin K Thut
Massachusetts MIT (Boston, M) vo nm 1961v c cng b bi D. Karnopp et R.
Rosenberg. Chng trnh c du nhp vo Chu u vo cui thp nin 70(i Hc
Twente, H Lan; Alstom, Php).
Phn mm m phng 20-Sim c pht trin bi nhm iu khin t ng ti
trng i Hc Twente, H lan. 20-Sim c s dng m hnh ha v m phng
cc h thng C in t. 20-Sim cho php m hnh ha h thng theo cc cch sau:
- Equation models
- Block Diagram models
- Bond Graph models (Matlab cha c chc nng ny)
- Iconic Diagram models (Matlab cha c chc nng ny)
- Kt hp cc dng trn
Hnh 2.1 Chng trnh m phng 20-SIM.

Hin nay chng trnh c s dng bi nhiu cng ty sn xut t v ng
c hng u th gii nh PSA, Renault, Ford, Toyota, EDF, Thomson, CEA, Airbus,
GM, Hlion, CNES,
30
2.1.1 Giao din v cc cng c c bn:

Chng trnh 20-Sim gm hai ca s chnh l ca s Thit k m hnh (Editor)
v ca s M phng (Simulator).
Hnh 2.2 Ca s 20-Sim Editor.

Ca s Editor gm 4 ca s chng trnh con:
-Hierachi: lit k cc linh kin, m hnh, cc submodel ang s dng.
-Implementation: ca s workspace, ni ngi dng thit k cc s , m hnh
m phng.
-Icon: h tr ngi dng thit k hoc chnh sa icon ca cc m hnh.
-Type: chnh sa cc cng giao tip v thng s ca cc m hnh.
Hnh 2.3 Ca s Editor vi m hnh Central Heating System.

31
V d trn l m hnh m phng thit b iu khin nhit . Ta thy chc nng

ca tng ca s th hin rt r:
-Hierachi: lit k cc linh kin, m hnh ang s dng trong s thit k. Khi
ngi dng mun xem hoc thay i thuc tnh ca chi tit no ch cn click vo biu
tng ca chi tit trong ca s Hierachi.
-Implementation: cc chi tit ang biu din c lin kt vi nhau to thnh s
m phng.
-Icon: th hin icon ca chi tit, khi mun chnh sa icon, ngi dng ch cn
click vo icon ca chi tit ca s Icon, ca s Icon Editor xut hin cho ngi dng
thit k li.
Icon cn chnh
sa
Hnh 2.4 Ca s Icon Editor.

-Type: chnh sa cc cng giao tip ca chi tit, click vo cng cn chnh
sa, ca s Type Editor hin ra.
Hnh 2.5 Ca s Type Editor.

32
Parameters: chnh sa thng s m phng

Variables: gi tr cc thng s ca m hnh
Run Properties: t thi gian kho st
Plot Properties: chn cc thng s, i lng cn
kho st
Run Simulation: khi ng qu trnh m phng
Numerical Values: kho st gi tr trn th
Hnh 2.6 Ca s m phng.

Khi cn chnh sa thng s no , click vo nt Parameters, ca s Parameter/
Initial Value Editor hin ra. Chn thng s cn chnh sa v in gi tr vo Value.
Hnh 2.7 Ca s Parameter/Initial Values Editor.

33
Khi cn bit gi tr cc thng s vo cui qu trnh m phng, click vo nt

Variables, tt c cc gi tr u c th hin trong ca s Variable Chooser:
Hnh 2.8 Ca s Variable Chooser.

t thi gian kho st,click vo nt Run Properties,ta s c ca s Run
Properties nh sau:
Hnh 2.9 Ca s Run Properties.

34
chn cc thng s cn biu din trn th m phng, click vo nt Plot

Properties ta c ca s sau:
Hnh 2.10 Ca s Plot Properties.

Trn ca s ny ta c th chn thng s cn biu din trn hai trc xy,mu sc
ca th, m ca ng biu din, khong gi tr cn kho st
2.1.2 Mt s m hnh c bn ca chng trnh Bond Graph:
- Ngun dng:
-Ngun p:
-in tr:
e=R1.f
35
-T in:
p.e = int(p.f)/C
-Cun cm:
p.f = int(p.e)/I
-im ni song song:
e1 = e2 = e3
f1 = f2 + f3
-im ni ni tip:
e1 = e2 + e3
f1 = f2 = f3
-Transformer:
-Gyrator GY :
2.1.3 Mt s quy tc xy dng m hnh m phng mch in trn BondGraph:

36
- Quy c r chiu dng in ca tng linh kin trong m hnh.

- Chn in th gc.
- nh s th t cho mi nt trn mch in v biu din n trn Bond-Graph
bng im ni 0.
- Biu din in p ri trn mi linh kin bi mt im ni 1 vi 3 lin kt, trong
c hai mi lin kt vi hai im ni 0 ca hai nt ni vi n trong s mch in.
- Cc linh kin t trn mi lin kt t do ca cc im ni 1.
- Rt gn li m hnh va c xy dng: loi b cc im ni 0 lin kt vi in
th gc. B cc mi lin kt t do ni vi cc nt gc trn. Cui cng ta b tt c cc
im ni 0 v 1 ch c hai lin kt v c dng:
V d:
Hnh 2.11 S mch in cn c m phng v m hnh cha c rt gn.

Cc im ni v cc lin kt b gch cho l cc thnh phn b loi b. Sau khi
rt gn, ta c m hnh c xy dng hon chnh nh sau:
Ch :
Mt cch xy dng m hnh cho mch in trn n gin hn: ban u ta xem
hai linh kin mc song song C, L l mt tr khng ZL//C. Lin kt 3 linh kin Se, R v
ZL//C vi nhau bng mi ni 1. Cui cng, ta chuyn ZL//C v L v C bng cch lin kt
3 nhnh Se-R, C v L bng mi ni 0.
37
Hnh 2.12 Cch biu din th hai ca v d trn.

2.1.4 Cc quy c biu din ng lin kt:
Ta xt 2 linh kin A v B, trong A cp cho B mt in p e v B tr li A mt
gi tr dng in f.
Xt ngc li, B cp in p e cho A v A tr li dng f cho B:
Vch ngang cui ng lin kt c quy c nm v pha linh kin nhn in

p v tr li gi tr dng cho linh kin lin kt vi n.
Khng c nhm ln gia ng dn lin kt v ng nh hng truyn nng
lng.
Hnh 2.13 V d mt ngun pin cp cho ti.

Quy c biu din ng lin kt ca mt s linh kin c bn:
- Ngun p v ngun dng:
38
- Cun cm I v t in C:
- in tr R:
- im ni 0:
Ch c 1 vch ngang ca lin kt nm gn im ni 0.

- im ni 1:
Ch c 1 vch ngang ca lin kt nm xa im ni 1.

- Transformer:
Ch c 1 vch ngang ca lin kt nm gn TF.

- GY:
0 hoc 2 vch ngang ca lin kt nm gn GY.

2.2 M phng pin mt tri:
2.2.1 S tng ng ca pin mt tri:
39
C th thy rng khi c chiu sng, nu ta ni cc bn dn p v n ca mt tip

xc p-n bng mt dy dn, th pin Mt Tri pht ra mt dng quang in Iph. V vy
trc ht pin mt tri c th xem nh mt ngun dng.
Lp tip xc bn dn p-n c tnh chnh lu tng ng nh mt diode. Tuy
nhin, khi phn cc ngc, do in tr lp tip xc c gii hn, nn vn c mt dng
in c gi l dng r qua n. t trng cho dng r qua lp tip xc p-n ngi ta
a vo i lng in tr shunt Rsh.
Dng quang in chy trong mch phi i qua cc lp bn dn p v n, cc in
cc, cc tip xc,t trng cho tng cc in tr ca cc lp l mt in tr RS
ni tip trong mch (c th coi l ni tr ca pin mt tri).
Hnh 2.14 S tng ng ca pin mt tri.

Dng qua diode:
Id = IS(exp
1)
(2.1)
(A/m2)
Id : dng qua diode
IS : dng bo ha ca diode (A/m2)
q : in tch electron, q = 1,602 . 10-19 (C)
(J/K)
k : hng s Boltzmanns, k = 1,381 . 10-23
T : nhit lp tip xc
(K)
n : h s l tng ca diode ph thuc vo cc mc hon thin
cng ngh ch to pin Mt Tri .Gn ng c th ly n = 1.
Phng trnh c trng Volt Ampere ca pin mt tri:
Trong :
I = Iph Id Ish = Iph IS[exp
1]
RS: ni tr ca pin mt tri (ohm)

Rsh: in tr shunt (ohm)
2.2.2 Dng ngn mch Isc:
40
(2.2)
Hnh 2.15 S tng ng n gin ca pin mt tri gm mt ngun dng

mc song song vi mt diode l tng.
Dng ngn mch ISC l dng in trong mch ca pin mt tri khi lm ngn mch
ngoi (chp cc cc ra ca pin). Lc hiu in th mch ngoi ca pin bng V = 0
.t gi tr V = 0 vo phng trnh (2.2) ta c:
ISC = Iph IS(exp
1)
(2.3)
cc iu kin chiu sng bnh thng (khng c hi t) th hiu ng in tr

ni tip RS c th b qua, v Id =0 v do c th suy ra :
(2.4)
ISC =Iph = .E
Trong :
E :l cng sng
:l h s t l
iu kin bnh thng dng ngn mch ca pin mt tri t l thun vi cng
bc x chiu sng.
2.2.3 in p h mch VOC :
p h mch VOC l hiu in th c o khi mch ngoi ca pin mt tri h

(R=). Khi dng mch ngoi I = 0 .t gi tr ca dng mch ngoi vo (2.2)
v gi thit Rsh rt ln ta c biu thc xc nh VOC nh sau :
41
VOC =
ln
(2.5)
Hnh 2.16 th V-A ca pin mt tri.

V d: xt pin mt tri c : Tit din 100cm2
Dng bo ha ca diode I0 = 10-12 A/cm2
Dng ngn mch ISC = 40 mA/cm2 250C
Dng bo ha:
Is = 10-12 . 100 = 10-10 A
-3
Dng ngn mch:
ISC = 40.10 .100 = 4 A (full sun, 100% bc x)
ISC = 2 A (half sun, 50% bc x)
T cng thc (2.5), ta c p h mch:
VOC =
ln
ln
sun)
= 0.627 (V)
VOC = 0.610 (V) (half sun).
42
(full
Hnh 2.17 th V-A ca v d trn.

2.2.4 Mch in tng ng chnh xc:
Vi m hnh nh khi ta ang kho st hai gi tr dng ngn mch Isc v p h
mch Voc th trong mt vi trng hp m hnh khng cn ng na. V d nh
trng hp sau :
Hnh 2.18 M hnh n gin vi mt pin b khut sng.

Nh hnh 2.18 l m hnh n gin ca 2 pin mt tri mc ni tip nhau nhng
ch c 1 pin c chiu sng, pin cn li b khut hn. Khi ch c mt pin c dng,
pin b khut sng th hon ton khng c (I=0). Mt khc, diode ca cc m hnh trn
ngn khng cho dng chy ngc qua tm pin b khut sng nn dng qua ti lc ny
I=0. iu ny i hi ta phi xy dng mt m hnh hon chnh hn, ph hp vi tt
c cc trng hp kho st thc t.Qua nghin cu ngi ta xy dng cc s
tng ng sau :
- S c in tr Rsh mc song song vi diode.
- S c in tr Rs mc ni tip.
- S c c hai in tr trn.
43
Hnh 2.19 S tng ng n gin vi Rsh mc song song.

