Vi sinh vt

Nguyn Th Thy

Phn sinh hc vi sinh vt

Chng 1: Chuyn ha vt cht v nng lng vi sinh vt
Bi 1: Dinh dng, chuyn ha vt cht v nng lng vi sinh vt
I. Khi nim vi sinh vt : - i din: vi khun, virut, vi to, vi nm, ng vt nguyn sinh,... - vi sinh vt l nhng c th sng c kch thc rt nh b, ng knh t bo ch khong 0,2 - 2m (i vi sinh vt nhn s) v 10-100m (i vi sinh vt nhn thc). Phn ln chng l n bo, khng th thy c bng mt thng m phi quan st bng knh hin vi. - vi sinh vt gm nhiu nhm khc nhau, tuy nhin c c im chung: hp th, chuyn ha cht dinh dng nhanh. Sinh trng nhanh Phn b rng (Do kch thc nh b) II. Mi trng nui cy v cc kiu dinh dng: 1. Cc loi mi trng nui cy c bn: c 3 loi mi trng nui cy c bn l: Mi trng t nhin: l mi trng cha cc cht t nhin khng xc nh c s lng, thnh phn nh: cao tht b, pepton, cao nm men pepton l dch thu phn mt phn ca tht b, cazin, bt u tng, dng lm ngun cacbon, nng lng v nit cao tht b cha cc axit amin, peptit, nucleotit, axit hu c, vitamin, v mt s cht khong. Cao nm men l ngun phong ph cc vitamin nhm B cng nh ngun nit v cacbon. Mi trng tng hp: l mi trng trong cc cht u bit thnh phn ho hc v s lng. VD: nhiu vi khun ho d dng c th sinh trng trong mi trng cha glucz l ngun cacbon v mu amni l ngun nit. 1

Vi sinh vt

Nguyn Th Thy

Mi trng bn tng hp l mi trng trong c mt s cht t nhin khng xc nh thnh phn v s lng v cc cht ho hc bit thnh phn, s lng nui cy vi sinh vt trn b mt mi trng c, ngi ta thm vo mi trng lng 1,5 2 % thch (agar). Thch l mt loi plisaccarit phc tp, chit rt t to bin v c mt s u im ph hp vi vic nui cy vi sinh vt (khng b cc vi sinh vt phn gii, nng chy nhit 100oC, ng li khi ngui n 40-42oC ). 2. Cc kiu dinh dng : Kiu dinh Ngun nng lng Ngun cacbon ch V d dng yu 1. Quang t nh sng CO2 To, vi khun lam, vi dng khun lu hunh mu ta, mu lc. 2. Quang d nh sng Cht hu c Vi khun ta, vi khun dng lc khng cha lu hunh + 3. Ho t Cht v c ( NH4 , CO2 Vi khun nitrat ho, vi 2+ dng NO2 , H2, H2S, Fe , khun xi ho lu ) hunh, vi khun hir 4. Ho d Cht hu c Cht hu c Vi sinh vt ln men, dng hoi sinh,.. Cu hi: 1)_cc vi sinh vt gp trong i sng hng ngy thuc nhm dinh dng no? Ti sao? 2)_ khi mi trng c nhiu nh sng v CO2, 1 loi vi sinh vt c th pht trin trn mi trng vi cc thnh phn nh sau: (NH4)3PO4 1,5M KH2PO4 1,0M MgSO4 0,2M CaCl2 0,1M NaCl 5,0M a) Mi trng trn l mi trng g? b) Vi sinh vt pht trin trn mi trng ny c kiu dinh dng g? 2

Vi sinh vt

Nguyn Th Thy

1.

c) Ngun cung cp C, nng lng v N cho vi sinh vt ? 3)_ khi trong mi trng c ngun C hu c nhiuth ti sao cc vi khun ho dng v c chuyn t t dng sang d dng? Tr li: 1) cc vi sinh vt gp trong cuc sng hng ngy thuc ho dng d dng. V n c th sinh trng trn hu ht cc loi mi trng quanh ta m mi trng quanh ta l MT hu c. 2) a) mi trng trn l mi trng tng hp v bit r thnh phn v s lng cc cht. b) vi sinh vt sinh trng trn mi trng ny l vi sinh vt quang t dng v n dng ngun nng lng l nh sng v CO2 sng. c) Ngun cung cp C l CO2 khng kh Ngun cung cp N l N trong NH4+ Ngun cung cp nng lng l nh sng 3) khi trong mi trng c C hu c nhiu th vi khun ho dng v c t t dng chuyn sang d dng v nu dng CO2 qu trnh t dng tn km v mt nng lng v th cc vi khun khng s dng CO2 l ngun cung cp nng lng m li dng lun C trong cc cht hu c. III. H hp v ln men: Tt c cc phn ng ho hc din ra trong t bo vi sinh vt , xc tc bi enzim c gi chung l chuyn ho vt cht. Bao gm: - Sinh tng hp cc i phn t t cc cht dinh dng n gin hn ly t mi trng bn ngoi. - Cc phn ng cn cho vic to thnh cc cht giu nng lng( cao nng ) c dng cho cc phn ng sinh tng hp Vi sinh vt ho dng chuyn ho cht dinh dng qua 2 qu trnh c bn sau: H hp: H hp hiu kh H hp k kh - l s phn gii cc hp cht hu c, - l s phn gii cc hp cht hu c, ch ch yu l glucozo, di xc tc ca yu l glucozo di xc tc ca enzim, enzim, trong cht nhn eelectron trong cht nhn electron cui cng l cui cng l O2 mt cht v c nh NO3-, SO42-, CO2 - C6H12O6 + O2CO2+H2O+ATP+Q - VD: VK sinh kh mtan - VD: nm, to, vi khun,... - Gm k kh bt buc v k kh khng bt - SP: ATP( nhiu), CO2, H2O buc - K: c O2 - din ra mng sinh cht ca nhiu VK 3

Vi sinh vt

Nguyn Th Thy

- Nm, to( nhn thc) h hp xy ra - K : k kh, khng c O2 mng trong ca ti th, cn VK (nhn - SP: ATP(t), ... s) h hp din ra mng sinh cht 2. Ln men: - l s phn gii cc hp cht hu c ( ch yu l cacbohidrat) xc tc bi enzim trong iu kin k kh, khng c s tham gia ca mt cht nhn e t bn ngoi. Cht cho v nhn e u l cc phn t hu c. VD1: nm men ln men etilic t glucozo: - C6H12O6 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2 +Q VD2: vi khun ln men lactic t glucozo: - C6H12O6 2 CH3CH(OH)COOH + Q - c bit cc vikhun ha dng v c s dng cht cho e ban u l v c v cht nhn e cui cng l O2 hay SO42-, NO3-. - SP: ATP( rt t), CO2, cht hu c( nhng cha oxi ha trit to ra CO2 v H2O)

Ti sao nc mt s sng, bin c mu en?

