iN GO

1. Tng qut 2. S pht trin ca cng ngh Tua-bin in gi 3. Nguyn tc k thut 4. Tht that c nng. 5. Phn tch ton tim nng gi, d ton sn lng in. 6. Chun mc so snh trong u t trang tri in gi 7. Cnh ng in go lp t trn t lin 8. Trang tri in go lp t trn bin 9. Tch tr nng lng t gi. 10. Th nghim in gi vi nhng cng ngh khc 11. Th trng in gi Vit Nam

1. Tng qut
S pht trin Nng lng in t go ti c, u chu v Th gii

Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy and Energy System Technology Szenario s dng 100% nng lng ti to ti CHLB c Nm 2050

1 Exajoule = 277,778 T kW

"Exa" E (1 Trillion) = 1018

"Joule" = n v ca nng lng

Ti liu cng b thng 2 nm 2009

PV photovoltaics CSP concentrated solar power

Kch thc v cng sut nhng lai Tua-bin in gi c sn xut hng lot tnh n nm 2011

Trang tri in gi ti M

Gi. Tia nng mt tri chiu vo mt t thay i khng ng u lm nhit trong bu kh quyn, nc v khng kh lun khc nhau, tri t lun quay trong qu o xung quanh mt tri v t quay quanh trc nn to ra ma, ngy, m. T s quay quanh trc ca tri t nn khng kh chuyn ng xoy theo nhng chiu khc nhau gia Bc bn cu v Nam bn cu lm nhit ca kh quyn thay i pht sinh nhng vng p cao v p thp. Ngoi ra vo ban m, mt na b mt ca tri t, b che khut khng nhn c tia nng mt tri, na b mt kia l ban ngy nn cng tia nng cao hn, thm vo nhit Bc bn cu, Nam bn cu v ng xch o cng nh nhit bin v trn t lin lun khc nhau. Chnh v s thay i nhit ca kh quyn lm khng kh chuyn ng. S chuyn ng ca khng kh c gi l gi.

M hnh hon lu kh quyn vi cc trung tm kh p b mt c tnh n s phn b t bin khng u.

Tc v hng gi
n v ca tc go c tnh theo kilomet trn gi (km/h) hoc mt trn giy (m/s) hoc knot (kn: hi l trn gi) hoc Mile trn gi (mph) ti M. 1 kn = 1 sm/h = 1,852 km/h = 0,514 m/s 1 m/s = 3,6 km/h = 1,944 kn = 2,237 mph 1 km/h = 0,540 kn = 0,278 m/s = 0,621 mph 1 mph = 1,609344 km/h = 0,8690 kn = 0,447 m/s Hng gi l hng m t gi thi ti im quan trc. Hng gi c biu th bng phng v ng, ty, nam, bc hoc theo gc l ly hng bc lm mc v tr 00 hoc 3600 v tnh theo chiu kim ng h. Nh vy hng ng ng vi gc 900, hng nam ng vi gc 1800, hng ty ng vi gc 2700.) Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn dng cp gi ch tc gi nh cp gi Beaufort. (Francis Beaufort 1806) v c vit tt l bft. Biu ny u tin c a ra nh gi nh hng ca go cho thuyn bum v vic vn chuyn trn sng h, bin
Gio Trnh Kh Tng C s DHKHTN - 2012

Nguyn tc ca ct o gi. Nguyn tc ct o gi v Tua-bin.

Ct o gi ti Huyn Bnh i - Bn Tre

Hoa tc gi

Hoa tc gi trung bnh

Nhng s liu v vn tc gi c chuyn vo phn mm, th d nh phn mm Windrose hin th hoa gi v vn tc v hng gi ca tng thi im v tng v tr. Hnh hin th vn tc v hng gi c nh theo chiu ng, ty, nam, bc v thng c chia thnh 12 hoc 36 mng trong mt vng trn, trong mi mng l tr s vn tc gi thng nht trong ngy hoc trong thng.

Bn phn b tc gi Vit Nam cao 80 mt -

Tiu chun lp gi cho Tua-bin in gi.

U ban K thut in Quc t IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) a ra nhng Tiu chun lp gi ca Tua-bin cho nhng vng c tim nng gi t hoc nhiu theo vn tc gi trung bnh v s xo ng gi trong nm.
Tiu chun Lp gi cho Tua-bin in gi [59] Tiu chun Tua-bin theo loi (IEC) Vn tc gi tiu biu ca 50 nm v REF Vn tc gi trung bnh trong nm v TB I (vng c gi mnh) II (vng c gi kh mnh) 42,5 m/s 8,5 m/s 59,5 m/s 44,6 m/s III (vng c gi trung bnh) 37,5 m/s 7,5 m/s 52,5 m/s 39,4 m/s IV (vng c gi yu)

50 m/s 10 m/s

30 m/s 6 m/s 42 m/s 31,5 m/s

Vn tc gi cao nht trong 50 70 m/s nm 1.4 v REF Vn tc gi cao nht trong 1 nm 1.05 v REF 52,5 m/s

2. S pht trin ca cng ngh Tua-bin in gi Cng ngh in gi trc y gm hai loi, loi trc ng lai: Savonius, lai Darieus v trng ngang. Tua-bin in gi Darrieus c h s cng sut thp nhng v cu hnh gin d, d thit k v d sn xut nn nhng loi Tua-bin in gi ny thng c sn xut cho nhng ni cn cng sut khong t 5 n 20kW.