Ta c : I = (ISC Id)
(2.6)
T cng thc trn ta thy dng in l tng m pin mt tri cp cho ti b gim
di mt lng bng V/Rsh. tn hao trn pin nh hn 1% th gi tr ca Rsh tha iu
kin:
(2.7)
Rsh >
Vi ISC = 4A, VOC khong 0,6V th in tr Rsh c gi tr khong 16 l tt

nht.
Hnh 2.20 th V-A ca s tng ng c Rsh mc song song.
Hnh 2.21 S tng ng n gin vi Rs mc ni tip.

44
Vi s tng ng nh hnh 2.21 ta c :

I = ISC Id = ISC I0(eqVd/KT 1)
Vd = V + I.RS
Th Vd vo cng thc 2.8 ta c :
I = ISC I0{exp[
] 1}
(2.8)
(2.9)
(2.10)
Hnh 2.22 th V A ca mch in tng ng c Rs mc ni tip.

T hnh 2.22 ta thy th V A b lch nghing v pha bn trin vi mt
lng l V = I.Rs. tn hao ca pin mt tri nh hn 1% th Rs phi tha iu
kin:
(2.11)
Rs <
Vi ISC = 4A, VOC khong 0,6V th in tr Rsh c gi tr khong 0.0015 l tt

nht.
Cui cng, ta xt s tng ng gm c in tr mc song song Rsh v in
tr mc ni tip Rs.
Hnh 2.23 S tng ng gm Rsh v Rs.

45
T cc cng thc 2.6, 2.9 v 2.10 ta c cng thc :

I = ISC I0{exp[
] 1}
(2.12)
iu kin chun l 250C :

I = ISC I0[e
38,9(V + I.Rs)
1] (V + I.Rs) / Rsh
(2.13)
Hnh 2.24 th V A ca s tng ng trn vi Rsh = 1, Rs = 0,05.

Trong thc t pin mt tri c Rsh cao hn nhiu, vo khong 300, Rs c gi tr
khong 0,01. Khi ng biu din th V A s c ci thin hn. Ta s kho
st th ny trong phn m phng.
2.2.5 Tm pin mt tri:
Hnh 2.25 Mc ni tip hoc song song cc pin mt tri to thnh tm hay kt
ni cc tm pin li to thnh mng t cng sut cao hn.
46
Hnh 2.26 th V - A ca mt tm pin mt tri.

Tm pin mt tri trn gm 36 cell xp thnh 9 ct v 4 hng. Trong ,4 cell
trong ct mc ni tip vi nhau v 9 ct mc song song vi nhau.
Hnh 2.27 Khi mc ni tip cc tm pin mt tri, dng ngn mch ca h thng
s bng dng ngn mch ca mt tm, p h mch ca h thng bng tng p h
mch ca tt c tm pin mt tri trong h thng.
47
Hnh 2.28 Khi mc song song cc tm pin mt tri, dng ngn mch ca h
thng s bng tng dng ngn mch ca tt c tm pin mt tri trong h thng, p h
mch ca h thng bng p h mch ca mt tm.
2.2.6 im cng sut cc i MPP (max power point) :
Hnh 2.29 Pin mt tri khi h mch, ngn mch v mc vi ti.

Ta xt mt tm pin mt tri trong iu kin chun.
Trong trng hp h mch, p ra ca pin mt tri l p h mch VOC, nhng
dng I=0 nn cng sut ca pin P = 0.
Trong trng hp ngn mch, V = 0, I = ISC nn cng sut ca pin P = 0.
Khi mc ti vo pin th gi tr dng, p khc 0 hay pin cp ngun cho ti vi cng
sut l P.
Hnh 2.30 th V A v th cng sut ca pin mt tri.

48
T th trn ta thy, ti hai im u cui ca th V A ng vi hai im ISC

v VOC , P = 0. im cng sut cc i (MPP) nm gn on gp khc ca th V
A, l im m ti tch ca gi tr in p v dng in l cc i. Gi tr in p v
dng in ti im cng sut cc i c k hiu l Vm v Im trong tt c cc iu
kin kho st, VR v IR (rated voltage : p nh mc v rated current : dng nh mc)
trng iu kin kho st l tng.
Hnh 2.31 Xc nh im MPP.

Mt cch khc hnh dung ra c v tr ca im cng sut cc i l i tm
hnh ch nht nm di ng th V A c din tch ln nht c th nh hnh
2.31. Din tch ca nhng hnh ch nht chnh l cng sut ng vi mt nh nm
trn ng th V A.
Cng chc tnh cng sut ca pin mt tri :
P = V.I = V.[ISC I0.(exp
1)]
(2.14)
Ti im cng sut cc i :
= 0 = ISC I0.[exp
1]
. I0. exp
(2.15)
T cng thc trn ta c gi tr dng in v in p ti im cc i l:

Im = ISC I0.[exp
Vm = VOC
1]
ln( 1+
(2.16)
)
(2.17)
49
2.2.7 H s lp y v hiu sut ca pin mt tri:

Mt thng s c trng khc ca pin mt tri vn thng c s dng, l h
s lp y. H s lp y FF (fill factor) l t s gia cng sut cc i PR = VR.IR v
tch s VOC.ISC :
(2.18)
FF = (VR.IR) / ( VOC.ISC )
Nh hnh 2.31, h s lp y l t s din tch ca hai hnh ch nht ng vi
im MPP v hnh ch nht ng vi im (VOC,ISC).
Hiu sut ca pin mt tri l t s gia cng sut cc i ca pin v cng sut
bc x mt tri trn din tch b mt ca pin.
=
Trong
= FF.
=FF.
(2.19)
E: cng bc x mt tri (W/m2)

A: din tch b mt ca pin mt tri (m2)
2.2.8 M phng pin mt tri:

Phng trnh c trng Volt Ampere ca pin mt tri :
I = Iph Id Ish = Iph IS[exp
1]
T s tng ng v cng thc trn ta xy dng s m phng sau bng

chng trnh Bond-Graph:
Hnh 2.32 M hnh Bond-Graph ca pin mt tri.
Cng thc ca m hnh Diode:
p.f =I0*[exp(p*p.e / n*K*Temp) - 1]
50
Hnh 2.33 M hnh ngun dng v ti.

Chn cc thng s ca pin: (kho st trong iu kin chun E = 1000W/m2)
(A)
Dng bo ha
IS = 10-10
0
Nhit t = 25 C, T = 298K
Diode xem nh l tng vi n = 1
Dng ngn mch ISC = Sf = 4 (A)
RS = 0.01
Rsh = 300,
T cc thng s chn, ta c gi tr in p h mch:
VOC =
ln
ln
= 0.627 (V)
Hnh 2.34 c tuyn V-A ca pin mt tri.
51
Hnh 2.35 ng c tuyn V-A, th cng sut v im cc i cng sut

MPP.
kho st s ph thuc ca pin mt tri vo cng nh sng, ta ln lt
thay i cc gi tr cng nh sng mt tri t 1000, 800, 500, 300 v 150 (W/m2).
Ta c kt qu m phng nh sau:
Hnh 2.36 th V A vi s thay i ca cng nh sng.

T th 2.36 ta thy cng dng in I cung cp cho ti gim tuyn tnh
theo cng nh sng E khi E gim, ng theo cng thc 2.4: ISC = .E.
52
Nhit mi trng nh hng rt ln n in p , dng in v cng sut ca

pin mt tri. Cc i lng trn ph thuc vo nhit theo cc cng thc sau:
I = I25C(1 + I.T)
(2.21)
V = V25C V.T
(2.22)
P = P25C(1 + I.T)
(2.23)
Khi m phng ta c kt qu sau:
Hnh 2.37 c tuyn V A di s thay i ca nhit .

T th 2.37 ta thy khi nhit tng th in p gim kh ln trong khi dng
in tng khng ng k.
Hnh 2.38 th V A khi mc ni tip cc pin li vi nhau.

53
Hnh 2.39 th V A khi cc pin c mc song song.
2.3 Mch bin i DC-DC:
Hnh 2.40 S mch sc acquy t h thng pin mt tri dng mch Cuk Converter.
2.3.1 Mch Cuk converter:
Mch bin i DC DC l b phn nhn ngun vo DC v cho ngun ra cng
DC nhng in p u vo v u ra khc nhau. Mch bin i DC-DC c s dng
iu khin cng sut.
C rt nhiu loi mch DC DC, mi loi thin v mt ng dng khc nhau:
- Buck converter: b gim p, in p ng ra nh hn in p ng vo.
- Boost converter: b tng p, in p ng ra ln hn in p ng vo.
- Buck Boost converter: b tng gim p, in p ng ra c th ln hn hay
nh hn in p ng vo ty ngi s dng.
54
iu khin np acquy t h thng pin mt tri ta s dng mch Cuk l mch

bin i DC-DC tng - gim p.
Hnh 2.41 S mch nguyn l.

Khi MOSFET dn, in p ng vo t ln cun cm L1,dng qua L1 tng dn
theo thi gian, nng lng c tch li trn L1. Khi Q1 ngt, in cm c khuynh
hng duy tr dng in qua n s to in p cm ng diode phn cc thun,
dng in ny s np cho t C1. Khi Q1 ng tr li, C1 phng in qua L2 cung cp
cho ti. L2 v C2 ng vai tr nh b lc. C nh vy, nng lng c tch tr li
trong cun L1 v sn sng cho chu k tip theo.
Hnh 2.42 S tng ng ca mch Cuk khi Q dn.

Tnh gn ng:
Khi Q1 dn:
vL1 = Vg
vL1 = Vg
vL2 = -V1 V2
vL2 = -v1 V2
iC1 = I2
iC1 = i2
iC2 = I2
iC2 = i2
(2.24)
(2.25)
(2.26)
(2.27)
Hnh 2.43 S tng ng ca mch Cuk khi Q ngt.

Khi Q1 ngt, diode D1 dn:
Tnh gn ng:
vL1 = Vg V1
vL1 = Vg v1
vL2 = -v2
vL2 =-V2
iC1 = I1
iC1 = i1
iC2 =i2 iC2 = i2 -
(2.28)
(2.29)
(2.31)
(2.32)
55
Hnh 2.44 Kho st ch dng ti lin tc.

Ts: chu k ng ngt ca MOSFET
DTs: thi gian dn ca MOSFET trong mt chu k
DTs: thi gian ngt ca MOSFET trong mt chu k
D + D = 1
iu kin lin tc, cng dng in trung bnh qua cun cm L1, L2 bng
zero. Nn t th hnh 4 ta c:
(2.33)
Vi L1
Vg.DTs + (Vg V1).DTs = 0
(2.34)
Vi L2
DTs(-V1 V2) V2DTs = 0
(2.34)
DTsV1 = (D + D)TsV2
Trong :
V1 =
Th vo (2.33):
(D + D)TsVg +
Hay
DTs = 0
(2.35)
Theo nh lut bo ton cng sut ta c:

VgI1 = V2I2
(2.36)
Ty vo t l gia thi gian ng ngt ca Mosfet m gi tr in p ra c th

nh hn, bng, hay ln hn gi tr in p vo. Trong mi trng hp th du ca in
p ra l ngc vi du ca in p vo, do dng in i qua in cm s gim dn
theo thi gian.
2.3.2 Tnh thng s chi tit mch Cuk:
Mc tiu cn thit k mch Cuk c tnh nng nh sau:
- Nhn in p vo t pin mt tri t 12 21 V.
- in p ra n nh c th iu chnh trong khong 2630 V.
- Cng sut ti a 70W.
- Lm vic vi tn s iu khin fs = 20 kHz.
- Sai s in p ng ra cho php 1 %.
- Bo v qu p, qu dng cho mch.
Xt v ln:
56
Vout D
D
=
=
Vin
D' 1 D
Chu k lm vic:
D=
Vout
Vout min
Vout max
D
Vin + Vout
Vin max + Vout min
Vin min + Vout max
26
30
D
0,553 D 0,714
21 + 26
12 + 30
Dng in cho php:

Pmax
P
70
70
I out max
I out
2,5 A I out 2,692 A
Vout max
Vout min
28
26
Dng ng vo:
I in =
I out .D
1 D
I out min .Dmin

I
.D
I in out max max 3,093 A I in 6,72 A
1 Dmin
1 Dmax
Tnh gi tr cun cm:

Chn dn sng dng khong 10 %.
L1 = 0,1.IL1 max = 0,1.Iin max = 0,1.6,72 = 0,672 A
L2 = 0,1.IL2 max = 0,1.Iout max = 0,1.2,692 = 0,269 A
L1
Vin max .Dmax

21.0,714
=
= 1,112 mH
20000.0,672
f s i L1
L2
Vin max .Dmax

21.0,714
=
= 2,787 mH
f s i L 2
20000.0,269
Tnh gi tr t in:
Chn dn p trn t C1 khong 5 %. in p b nht t ln t l:
VC1 = Vin min + Vout min = 12+26 = 38 V VC1 = 0,05.38 = 1,9 V
Rmin = V2out min/Pmax = 262/70 = 9,66
C1
Vout max .Dmax

30.0,714
=
= 58,4 F
Rmin f s vC1 9,66.20000.1,9
T lc C2 c s dng gim tn hiu gai trn in p ra, c tnh nh sau:

Chn dn p ra khong 1 %
C2
1 Dmin
1 0,553
=
= 150,4 F
2
(vout Vout ).8L2 f s (0,01 / 30).8.2,787.10 3.20000 2
2.3.3 M phng mch Cuk bng chng trnh Bond-Graph:
57
Hnh 2.45 S nguyn l mch Cuk.