cc mi trng k kh ( nh bn ca ao h sng bin), mt s vi khun phn gii cht hu c bt ngun t xc thc vt ( axit hu c, alcol,..) v vn chuyn ion H+ v e n cht nhn e cui cng l SO42- ( gi l h hp sunphat). PTP:
8[H] + 2H+ + SO42- H2S + 4H2O H2S l mt kh c mi trng ung, c i lc cao vi nhiu kim loi, do n c th kt hp vi Fe trong chui h hp ca ngi to thnh FeS. May thay ta t b u c bi H2S, mt phn v mi thong ngi thy mi trng ung ai cng vi bt mi b i, nhng phn khc v trong t nhin Fe rt ph bin trong t v nc, v vy d hiu rng bn ca cc ao h, sng, bin u c mu en. l mu ca FeS kt ta. Cng nh vi khun h hp sunphat m con ngi c gii c khi nhiu kim loi nng v cc sunphua kim loi (HgS, PbS, ZnS,...) u khng tan trong nc v kt lng di bn.

Bi 2: Qu trnh tng hp cc cht vi sinh vt v ng dng

I. c im ca qu trnh tng hp vi sinh vt : 1. Tng hp axit nucleic v protein: Nucleotit lk ADN t sao ADN phin m ARN dch m protein

Vi sinh vt

Nguyn Th Thy

- mt s virut c qu trnh phin m ngc( HIV) ARN dng lm si khun tng hp ADN. 2. Tng hp polisaccarit: vi khun v to vic tng hp tinh bt v glicogen cn hp cht m u l ADP- glucozo (anzin iphtphat glucozo) : (Glucozo)n + [ ADP-glucozo] (glucozo)n+1 + ADP Mt s vi sinh vt cn tng hp kitin v xenlulozo 3. Tng hp lipit: Vi sinh vt tng hp lipit bng cch lin kt axit bo v glixerol. Glixerol l dn xut t ihirxiaxeton - P ( trong ng phn). Cc axit bo c to thnh nh s kt hp lin tc vi nhau ca cc phn t axetyl- CoA. glucozo Glixeralhit-3- P Axit piruvic dihidroxiaxeton- P glixerol lipit Axetyl- CoA Cc axit bo

S tng hp lipit vi sinh vt II. ng dng ca s tng hp vi sinh vt : Tht kh tng tng rng mt con b nng 500kg ch sn xut thm mi ngy 0,5 kg protein ; 500 cy u nnh mi ngy tng hp c 40kg protein nhng 500 kg nm men c th to thnh mi ngy 50 tn protein. 1. Sn xut sinh khi hoc protein n bo Trong hon cnh cn i protein trm trng th protein vi sinh vt l mt ngun hp dn. c nhiu nh my sn xut sinh khi vi sinh vt quy m ln. Nhiu loi nm n ( nm hng, nm m, nm rm,...) l loi thc phm qu. Vi khun lam Spirulina l ngun thc phm chu phi, l loi thc phm tng lc M. Nht, to Chlorella c dng lm ngun protein v vitamin b sung 5

Vi sinh vt

Nguyn Th Thy

vo kem, sa chua, bnh m. Cht thi t cc x nghip ch bin rau, qu, bt, sa ... l c cht ln men thu nhn sinh khi dng lm thc n cho chn nui gp phn gim nh nhim mi trng. 2. Sn xut axit amin: VD: protein la m ngho lizin, protein la nc ngho lizin v threonin, protein u ngho metionin. cn b sung cc aa cn thiu nh ln men vi sinh vt VD: vi khun t bin corynebacterium glutamicum sn xut c axit glutamic, lizin, valin, pheninalanin... aa dng lm gia v tng ngt mn n nh axit glutamic( dng natri glutamat m chnh) 3. Sn xut cht xc tc sinh hc : (nh enzim vi sinh vt ) - enzim amilaza dng khi lm tng, ru np, trong cng nghip sn xut bnh ko, cng nghip dt, sx xiro. - enzim proteaza dng khi lm tng, ch bin tht, trong cng nghip thuc da, cng nghip bt git.... - enzim xenlulaza dng trong ch bin rc thi v x l b thi dng lm thc n cho chn nui v sx bt git - enzim lipaza dng trong cn bt git v cht ty ra. 4. Sn xut gm sinh hc: Nhiu vi sinh vt tit vo mt mt s loi polisaccarit gi l gm, c vai tr bo v t bo vi sinh vt khi b kh, ngn cn s tip xc vi virut ng thi l ngun d tr cacbon v nng lng. Trong CN gm c dng sx kem, lm cht ph gia cho cn khai thc du ha, lm cht thay huyt tng, lm cht tch trit enzim

Bi 3: Qu trnh phn gii cc cht vi sinh vt v ng dng

I. c im qu trnh phn gii vi sinh vt vi sinh vt tit vo MT enzim thy phn cc cht c kch thc ln( khng vn chuyn qua mng sinh cht ) thnh cc cht n gin hn phn gii ngoi bo. 1. Phn gii axit nucleic v protein: - vi sinh vt tit enzim nucleaza phn gii ADN, ARN thnh nucleotit v proteaza phn gii protein thnh aa. 2. Phn gii polisaccarit:

Vi sinh vt

Nguyn Th Thy

vi sinh vt tit enzim amilaza phn gii tinh bt thnh glucozo, xenlulaza phn gii xenlulozo thanhfglucozo v kitinaza phn gii kitin thnh N-axetylglucozamin. 3. Phn gii lipit: vi sinh vt tit vo mt enzim lipaza phn gii lipit thnh axit bo v glixerol. II. ng dng ca qu trnh phn gii vi sinh vt 1. Sn xut thc phm cho ngi v thc n cho gia sc - Li dng hot tnh phn gii xenlulozo tn dng b thi thc vt trng nhiu loi nm n. - Nc thi t mt s x nghip ch bin c th dng nui cy mt s nm men c kh nng ng ha tinh bt thnh ng nhm thu nhn sinh khi lm thc n gia sc - Sn xut tng da vo 2 enzim ch yu ca nm mc v vi khun nhim t nhin hoc cy ch ng vo nguyn liu: amilaza phn gii tinh bt thnh ng v proteaza phn gii protein (trong u tng) thnh axit amin. - Mui da, mui c l qu trnh s dng vi khun ln men lactic, chuyn ha mt s ng n trong da, c thnh axit lactic. - Con ngi s dng amilaza t nm mc thy phn tinh bt dng trong sn xut ru. Tinh bt nm( ng ha) glucozo nm men ru etanol +CO2 2. Cung cp cht dinh dng cho cy trng Nh cc hot tnh phn gii ca vi sinh vt m xc thc vt, ng vt c phn hy trong t chuyn thnh cht dinh dng cho cy trng. Do , vi sinh vt to ph nhiu cho t c s ca ch bin rc thi thnh phn bn. 3. Phn gii cc cht c : Nhiu vi khun v nm c kh nng phn gii cc cht c trong thuc tr su, thuc dit c, dit nm cn tn ng trong t. 4. Bt git sinh hc : ty sch cc vt bn(bt, tht, m, du, xenlulozo...), ngi ta thm vo bt git mt s enzim vi sinh vt nh: amilaza, proteaza, lipaza, xenlulaza,... 5. Ci thin cng nghip thuc da: Ngi ta s dng enzim proteaza v lipaza t vi sinh vt ty sch b da ng vt, tng cht lng ca da so vi dng ha cht, li khng nh hng xu n mi trng. III. Tc hi ca cc qu trnh phn gii vi sinh vt : 7

Vi sinh vt

Nguyn Th Thy

- Gy h hng thc n, thc phm: cc loi n thc ung giu protein, tinh bt d b i, thiu do b vi khun v nm mc phan gii - Lm gim cht lng cc loi lng thc, dng v hng ha.