Tua-bin in gi trc ng Darrieus - Tua-bin in gi trc ngang.

Tua-bin trc ng Darrieus ti Heroldstat CHLB c

Tua-bin trc ng HDarrieus ti Nam cc

Tua-bin trc ng Savonius

Tua-bin trc ng Savonius 3 tng

Trc kia mt s Tua-bin in gi trc ngang c thit k c hng n gi t pha sau (down wind rotor) nhng phng php ny c nhiu nhc im nh dng gi lun b xo ng do gi thi vo thn tr ri mi n cnh qut. T khong nm 1995 Tua-bin in gi c thit k vi nguyn tc n gi t pha sau khng cn c s dng rng ri. Phn ln nhng loi Tua-bin in gi hin nay c thit k c hng n gi t pha trc (up wind rotor).

Tua-bin n gi t pha sau (down wind rotor)

Tua-bin n gi t pha trc (up wind rotor)

T th k 12, ngi u chu bt u s dng qut gi xay ng cc. Sc gi lm quay cnh qut v c nng ny c chuyn vo nhng ci xay. Nhng cnh qut ny thng c trc ngang v c ci tin lin tc, hin nay phn ln Tua-bin in gi trn th gii vn ng dng nguyn tc ny. Ti Bc M mi n th k 19 vic ng dng sc gi bm nc mi c pht trin nh k thut cnh qut t ng ngng li trnh h hi khi gi pht trin thnh bo. Vi nguyn tc ny qut gi bm nc c dng rng ri Bc M. Nm 1888 da trn nguyn tc qut gi bm nc, Charles Francis Brush ngi M ch to ra cnh qut in t sc gi vi cng sut 12 kW s dng trong gia nh, ngun tr in lc y ca ng l nhng bnh c-quy.

Qut gi xay ng cc - H Lan

Qut gi bm nc - c

Nm 1891, Poul La Cour ngi an Mch vi s h tr ca nh nc an Mch thnh cng trong vic th nghim chuyn c nng t cnh qut gi qua in nng ti Askov - Jtland v l nn tng ca cng ngh in gi ngy nay. Nm 1920 Albert Betz, nh vt l ngi c nghin cu v nguyn tc kh ng lc hc ca cnh qut in gi v chng minh trn phng din vt l l ch c th thu c ti a l 59,259 % nng lng chuyn ng kinetic ca gi, vic ny nh hng quan trng n kh nng n gi ca cnh qut. Cho n nay vic to dng v thit k nhng cnh qut in gi hin i vn da trn nhng kin thc ny.

 Vo nhng u nm 80, khi nim cng ngh tua-bin, c gi l Khi Nim an Mch, trong cng ngh ny tua-bin hat ng vi mt tc nht nh v cn c hp s. Cho n nay, phn ln nhng Tua-bin c lp t trn th gii s dng hp s chuyn tc s vng quay ca cnh qut ln cao v truyn n my pht in. T nm 1993 cng nghip in gi s dng my pht in nam chm vnh c sn xut v a vo th trng. Nguyn tc ca lai my pht in ny l s dng nam chm vnh cu kt hp nhiu cc trong mt vng khung v c gn trc tip vi h thng Rotor

nh lut Betz ng dng trong thit k cnh qut Nng lng gi l ngun nng lng do chuyn ng ca khng kh vi mt vn tc trong mt thi gian nht nh. Theo nh lut Betz, (Nh vt l ngi c - Albert Betz 1885-1968) v ng lc hc kh quyn th ngun nng lng gi ny khng th chuyn tt c sang mt loi nng lng khc.

m v2 vT v1 Tua-bin in gi

ng nng thu c trong dng gi l 59,259 %. T l cng sut ti a thu c ny v th c gi l H s cng sut Betz hoc H s Betz.

C nng E ca mt khi lng khng kh m chuyn ng vi vn tc v l: E= 1/2 m . v2 Th tch khi lng khng kh chuyn ng qua mt mt phng A trong mt n v thi gian l: V=v.A Khi lng khng kh chuyn ng cn ph thuc vo mt ca khng kh . m=.A.v Cng sut P thu c l thuc vo Khi lng khng kh chuyn ng, vn tc gi, mt ca khng kh , thit din A ca vng quay cnh qut. P= 1/2 m . v2 = 1/2 . A . v3 Vi s khc bit ca vn tc gi ti cnh qut v sau cnh qut th: m = . A1 . v1 = . A2 . v2 v cng sut P s l: P = 1/2 . A . ( v21 - v22) = 1/2 m (v21 - v22)