T s nguyn l ca mch Cuk v t cc thng s tnh trn ta xy dng
m hnh Bond-Graph nh sau:
Ngun Se = 17V (in p m pin mt tri BP275 cho cng sut cc i).
Cun cm:
L1 = 1mH, L2 = 2,5mH.
T in :
C2 = 100 F, Cs = 1000 F.
in tr ti: RLoad = 30.
Mosfet, cun cm L1, t C1 v diode tch hp thnh b MTF. MTF l b bin i
dng p theo cng thc:
p.e2 = m*p.e1
p.f1 = m*p.f2
Trong :
m l h s t l, ta chn m = -Vout / Vin.
p.e1, p.f1 : in p v dng in ng vo ca MTF.
p.e2, p.f2 : in p v dng in ng ra ca MTF.
Trong m hnh ta dng mt ngun tn hiu khng i c gi tr tn hiu ng ra l
-Vout/Vin a vo chn signal input ca MTF. Khi mun thay i gi tr in p v
dng in ng ra ta ch cn thay i gi tr ca ngun tn hiu.
Hnh 2.46 S Bond Graph ca mch Cuk Converter.

Chn p ra Vout = 30V
= 1,765 = 0,638
58
T cng thc 2.35 v t kt qu tnh trn ta chn h s t l m = -1,765, kt

qu m phng nh sau:
Hnh 2.47 th Vin, Vout ca mch Cuk converter.
Hnh 2.48 th Iin, Iout ca mch Cuk converter.

59
2.4 Acquy:
2.4.1 Gii thiu v Acquy:
Bnh Acquy l mt dng ngun in ha hc, dng lu tr in nng di
dng ha nng.
Acquy ch:
Hnh 2.49 Cu to ca Acquy ch.

Acquy ch gm c cc bn cc bng ch v xt ch ngm trong dung dch Acid
Sulfuric. Cc bn cc thng c cu trc phng, dp, dng khung li, lm bng hp
kim Ch - Antimone, c nhi cc ht ha cht tch cc. Cc ha cht ny khi c np
y l Dioxit ch cc dng, v ch nguyn cht cc m.
Cc bn cc c ni vi nhau bng nhng thanh ch pha trn, bn cc dng
ni vi bn cc dng, bn cc m ni vi bn cc m. Chiu di, chiu ngang, chiu
dy v s lng cc bn cc s xc nh dung lng ca bnh Acquy. Thng thng,
cc bn cc m c t bn ngoi, do s lng cc bn cc m nhiu hn bn
cc dng. Cc bn cc m ngoi cng thng mng hn, v chng s dng din tch
tip xc t hn.
Cht lng dng trong bnh Acquy ny l dung dch Acid Sulfuric. Nng ca
dung dch biu trng bng t trng o c, tu thuc vo loi bnh Acquy, v tnh
trng phng np ca bnh.
Tr s t trng ca bnh Acquy khi c np y c quy ra 25o c cho bng
sau:
Loi bnh Acquy
Bnh Acquy lm vic ch ti nng, th d cc xe ti in cng
60
T trng cht
in phn
1,275
nghip ln.
Bnh Acquy dng cho xe t, my bay.
1,260
Bnh Acquy dng cho ti khng nng lm: th d nh soi sng tu

in, hoc khi ng cc ng c ln
1,245
Bnh Acquy tnh, hoc dng cho cc ng dng d phng
1,215
Trc khi dng lm ngun in ta phi np in cho Acquy. Lc ny Acquy

ng vai tr mt my thu, tch tr in nng di dng ha nng. Khi np in cho
Acquy ngi ta cho dng in mt chiu i vo Acquy. Dung dch axit sunfuric b
in phn, lm xut hin hir v xit hai bn ch. bn ni vi cc m ca ngun
in ch xit PbO2 b kh mt xi v thnh ch Pb. Bn ny s thnh cc m ca
Acquy. Cn bn ni vi cc dng ca ngun in th c xit bm vo, xi ha
Pb3O4 thnh ch ixit PbO2. Bn ny s tr thnh cc dng ca Acquy. Khi hai cc
tr thnh Pb v PbO2 th gia chng c mt hiu in th. Acquy tr thnh ngun
in v by gi t n c th pht ra dng in.
Nu ta ni hai cc ca acquy c np in bng mt dy dn th dng in
chy trong dy s c chiu ngc vi dng in lc np vo Acquy. Dng in ny s
gy ra qu trnh ha hc ngc li, dung dch axit li b in phn nhng ln ny cc
in chuyn di ngc chiu vi lc u: hir s chy v bn PbO2 v kh xi, lm
cho bn ny ch thnh ch xit PbO. Cho n khi hai cc hon ton ging nhau th
dng in tt. By gi mun Acquy li pht in, ta phi np in cho n hai cc
tr thnh Pbv PbO2.
Dung lng ca Acquy l lng in (in tch) m Acquy sau khi c
np y s pht ra c trc khi hiu in th gim xung n mc ngng. Mc
ngng l mc m khng nn bt Acquy pht in tip, nu c Acquy pht in
di mc ngng th s gim tui th ca Acquy, thm ch c th lm Acquy cht ngay
lp tc. l trng hp dng nhiu Acquy mc ni tip nhau khi 1 Acquy pht
ht in m nhng ci khc cha ht in v ta tip tc dng th ci ht in trc s
b o cc v hng hon ton. Vi Acquy ch thng thng th mc ngng l 1,67V
cho mi ngn; hay l 10V cho c 6 ngn.
n v o in tch trong vt l l Coulomb. i lng in tch khng ph
thuc vo in th ca Acquy. 1 Coulomb = 1 Ampere * 1 sec: nh vy cng c th
dng Ampere * second ch i lng in tch.
Dung lng ca bnh Acquy thng c tnh bng Ampe gi (AH). AH n
gin ch l tch s gia dng in phng vi thi gian phng in. Dung lng ny
thay i ty theo nhiu iu kin nh dng in phng, nhit cht in phn, t
61
trng ca dung dch, v in th cui cng sau khi phng. Nh sn xut thng t s
dung lng trong k hiu ca Acquy.
V d N100 l Acquy 100Ah.
Thng s dung lng ca Acquy do nh sn xut cng b thng c tnh khi
pht in vi dng in nh trong 20 gi.
V d Acquy 100Ah pht in vi dng in 5A s dng c trong 20 gi.
Khi dng in pht ra cng ln th thi gian pht in cng nh nhng thi gian
gim rt nhanh ch khng theo t l nghch vi dng in. Ngha l dng in cng ln
th in tch pht ra cng gim.
2.4.2 Cc phng php phng v np Acquy:
2.4.2.1 Phng in Acquy:
Phng in c th tin hnh vo bt k thi im no v bt k dng in no
nh hn tr s ghi trong bng ch dn ca nh ch to.
Khi phng in bng ch 3 gi hoc di hn, c th phng lin tc cho n
khi in th mi ngn gim xung n 1,8V.
Khi phng vi ch 1, 2 gi, th ngng phng khi in th mi ngn xung
n 1,75V.
Khi phng vi dng in nh th khng xc nh vic kt thc phng theo in
th. Trong trng hp ny, vic kt thc phng c xc nh theo t trng cht in
phn. Vic phng c kt thc khi t trng gim i t 0,03 n 0,06 g/cm3 so vi t
trng ban u. (Nhng cng khng c in th mi ngn gim xung thp hn
1,75V.)
Vic np Acquy ln sau c tin hnh sau khi phng th dung lng Acquy
nhng khng c qu 12 gi tnh t lc ngng phng.
Tu theo phng php vn hnh Acquy, thit b np v thi gian cho php np,
phng php np, vic np c th c thc hin theo cc cch nh sau:
Np vi dng in khng i.
Np vi dng in gim dn.
Np vi in th khng i.
Np thay i vi in th khng i
2.4.2.2 Np vi dng in khng i:
Vic np c th tin hnh theo kiu 1 bc hoc 2 bc.
- Np kiu 1 bc: dng np khng vt qu 12 % ca dung lng phng
mc 10 gi tc l 0, 12 x C(10).
- Np kiu 2 bc:
62
Bc 1: dng in np bng dng in nh mc ca thit b np, nhng

khng vt qu 0,25 x C(10). Khi in th tng ln n 2,3V - 2,4V th chuyn sang
bc 2.
Bc 2: dng in np khng vt qu 0,12 C x (10). n cui thi gian np,
in th Acquy t n 2,6V - 2,8V, t trng Acquy tng ln n 1,200 -1,210 g/cm3,
gia cc bn cc Acquy qu trnh bc kh xy ra mnh lit. Vic np c coi l kt
thc khi in th v t trng ca Acquy ngng tng ln trong khong 1 gi, v cc
Acquy sau khi ngh np 1 gi khi np li s si ngay tc th.
Thi gian np i vi Acquy c phng hon ton theo kiu np 1 bc vi
dng 0,12 x C(10) mt khong 12 gi, cn np 2 bc vi dng 0,25 x C(10) v 0,12 x
C(10) mt khong 7-8 gi. cc gi tr m dng in np b hn th thi gian np
phi tng ln tng ng.
2.4.2.3 Np vi dng in gim dn:
Tin hnh np ging nh phn trn, nhng vi dng in gim dn, ban u 0,25
C(10) v sau 0,12 x C(10). gi tr dng np nh: thi gian tng ng c tng
ln. Du hiu kt thc np cng ging nh trng hp np vi dng in khng i.
2.4.2.4 Np vi in th khng i:
Np vi in th khng i c tin hnh vi thit b np lm vic vi ch
n p. in th c chn trong gii hn t 2,2V- 2,35 V v c duy tr n nh
trong sut qu trnh np. Thi gian np vi ngy m. Trong 10 gi np u tin,
Acquy c th nhn c ti 80% dung lng b mt khi phng.
Khi t trng cht in phn gi nguyn trong 10 gi th c th kt thc vic np.
2.4.2.5 Np thay i vi in th khng i:
Vic np c tin hnh theo 2 bc:
Bc 1: dng in np c hn ch 0,25xC(10), cn in th thay i t do
cho n khi tng ln n 2,2V-2,35V th chuyn sang bc 2.
Bc 2: np vi in th khng i.
2.4.3 Cc ch vn hnh:
2.4.3.1Ch np thng xuyn:
i vi cc loi bnh Acquy tnh in, vic vn hnh Acquy c tin hnh theo
ch ph np thng xuyn. Acquy c u vo thanh ci mt chiu song song vi
thit b np. Nh vy, tui th v tin cy ca Acquy tng ln v h thp cho ph bo
dng.
bo m cht lng Acquy, trc khi a vo ch ph np thng xuyn
phi phng np tp dt 4 ln. Trong qu trnh vn hnh Acquy ch ph np
thng xuyn, Acquy khng cn phng tp dt cng nh np li. Trng hp sau mt
thi gian di lm vic ch ph np thng xuyn m thy cht lng Acquy b
gim th phi thc hin vic phng np t xut.
63
ch ph np thng xuyn cn duy tr in th trn mi Acquy l 2,20,5V