Bi c thm: Ln men etilic v ln men lactic

I. Thc hnh ln men etilic:C6H12O6 nm men C2H5OH + CO2 + Q 1. Vt liu: - Dung dch ng knh 8- 10%, nu b sung thm dch nc mt loi qu ngt, ti, p th cng tt (khong 6000ml) - Bt bnh men tn nh c lm nhuyn trong t m 28-300C c lm trc 24h (khng 60ml). 2. Tin hnh: - Bnh 1: 1,5 l nc ng 8- 10% vo. - Bnh 2: 1,5 l nc ng 8- 10% vo, thm 20 ml dung dch bt bnh men vo. - Bnh 3:Cng lm nh bnh 2 nhng lm trc 48h . Hc sinh c th ch cn 0,4l nc ng v 0,005l ung dch bt bnh men. 3. Hin tng: - Bt kh - Dung dch trong bnh xo trn nh b khuy - Lp vng trng trn mt v lp cn y - c ca dung dch - Ngi mi - Nm v - Nhit bnh 4. Thu hoch: Rt ra thc t: - Ti sao vang li l mt ung qu v b dng? - Ti sao ngi ta ni vang hoc sm panh m phi ung ht? - Ru nh hoc bia, lu c vng trng v v chua ngt, lu na th c mi thi ng. Hy gii thch hin tng trn? - Nu siro qu trong bnh nha kn th sau 1 thi gian bnh s cng phng. V sao? Gi : 8

Vi sinh vt

Nguyn Th Thy

- V vang l kt qu qu trnh ln men ng trong hoa qu (nho), nn c nhiu vitamin, cht b dng gip tiu ha. Hn na thi gian lm thng lu (trm nm) nn n qu. - V xy ra qu trnh ln men axetic ngay sau , to ra mi chua (gim) khng ung c - Do b ln men to axetic c v chua, vng trng l do nm men, nm si xut hin. Mt thi gian sau, vi sinh vt gy thi s ph hy, gy ra mi thi. - V trong bnh kn xy ra qu trnh ln men etilic, sinh ra kh CO2 lm bnh cng phng ln. II. Thc hnh ln men lactic 1. Vt liu: - Sa c c ng, sa chua vinamilk - Rau ci ra sch, mui NaCl, ng saccarozo 2. tin hnh: a) lm sa chua: - Ly 0,1l sa c vo cc, rt 0,35 l nc si vo khuy u. ngui n 400C. Cho 1 tha sa chua vo, khuy u, ra cc nha. a vo t m 400C. Sau 6-8 h , sa s ng t li l sa chua c hnh thnh. Mun bo qun phi vo t lnh - nhn xt ( trng thi, ngi mi, v) PTTQ:lactozo c trong sa lactozo vi khun lactic galactozo + glucozo vi khun lactic axit lactic b) mui da rau qu: - Rau ct nh t 3-4 cm (c th phi ch nng nh hoc rm cho rau qu se mt). Cho rau vo bnh. Pha nc mui 5-6% v ngp nc rau qu , nn cht y kn ni m (28-300C), c th cho thm 2 tha c ph ng ha tan vo. - Nhn xt: (mu sc, v) PTTQ: xenlulozo Glucozo vi khun lactic axit lactic ln men nh vk lactic C6H12O6 2CH3CH(OH)COOH +Q 3. Thu hoch: 1. V sao sa chuyn t trng lng sang trng thi c st(ng t) v c v chua? 2. Sa chua b dngc ng khng? V sao? 3. Khi mui da, ngi ta thng cho thm 1 t nc da c v ng lm g? Ti sao mui da phi ngp nc v nn cht? 9

Vi sinh vt

Nguyn Th Thy

4. Khi mui da, ngi ta c th phi da ch nng nh hoc ch rm cho se mt lm g? 5. Rau qu mui da phi c iu kin g? Nu khng t phi lm nh th no? 6. Nu da lu s b kh. Ti sao? Gi : 1. Trong sa c protein vi khun lactic dng protein bc 1( khi pH ) ng t proteinc st. Cn v chua l do to ra axit lactic. 2. Trong sa chua c to ra c pr bc 1 n gin, d tiu ha, d hp th. Cc axit amin, axit lactic tt cho tiu ha. 3. Cho nc da c vo cung cp thm vi khun lactic Cho ng to ngun nguyn liu ban u cho vi khun , gip vi khun sinh trng nhanh, da nhanh c n. Ngp nc, nn cht to mi trng ym kh cho vi khun ln men. ng thi vic nn gip da gin v ngon hn. 4. Phi se mt gip gim nc trong daMT u trng gip nc mui i vo da nhanh hn. ng thi vic phi da cng gy tp nhim vi khun lactic trong t nhin bm vo. 5. chn rau bnh t, c sn lng ng t 5-6% to mi trng cho vi khun hot ng. 6. Trong nc da c axit lactic vi nng cao pH thp, m vi khun lactic hot ng trong mi trng c pH tb v th m mi trng lc sau s c ch hot ng ca vi khun lactic v lm vi khun gy mi thi hot ng mnh lm hng v da b kh.