Khi Tua-bin in gi c din tch cnh qut c nh A, cng sut thu c khng b tht thot l P, Mt ca khng kh khng thay i, p sut pha trc v sau cnh qut khng khc bit th Tua-bin in gi ch c th thu c t cnh qut vi h s cng sut Cp (power coefficient) ti a l: Cp max = 16/27 = 0, 59259 C nng thu c trong dng gi l 59,259 %. T l cng sut ti a thu c ny v th c gi l H s cng sut Betz hoc H s Betz. C nng l tng Pmech ca h thng cnh qut l thuc vo vn tc gi, mt khng kh, h s Betz v din tch mt n gi ca cnh qut v c tnh theo phng trnh:

 tnh c cng sut in c th thu c phi tnh n h s cng sut ca my pht in v h s cng sut ca hp s, nh th cng sut in Pel s l:
Pel: Cng sut [W]. : H s cng sut ca my pht in v hp s. Cp: H s Betz 0, 59259. v: Vn tc gi (m/s). : Mt ca khng kh l 1,225 Kg/m3 A: Thit din ca dng gi i qua (m2).

V th vn tc gi l yu t quan trng nht ca cng sut, vn tc tng 3 ln th cng sut t c tng theo ly tha 3

Nhng tr in gi lp t nm 1987 ti CHLB c

Cnh ng in gi trn t lin ti Aurich CHLB c, cng sut mi tr 7,5MWh.

3. Nguyn tc k thut
Cu hnh Tua-bin in gi trc ngang dng hp s

3.1 Cnh qut, m

S phn b lc tc ng F vo cnh qut vi gc < 20

Cnh qut in gi khi thit k phi p ng nguyn tc kh ng lc hc v nh lut Betz to c cng sut cao n nh k c tnh trng iu chnh s vng quay ca h thng cnh Rotor cng nh nhng yu t chi tit khc nh n pht sinh, tn s rung khi hot ng.

Cu trc nhng lp vt liu ca cnh qut

Cnh qut th vi vt liu composite, si carbon cha hon thnh

Cnh qut Tua-bin Growian

Cu hnh cnh qut ty theo cng ngh v vic chn la vt liu nn c nhiu thit k khc nhau nhng phn ln u da trn kinh nghim cu hnh ch to cnh my by nh ca Hi ng t vn hng khng NACA-M (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics) hoc Vin Kh ng lc hc Lin x vi cu hnh TsAGI hoc nhng vin nghin cu khc cng nh nhng Nh khoa hc Kh ng lc hc, th d nh cu hnh FX (Franz Xaver Wortmann), cu hnh YH (Clark Profile), cu hnh HQ (Horstmann/Quast) vv...

Nhng thit din v cu hnh khc nhau ca cnh qut in gi

 bn vt liu v kh nng sn xut l nhng yu t chnh. Vic chn la vt liu cnh qut c da trn kinh nghim ch to cnh my bay v nhng vt liu ny l:
Density Strenght of material Young's modulus Ultim. tensile strenght to d. Young's mod. To d Fatigue limit

Vt liu Thp St. 52 Hp kim thp 1.7735.4 Nhm AlZnMgCu Nhm AlMg5 (c th hn) Hp kim Titan 3.7164.1 Si thy tinh Epoxy (E-Glas) Si Carbon Epoxy Si Aramid G thng Stika spruce G - Epoxy g/cm3 7,85 7,85 2,7 2,7 4,5 1,7 1,4 1,25 0,38 0,58

A 107 N/mm2 60 70 40 20

B N/mm2 520 680 480 236 900 420 550 450 65 75

E kN/mm2 210 210 70 70 110 15 44 24 8 11

B/ km 6,6 8,7 18 8,7 20 24,7 39 36 17 13

E/ 103 km 2,7 2,7 2,6 2,6 2,4 0,9 3,1 1,9 2,1 1,9 35 100 20 35

S cnh qut ca Tua-bin

Da trn nguyn tc vt l v Kh ng lc hc, nhng nghin cu v th nghim v s cnh qut cho Tua-bin in gi c thc hin t nhiu thp nin trc nhiu ni trn th gii, din tch qut gi ph thuc vo b mt cng nh chiu di cnh qut nn trn nguyn tc s cnh qut ca Tua-bin khng l yu t quyt nh c bn v cng sut. Tr Tua-bin in gi trc ngang c th c 1, 2, 3 hoc 4 cnh. Trong hai thp nin va qua v yu t kinh t cng nh k thut, Tua-bin n gi trc ngang 3 cnh dn thay th tt c nhng loi Tua-bin khc.
Th nghim Tua-bin mt cnh MOD-0 nm 1985 ti M

Nhng Tua-bin mt cnh qut c a vo hot ng t nhng nm 1985 vi cng sut t 25 n 1000kW, u im ca Tua-bin in gi mt cnh l gim c trng lng so vi nhng Tua-bin hai hoc ba cnh, s vng quay nhanh c th ln n 49 vng trong mt pht nn to c cng sut cao v gi thnh thp. Trn phng din ng lc hc th s cnh qut cng t th hiu qu cng cao nhng trn phng din c hc th khi Tua-bin hat ng vi s vng quay nhanh s pht sinh nhng nhc im c bn nh tn s rung ca Tua-bin in gi s mt n nh nh hng n nhng chi tit khc ca h thng, s phn b lc ca mt cnh qut vo trc v thn tr khng u nn bn h thng gim rt nhiu, ngoi ra khi Tua-bin in gi hot ng s pht sinh ra ting n rt cao, c bit l nhng Tua-bin s dng hp s. Trong thit k Tua-bin in gi, h s vn tc gi ti u cnh (tip speed ratio) (lambda) l t l gia vn tc ti vng quay ca u cnh qut v vn tc ca dng gi thi in v. y l yu t quan trng gia vic quyt nh s cnh qut, cng sut, bn v kinh ph sn xut. H s vn tc gi ti u cnh l: = vtop/v trong : vtop : Vn tc tc gi ti u cnh qut (m/s). v : Vn tc gi (m/s).