b tr s t phng v duy tr Acquy trng thi lun c np y.
Dng in ph np thng thng c duy tr t 50-100 mA cho mi 100Ah
dung lng. ch ph np ny, in th trn Acquy phi dc duy tr t ng
trong khong 2%.
64
Vic phng th dung lng thc t ca Acquy c tin hnh 1-2 nm mt ln

hoc khi c nghi ng dung lng ca Acquy km. Dng in phng c gii hn
ch mc 3-10 gi. nh gi chnh xc dung lng phng ca Acquy nn tin
hnh cng mt ch phng nh nhau trong nhiu ln phng. Dung lng quy i
c tnh theo cng thc:
C20 = Ct / [1+(0,008(t-20))]
dung lng 20oC.
C20 :
dung lng toC.
Ct :
2.4.3.2 Ch phng np xen k:
Acquy lm vic ch phng np xen k l Acquy thng xuyn cp vo ph
ti sau khi ngng np. Sau khi phng n mt gi tr no th phi np tr li.
Trng hp s dng Acquy khng nhiu th mi thng phi tin hnh ph np
vi dng in khng i l 0,1 x C(10). Vic np li ny nhm loi tr vic Sunfat ha
cc bn cc.
2.4.4 M hnh Bond Graph ca Acquy:
Acquy l mt ngun p c kh nng np nh mt t in, t ta c th tng
ng Acquy bng m hnh mt ngun p mc ni tip vi mt t in v mt in
tr (ni tr ca Acquy).
Hnh 2.50 S tng ng ca Acquy.
Hnh 2.51 M hnh Bond Graph ca Acquy.
65
Hnh 2.52 th in p v dng in ca Acquy khi ni ti 30.
Hnh 2.53 th in p v dng in ca Acquy khi np t ngun 30V.

2.5 M phng mch np Acquy trong h thng pin mt tri c lp:
Hnh 2.54 S nguyn l mch np acquy t pin mt tri.
66
( Ip(t) IL2(t) )
(2.37)
( Vp(t) Vbat )
(2.38)
T s nguyn l v t cc cng thc trn ta c chu trnh hot ng ca mch

nh sau:
Hnh 2.55 S chu trnh hot ng ca mch.

in p t pin mt tri Vp qua b nhn Vbat / Vp-ref s cho in p trn diode
Vs = .Vp. T cng thc 2.38 ta c gi tr dng in qua cun cm L2 c c bng
cch cho tn hiu p VL2 qua b nhn 1/L2p, vi VL2 = Vs Vbat.
Trn s nguyn l (hnh 2.52) ta thy Ie = .IL2 .V vy, Ie c c khi ta cho
IL2 qua b nhn Vbat / Vp-ref. T cng thc 2.38 ta c gi tr in p t pin mt tri c
c khi ta cho tn hiu dng ICpv qua b nhn 1/Cpvp, vi ICpv = Ie Ip.
Hnh 2.56 Chu trnh kn ca dng IL2.

c gi tr in p trn VL2 ta cho IL2-ref IL2 qua b PI c h s t l v h
s thi gian tch phn nh sau:
= R1(p)
R1(p) = Kp1(1+
H s t l Kp1 = 2...L2
H s thi gian tch phn Ti1 = 2. /
Chn: Cun cm L2 = 2,4mH.
H s tt dn = 1.
Tn s hot ng f = 1kHz.
Ta c: Kp1 = 30,16
Ti1 = 318s
67
Vs = Vbat+VL2 qua b nhn Vp-ref / Vbat s cho ta gi tr Vp. Phn chu trnh
cn li ging nh hnh 2.53.
Hnh 2.57 S khi qut chu trnh in p.

Gi tr ICpv-ref c c khi ta cho Vp-ref Vp qua b PI c h s t l v h s
thi gian tch phn nh sau:
Vp VP
= R2(p)
Vi
R2(p) = Kp(1 +
=
H s t l Kp2 = 2...Cpv
H s thi gian tch phn Ti2 = 2. /
Chn: T Cpv = 1000F.
H s tt dn = 0,7.
Tn s hot ng f = 100Hz.
Ta c: Kp1 = 0,88
Ti1 = 2,23ms
T cc s v cc kt qu tnh trn ta c s qu trnh iu khin mch np
nh sau :
Hnh 2.58 S iu khin vng kn mch np Acquy.
68
in p h mch VOC t pin mt tri qua b nhn c h s Kv cho ta gi tr ca

Vp-ref. Khi Vp-ref Vp qua b PI s cho ICpv-ref.
Ie = Ip ICpv-ref.
Theo nh lut bo ton cng sut ta c: Ie.Vp-ref = Vbat.IL2-ref . Nn khi cho Ie
qua b nhn
ta c : IL2-ref = Ie
VL2 c c khi ta cho IL2-ref IL2 qua b PI.

VL2 + Vbat = Vs.
H s iu khin :
c c h s ta cho VL2 + Vbat qua b nhn 1/Vp-ref.

T s iu khin nh trn ta xy dng c m hnh m phng bng chng
trnh Bond-Graph nh hnh 2.57.
Thng s cc thnh phn trong m hnh Bond-Graph ca h thng pin mt tri
nui ti DC:
- M hnh pin mt tri c thng s nh ca pin BP275:
Dng ngn mch ISC = 4,75 A.
in p h mch VOC = 21,4 V.
Cng sut cc i Pmax = 75 W.
Vm = 17V.
Im = 4,45A.
- Cuk converter:
T in: Cpv = 1000F, C2 = 100 F.
Cun cm: L2 = 2,4 mH.
- Acquy: 24V, dung lng 100Ah.
Hnh 2.59 M hnh Bond Graph mch np acquy t h thng pin mt tri.
69
Chng 3: THI CNG MCH IN V CHNG TRNH

IU KHIN NP ACQUY T PIN MT TRI.
3.1 Thi cng mch np Acquy t ngun pin mt tri:
Hnh 3.1 M hnh h thng.

Da vo kt qu m phng thc hin chng 2, mch np Acquy c thit
k t s nguyn l ca mch Cuk converter c iu khin bi vi iu khin PIC
18F8722.
Hnh 3.2 S khi mch in.
70
T s khi ta xc nh c mch in cn thi cng gm cc mch chnh sau:

- Mch iu khin.
- Mch Cuk converter.
- Mch hi tip dng in v in p ng vo.
- Mch hi tip dng in v in p ng ra.
V ngun in nui mch ly t chnh Acquy m ta cn np nn ta cn c thm
cc mch ngun cch ly.
3.1.1 Mch iu khin:
Vi iu khin ta s dng trong mch iu khin l PIC 18F8722 (datasheet s
c trnh by trong phn ph lc).
T s chn hnh 3.3 v s nguyn l hnh 3.4 ta c cc chn Pic c
s dng:
- Cc chn nhn gi tr hi tip dng p l cc chn analog AN5, AN6, AN7,
AN8. Trong :
AN5 (chn 24): o p ng vo (VOL_CELL).
AN6 (chn 23): o p ng ra (VOL_BATT).
AN7 (chn 18): o dng ng vo (CURRENT_CELL).
AN8 (chn 17): o dng ng ra (CURRENT_BATT).
- Port G gm cc chn RG0, RG1, RG2, RG3, RG4, RG5, GND v Vcc c ni
vi Jack cm J34 l cc chn digital I/O c s dng lm port iu khin.
Trong chn RG3, RG4 (chn 8 v 10) c dng kch Mosfet ca mch
Cuk (PWM_CHARGE v PWM_MPPT).
- Jack cm J37 l jack giao tip vi mch np chng trnh cho PIC t my tnh.
Jack c ni vi cc chn PGC (52), PGD (47), chn Reset (9), GND v
chn Vcc.
- TX1 (37) v RX1 (38) l cc chn giao tip vi my tnh qua MAX232.
- Chn INT0 (58) v INT1 (57) c mc vi chn tn hiu qu p v qu dng
ng ra t mch hi tip.
- Hai chn Vref+ (27) v Vref- (28) c s dng chnh in p chun cho cc
b ADC khi c cc gi tr dng p hi tip.
71
Hnh 3.3 S chn ca PIC 18F8722.
72
TX1
RX1
36
35
43
44
45
46
37
38
10
25
12
32
71
48
5V
C54 +
1u
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
INT0
INT1
INT2
INT3 / ECCP2 / P2A
KBI0
KBI1 / PGM
PGC
KBI3 / PGD
RH0 / A16
RH1 / A17
RH2 / A18
RH3 / A19
RH4 / AN12 / PC3
RH5 / AN13 / P3B
RH6/AN14/P1C
RH7 / AN15 / P1B
RC0 / T1OSO / T13CKI

RC1 / T1OSI / ECCP2 / P2A
RC2 / ECCP1 / P1A
RC3 / SCK1 / SCL1
RC4 / SDI1 / SDA1
RC5/ SDO1
RC6 / TX1 / CK1
RC7 / RX1 / DT1
RD0
RD1
RD2
RD3
RD4
RD5
RD6
RD7
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
AD0
AD1
AD2
AD3
AD4
AD5
AD6
AD7
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
PSP0
PSP1
PSP2
PSP3
PSP4
PSP5
PSP6
PSP7
RG4 / CCP5 / P1D

RG5 / *MCLR / VPP
RG3 / CCP4 / P3D
RG2 / RX2
RG1 / TX2 / CK2
RG0 / ECCP3 / P3A
10
9
8
7
6
5
PWM_MPPT
RESET
PWM_CHARGE
24
23
18
17
16
15
14
13
VOL_CELL
VOL_BATT
CURRENT_CELL
CURRENT_BATT
5V
/
/
/
/
RF0 / AN5
RF1 / AN6 / C2OUT
RF2 / AN7 / C1OUT
RF3 / AN8
RF4 / AN9
RF5 / AN10 / CVREF
RF6 / AN11
RF7 / *SS1
SDO2
SDI2 / SDA2
SCK2 / SCL2
*SS2
AVDD
VDD
VDD
VDD
VDD
RE7 / AD15 / ECCP2 / P2A

RE6 / AD14 / P1B
RE5 /AD13 / P1C
RE4 / AD12 / P3B
RE3 / AD11 / P3C
RE2 / AD10 / *CS / P2B
RE1 / AD9 / *WR / P2C
RE0 / AD8 / *RD / P2D
5V
AVSS
VSS
VSS
VSS
VSS
73
74
75
76
77
78
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
CON8
J27
PGC
PGD
RESET
5V
1
2
3
4
5
CON5
Hnh 3.4 S nguyn l mch iu khin.