Chng 2: Sinh trng v sinh sn ca vi sinh vt

Bi 4: Sinh trng ca vi sinh vt
I. Khi nim v sinh trng: - KN: Sinh trng ca vi sinh vt l s tng ln v mt s lng t bo. Tuy nhin do kch thc t bo nh nn khi nghin cu sinh trng ca vi sinh vt, d dng ngi ta theo di s thay i ca c qun th vi sinh vt VD: 1 vi khun sinh sn bng phn i nh E.Coli: 1248163264... 1212223242526...2n 10

Vi sinh vt

Nguyn Th Thy

- Thi gian t khi sinh ra mt t bo cho n khi t bo phn chia hoc s t bo trong qun th tng gp i gi l thi gian th h (KH g). - Mi loi vi sinh vt c g ring, thm ch cng loi nhng trong iu kin nui cy khc nhau cng cho g khc nhau. VD: Escherichia coli (vi khun ng rut) trong iu kin th nghim y 400C l 20 . Trong ng rut, do cht dinh dng ao ng li phi cnh tranh vi nhiu vi sinh vt khc, g ca E.Coli l 12 h) ; ca trc khun lao 370C l 12h ; nm men bia 300C l 2 h. S sinh trng ng thc vt l s tng ln v kch thc, khi lng 1 c th Quy lut sinh trng ca vi sinh vt : theo cp s nhn N=N0 2n N0: s lng vi sinh vt lc u N : S lng vi sinh vt sau n ln phn chia n : s ln phn chia II. Sinh trng ca qun th vi sinh vt : 1. Nui cy khng lin tc: - kn: MT nui cy khng lin tc l loi MT khng c b sung thm cc cht dinh dng, cng khng ly i cc sn phm ca qu trnh chuyn ha vt cht - c im sinh trng ca qun th vi sinh vt : c th hin bng ng cong chia lm 4 pha. SL (3) (4) (2) (1)

TG (1): pha tim pht 11

Vi sinh vt

Nguyn Th Thy

(2): pha ly tha (3): pha cn bng (4): pha suy vong Pha tim pht: (Pha lag) y l thi gian tnh t khi vi khun c cy vo mi trng cho n khi chng bt u sinh trng. Trong pha ny vi khun thch nghi vi mi trng, chun b cho s phn chia: S lng t bo khng i Trong c th vi sinh vt din ra mnh m qu trnh tng hp ADN v cc enzim chun b cho s phn bo. Pha ly tha (pha log) : S lng t bo trong qun th tng ln theo cp s nhn Thi gian th h t ti hng s Qu trnh trao i cht din ra mnh m nht Pha cn bng : S lng TB cht = s lng TB sinh ra s lng tb t cc i, khng tng, khng gim. qun th trng thi cn bng. Qu trnh trao i cht gim Kch thc tb nh hn trong pha log Nguyn nhn chuyn sang trng thi cn bng: cht dinh dng bt u cn kit, nng oxi gim, cc cht c(etanol, axit), pH thay i... Pha suy vong: S lng tb cht > s lng tb mi c to thnh NN: do cht dinh dng cn kit, cht c hi tch ly, mt s vi khun cha enzim t phn gii t bo; s khc c hnh dng tb thay i do thnh t bo b h hi. Cu hi: 1) Trong t nhin, vi khun c sinh trng qua 4 pha ny khng? 2) thu c sinh khi ti a nn dng pha no? 3) Tm ra gii php trnh hin tng suy vong ca qun th vi sinh vt ? Gii: 1. Ko tun theo 4 pha trn v: - thiu cht dinh dng 12

Vi sinh vt

Nguyn Th Thy

- lun c s cnh tranh v mt dinh dng gia cc loi vi sinh vt - trong t nhin , nhit , pH, ... lun thay i. 2. ta nn dng u pha cn bng, cui pha ly tha 3. ta nn cung cp cc cht dinh dng thng xuyn, y ; loi b cc cht c hi, ly i cc sn phm... III. Sinh trng ca qun th vi sinh vt trong mi trng nui cy lin tc: - KN: mi trng nui cy lin tc l mi trng lun c cung cp cc cht dinh dng, loi b khng ngng cc cht thi v iu kin mi trng lun c duy tr n nh, c ngha trnh d suy vong ca qun th vi sinh vt - YN : thu c sinh khi ti a (cc loi protein n bo v cc hot cht c tnh sinh hc cao...).

Bi 5: Sinh sn ca vi sinh vt
I. Sinh sn ca vi sinh vt nhn s: Cc c im hnh thc 1. TB hp th dinh dng, qu trnh ng ha din ra Phn mnh, tng kch thc, tng hp enzim v i riboxomADN nhn i.Sau khi tb gp i chiu di (trc khun) hoc gp i ng knh(cu khun), mt vch ngn tch thnh 2 tb con 2. Ny 1 b phn ca c th m pht trin mnh hn cc chi phn khc tch ra khi c th m pht trin thnh c th mi i din Hu ht vi khun v vi sinh vt c

Vi khun quang dng mu 3. Bo L 1 tb hay 1 b phn ca c th m tch ra khi gp -vi khun t iu kin thun li c kh nng pht trin thnh c hnh si: x th mi. Bo t t:l bo t c hnh thnh do s khun (bo phn t ca tb sinh dng(tb m). Ngoi bo t: l t t) bo t c hnh thnh t bn ngoi tb sinh dng -vi sinh vt (tb m). Lu : khi gp iu kin bt li, vi khun c dinh dng kh nng kt bo xc, sng trng thi tim metan 13

Vi sinh vt

Nguyn Th Thy

sinhni bo t(thnh dy hn ngoi bo t), khi (ngoi bo gp iu kin thun li, n tr v trng thi bnh t) thng. II. Sinh sn vi sinh vt nhn thc : 1. Phn i v ny chi: nm men ch mt s sinh sn bng phn i cn a s sinh sn theo kiu ny chi (nm men ru). Trn b mt tb m xut hin 1 chi, chi ln dn nhn cc thnh phn ca tb ri mi tch ra tip tc sinh trng cho n khi t kch thc ca tb m. 2. Sinh sn hu tnh v v tnh: Nm men c th sinh sn hu tnh. T bo lng bi gim phn to thnh 4 hoc nhiu hn 4 bo t n bi c thnh dy bn trong t bo m. a s nm men, thnh tb m tr thnh 1 ti(nang) cha cc bo t. Khi ti v cc bo t c gii phng; cc bo t n bi khc nhau v gii tnh s kt hp vi nhau to thnh 1 tb lng bi ny chi mnh m. Nm si sinh sn bng c bo t v tnh v hu tnh: - Bo t v tnh:to thnh chui trn nh ca cc si nm kh sinh hoc c to thnh bn trong cc ti (nang) nm nh ca cc si nm kh sinh. Mt loi bo t v tnh khc gi l bo t o c vch dy. - Bo t hu tnh: bao gm 1 s dng sau: Cc nm ln (nm rm):c mt cu trc gi l th qu (m nm), mt di th qu cha cc dy cu trc dng di cui gi l m (ngha l ci gi). Bo t pht sinh trn nh ca m, do c gi l bo t m. Bo t ti do nm bn trong 1 ti, mt s ti li c cha bn trong th qu chung ln hn. Bo t tip hp v bo t non cng l 2 loi bo t hu tnh nm. Bo t tip hp c bao bc bi 1 vch dy, mu sm gip chng khng c kh hn v nhit cao. Bo t non to thnh 1 s nm thy sinh, l cc bo t ln c lng, roi.