H s vn tc gi ti u cnh nh thng c nhng nhc im l momen xon tng, nhng b phn c ca Tua-bin in gi phi c thit k ph hp v c nng s b tht that nhiu. Khi h s vn tc gi ti u cnh tng, s cnh qut v din tch mt n gi c th gim tip nhn ngun c nng n nh. S cnh qut v h s vn tc gi ti u cnh vi cu hnh thng s dng. S cnh qut n 1 2 3 n H s Betz l tng 15 10 6-8

Tua-bin in gi ba cnh nh s phn b u v lc trong din tch vng quay nn hat ng n nh hn Tua-bin in gi mt hoc hai cnh v c t l cng sut cao hn khong 3-4% so vi Tua-bin in gi hai cnh, ngai ra rung h thng t bi xo ng nn hn ch c nhng nh hng c ca nhng chi tit khc trong Tua-bin.

Vic nng s cnh qut ca Tua-bin in gi ln bn cnh hoc nhiu hn ch t c cng sut thm ti a l 1 n 2% so vi Tua-bin in gi ba cnh nn nhng Tua-bin loi nhiu cnh ch tn ti trong qu trnh th nghim v khng kinh t.

H s vn tc gi ti u cnh v cu hnh NACA 4415 theo s cnh qut

Hi ng c vn Hng khng M NACA (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics)

Phn ln nhng Tua-bin in gi hin nay trn th gii c thit k theo loi trc ngang v c cng sut t vi kW trn 10 MW.

Tua-bin hai cnh lp dt trn bin

Tua-bin in gi trc ngang 3 Cnh - 1987

Tua-bin in gi trc ngang 4 cnh (th nghim) - 1942

Trn phng din ng lc hc th s cnh qut cng t th hiu qu cng cao nhng trn phng din c hc th khi Tua-bin hat ng vi s vng quay nhanh s pht sinh nhng nhc im c bn nh: Tn s rung ca Tua-bin in gi s mt n nh nh hng n nhng chi tit khc ca h thng. S phn b lc ca mt cnh qut vo trc v thn tr khng u nn bn h thng gim rt nhiu Khi Tua-bin in gi hot ng s pht sinh ra ting n cao, c bit l nhng Tua-bin s dng hp s.

m v h thng ni cnh qut - Rotor v my pht in vng

H thng ni cnh qut - Rotor

H thng m ni cnh qut - Rotor v my pht in vng

3.2 Nhng nguyn tc iu chnh h thng Rotor

V vn tc gi lun thay i nn trong thit k, c mt cng sut n nh Tua-bin ch c th hot ng ti u vi mt vn tc gi nht nh. t c nhng yu cu ny, h thng Rotor phi c nhng chc nng t iu chnh theo vn tc v hng gi v t ngng hot ng bng nhng h thng thng bo m an ton.
Stall control - iu chnh dng gi thi vo cnh qut

Vic iu chnh h thng Rotor trc y thng theo nguyn tc iu chnh tnh trng gi trt ca cnh qut (Stall control pasiv hoc activ), trong thp nin va qua vic iu chnh ny c thc hin bng phng thc chnh quay mt n gi ca cnh qut (Pitch control).

Pitch control iu chnh mt n gi ca cnh qut Vic iu chnh mt n gi ca cnh qut thc s l iu chnh s vng quay ca h thng Rotor. Vn tc gi lun thay i nn vic iu chnh, tng v gii hn c nng t dng gi l yu t quan trng Tua-bin in gi c th hot ng lu di v n nh. Khi dng gi c vn tc thp, h thng cnh qut phi chnh mt din tch n gi cao c c cng sut ti u. Khi vn tc gi ln cao, h thng cnh qut phi gim mt n gi tip tc hot ng Khi vn tc gi ln qu cao, h thng cnh qut phi t chnh gc khng n gi ngng hot ng, trnh h hi cho Tua-bin in gi.

H thng Rotor hot ng, cnh qut quay chnh mt n gi ti u (0) vn tc gi t 4 n 11 m/s

H thng Rotor hot ng, mt cnh qut chnh gc n gi t 0 - 90 vn tc gi t 12 n 25 m/s

T lc tc ng ca gi vo b mt cnh qut, c nng s truyn n nhng vng bi (Ball roller bearings) v lm quay h thng Rotor. Nhng vng bi ny thng c mt hoc nhiu lp. Cnh qut ca nhng Tua-bin in gi c cng sut cao thng s dng vng bi 2 lp c 4 im tip xc (Four point contact bearings).