J26
TEST_POINT
5V
J24
TEST_POINT
J25
TEST_POINT
R30
1K
RV3
20k
U18
TL431
26
70
31
51
11
79
80
1
2
22
21
20
19
J34
C48
10U
R39
72
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
RB0
RB1
RB2
RB3
RB4
RB5
RB6
RB7
PGC
PGD
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
47
62
61
60
59
39
40
41
42
RV5
20k
OVER_VOL_BATT
OVER_CURRENT_BATT
RJ0 / ALE
RJ1 / *0E
RJ2 / *WRL
RJ3 /* WRH
RJ4 / BAO
RJ5 / *CE
RJ6 / *LB
RJ7 / *UB
VREF+
+
C50
10U
2
3
VREF+
VREF-
OSC1 / CLKI / RA7

OSC2/ CLK0 / RA6
HLVDIN / AN4 / RA5
TOCKI / RA4
RA3 / AN3 / VREF+
RA2 / AN2 / VREFRA1 / AN1
RA0 / AN0
49
50
33
34
27
28
29
30
RV6
20k
VREF+
C56
10U
Hnh 3.5 Mch chnh in p chun cho b ADC.
73
Mch iu khin giao tip vi my tnh qua cng COM c thc hin thng qua
IC MAX232. MAX232 l b chuyn mc logic t TTL sang RS232 v ngc li.
Cng COM c s dng trong mch l cng DP9.
5V
C11
10U
+
12
9
11
10
R1OUT
R2OUT
R1IN
R2IN
T1IN
T2IN
T1OUT
T2OUT
C1+
C2+
P1
13
8
14
7
C10
+
3
C1MAX232
C2-
10U
DCD
DSR
RXD
RTS
TXD
CTS
DTR
RI
GND
1
6
2
7
3
8
4
9
5
5
Female
V-
C8 10U
TX1
V+
RX1
U5
C9
10U
Hnh 3.6 Mch giao tip my tnh dng MAX232.
Hnh 3.7 S chn MAX232.

3.1.2 Mch Cuk converter:
V_CELL
F1 FUSE
L3
C1
F2 FUSE
L2
J36
J1
1
2
1,2mH
1
2
3
2,4mH
100u/100V
Q1
C2
CON2
SOLAR CELL
J3
G_FET
D1
DIODE
FGA25N120ANTD
1000uF/100V
1
2
D3
DIODE
CON3
LOAD
J4
1
2
CON2
CON2
CURRENT SENSOR IN
CURRENT SENSOR OUT
Hnh 3.8 S nguyn l mch Cuk converter.
74
Thng s linh kin trong mch:

Cun cm: L1 = 1,2 mH, L2 = 2,4mH.
T in: C1 = 100F, C2 = 1000 F.
Q1 c s dng trong mch l mt IGBT: FGA25N120 ANTD
Hnh 3.9 S chn ca FGA25N120 ANTD.
-VF1
+VF2
-VF2
14
R5 10
VO1
HEF40106BP
VO2
G_FET
4
HEF40106BP
U13C
U13B
CON2
+VF1
U13A
14
HCPL-2231
12V
14
U12
330
VDD
1
2
GND
R2
12V
J5
14
HEF40106BP
HEF40106BP
14
U13D
10
HEF40106BP
14
11
U13E
12
HEF40106BP
13
U13F
Hnh 3.10 S nguyn l mch kch IGBT.

Tn hiu kch a t chn PWM_CHARGE ca vi iu khin qua mch kch qua
jack cm J5.
Hnh 3.11 S chn HCPL 2231.

75
HCPL 2231 l mt Opto dng cch ly gia tn hiu kch a t PIC xung v
in p dng kch IGBT. HCPL 2231 gm 2 Opto nhng trong mch trn ta ch cn
cch ly tn hiu PWM_CHARGE nn ch cn s dng Opto1 gm: chn 1 nhn tn
hiu PWM_CHARGE, chn 2 ni vi GND ca PIC, ng ra l chn 7.
Hnh 3.12 S chn HEF40106BP.

HEF40106BP c 6 b m o, nhng mch ch cn m cho 1 tn hiu i ra t
chn s 7 ca b cch ly HCPL 2231 nn ta ch s dng chn 1 v 2, y l 2 chn ca
b m o 1. V tn hiu ra b o nn ta dng 5 b cn li o li v m to
thnh tn hiu kch cho IGBT.
3.1.3 Cc mch hi tip dng p:
3.1.3.1 Mch hi tip p ng vo:
Hnh 3.13 S chn ca OP07.
-15V
R45
1k
VOL_CELL
C65
0.1u
1
7
V_CELL
100K
1
8
4
-
U19
OP-07
2
RV4
R32
10k
100K
3
R35
C57
0.1u
J1
1
2
CON2
SOLAR CELL
15V
Hnh 3.14 S nguyn l mch hi tip p ng vo.
76
Mch o in p mc song song vi ng vo ca pin mt tri trn mch Cuk

(jack cm J1). Tn hiu VOL_CELL t ng ra ca OP 07 a v PIC c ln:
VOL_CELL = V- = V+ = V_CELL.
3.1.3.2 Mch hi tip p ng ra:
Hnh 3.15 S chn LM393.

LM393 l opamp so snh bao gm 2 b so snh hot ng c lp.
C th hot ng vi ngun n hoc i. 2V-36V hoc 1V- 18V.
Output = 0 nu Vs > Vref.
Output = 1 nu Vs < Vref.
R57
10k
-15V
-15V
10k
6
RV7
1
R56
1
7
1
7
8
4
8
4
-
1k
U20
OP-07
2
R46
VOL_BATT
U21
OP-07
2
C66
0.1u
R36
J5
100K
1
2
CON2
R34
10k
15V
100K
C58
0.1u
LOAD
15V
5V
R6
10k
RV11
100K
OVER_VOL_BATT
R7 1K
LM393
U55B
C70
1u
R8
10k
Hnh 3.16 S nguyn l mch hi tip p ng ra.

Cng tng t nh mch hi tip p ng vo, mch hi tip p ng ra cng s
dng Op-Amp OP07 lm mch khuch i. Khc vi mch hnh 4.13, tn hiu ng ra
77
Op-Amp th nht s c khuch i thm 10 ln khi qua Op-Amp th hai, OpAmp th hai l mt mch nhn c h s l R57/R46.
Ngoi ra cn c mch pht hin qu p. Tn hiu ra Op-Amp th hai c a
vo Op-Amp LM393 c thit k l mt b so snh. in p chun t trn chn V+
c iu chnh bi bin tr RV11. Khi p vo vt qu in p chun, mch s xut
tn hiu OVER_VOL_BATT v vi iu khin.
3.1.3.3 Mch hi tip dng ng vo:
Hnh 3.17 Cm bin dng LTS25-NP.
Hnh 3.18 S chn ca LTS25-NP.
78
5V
-15V
8
4
-
U26
OP-07
2
R43
R42
20k
1k
6
1
7
-15V
R44
1k
R1 1K
CURRENT_CELL
J28
CON2
1
7
C61
1u
15V
C62
10u
R40 1k
2
1
6
+
RV8 U25
20k TL431
2
3
8
4
-
U24
OP-07
2
R41
20k
J29
1
2
15V
CON2
U2
1
IN1
IN4
OUT
IN5
OV
J2
1
2
CON2
+5V
IN6
+
8
IN2
1u
C63
IN3
R37
10
LTS25-NP
2
1
5V
J30
CON2
Hnh 3.19 S nguyn l mch hi tip dng ng vo.

Dng in t pin mt tri vo mch Cuk s qua cm bin dng LTS25-NP, cm
bin dng s xut ra in p Vd = 2,5 0,625.I chn OUT (7).
Trong mch dng 2 cch a gi tr p Vd v b ADC:
- a trc tip Vd v PIC khi ta h mch J28, J29 v ngn mch J30.
- Ngc li, nu ta h mch J30 v ngn mch J28, J29, Vd s c khuch i
ln 20 ln b khuch i U24. U26 l Op-Amp to ra p 2,5V Vd c tr di
lng 2,5V trong cng thc.
CURRENT_CELL = 20( Vd 2,5 ).
3.1.3.4 Mch hi tip dng ng ra:
Tng t nh mch hi tip dng ng vo trn, mch hi tip dng ng ra cng
dng cm bin dng l LTS25-NP v OP07 lm mch khuch i.
Ngoi ra mch cn c phn mch cm pht hin dng, mch ny cng tng t
nh mch pht hin qu p mch hi tip p ng ra. Mch so snh in p trong
phn mch ny l b so snh cn li ca IC LM393 s dng trong mch hi tip p
ng ra.
79
5V
-15V
U28
OP-07
2
8
4
-
R50
R49
20k
1k
6
1
7
-15V
R51
1k
R2 1K
CURRENT_BATT
6
C67
1u
15V
C68
10u
R47 1k
J32
1
7
2
1
RV9 U29
20k TL431
2
3
8
4
-
U27
OP-07
2
J31
CON2
R48
20k
15V
1
2
2
1
CON2
J33
CON2
8
R3 1K
2
LM393
U55A
7
+
C69
1u
1
IN1
2
IN2
IN3
+5V
OUT
U3
J3
1
2
OV
IN4
IN5
9
+
OVER_CURRENT_BATT
LTS25-NP
1u
IN6
C64
RV10
100K
R38
10
1
R5
10k
5V
5V
R4
10k
Hnh 3.20 Mch hi tip dng ng ra.

3.1.4 Cc mch ngun:
V ngun in cung cp cho mch l Acquy m mch iu khin np nn cn
phi c b ngun cch ly cp cho vi iu khin.
80
CON2
VBAT+
1
24
12
13
VBAT205S24FR
VBAT+
1
24
12
13
VBAT205S24FR
VBAT+
1
24
12
13
VBAT205S24FR
5V
U1
VIN+
VIN+
VINVIN-
L4 120uH
VOUT+
VOUT+
VOUTVOUT-
11
14
C11
10
15
D2
2
100uF/35V
C14
1N5819
L5 120uH
100uF/35V
1
2322 2 3
NCNCNCNC
U4
VIN+
VIN+
VINVIN-
L7 120uH
VOUT+
VOUT+
VOUTVOUT-
11
14
C15
10
15
D8
2
100uF/35V
C16
1N5819
L9 120uH
100uF/35V
1
2322 2 3
NCNCNCNC
U6
L10120uH
VIN+
VIN+
VOUT+
VOUT+
VINVIN-
VOUTVOUT-
11
14
1
C17
10
15
D9
2
100uF/35V
C23
1N5819
L12120uH
100uF/35V
1
2322 2 3
NCNCNCNC
Hnh 3.21 Mch ngun DC 5V.

Hnh trn l mch ngun 5V cp cho mch iu khin. Mch trn dng 3 b DC-DC
converter 205S24FR lm ngun cch ly.
Hnh 3.22 S chn ca 205S24FR.

V ngun 5V nui kh nhiu linh kin trong mt iu khin nn phi dng 3 IC
205205S24FR mc song song vi nhau trnh trng hp thiu dng gy tt p trn
81
mch. Nu trng hp tt p xy ra, PIC s hot ng khng n nh v cc gi tr

dng, p hi tip khng cn chnh xc do in p chun b thay i.
VBAT+
1
24
12
13
12V
U2
L8 120uH
VIN+
VIN+
VOUT+
VOUT+
VINVIN-
VOUTVOUT-
11
14
2
100uF/35V
C19
10
15
J4
VBAT205S24FR
2322 2 3
NCNCNCNC
1
C18
0.1
1
2
2
VBAT+
1
24
12
13
VBAT205S24FR
CON2
U5
L11120uH
VIN+
VIN+
VOUT+
VOUT+
VINVIN-
VOUTVOUT-
11
14
100uF/35V
C22
10
15
2322 2 3
NCNCNCNC

Dng 2 IC 205S24FR mc ni tip ng ra nh hnh 3.21 to thnh ngun
cch ly cp cho mch kch IGBT. V mch kch ch c 2 IC l HCPL 2231v
HEF40106BP nn ch cn mch nh trn l cng sut.
VBAT+
Q1 D688
U9
R6
IN
OUT
LM7812/TO
U8
15/3W
1
IN
OUT
C21
100uF/35V
GND
R8 15/3W
GND
Q2 B688
R9 4.7/3W
LM7805C/TO
100uF/35V C20
VBATL2
-15V
120uH
1
C28
100uF/35V
C27
100uF/35V
L3
1
2
120uH
C10
15V
3
4
C12
100uF/35V
L1
100uF/35V
U3
-15V
0V
0V
5V
2
1
15V
4.7/3W
DC/DC CONVERTER
120uH
82
R7
Hnh 3.25 S chn ca B688.
Hnh 3.26 S chn ca LM78XX.