Bi 6: nh hng ca cc yu t ha hc n sinh trng ca vi sinh vt

I. Cc cht dinh dng chnh:

14

Vi sinh vt

Nguyn Th Thy

Cc cht dinh dng: protein, gluxit, lipit, ... vi nng ph hp ng vai tr l nguyn liu cu to nn tb, ng thi cung cp nng lng cho c th sng. Chng c cu to t cc nguyn t c bn: C, H, N, O, P, S. 1. Cacbon: Ngoi nc, C l yu t dinh dng quan trng nht i vi sinh trng ca vi sinh vt , l b khung cu trc ca cht sng, cn cho tt c cc hp cht hu c cu to nn tb. C chim 50% klg kh ca 1 tb vi khun in hnh. Vi sinh vt ho d dng nhn c hu ht C t cc cht hu c nh: protein, cacbohidrat v lipit. Vi sinh vt ho t dng v quang t dng li thu nhn C t CO2. 2. Nit, lu hunh v photpho: Tng hp protein i hi 1 lng ln nit v mt phn lu hunh. Vic tng hp ADN v ARN cng cn nit v photpho tng t nh tng hp ATP. Nit chim khong 14% klg kh ca tb vi khun cn S v P chim 4%. Vi sinh vt cng s dng N ch yu to thnh nhm amin ca cc axit amin. Chng phn gii cc protein thnh aa ri s dng cc aa ny tng hp cc protein mi. S khc s dng N t ion NH4+ gp trong 1 s cht hu c ca tb hoc t NO3-. Nhiu vi khun trong c vi khun lam, c kh nng s dng N2 trc tip t kh quyn thng qua qu trnh c nh N. S c dng tng hp cc aa cha S nh: xistein, metionin. P cn cho tng hp axit nucleic, photpholipit, ATP. 3. Oxi: Tham gia cu to Pr, Gl, Lipit,... L nguyn liu cho h hp, chia lm: Hiu kh bt buc: ch c th sinh trng khi c mt O2 (nhiu vi khun, hu ht to, nm, ng vt nguyn sinh). K kh bt buc: ch c th sinh trng khi khng c mt O2 (vi khun un vn, vi khun sinh metan). K kh khng bt buc: c th s dng O2 h hp hiu kh, nhng khi khng c mt oxi th c th ln men (nm men ru) hoc h hp k kh (Bacillus). Vi hiu kh: c kh nng sinh trng ch khi nng O2 thp hn nng O2 trong kh quyn (vi khun giang mai). 4. Cc yu t sinh trng: 15

Vi sinh vt

Nguyn Th Thy

y l cc cht hu c quan trng m mt s vi sinh vt khng t tng hp c m phi thu nhn trc tip t mi trng, VD: vitamin, aa, cc baz purin v pirimidin. Nhiu vi sinh vt c kh nng tng hp tt c cc aa, vitamin, baz nit nhng mt s chng t nhin b t bin, mt kh nng tng hp cc yu t sinh trng trn. V vy khi nui cy cn phi b sung. II. Cc cht c ch sinh trng: Ho cht Tc dng c ch ng dng Phenol, Gy bin tnh protein Lm cht ty u, st alcohol trng Halogen (it, Gy bin tnh protein Lm cht ty u v clo, brm, lm sch nc fluo) Cc cht oxi Gy bin tnh protein do oxi ho Lm cht ty u, st ho (peroxit, trng cc vt thng ozon, axit su, lm sch nc, peraxetic) kh trng thit b Cc cht hot Lm gim sc cng b mt ca nc X phng loi b vi ng b mt v gy h hi mng sinh cht sinh vt, cc cht ty ra st trng Cc kim loi Gy bin tnh protein, nitrat bc Sn chng nm, dit nng dng tm cc vt liu bng b khi to b bi, phng tr phu thut nhm phng tr cc vi vi khun khng khun khng khng sinh, khng sinh, lm cht mercuacrom (hc ca Hg), l cht st st trng trng Cc anehit Gy bin tnh v lm bt hot cc L cht ty u v l protein, dch dng p xc nh fomalin Cht khng Dit khun c tnh chn lc, c tc Dng trong ty u v sinh dng ln thnh tb v mng sinh cht, iu tr bnh km hm vic tng hp axit nucleic, protein (penicillin, steptomicil) Loi mc trng v loi nm men u cn vitamin B1 (tiamin) nhng c 2 u khng t tng hp c. Tuy nhin loi u c th tng hp phn 16

Vi sinh vt

Nguyn Th Thy

pirimidin, cn loi sau li tng hp c nhn tiazol. V vy chng cng chung sng gp chung thc n. Vi khun lactic ( lactobacillus arabinosus) v vi khun ng rut (Enterococcus faecalis) cng ph thuc vo nhau v dinh dng. C 2 u cn axit folic v phenylalanin. Tuy nhin vi khun lactic ch c kh nng tng hp axit folic cn vi khun ng rut ch c kh nng tng hp phenylalanin. V chng gp nhau cng chung sng.

Bi 7: nh hng ca cc yu t vt l n sinh trng ca vi sinh vt

I. Nhit : nh hng su sc n tc phn ng ho hc, sinh ho trong tb nn nh hng n tc sinh trng ca vi sinh vt Vi khun c : nhit cc i, nhit cc tiu v nhit ti u. Nhit ti u l nhit m vi khun sinh trng mnh nht. nhit cc i v cc tiu, vi khun vn c th sinh trng nhng yu t. Da trn phm vi nhit a thch vi sinh vt c chia thnh 4 nhm: a lnh, a m, a nhit v a siu nhit. Vi sinh vt a lnh thng sng cc vng Nam cc, Bc cc, cc i dng (90% i dng c nhit 50C, sinh trng ti u nhit 150C. Cc enzim, cc protein vn chuyn cht dinh dng v cc riboxom ca cc vi sinh vt ny hot ng bnh thng nhit thp. Mng sinh cht ca chng cha nhiu axit khng no, nh vy, ngay nhit thp m mng vn duy tr c trng thi bn lng. nhiu vi khun a lnh, khi nhit > 200C mng sinh cht mi b v. Vi sinh vt a m c nhit ti u l 20-400C. a s thuc nhm ny l cc vi sinh vt t, vi sinh vt nc, vi sinh vt sng trong c th ngi v gia sc ( k c cc vi sinh vt gy bnh), vi sinh vt gy h hng n, thc ung hng ngy. Mt s vi sinh vt a nhit, sinh trng ti u 55-650C. a s chng l vi khun, mt s l nm v to. Ni sng ca chng l cc ng phn , ng c kh t t nng v cc sui nc nng. Hot ng ca cc enzim v riboxom ca chng thch ng nhit cao. cc vng nng bng ca y bin hoc ca bin tn ti mt s vi khun a siu nhit vi nhit sinh trng ti u l 85-1100C. 17