Vng bi 4 im tip xc loi 1 lp

Vng bi 4 im tip xc loi 2 lp

Yaw control - Chnh Tua-bin in gi theo hng gi Hng gi thay i ty theo tng thi im, v tr v theo ma.Tua-bin in gi mun t c hiu qu v cng sut cng phi chnh theo hng gi, c bit l nhng Tua-bin in gi trc ngang. Phng php chnh Tua-bin theo hng gi gm hai loi: phng php chnh th ng v phng php chnh tch cc. Trong phng thc chnh th ng, h thng cnh qut khi quay s ty theo hng gi v quay n v tr c hng gi mnh nht nh ui chong chng gi (weather vane) gn trn thng Nacelle. Tuy nhin phng php ny ch c th p dng c i vi nhng Tua-bin in gi c trng lng thp, cng sut t 5 n 20 kW v ng knh cnh qut khong 10 mt.

Hu ht Tua-bin in gi c trung v ln hin nay u p dng phng php chnh Tua-bin theo hng gi tch cc, vi phng php ny, vic quay h thng Rotor v hng gi thi c thc hin bng nhng ng c thy lc hoc ng c in v c gi l ng c gc phng v (Azimuth motor hoc Yaw motor).

H thng chnh hng gi - Tua-bin Westinghouse WTG-0600

A4 ng c gc phng v (Azimuth motor) Tua-bin Multibrid [

ng c gc phng v (azimuth motor)

Bnh rng c hai lp vng bi 4 im tp xc

Tr

ng c chnh Tua-bin theo hng gi v bnh rng vng

3.3 H thng quay, trc v b phn thng

H thng quay v trc l nhng b phn chuyn c nng t h thng Rotor n my pht in. Trong trng hp Tua-bin s dng hp s th nhng b phn ny truyn chuyn ng quay n hp s c vn tc s vng quay cao v sau truyn n my pht in. Nhng b phn khc l vng ni trc, bnh thng v nhng chi tit ph. Tt c nhng chi tit c v in ny u c lp t trong thng Nacelle hn ch nhng nh hng c th gy h hi ca thi tit cng nh cht bn trong khng kh. Trong cng ngh in gi, trc quay ca h thng Rotor hat ng vi vn tc s vng quay thp, ty theo cng ngh, nh sn xut v cng sut m vn tc ny c nhng khc bit v in hnh l:

 Tua-bin in gi c cng sut n 600kW: vn tc s vng quay t 16 n 49 vng trong mt pht. Tua-bin in gi c cng sut cao trn 2MW: vn tc s vng quay t 3,5 n 22 vng trong mt pht. Tua-bin in gi c cng sut trn 5MW: vn tc s vng quay t 3,5 n 13,9 vng trong mt pht. Th d nh Tua-bin in gi REpower 6M cng sut 6MW, s vng quay l 7,7 n 12,1 trong mt pht, Tua-bin Nordex N150/6000 cng sut 6MW s vng quay l 3,5 n 13,9 trong mt pht; Tua-bin Enercon E128 7,5MW s vng quay t 5 n 11,7 trong mt pht.

B phn ni trc vi vng ni GRP (glass-reinforced plastic)

Bnh thng - Tua-bin Nordex N-80

Bnh thng ti trc c vng quay cao ca hp s

Ty theo cng ngh v ty theo nh sn xut, nguyn tc xp t nhng h thng, b phn v chi tit c trong Tua-bin in gi c mt s khc bit.

3.4 Nguyn tc xp t tua-bin

Nguyn tc xp t ri:

p dng nguyn tc xp t ri: nhng chi tit chnh ca Tua-bin in gi nh trc, b phn ni trc, hp s, my pht in c lp t theo th t, trc c gi bng hai ln ring, mt c nh v mt h. Nguyn tc ny c th ng dng cho loi Tua-bin in gi vi vn tc s vng quay thp hoc lai c s vng quay cao.
Nguyn tc xp t ri - Tua-bin Enercon E32.

1 - Generator. 2 - B phn ni. 3 - Hp s bnh rng tr (spur gear). 4 - Bnh thng. 5 - H thng ln. 6 - H thng thy lc. 7 - H thng chnh gc mt n gi. 8 - ln trc. 9 - Hp s bnh rng xp t vng (planetary gear). 10 - H thng Rotor.

Trc Rotor vi hai ln theo nguyn tc xp t ri - Tua-bin in gi Vestas V66

Chi tit Tua-bin vi nguyn tc xp t ri

Nguyn tc xp t kt hp: p dng nguyn tc xp t kt hp: mt chi tit nh ln trc ca Tua-bin in gi c t trong hp s, ln trc chnh c t ti u trc v nm ngay ti phn Rotor. Nguyn tc ny cn c gi l nguyn tc trc vi ln ti 3 im.

Nguyn tc xp t kt hp - Tua-bin HSV 250.