B688, LM7812 v LM7805 to thnh mch n p 5V cp cho IC 0515. 0515 l
b DC/DC converter bin i in p 5V thnh 15V. y chnh l mch to ngun
i cch ly 15V dng nui cc Op-Amp OP07 trong cc mch hi tip dng, p.
Hnh 3.27 S chn 0515.
83
Hnh 3.28 Mch in sau khi hon thnh.

3.2 Chng trnh iu khin:
Chng trnh lp trnh c vit bng ngn ng lp trnh C trn trnh bin dch
MPLAB dnh ring cho PIC. Sau dng chng trnh WinPic np chng trnh
lptrnh cho PIC.
Hnh 3.29 Giao din chng trnh MPLAB.
84
Hnh 3.30 Giao din chng trnh WinPic800.
Hnh 3.31 Lu gii thut.
85
Hnh 3.32 Chng trnh iu khin giao tip vi my tnh.
86
Chng 4: TM HIU VN HNH H THNG PIN MT TRI

C LP AA10-121107_ISOLE.
4.1 Gii thiu h thng pin mt tri c lp AA10 121107_Isole:
Hnh 4.1 S khi h thng pin mt tri c lp AA10 121107_Isole.

Nguyn tc hot ng:
Ngun in t cc tm pin mt tri s c np v acquy hoc nui ti DC s c
iu khin bi b iu khin cng sut BP-GM. Sau ngun in t acquy hoc t pin mt
tri c th qua b nghch lu DC/AC thnh ngun in 230V cp cho ph ti in xoay
chiu.
87
Hnh 4.2 T in h thng pin mt tri c lp.
88
Hnh 4.3 H thng pin mt tri c lp AA10 121107_ISOLE.
BP3160
Bng 4.1
Pmax / P
Vm
Vmax /Imax
Voc / Isc
Kch thc: L x l x h
Din tch
Trng lng
Hiu sut
160W / 155W
24V
34.5V / 4.5A
44.2V / 4.8A
1593 x 790 x 50(mm)
1.25m2
15kg
12.7%
tm pin mt tri.
Hnh 4.4 Acquy dng trong h thng.
89
Thng s ca
M hiu :ST 1300

in p-dung lng
12V 129Ah
Kch thc : L x l x h
410 x 177 x 225(mm)
Trng lng
37.6 kg
Dng in ngn mch
3 KA
Bng 4.2 Thng s Acquy.
Tn
R1
R2
KA1
KA2
KA3
BP-GM
H1
Tnh cht
Chc nng
in tr Shunt c mc ni Hi tip gi tr dng in u vo t pin mt
tip vi ngun DC t pin mt tri sau khi c ni suy t gi tr in p
tri.
bi b iu khin BP.
in tr Shunt c mc ni Hi tip gi tr dng in u ra t pin mt
tip vi ngun DC t pin mt tri v acquy sau khi c ni suy t gi tr
tri v acquy
in p bi b iu khin BP.
Relay thy ngn c iu
Thc thi lnh ng ngt ngun DC t pin
khin bi b iu khin BP.
mt tri t b iu khin BP
Relay t c iu khin bi
Thc thi lnh ng ngt ngun AC phn
b iu khin BP.
phi cho ph ti t b iu khin BP.
Relay t c iu khin bi
Thc thi lnh ng ngt ngun DC phn
b iu khin BP.
phi cho ph ti t b iu khin BP.
Thit b qun l t ng c kh
nng iu khin nhiu thnh
Ci t cc thng s ca h thng, iu
phn chc nng ca h thng
chnh
cc kha ng ngt ca h thng,
SO.
mch np acquy, ngy vn hnh, b duy tr
im cng sut cc i, dng in v cng
sut,
n trng nhn tn hiu
Q1
Bo hiu in p ca panel
L kha ng ngt 40A c ng ngt ngun in DC a t pin mt tri

ngun t gi 24V c ngt
vo t in.
bi kha S0 v kha bo v
90
qu p U<24
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q6
Q7
Q8
Q9
Q10
Q11
Q12
Q13
M hiu AJ 1300
L kha ng ngt 40A c
ng ngt ngun in DC a t pin mt tri
ngun t gi 24V c ngt
vo np cho acquy.
bi kha S0 v kha bo v
qu p U<24
Kha ng ngt
Bo v qu p,qu dng ngun in DC
(relay nhit 32A)
a t pin mt tri vo t in.
ng ngt ngun DC 24V t acquy hoc t
Kha ng ngt
ngun pin mt tri phn phi cho ph ti.
(relay nhit 16A)
Bo v qu p, qu dng cho ph ti DC
u ni vo domino X2.
ng ngt ngun AC 230 t Inverter phn
Kha ng ngt t ng
phi cho ph ti.
10A, c relay T pht hin
Bo v qu p, qu dng cho ph ti AC u
dng r 30mA
ni vo domino X1.
c lm bng nha PE
Bo v an ton cho ngi s dng .
Kha ng ngt
ng ngt ngun DC 24V t acquy hoc
(relay nhit 16A)
t pin mt tri cung cp cho b iu
khin BP
ng ngt ngun in DC cung cp cho
Cu dao c cu ch 50A
Inverter.
Bo v cho Inverter, ton b thit b ng
ct v ph ti AC.
Kha ng ngt
ng ngt v bo v ph ti DC u ni vi
(relay nhit 2A)
cp W9, W10.
Kha ng ngt
(relay nhit 3A)
cp W11.
Kha ng ngt
(relay nhit 2A)
cp W12.
Kha ng ngt
ng ngt v bo v ph ti AC u ni vi
(relay nhit 0,5A)
cp W13.
Kha ng ngt
(relay nhit 4A)
cp W14.
Kha ng ngt
(relay nhit 0,5A)
cp W13.
Bng 4.3 Tnh cht v chc nng ca thit b.
91
in p nh mc u vo
Plage de tension dentre
Cng sut lin tc (25oC)
Cng sut trung bnh trong 30 pht(25C)
Cng sut trung bnh trong 5 pht (25C)
Cng sut trung bnh trong 5 giy(25C)
Dng ngn mch Isc
Trng lng
Kch thc: L x l x h
24V
21V 32 V
1000 VA
1300 VA
2000 VA
2800 VA
13 A
8.5 kg
142 x 428 x 84(mm)
Bng 4.4 Thng s b nghch lu.
Hnh 4.5 B bin tn s dng trong h thng.
92
93
94
95
96
4.2 Vn hnh h thng pin mt tri c lp AA10-121107_ISOLE:
Hnh 4.6 S u dy ca t iu khin.
97
Hnh 4.7 S u dy b BP controller.

4.2.1 Trnh t vn hnh t iu khin:
- Kim tra v ngt tt c cc kha ng ngt trong t in, ng nt nhn S0 li.
- ng kha Q6 khi ng b iu khin BP.
- Nu ch mun s dng ngun acquy ta ng kha U-Q2 trc sau ng Q2.
- Nu mun s dng ngun pin mt tri ta ngt kha Q2, ng kha U-Q1 sau
ng Q1 v Q3.
- np vo acquy ta ng kha U-Q2, ng Q2.
- Cung cp cho ph ti DC ta ng Q4 trc, ty vo ph ti c u ni vi
u cp no m ng cc kha Q8, Q9, Q10.
- khi ng Inverter ta ng cu dao Q7.
- Cung cp cho ph ti AC ta ng Q5 trc, ty vo ph ti c u ni vi
u cp no m ng cc kha Q11, Q12, Q13.
- Khi ngt in ta ln lt ngt tt c cc kha ng ct cung cp cho ph ti.
ngun AC ln lt ngt Q5 ri ngt Q7.
ngun DC ln lt ngt Q4, Q2, U-Q2, Q3 ri ngt Q1.
Ngt ngun DC cung cp cho b iu khin (ngt Q6)
4.2.2 Gii thiu v b iu khin BP-GM:
98
BP-GM l mt thit b iu khin qun l nng lng, vi qu trnh thu nhn d

liu c th c s dng trong quang in hay h thng nng lng Mt Tri khc ( t
my in, my pht, t ng ha hn hp).
BP-GM c iu khin bng 3 nt bm:
Cho php chn thao tc ci t
Di chuyn ln xung
Nhim v :
- ng ngt cc kha da theo in p m ta ci t.
- o dng in, in p, cng sut.
- Lu tr d liu v truyn v my tnh.
Thit b BP-GM gm c:
- 8 knh ng ra
- 7 i lng o.
- 2 u vo s
- 2 RS 232
Hnh 4.8 B iu khin BP-GM.

Cc knh o lng:
- I1 = dng in ca PV ( pin quang in).
- I2 = dng in sn xut ph tr ( n v tng qut).
- I3 = dng in 1 ang hin hnh ( s cp).
- I4 = dng in 2 ang hin hnh( th cp).
- u vo dng o lng nhit (T1) trn cm bin ngoi ca PT 1000.
99
- u vo o cng bc x mt tri( E1) trn BP Solar.

Vbat / Vb
in p acquy
Ibat +
Dng in np vo acquy
Ibat Dng in ra ca acquy
I1: Prod1/Ip1
Dng in DC t tm pin
Iutil1/Iu1
Dng in DC 1 (s cp)
Iutil2/Iu2
Dng in DC 2(th cp)
Tmp/T
Nhit ca acquy
Bng 4.5: Cc k hiu hin th trn mn hnh BP GM.
Thit b BP GM c 2 Mode lm vic:
Mode dialogue: cho php ngi s dng kch hot BP-GM.
Mode Operational:iu khin v thu nhn d liu, d liu c th hin
trn mn hnh LCD.
Menu
M t
D : output tests
Thng tin :
-Phin bn v s seri.
-Site number v in p mc nh.
-Phn b cc knh ng ra v nhit b.
-Phn b hot ng ca cc knh o.
D liu theo hng ngy(trung bnh, ln nht, nh nht) ko
di 2 thng gn nht v d liu hng thng ko di 2 nm
trc.
-Ci t cc tham s ca 8 chc nng gn cho 8 knh ng
ra v 2 chc nng o.
-Ci t ngy gi.
Kim tra vn hnh ca u ra (relay)
E : manual ctrl
Tch np in cn bng hoc kch hot hm chc nng.
A : case info
B : data info
C :settings
F : configuration
G :background
H : reset data
Thay i thng s vo :
-site number, in p,
-iu khin (8 knh ng ra ,2 knh o),ngng nhit b
v loi acquy
-Nhim v knh o( song song, hot ng,..)
Hin th li 21 thao tc vn hnh gn nht trong h thng.
Reset d liu b nh.
Bng 4.6 Cc menu chnh trong BP-GM.
100
Cch vo menu v sub menu:
u tin mn hnh s hin th:

Ngy / gi / nm hin hnh.
in p acquy (Vb), nhit (T).
Dng in v cng sut nhn c ca panel (Ip1(A), P(W)).
Dng in ti DC v cng sut nhn c ( Iu1(A), P(W)).
Ngy, gi
Dng, cng sut pin MT
Dng, cng sut acquy
Hnh 4.9 Giao din u tin ca BP GM.