Vi sinh vt

Nguyn Th Thy

II. pH: nh hng ti tnh thm qua mng, hot ng chuyn ho vt cht trong tb, hot tnh enzim v s hnh thnh ATP... i lng o axit hay kim tng ng gi l pH. a s vi khun v ng vt nguyn sinh l nhm a trung tnh, sinh trng tt nht pH t 6-8 v ngng sinh trng pH <4 hoc pH >9. S d vy v cc ion H+ v OH- km hm hot ng ca cc enzim trong tb. S t vi khun v a s nm a pH axit, khong 4-6. Cc ion H+ ch lm mng sinh cht ca chng vng chc nhng khng tch lu bn trong tb, do pH ni bo vn duy tr gn trung tnh. Mt s vi khun sng trong vng t khai m c th sinh trng thch hp pH 2-3; s khc gp trong cc sui nng axit, sinh trng mnh pH 1-3 v nhit cao. Nhiu vi khun a kim sinh trng tt pH > 9, i khi pH >11. Nhng vi khun ny c mt cc h v t kim. Chng duy tr pH ni bo gn trung tnh nh kh nng tch lu cc ion H+ t bn ngoi. Trong t nhin, nhiu vi khun a trung tnh to ra cc cht thi c tnh axit hoc kim, vy m chng vn sinh trng bnh thng trong mi trng . V sao? Cng nghip x phng v cht ty ra s dng mt s enzim vi sinh vt. Cc enzim ny phi c c tnh g? V sao? III. m: sinh trng v chuyn ho vt cht , vi sinh vt cn c nc. Nc cn cho vic ho tan cc enzim v cc cht dinh dng nhng cng l cht tham gia trong nhiu phn ng chuyn ho vt cht quan trng. Khi sinh trng trong mi trng nc c nng cht ho tan cao hn nng ni bo, nc bn trong tb s b rt ra bn ngoi co nguyn sinh v sinh trng b km hm. Ngc li nu trong mi trng c nng cht ho tan qu thp, nc li t bn ngoi xm nhp vo trong tb. Khi sinh trng trong mi trng ngho cht dinh dng ( nhc trng), t bo cht ca vi khun s rt nc t bn ngoi vo lm t bo cng ln. T bo vi khun c th b v do p sut thm thu ni bo tng ln hay khng? V sao? Nhiu vi khun sng bin cha nng mui cao (3,5%) thm ch mt s gp cc h mui ( nng > 15). Ngi ta gi chng l cc vi khun a mn. Chng da vo cc ion Na+ duy tr thnh tb v mng sinh cht c nguyn 18

Vi sinh vt

Nguyn Th Thy

vn. cn bng p sut thm thu vi mi trng, nhiu vi khun bin tch lu cc ion K+ trong tb cht, s khc li tch lu aa, glixeril, mannitol. Nng ng cao cng gy mt nc cho tb vi sinh vt. Nhng, mt s nm men v nm mc c th sinh trng bnh thng trn cc loi mt qu. Chng c gi l cc vi sinh vt a thm thu. IV. Bc x: Bc x ion ho ( tia gamma, tia X) c tc dng ph hu ADN ca vi sinh vt c dng kh trng cc thit b y t v thit b phng th nghim v bo qun thc phm. Bc x khng ion ho (tia t ngoi) km hm s sao m v phin m ca vi sinh vt, dng ty u v kh trng b mt cc vt th, cc dch lng trong sut v cc kh. Cu hi: 1) Tc nhn gy h hi cc loi qu thng l nm mc m t khi l vi khun. V sao? 2) Khi mua mt ming tht ln hoc 1 con c nhng cha kp ch bin ngi ta thng st mui ln.Ti sao? 3) Gp hm tri nng to, ai cng mun mang phi mt s dng, cng nh thc phm. Vic phi nng c tc dng g? Vim lot d dy v ung th d dy l mt bnh kh ph bin ngi. Nhng ch my nm gn y, cc nh khoa hc mi pht hin ra th phm ca bnh l mt loi vi khun Helicobacter pylori. Nh ta bit, mng nhy d dy tit ra dch cha enzim phn gii protein v HCl cng hot ho enzim ny. Cc tb chuyn ho khc sn sinh ra mt lp nhy bo v d dy khi b t tiu ho. Dch v c pH 2-3. do cc vi khun khng a axit thng khng th tn ti y. H.pylori khng phi l vi khun a axit nhng bng cch gn vo cc t bo tit cht nhy ca d dy v tit ra enzim ureaza phn gii ure thnh NH4+ ( tnh kim) chng nng cao pH ti ch v ng tr ti d dy.

Chng 3: Virut v bnh truyn nhim

Bi 8: Cu trc cc loi virut
I.Khi nim: 1. S pht hin ra virut: 19

Vi sinh vt

Nguyn Th Thy

1892: D.I.Ivanopxki khi ly dch p ca l cy thuc l b bnh khm, cho lc qua nn lc vi khun ri ly dch p ny nhim vo l cy thuc l khng b bnh th thy cy cng b mc bnh. Soi di knh hin vi ng khng quan st thy mm bnh, nui cy trn thch khng c khun lc. ng cho rng mm bnh l 1 loi vi sinh vt nh hn vi khun. 1898: ngi ta gi l virut (mm c). 1915: pht hin virut vi khun gi l th thc khun (Bacterio phag gi tt l phag). 2. Khi nim: Virut l 1 thc th sng cha c cu to t bo, kch thc ca chng rt nh, trung bnh 10-100nm. Chng ch gm 2 phn chnh: v protein (capsit) v li axit nucleic. Do cha c cu to t bo nn virut sng k sinh bt buc trong t bo ch. Virut ngoi t bo vt ch c gi l virion hay ht virut. II. Hnh thi v cu to: 1. Hnh thi: Gm 3 loi: Cu trc khi: i din virut Adeno l virut trn v virut HIV l mt dng virut c v ngoi. Cu trc xon: i din virut khm thuc l Cu trc hn hp: i din phag T2 E.Coli Loi virut Hnh dng Axit V protein V ngoi nucleic Virut cu trc Xon Si ARN V capsit ko xon(TMV) (que) Virut cu Virut Adeno a din 20 ADN C v ko trc khi mt Virut HIV Cu 2 si ARN C v C +gai ngc glicoprotein nhau Virut cu trc hn hp Hn hp ADN C ko (phag T2) Cc phag thng c cu to phc tp nht, gm : ADN, v protein (thuc phn u i xng c khi a din), bao ui, lng ui, a gc, gai bn ui (thuc phn ui).Cui ca tr ui c a gc l 1 hnh 6 cnh c 1 l gia, 20