Tua-bin vi bi trc ti 3 im (nguyn tc kt hp)

Xp t chi tit Tua-bin vi nguyn tc kt hp

Nguyn xp t tc chung: p dng nguyn tc xp t tc chung: Chi tit ln trc ca Tua-bin in gi c t trong hp s, trc khng dng ln h v khng dng b phn ni trc ri. i vi nhng Tua-bin in gi khng s dng hp s, nhng chi tit truyn ng c hi nhp vo h thng Rotor v my pht in.

Trc Tua-bin in gi mt bi vi nguyn tc xp t chung - Vestas V90

3.5 Hp s H thng cnh qut ca Tua-bin in gi c vn tc s vng quay thp v thng thng t 3,5 n 22 vng trong mt pht, nhng Tua-bin in gi lai hai cnh cng ch hat ng ti a n vn tc s vng quay l 49 vng trong mt pht. Vn tc s vng quay ca my pht in (ngai tr my pht in nam chm vnh cu) thng thng t 900 n 2000 vng trong mt pht. chuyn vn tc s vng quay ca h thng Rotor ln cao, hp s c lp t sau trc chnh ca Rotor. Hp s c chc nng chuyn vn tc s vng quay thp t h thng cnh qut ln vn tc s vng quay cao ca my pht in. T l truyn ng ca hp s c th ln n 1:100, th d nh vn tc s vng quay ca h thng Rotor l 10 vng trong mt pht th vn tc chuyn i sau hp s s l 1000 vng trong mt pht.

Hp s bnh rng tr (spur gear)

Nguyn tc hp s bnh rng tr

Chnh din

Hng nhn t bn tri

Nguyn tc hp s bnh rng tr 3 cp

Nguyn tc hp s bnh rng xp t vng

Hp s bnh rng xp t vng 3 cp ca Tua-bin in gi vi cng sut t 2 n 3MW

Nguyn tc hp s kt hp 1 b bnh rng tr v 3 b bnh rng xp t vng

Hp s WinDrive chnh lc xoay vi nguyn tc thy ng - Tua-bin in gi BARD 3.2 MW

Cng ngh ny v th cn rt nhiu chi tit c hat ng vi tc cao nn vic bo tr cn thc hin thng xuyn, bn ca hp s d b h hi v trc quay d b cong do trng lng h thng cnh qut cao, ln d b h hi v mt yu t quan trng na l tc gi lun thay i. Phn ln nhng Tua-bin th h c ny thng phi thay hp s sau 5 n 7 nm hat ng. Ngai ra gim lc ma st v gim nhit, hp s phi hat ng trong du, bo m h thng quay hat ng, du phi c thay theo mt chu k nht nh. V th vic bo tr phi thng xuyn v lu, l cha k n thi gian Tua-bin phi ngng hat ng v sn lng in mt. Cng v hp s v my pht in hat ng vi tc s vng quay cao nn n pht sinh cng ln nn nhng Tua-bin ny khng th lp t gn khu dn c.

3.6 My pht in.

Trong cng nghip in gi gm nhng lai my pht in: My pht in d b (Asynchron generator). My pht in d b kp (Double fed asynchron generator). My pht in ng b (Synchron generator). My pht in ng b vng (Annular Generator) hoc my pht in nam chm vnh cu (Permanent Magnet Generator). Phn ln my pht in trong Tua-bin in gi to ra dng in xoay chiu ba pha, tng t nhng my pht in thng thng. Ty theo lai Tua-bin in gi m my pht in c cng sut v in th khc nhau

12 V, 24 V ho c 48 V: Tua-bin in gi di 2 kW. 120 V n 240 V: Tua-bin in gi t 2 n 10 kW. 400 V: Tua-bin in gi n 600 kW. 400 V: Tua-bin in gi trn 1,0 MW khng hp s 690 V: Tua bin i n gi trn 600 kW c / khng hp s.

My pht in d b (Asynchron generator) Cho n khang nm 1990, Tua-bin in gi hat ng vi s vng quay c nh theo nguyn tc Tua-bin an Mch. Vi nguyn tc ny c nng t h thng Rotor c chuyn vo hp s tng vn tc s vng quay ph hp vi my pht in. My pht in ca nhng Tua-bin in gi theo nguyn tc an Mch l my pht in d b c hiu th v tn s ph hp vi yu cu ca li in nn dng in c th chuyn trc tip vo li in.

Nguyn tc my pht in d b

My pht in d b kp (Double-fed asynchronous generator - dASG) T nm 1996 phn ln Tua-bin in gi s dng my pht in d b kp (Double-fed asynchronous generator - dASG). My pht in ny c thit k ni thm vi b i tn iu chnh dng in nn c th hat ng vi vn tc s vng quay khc nhau, mt phn dng in khong t 20 n 40% c chuyn qua b phn i tn ph hp vi tn s v cng sut in qui nh.

Nguyn tc my pht in d b kp v li in.

My pht in ng b (Synchron generator) My pht in ng b hat ng theo nguyn tc cm ng in t v c kch thch bi chuyn ng quay. Ti my pht in ng b, ngun t trng trong li c kch hat bng dng in mt chiu ti vng ngai hoc phn li c kch thch bi nam chm vnh cu. Trong my pht in nam chm vnh cu, chuyn ng quay ca li ti phn tnh (Stator) to ra dng in xoay chiu. Cng sut v tn s in l thuc vo vn tc s vng quay ca li.