.Main menu xut hin.
Vo mode dialogue bng cch nhn 1ln nt bm
Nu mun vo cc menu khc th tip tc nhn phm , ln lt cc menu khc
s xut hin.
101
Hnh 4.10 Giao din menu A.
102
- Menu C : vo menu C ta phi nhp m code :Ngy x thng = xyz => code
=zyx.
Hnh 4.11 Giao din menu C.
103
Hnh 4.12 Giao din menu D.
104
Hnh 4.13 Giao din menu E.
105

4.2.3 Vn hnh bng Datapex:
106
4.2.3.1Gii thiu Datapex:

- Datapex cho php kim tra hot ng ca nhng tham s o c dng
Datas hoc BP-GM.
- Chng trnh ny tng thch vi Datas phin bn 3.1 v cao hn vi BPGM. N tng t nh cu hnh t ng ca fonctions iu khin t ng, t phin
bn 4.1 v cao hn.
- 2 kiu kt ni t ng:
o Ni tip RS232.
o Remode qua h thng in thoi v mt modem.
4.2.3.1Thao tc vn hnh :
- Nu l ln u tin ci t ta cn phi nhp s seri number.

Hnh 4.15 Nhp s seri number.
-Name : ADMIN
-Password : valid
107
Hnh 4.16 ng nhp v chn ng dn.
Hnh 4.17 Ca s lm vic chnh.
108
Hnh 4.18 Nhp site number, site name, a ch, s in thoi, ngy thng nm.
Hnh 4.19 Nhp cc thng s k thut ca acquy.
109
Hnh 4.20 Chn thit b,nhp s seri ca BP- GM.

.
Hnh 4.21 Pin quang in, acquy, ti, BP-GM kt ni.

-Vo menu Communication / Connecttion
110
Hnh 4.22 Chn cng kt ni.
Hnh 4.23 Chn tc bauds.
Hnh 4.24 Kt ni BP-GM.

Nu kt ni thnh cng biu tng BP- GM s xut hin trn giao din:
111
Hnh 4.25 Kt ni thnh cng.

Sau chn biu tng Reading s xut hin ca s Real time paramters
reading:
Hnh 4.26 Cc gi tr Ip1, P, Iu1, P ca pin v ti.
ng ngt S3, S7, chn biu tng Text mode hoc vo menu Communication
TestMode.
112
Hnh 4.27 Ngt kha S3, S7.
Hnh 4.28 Chn kiu in p acquy, ngy gi.
113
Hnh 4.29 Chn kiu acquy S3, S7.
Hnh 4.30 Chn gi tr dng I1, I3.
114
Hnh 4.31 Xem ci t BP-GM.

ng li, sau chn Retrieval, xut hin ca s BP GM Data retrival, chn
ngy gi bt u v kt thc.
Hnh 4.32. Chn ngy gi bt u v kt thc vn hnh.
Hnh 4.33. Kt ni d liu.
115
Hnh 4.34 Chn ngy, thng, nm hin th.
Hnh 4.35 th in p acquy.

Biu cho thy in p acquy 24V n nh t 0h 15h.
116
H
nh 4.36 th dng in ca pin quang in.
Dng cung cp ca pin quang in( ct mu vng)
Hnh 4.37 th dng in pin quang in v ti.

-Dng ca ti tiu th(ct mu )
-Dng ca pin quang in (ct mu vng)
117
H
nh 4.38 th dng np, dng phng in, dng bo ha ca acquy.
-
Dng np ca acquy (ct mu vng)

Dng phng in ca acquy( ct mu xanh).
Dng bo ha ca acqquy (ct mu ).
118
Chng 5: KT QU V HNG PHT TRIN.

5.1 Kt qu:
5.1.1 Kt qu kho st pin mt tri:
Kho st hai tm pin mt tri BP380 c VOC = 22,1 V ,ISC = 4,8V mc ni tip
vi nhau v ni tip vi mt bin tr. Kt qu kho st trong cc thi im khc nhau:
Uoc = 38.3 (V)
Isc = 2.75 (A)
Ip1(A) U(V) P(W) R()
2.4
12
29
5
2.3
16
37
7
2.2
17.5
38
8
2.1
19.8
43
9.21
2
21
42
10.5
1.9
25
48
13
1.8
32
58
17.5
1.7
33
56
19.3
1.5
35
53
20.6

Dng in ngn mch Isc = 2.75A, in p h mch Uoc =38.3V, dng in v
in p t cc i (Imp =1.8A, Ump =32V).
Ip1(A)
2
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.3
1.1
Uoc = 37.4(V)
Isc = 2.2(A)
U(V)
P(W)
20
40
24
43
32
54
32.5
52
33
43
34
37
119
R()
10
12.4
18.8
20.3
25.4
31

Dng in ngn mch Isc =2.2A, in p h mch Uoc = 37.4V, dng in v
in p t cc i (Imp = 1.7A, Vmp =32V).
Uoc = 37(V)
Isc = 3.1(A)
Ip1(A) U(V) P(W) R()
2.8
15
42
5.4
2.7
22.6
61
8.4
2.4
31
74
13
2.2
31.8
70
14.5
1.8
33
59
18.33
1.1
35
38
32

Dng in ngn mch Isc =3.1A, in p h mch Uoc=37V, dng in v in
p t cc i (Imp = 2.4A, Ump =31V).
Uoc = 34.5 (V)
120
Ip1(A)
3
3.1
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.4
2
Isc = 3.2 (A)

U(V)
P(W)
17
51
22
68
29
84
30
84
31
84
32
83
33
79
34
68
R()
5.7
7
10
10.7
11.5
12.3
14
17

Dng in ngn mch Isc =3.2A, in p h mch Uoc=34.5V, dng in v in
p t cc i (Imp =2.7A, Ump =31V).
Ip1(A)
3.5
3.4
3.3
3
2.7
2.4
2
1.5
1.2
Uoc = 38 (V)
Isc = 3.7 (A)
U(V) P(W)
19
67
26
88
28
92
30
90
31
84
32
77
33
66
34
51
35
42
R()
5.5
7.6
8.5
10
11.5
13.33
16.5
22.6
29
121

Dng in ngn mch Isc =3.7A, in p h mch Uoc =38V, dng in v in
p t cc i( Imp =3.3A, Ump =28 V).
Uoc = 38(V)
Isc = 3.4 (A)
Ip1(A)
U(V)
P(W)
R()
3.2
17
54
5.3
3.1
30
93
9.6
2.8
31
87
11
2.6
31
81
12
2.4
32
77
13
2.2
33
73
15
2.1
33
69
16
1.9
34
66
18
1.8
34.5
62
19
1.5
35
54
23
1.4
35.5
50
25
1.2
36
43
30
122
Dng in ngn mch Isc =3.4A, in p h mch Uoc = 38V, dng in v in

p t cc i (Imp =3.1A, Ump =30V).
5.1.2 Kt qu phn thi cng mch:
Mch in cp cho ti l hai bnh Acquy 12V, 3Ah mc ni tip.
Hnh 5.7 Mch np Acquy sau khi hon thin.
Hnh 5.8 Tn hiu kch IGBT sau khi qua b m.
123
Hnh 5.11 in p ng ra trn t C2.
124
Hnh 5.12 in p trn t C1.

5.2 Nhn xt:
Phn m phng:
- u im: Chng trnh m phng theo phng php m hnh ha tt c cc
linh kin trong mch in, nn yu cu ngi dng phi hiu r v nguyn l mch
mi thc hin c. Nh vy nn khi hon thnh xong phn m phng ti hiu c
th hn v cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca h thng pin mt tri.
- Khuyt im: Khi thc hin m hnh ha, nhiu linh kin s b lt b, thay vo
l cc m hnh c tnh cht tng ng. Nh trong phn m phng chng 2,
Mosfet, t C1, cun cm L1 b lt b, thay vo l b MTF. Sau khi kho st
xong cc gi tr dng p ng vo v ng ra, ta khng th kho st c cc gi tr dng
p trn cc linh kin.
Phn thi cng mch:
- u im: Kt qu o thc t trn mch ph hp vi l thuyt v kt qu m
phng. V thut ton iu khin l PID nn gi tr in p ng ra nhanh chng xc lp
vi gi tr t.
- Khuyt im: Cng sut mch nh, ch c 70W.
Khi ngun in t pin mt tri cung cp khng cho ti (khi tri
khng quang ng), Duty Cycle lun gi tr ti a nn lm cho mch b nng.
5.3 Hng pht trin:
Phn m phng:
125
V chng trnh Bond-Graph c th m phng c nhiu m hnh in, c v c

v ha hc. Mt khc, trong lun vn trn mi ch m phng v phn np acquy t pin
mt tri nn hng pht trin ti ny cn rt ln, c th l:
- M phng phn bin i DC-AC v ha li.
- M phng phn nui ti DC v AC. V d nh nui ti ng c my bm nc,
ng c mt chiu xe in dng pin mt tri
- M hnh ha hc ca acquy
Phn thi cng mch:
- Vi thit k ca mch hon ton c kh nng lp trnh thnh b ti u cng
sut. Mch iu khin hot ng tt nn ch cn thay i mch bin i cng sut l
c th dng cho nhng h thng c cng sut ln hn.
-Thi cng phn mch nghch lu nui ti AC v ha li.
-Thi cng mt ng dng c th nh xe chy bng nng lng mt tri, my bm
nc dng nng lng mt tri, t lnh hoc h thng my lnh cho vng su, vng
xa, nhng vng nng nng, hn hn hoc trn cc tu nh bt c xa b
126
TI LIU THAM KHO.

[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
Jan F. Broenink, 20Sim tutorial, trng i hc Twente, H Lan.

LAPLACE Toulouse, The Causal Bond Graph: an efficient tool for
energetic system design, 2007.
Controllab Products B.V, Getting Started with 20-sim, 8/2005.
http://www.bondgraph.info.
Phan Quang n, Lun vn thc s, 2007.
TS Hong Dng Hng, Nng lng mt tri - L thuyt v ng
dng.
CRC Press LLC, ADVANCED_DC-DC_CONVERTERS, 2003.
Jaycar Electronics Reference Data Sheet, DC-DC CONVERTERS: A
PRIMER.
William Chen, Simon Round and Richard Duke, Design of an Auxiliary
Power Distribution Network for an Electric Vehicle.
[10]
[11]
[12]
www.alldatasheet.com.
www.vagam.dieukhien.net.
www.dientuvietnam.net.
[13]
[14]
Mukund R. Patel, Ph.D., P.E, Wind and Solar Power Systems.

Gilbert M. Masters, Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems,
2004.
ER120, Renewable Energy, Stand Alone Photovoltaic System Design
Principles, 21/02/2002.
Bent Sorensen, Renewable Energy ,1997.
A. Goetzberger, V.U. Hoffmann, Photovoltaic Energy Genearation,
2005.
Tom Markvart and Luis Castaner, Handbook of Photovoltaics.
Tracy Dahl, Photovoltaic Power Systems, 1999.
M.A. Green, Third Generation Photovoltaics, 2003.
SolarHome.org
Luis Castaner and Santiago Silvestre, Modelling Photovoltaic Systems
using PSpice, 2002.
Jeff Bishop, Jim Bales, Amy Smith, and Shawn Frayne, The
Photovoltaic Primer.
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
127
PH LC
PH LC I: PIC 18F8722
H vi iu khin PIC18F8722 do hng Microchip ch to v sn xut vi cng
ngh hin i, x l tn hiu s 16 bit, tch hp nhiu tnh nng ph hp vi nhiu ng
dng lp trnh h thng nhng.
Mt s c im chnh:
- Cng ngh nanowatt tiu tn t nng lng.
- 80 pin,7 port I/O tch hp vi nhiu tnh nng khc
- 3936 byte RAM d liu
- 1024 byte EEROM d liu, c th ghi 1.000.000 ln v lu tr trn 40 nm.
- C th dng thm 2Mbyte b nh ngoi.
- Qun l nng lng: hot ng 7 ch khc nhau. Ty vo tng ng dng
khc nhau m ta c th lp trnh cho MCU hot ng cc ch ph hp tit
kim nng lng.
- Xung nhp c th chn t nhiu ngun khc nhau:
+Thch anh.
+Dao ng RC t bn ngoi.
+Dao ng ni 8Mhz vi mch nhn tn s c th nhn tn s ln 32Mhz.
- C th truyn thng ni tip hoc song song.
+2 USART m rng.
+2 module master SSP c th dng cho giao thc ISP hoc I2C.
+Truyn d liu song song 8 bit gia 2 MCU.
- 30 ngun ngt vi 2 mc ngt.
- 5 timer.
- Watchdog timer vi b chia thi gian 16 bit.
- 2 module CCP (Compare/Capture/PWM)
- 16 ng vo analog cho b A/D 10 bit
- B nhn 8*8 bng phn cng rt thch hp cho vic x l s cn tnh ton tc
cao.
128
S chn PIC 18F8722.
129
Cc khi chc nng ca PIC 18F8722.