Vi sinh vt

Nguyn Th Thy

ni tr ui c th xuyn qua. a gc c 6 gai t mc ra 6 si lng ui mnh v di c cha cc th th gip phag bm ln b mt t bo vt ch. 2. Cu to: Li axit nucleic l b gen ca chng. Virut ch cha ADN hoc ARN, mch n hoc mch kp. V protein: c cu to bi nhiu n v hnh thi(capsome) kch thc virut cng ln, s lng capsome cng nhiu. V mang cc thnh phn khng nguyn c tc dng bo v li. Mt s virut cn c thm v ngoi to bi lipit kp v protein. Trn v ngoi c th c cc gai glicoprotein cha cc th th gip virut hp th vo t bo vt ch. V ngoi thc cht l mng sinh cht ca vt ch nhng b virut ci to v mang khng nguyn c trng cho virut. Phc hp gm axit nucleic vi v capsit gi l nucleocapsit. III. Phn loi virut : - Ngi ta phn loi da vo: c im axit nucleic (ADN hay ARN, mch n hay mch kp, mch thng hay mch vng...) hoc da vo cc c im v, vt ch, phng tin ly truyn.... 1. Virut gy bnh ngi v ng vt: - thng cha ADN hoc c th l ARN. - chia lm nhiu nhm khc nhau. 2. Virut gy bnh vi sinh vt : - Hu ht cha ADN. Mt s c th cha ARN. - ADN hoc ARN c th n hoc kp, thng hoc vng 3. Virut gy bnh thc vt: - Hu ht mang ARN. IV. Viroit v prion: 1. Viroit - l nhng phn t ARN vng, dng trn, khng c v capsit, mch n v chng l cc tc nhn gy bnh nh nht m con ngi bit. Viroit thm ch khng m ho bt k mt protein no v s nhn ln ca chng ph thuc hon ton vo s hot ng ca enzim ca t bo ch. Viroit gy nhiu bnh thc vt nh bnh hnh thoi khoai ty v bnh hi cy da. 2. Prion: - l mt dng cc oan khc. Chng l phn t protein v khng cha mt loi axit nucleic no hoc nu c th cng qu ngn m ho bt k mt protein no m prion c. Trong c th bnh thng c th c sn cc prion nhng 21

Vi sinh vt

Nguyn Th Thy

chng khng gy bnh. Trong 1 iu kin no prion c th thay i cu trc v gy bnh. Prion gy nhiu bnh nguy him ng vt v ngi, gy thoi ho h thn kinh TW v gim st tr tu nh bnh b in, bnh Kuru ngi.

Bi 9: S nhn ln ca virut trong t bo vt ch

I. Chu trnh nhn ln ca virut : 1. Cc giai on xm nhim v pht trin ca phag : Cc giai on 1. Hp ph c im Virut bm ln b mt t bo vt ch nh th th thch hp vi th th ca t bo vt ch 2.Xm nhp Bao ui ca virut co li y b gen ca virut chui vo trong t bo vt ch 3. Sinh tng hp B gen ca virut iu khin b my di truyn ca t bo ch tng hp ADN v v capsit cho mnh 4. Lp rp V capsit bao ly li ADN, cc b phn khc(a gc, ui...) cng c gn li vi nhau to virut mi 5. Phng thch Cc virut mi to thnh ph v v t bo ch chui ra ngoi hoc to thnh 1 l thng trn v t bo ch v chui ra ngoi t t. 2. Virut n ho v virut c : cc t bo, virut pht trin lm tan t bo, y l virut c. mt s t bo khc, b gen ca virut gn lin vo nhim sc th ca t bo, t bo vn sinh trng bnh thng. Virut ny l virut n ho v t bo nh trn gi l t bo tim tan. Ch khi c mt s tc ng bn ngoi nh tia t ngoi c th chuyn virut n ho thnh virut c lm tan t bo. II. HIV v hi chng AIDS: 1. Phng thc ly nhim: Ly qua ng tnh dc Ly t m sang con Ly theo ng truyn mu (nh dng chung bm kim tim, ...) 2. Cc giai on pht trin ca AIDS: 22

Vi sinh vt

Nguyn Th Thy

Sau khi nhim, virut HIV hp ph ln t bo limpho T. ARN ca virut chui ra khi v ri phin m ngc thnh ADN ca HIV gn vo ADN ca t bo T ri ch huy b my di truyn ca t bo T v sinh tng hp, sao chp v sn sinh ra mt lot virut HIV mi, lm t bo T b v ra. T bo T tham gia vo h thng min dch ca c th. Lc ny t bo T tan hng lot, h thng min dch ca ngi bnh b suy gim nghim trng, cc vi sinh vt c hi s li dng gy mt lot bnh truyn nhim c hi nh: lao, vim phi, vim mng no, a chy, ung th,... lm cho ngi bnh kit sc dn n cht. Qu trnh pht trin ca bnh s chia lm 3 giai on: Giai on s nhim (ca s): biu hin bnh cha r c th st nh t 2 tun cho n 3 thng. Giai on khng triu chng: Mt s trng hp c th st, a chy, khng ro nguyn nhn... S lng t bo limpho T gim dn ( 1-10 nm). Giai on biu hin triu chng AIDS: c triu chng in hnh ca AIDS nh vim nim mc thc qun, ph qun, phi,..., vim no, ung th da v mu. Sau , virut tip tc tn cng cc t bo thn kinh, c v kt qu l c th cht v t lit v in di. 3. Phng trnh: Hin nay ch c thuc cha AIDS c hiu, ch c thuc lm chm qu trnh tin trin ca bnh. Mt s loi thuc c th ngn cn s nhn ln ca virut trong t bo vt ch.

Bi 10: Virut gy bnh v cc ng dng ca virut

I. Virut gy bnh : 1. Virut k sinh thc vt: B gen ca virut thng l ARN mch n. T bo thc vt c thnh xenlulozo rt vng chc nn virut khng t chui vo qua thnh m ch yu nh vo cc vt tim chch ca cn trng hoc cc vt xc. VD: su, rp, b ry khi ht nha km theo c virut. Cng c trng hp nh dy t hng hay virut truyn bnh thng qua ht ging, c ging, cnh chit, mt ghp, c di... Sau khi nhn ln trong t bo virut lan sang cc t bo khc thng qua cu sinh cht. 23