Nguyn tc my pht in ng b

Hnh 3-116. Nguyn tc my pht in ng b vi li nhnh.

Nguyn tc my pht in ng b vi li c

My pht in ng b AEG

Nguyn tc my pht in ng b v li in.

Vi nhng u im ni bt ca my pht in d b kp v my pht in ng b, cng nghip in gi nhng nm va qua gn nh khng cn s dng my pht in d b nh trc y.

ASG: my pht in d b - SG: my pht in ng b - dASG: my pht in d b kp.

Th trng my pht in n nm 2004

My pht in ng b trong Tua-bin Vestas

3.7 My pht in nam chm vnh cu.

My pht in ng b nam chm vnh cu (Permanet magnet generator) c s dng nhiu trong k ngh t nhng nm 1960 v ch yu trong nhng ng c c cng sut thp. Trong hai thp nin va qua vic nghin cu v ng dng my pht in nam chm vnh cu pht trin nhanh, in hnh l s ng dng trong k ngh sn xut a cng, mn hnh LCD trong tin hc hoc in thoi cm ng cng nh trong k ngh xe hi. S dng My pht in ng b nam chm vnh cu, hp s v my pht in thng thng cu Tua-bin in gi hin c thay th bng nhng mng nam chm quay vng t c nng ca h thng cnh qut. Vi nguyn tc tht k gin d ny, my pht in hat ng vi tc s vng quay rt thp nhng ngun in nng sn xt cao. Nhng u im c bn khc l my pht in khng cn bi trn bng du, thi gian bo tr ngn, bn cao v n pht sinh cng thp. nh trong Tua-bin in gi Avantis, Enercon, Vensys hoc i khi pha sau nh Tua-bin in gi ScanWind. Lai my pht in ny v th cn c gi l my pht in vng (Annular Generator).

Nam chm vnh cu c cu to t cc cc hp cht ca cc nguyn t t him (rare earth) v kim loi chuyn tip c kh nng gi t tnh cao v l ngun to ra t trng nh cht Samarium - Cobalt, Neodym (Nd), Dysprosium (Dy) hoc Terbium (Tb).

Cun dy ng trong b phn tnh Stator

Cm ng in t xy ra trong nhng cun dy ng ca b phn tnh Stator nh nhng lp nam chm vnh cu t ti vng quay Rotor. Khi Rotor quay, ngun t trng lm chuyn ng nhng nguyn t electron v pht sinh ra dng in.

Tua-bin in gi s dng my pht in vng hoc my pht in nam chm vnh cu, c nng ca h thng Rotor c truyn ng trc tip (direct drive) n my pht in nn khng cn hp s. Tuy nhin ty theo cng ngh, mt s nh sn xut Tua-bin in gi s dng my pht in nam chm vnh cu nhng vn s dng hp s nh Tua-bin in gi GE 2.5-100 cng sut 2,5 MW hoc PowerWind 90 cng sut 2,5 MW. Trong my pht in ng b kch thch bi nam chm vnh cu, hai b phn chnh l b phn quay (Rotor) v b phn tnh (Stator).

Rotor my pht in v phn li Stator - Tua-bin Avantis

Rotor my pht in v phn li Stator - Tua-bin Enercon

Rotor my pht in nam chm vnh cu - Tua-bin Avantis

Nguyn tc kch thch bi nam chm vnh cu. Trong nguyn tc kch thch bi nam chm vnh cu, cng sut Tua-bin in gi ch iu khin c theo vn tc s vng quay ca Rotor v c u im l khng cn mt ngun in t bn ngai. Nguyn tc kch thch t dng in ngai. Trong nguyn tc kch thch t dng in ngai, my pht in ch khi ng c khi c mt dng in ngai kch hat. Nguyn tc t kch thch. Trong nguyn tc t kch thch, ngun t trng trong my pht in s t kch thch nh dng in xoay chiu c chuyn qua in mt chiu.