Ngun dao ng:
Cc bit FOCS0FOCS3 trong thanh ghi 1H xc nh ch dao ng no c
dng cho MCU hot ng.
P18F8722 c th hot ng vi nhiu ch khc nhau:
Crystal Oscillator\Ceramic Resonator
130
Trong cc ch LP, XT, HS, HSPPL, thch anh c ni vo chn Osc1, Ocs2
to b dao ng :
Cu hnh s dng thch anh.

C th dng thch anh ln n 40MHz.
Cc t C1 v C2 thng dng l 22pF.
Dng ngun dao ng bn ngoi:
Trong cc ch dao ng EC v ECIO, ngun nhp c ni trc tip vo chn
Ocs1. Trong ch EC th Osc2 l ng ra ca ngun xung c tn s bng tn s
xung nhp ng vo Ocs1.
Cu hnh dng dao ng bn ngoi.

Dao ng RC:
Trong trng hp cn qun l thi gian x l ca MCU, ta c th dng ngun
dao ng l dao ng RC vi 2 ch RC v RCIO. Tn s dao ng ph thuc vo
cc yu t : VDD, REXT v CEXT.
Cu hnh dng dao ng RC.

131
Dao ng ni:
H 18F c b to dao ng bn trong vi 2 ng ra c tn s khc nhau.
- Ng ra chnh l ngun xung nhp tn s 8MHz.
- Ngun xung cn li l b dao ng ni RC c tn s 31kHz.
Cc ngun dao dng:
PIC18F8722 c th s dng nhiu ngun dao ng khc nhau lm xung nhp hot
ng.
S khi ngun dao ng.

Primary Oscillator: bao gm ch dao ng thch anh bn ngoi, ch dao
ng RC bn ngoi ch ngun xung nhp bn ngoi v ch ngun xung nhp bn
trong.
Secondary Oscillator: ngun dao ng ph ny c cp t ng h thch anh
(watch crystal 32.768kHz) bn ngoi thng qua chn T1OSO v T1OSI.
Internal Oscillator Block: khi ang s dng ngun dao ng chnh (Primary
Oscillator), khi dao dng ni c thm mt s tnh nng khc nh: Watchdog
Timer(WDT) v Fail-Safe Clock Monitor.
T chc b nh:
H 18F8722 s dng 3 loi b nh :
- B nh chng trnh (Program memory).
- B nh RAM (Data RAM).
- B nh EEPROM(Data EEPROM).
132
B nh chng trnh:
a ch b nh chng trnh c qun l bi thanh ghi Program Counter (PC)
21 bit tng ng vi vng nh ln n 2Mbyte. P18F8722 cha 128 kbyte b nh
Flash, c th cha 35.536 m lnh 1-word.
a ch Reset vector l 0000h v i ch ngt vector l 0008h v 0018h.
Cu trc b nh chng trnh v cc vng stack.

B nh d liu RAM:
d dng qun l, b nh d liu c chia ra lm tng vng gi l cc bank,
mi bank gm 256 byte. P18F8722 c 16 banks c qun l bi thanh ghi a ch
12bit.
B nh d liu bao gm cc thanh ghi chc nng c bit (SFRs) v cc thanh
ghi a dng (GFRs). SFRs cha cc thng tin iu khin, trng thi hot ng trong
khi GFRs c dng lm cc bin do ngi lp trnh s dng.
133
Bn b nh d liu.
Thanh ghi Status:
Cha cc trang thi s hc ca ALU , tnh trng RESET v cc bit la chn bank
cho d liu b nh. STATUS c th l ch cho bt k lnh no, cng nh bt k
thanh ghi no. Cn lu l nu Status l ch cho nhng lnh m c nh hng n
cc c Z, DC, c C th vic ghi vo nhng bit ny s b v hiu ho. Cc bit ny c
set hoc clear ty thuc vo hot ng logic ca ALU.
134
Bit 75 : khng dng.

Bit 4: c du.
N = 1 : kt qu tnh ton m.
N = 0 : kt qu tnh ton dng
Bit 3 : c bo trn.
OV = 1: kt qu tnh ton b trn.
OV = 0: kt qu tnh ton cha b trn.
Bit 2: c zero.
Z = 1: kt qu tnh ton s hc hay logic bng 0.
Z = 0: kt qu tnh ton s hc hay logic khng bng 0.
Bit 1: c mn bit.
DC = 1: c mn bit nible u.
DC = 0: khng mn bit.
Bit 0: c bit s nh.
DC = 1: c mn bit bit c trng s ln nht.
DC = 1: khng mn bit.
B nh d liu EEPROM:
B nh EEPROM c s dng cha cc d liu cn lu tr trong thi gian
di v khng b mt i khi ngt ngun.Ta khng th truy cp trc tip b nh
EEPROM m phi thng qua cc thanh ghi chc nng: EECON1, EECON2,
EEDATA, EEADR, EEADRH. Vic ghi hoc c EEPROM din ra in p bnh
thng (VDD).
c EEPROM ta lm theo trnh t sau:
- Ghi a ch vo thanh ghi a ch EEADRH:EEADR.
- Clear bit cho php truy cp b nh EEPROM -PGDEE (EECON1.7).
- Set bit iu khin c RD (EECON1.0).
Byte d liu cn c v c ghi v lu tr vo thanh ghi EEDATA chu k
lnh k tip cho n khi mt lnh c hoc ghi EEPROM khc xy ra.
ghi EEPROM :
- Ghi a ch vo thanh ghi a ch EEADRH:EEADR.
- Np d liu vo thanh ghi EEDATA.
- Clear bit cho php truy cp b nh EEPROM -PGDEE (EECON1.7).
- Set bit cho php ghi WREN.
- Set bit iu khin ghi WR.
Ch l trong qu trnh ghi ta nn cm tt c cc ngt.
135
Cc thanh ghi chc nng lin quan n b nh EEPROM
Cc thanh ghi chc nng lin quan n b nh EEPROM

B nhn bng phn cng (Hardware Multiplier)
Trong cc ng dng x l s tn hiu, thi gian tnh ton l mt yu t quan
trng. Nhm tng kh nng tnh ton, P18F8722 c tch hp b nhn bng phn cng
hai s 8bit khng du, kt qu tr v 16bit. Vi b nhn bng phn cng ny, php
nhn c thc hin trong mt chu k lnh. iu ny cho php ta gim m lnh lp
trnh cng nh thi gian tnh ton.
Bng so snh thi gian thc hin php nhn bng phn cng v phn mm .
136
Ngt
P18F8722 c nhiu ngun ngt vi hai mc ngt. Vector ngt u tin c a ch
0018h v vector ngt khng u tin c a ch 0008h.
Cc thanh ghi kim sot hot ng ngt:
- RCON
- NTCON, INTCON2, INTCON3
- PIR1, PIR2, PIR3
- PIE1, PIE2, PIE3
- IPR1, IPR2,IPR3
Cc ngun ngt v mc ngt.
137

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I HC QUC GIA THNH PH H CH MINH

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA

M PHNG, THI CNG H THNG PIN MT

TP H Ch Minh, Thng 6/2008

i hc Quc Gia TPHCM

CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

NHIM V LUN VN TT NGHIP

GIO VIN HNG DN

1.1 Mt tri v ngun bc x Mt tri ........................................................................1

2.1 Gii thiu chng trnh Bond-Graph..................................................................18

2.2.3 in p h mch VOC ........................................................................................ 29

2.4.3 Cc ch vn hnh ........................................................................................... 51

3.1 Thi cng mch np Acquy t ngun pin mt tri ...............................................57

5.1 Kt qu: .............................................................................................................106

DANH SCH BNG V HNH NH.

Hnh 2.2 Ca s 20-Sim Editor.

Hnh 2.34 c tuyn V-A ca pin mt tri.

Hnh 3.10 S nguyn l mch kch IGBT.

Hnh 4.14 Giao din menu F.

Chng 1: GII THIU V NNG LNG MT TRI V

Hnh 1.1 Cu trc ca mt tri.

V cu trc, mt tri c th chia lm 4 vng, tt c hp thnh mt khi cu kh

Do khong cch gia Tri t v Mt tri thay i theo ma trong nm nn

cc lin kt ca chng, khi cc photon b tn x kh u theo mi hng v mt s

c trc khi thy in ra i l ci xay nc. Dng chy ca bin cng c th lm

Hnh 1.4 Nh my in mt tri.

Hin nay trong cc nh my nhit in s dng nng lng mt tri c cc loi h

Hnh 1.5 Mt cell pin mt tri.

Hnh 1.6 Cu to ca pin mt tri.

Cho ti hin ti th vt liu ch yu cho pin mt tri (v cho cc thit b bn dn) l cc

Hnh 1.7 Cc loi cu trc tinh th ca pin mt tri.

electron ngoi cng, v th nn c ch trong mng tinh th c d electron cn c ch

Hnh 1.8 Mt s loi panel pin mt tri.

Hnh 1.9 Qu trnh to mt panel pin mt tri.

Hnh 1.10 Nguyn l hot ng ca pin mt tri.

Hnh 1.11 H thng 2 mc nng lng trong E1 < E2.

Hnh 1.12 Cc vng nng lng.

iu kin in t c th hp th nng lng ca photon v chuyn t vng ho tr

v th nn phn ln nng lng mt tri u c hp th bi silic. Tuy nhin hu ht

Hnh 1.13 Nguyn l hot ng ca pin mt tri.

Hnh 1.14 S khi h thng pin mt tri c lp.

Hnh 1.15 S khi h thng pin mt tri.

T Eng nu nhn vi s ngy trong thng hoc trong nm ta s tnh c nhu cu

Trong l hiu sut ca c h thng.

Trong E cng bc x trn mt phng t nghing mt gc so vi mt

D: s ngy cn d tr nng lng (s ngy khng c nng)

DOS: su phng in thch hp (khong 0,6

Hnh 1.16 B Acquy ca hng KesslerSun.

Hnh 1.17 B iu khin.

Hnh 1.18 Inverter ca Sunny Boy.

Hnh 1.19 Trm v tr ISS.

Hnh 1.20 Robot t hnh trn sao ha v v tinh nhn to.

Hnh 1.21 Pin mt tri c ng dng ti cc h gia nh v trong nng nghip.

Chng 2: M PHNG H THNG PIN MT TRI NUI

Hnh 2.1 Chng trnh m phng 20-SIM.

2.1.1 Giao din v cc cng c c bn:

Hnh 2.2 Ca s 20-Sim Editor.

Hnh 2.3 Ca s Editor vi m hnh Central Heating System.

V d trn l m hnh m phng thit b iu khin nhit . Ta thy chc nng

Hnh 2.4 Ca s Icon Editor.

Hnh 2.5 Ca s Type Editor.

Parameters: chnh sa thng s m phng

Hnh 2.6 Ca s m phng.

Hnh 2.7 Ca s Parameter/Initial Values Editor.

p.f =I0[exp(pp.e / nKTemp) - 1]