Vi sinh vt

Nguyn Th Thy

Hin nay, c khong 600-1000 bnh thc vt do virut gy ra, gy thit hi cho cy trng nh: bnh khm thuc l, bnh xon l khoai ty, khm sp l, khm da chut,... Hin nay, cha c thuc chng cc loi virut k sinh trn thc vt. Khi pht hin bnh dch ch cn cch l thu gom, em t. Phng trnh bng cch: chn ging sch bnh, lun canh cy trng, thc hin v sinh ng rung, tiu dit cn trng truyn bnh. 2. Virut k sinh vi sinh vt (phag ): Ngi ta bit khong 3000 loi phag. c nghin cu k hn l phag trn E.Coli. Chngs thng c ADN xon kp v 90% l c ui. L cng c pht trin k thut gen, nhiu loi phag c dng khi qut cho ng vt. Nhiu loi phag gy tn tht choi cc ngnh cng nghip vi sinh: m chnh, sinh khi, thuc tr su sinh hc, thuc khng sinh. 3. Virut k sinh cn trng: Nhm ch k sinh cn trng: VD: virut Baculo k sinh trn nhiu loi su b n l cy (mt s cn c dng tinh th). Nhm virut k sinh cn trng sau mi nhim vo ngi v ng vt : ngi ta pht hin ra khong 150 loi virut k sinh trn cn trng (mui, b cht) truyn bnh cho ngi v ng vt. Nhng virut ny thng sinh ra c t. Khi mui v b cht t ngi v ng vt th virut s xm nhim v gy bnh nh virut vim no nga, st xut huyt virut ang (DHF). 4. Virut k sinh ngi v ng vt: VD: AIDS, SARS, ung th, vim no nht bn, di, au mt , si, quai b, st xut huyt, vim gan b, c (ly qua ng tnh dc), ... II. ng dng ca virut trong cuc sng: 1. Bo v i sng con ngi v mi trng Nhiu loi virut gy bnh cho ngi v ng vt c nghin cu sn xut vacxin phng bnh. Nh hn ch v ngn chn nhiu bnh dch ln nh : u ma, si, dch cm, dch st,...v iu tr mt s bnh c coi l nan y nh: bnh di, vim gan B, vim gan C... Mt s virut ng vt cn c nghin cu lm gim thiu s pht trin ca mt s loi ng vt hoang d. 2. Bo v thc vt 24

Vi sinh vt

Nguyn Th Thy

Virut c th gip tiu dit cn trng c hi cho cy trng.VD: to ra loi virut ti t hp vi kh nng tiu dit su o bp ci, n c thit k t hu sau mt thi gian nht nh. VN c thuc tr su sinh hc c virut Baculo dit nhiu loi su n hi l. Thuc c bao bc bi mt mng keo ch tan trong ng rut ca vi sinh vt, khi mng tan ra virut chuyn sang hot ng gy cht cho su. Thuc tr su sinh hc c nhiu u im:ch tiu dit mt s loi su nht nh nn khng c hi cho con ngi v mi trng, virut c bo v trong th bc nn d bo qun, d sn xut, h gi thnh... 3. Sn xut dc phm: Virut c vai tr quan trng trong k thut di truyn v thit lp bn gen. c bit c vai tr quyt nh trong sn xut mt s loi dc phm: intefron, insulin. Trc y vic sn xut chng rt kh khn v intefron ch c th chit xut t huyt tng ngi v insulin t tuyn tu ca ngi. Nay, nh k thut chuyn ghp gen cho php ngi ta sn xut vi s lng ln. Mt s phag cha cc on gen khng thc s quan trng nn c th ct i m khng nh hng n qu trnh nhn ln ca chng. Li dng tnh cht ny ngi ta ct b cc gen , thay th bng cc gen mong mun v bin chng thnh vt vn chuyn gen l tng.

Bi 11: Khi nim v bnh truyn nhim v min dch

I. Khi nim v bnh truyn nhim: 1. Khi nim: Bnh truyn nhim l bnh ly truyn t c th ny sang c th khc. 3 iu kin gy c bnh: c lc (bao gm mm bnh v c t) S lng nhim ln Con ng xm nhim thch hp Tc nhn gy bnh rt a dng nh: virut, vi khun, ng vt nguyn sinh, nm,... 2. Cc phng thc ly truyn: Qua ng h hp Qua ng tiu ho Ly truyn qua tip xc trc tip Truyn t m sang thai nhi II. Min dch: 25

Vi sinh vt

Nguyn Th Thy

1. Khi nim: Min dch l kh nng t bo v c bit ca c th chng li cc tc nhn gy bnh (vi sinh vt, c t vi sinh vt, cc phn t l...) khi chng xm nhp vo c th. 2. Cc loi min dch: 2.1: Min dch khng c hiu: Mang tnh cht bm sinh Bao gm cc yu t bo v t nhin ca c th: da, nim mc, cc dch do c th tit ra, dch nhy, lng rung h h hp, cc i thc bo, cc bch cu trung tnh, u tc dng tiu dit cc tc nhn gy bnh. Min dch khng c hiu c vai tr khi min dch c hiu cha kp pht huy. 2.2: Min dch c hiu: Xy ra khi c khng nguyn xm nhp vo c th, gm min dch t bo v min dch dch th. Min dch dch th: l min dch c s tham gia ca cc khng th nm trong dch th ca c th do t bo limpho B tit ra, chng c a vo tt c cc th dch ca c th : mu, h bch huyt, dch tu sng, mng phi, mng bng, dch khp, dch mng i....hoc c trong cc cht lng do c th bi tit ra nh: nc mt, nc tiu, dch mi, dch tiu ho,... Chng c nhim v ngng kt, bao bc cc loi virut, vi sinh vt gy bnh, lng kt cc loi c t do chng sinh ra. Min dch t bo: l min dch c s tham gia ca t bo limpno T c. Cc t bo mang khng th ny chu trch nhim tiu dit cc virut, vi sinh vt gy bnh, thu gom cc mnh vn trong c th bng cch tit ra loi protein lm tan cc t bo b nhim c, ngn cn s nhn ln ca virut. Trong nhng bnh do virut gy ra th min dch t bo ng vai tr ch lc v virut trong t bo khng th thot khi s tn cng ca khng th. III. Intefron (IFN) : 1. Khi nim: 1935, Findlay v Mac Callum pht hin kh tng b nhim virut st trc khi b nhim virut st vng s khng b cht bi virut st vng.Nu a thm cc virut cm bt hot hoc a bt c mt axit nucleic l no vo t bo cng to ra intefron . Hin nay intefron gip phng chng ung th v bnh do virut gy ra. 26

Vi sinh vt

Nguyn Th Thy

Vy, intefron l loi protein c bit do nhiu loi t bo ca c th tit ra chng li virut , chng t bo ung th v tng cng kh nng min dch. 2. Vai tr v cc tnh cht c bn ca intefron : Intefron c bn cht l protein, khi lng phn t ln. Intefron bn vng trc nhiu loi enzim (tr proteaza), chu c pH axit, nhit cao (560C vn gi c hot tnh) c tnh sinh hc quan trng ca intefron l c tc dng khng c hi vi virut c ngha l c th km hm s nhn ln ca bt k virut no. C tnh c hiu loi. N c th bo v t bo sinh ra n v cc t bo ln cn khi s nhn ln ca virut nh c ch enzim trong mt thi gian ngn ch khng th bo v t bo ca cc loi khc. VD: intefron ngi sinh ra ch c tc dng chng li virut gy ra bnh ngi. N lm tng sc khng ca c th bng cch kch thch tng s lng ca mt loi t bo min dch: i thc bo, t bo git t nhin, t bo limpho. V vy n c coi l yu t quan trng nht trong sc khng ca c th chng virut v t bo ung th. Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp tnh c hiu ny cha cao.

27