Cu trc Tua-bin Vensys s dng my in nam chm vnh cu - kch thch bi nam chm vnh cu

Cu trc Tua-bin Enercon s dng my in nam chm vnh cu - kch thch t dng in ngai

H thng ni cnh qut - Rotor v My pht in vng

H thng bin th Transformator H thng lm mt

My pht in Generator

H thng i tn

H thng cnh Rotor

Thng Nacelle

Tr

My pht in nam chm vnh cu trong Tua-bin Avantis

My pht in nam chm vnh cu trong Tua-bin Enercon E70

My pht in nam chm vnh cu trong Tua-bin ScanWind

Thng Nacelle ca Tua-bin in gi Dewind

Thng Nacelle ca Tua-bin in gi Fuhrlnder

Thng Nacelle ca Tua-bin in gi Avantis

Thng Nacelle ca Tua-bin in gi Micon

3.8 Tr, chn .

Tr ca Tua-bin in gi l phn c trng ti cao nht trong h thng. Ty theo lai Tua-bin in gi, cng sut v a im lp t m cao ca Tua-bin khc nhau, trng lng ca tr Tua-bin in gi c cng sut ln thng ln n nhiu trm tn, kinh ph sn xut, vn chuyn v lp t thng thng t 15 n 25 phn trm tng s kinh ph ca Tua-bin Chiu cao ca tr Tua-bin in gi c thit k theo v tr lp t v c chia lm hai lai, lai tr thp c lp t ti vng ven bin v ngai khi vi t l so vi cnh qut l t 1,0 n 1,4. Lai tr cao c lp t ti vng i ni hoc trn t lin xa b bin c t l so vi cnh qut t 1,2 n 1,8. Trong thit k tr, vt liu, hnh dng v kh nng chu lc tc ng t dng gi, bo cng nh kh nng vn chuyn n cng trng in gi l nhng yu t c bn. Nhng nm gn y, nhng yu t ny c tiu chun ha trong Tiu chun ca U ban K thut in Quc t IEC 61400-1 Wind Turbines Design Requirements hoc Tiu chun k ngh chu u EN 50308 - Wind turbines - Protective measures - Requirements for design, operation and maintenance.

Cng sut ca Tua-bin l thuc vo ln ca Tua-bin v cao ca tr

Tr Tua-bin in gi gm lai tr ct nh, tr li (lai rp t nhng thanh st), tr ng thp, tr b-ton, tr kt hp thp v b-ton.

Ct v dy cp gi Tua-bin in gi

Tr li

Tr ng thp

an chn tr v vng ni hai lp inh c Sn xut tr ng thp

Tr b-ton c ti nh sn xut v khi han thnh a n cng trng

Tr b-ton c ti a im xy dng

Tr kt hp thp v b-ton (hybrid)

Chn . Chn Tua-bin in gi lp t trn t lin c xy dng vi vt liu l bton li st v nhng ng nha dn dy cp in cng nh mt hoc nhiu ng dy thp khng r phc v vic ni t chng st.

Nguyn tc chn vi ng nha PVC v cp ni t. Chn trn vi vng ni tr, ng PVC v cp ni t.

Chn lc gic

Chn nhiu cnh

Chn hnh ch thp

Lp t an tr di vo chn

3.9 H thng iu khin.

H thng iu khin Tua-bin in gi gm nhng t in trong thng Nacelle v mt t iu khin khc trn mt t trong thn tr. H thng iu khin gm nhng my vi tnh kim tra mi tnh trng ca Tua-bin in gi. Nhng t in t trong thng Nacelle ngai h thng i tn cn c cng dng iu khin h thng chnh gc n go ca cnh qut, chnh Tua-bin theo hng gi, chnh vn tc s vng quay ca h thng cnh qut theo tn hiu v vn tc v hng gi t thit b o gi nm trn thng Nacelle. H thng iu khin cn c chc nng chnh cng sut in theo yu cu sn xut cng nh chc nng nh ch Tua-bin hat ng khi vn tc gi ln qu cao. Nhng chc nng khc khng km phn quan trng l t iu chnh tn s rung ca h thng, theo di nhit ca my pht in, hp s v nhng thit b khc trong thng Nacelle. Khi h thng iu khin nhn c tn hiu vt qu thng s k thut cho php, Tua-bin in gi phi t ng ngng hat ng trnh h hi.

T iu khin t trong thn tr

Mn hnh hin th s gi hat ng v nhng thng tin khc t trong thn tr

 bo m Tua-bin in gi hat ng hiu qu, vic theo di v kim tra tnh trng ca Tua-bin in gi c thc hin vi s h tr ca h thng my tnh v phn mm c ni mng chung vi i Kh tng, trm bin th v h thng li in theo phng thc iu khin gim st v thu thp d liu SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)

S ni mng h thng Tua-bin in gi

Vi s h tr ca my vi tnh v phn mm chun ngnh, trung tm iu hnh Cnh ng in gi theo di, kim tra thng trc v nhn c tt c nhng tn hiu ca tng Tua-bin in gi. Tng t nh t iu khin t trong thn tr, nhng thng s cn thit nh tnh trng hat ng, thi gian ngng hot ng ca tng b phn trong Tua-bin in gi c thc hin vi Nguyn tc theo di h thng t xa Condition Monitoring System (CMS).

Mn hnh trung tm iu hnh Cnh ng in gi

H thng i tn ca Tua-bin in gi vi Transistor c cc iu khin cch ly (IGBT Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor ) v t in ni mng - PCS Green Line.

4. Tht that c nng.

Theo nh lut Betz, c nng t gi trn l thuyt ch c th chuyn qua c nng ti a l 59,3% nhng trn thc t h s Betz c th t c nm trong khong cP = 0,4 n 0,58 ngha l khong t 70 % n 88 % ca tr s l tng 59,3% v nhng s tht that c nng do k thut nh cnh qut khng p ng c nhng iu kin l tng v Kh ng lc hc, h thng trc, hp s, h thng chnh gc n gi ca cnh qut, h thng chnh Tua-bin theo hng gi v nhng b phn c b ma st cng nh nhng yu t tht that ca h thng in, b i tn, my pht in, my bin th v vic kt ni vi li in.

Nhng nhn t v tht that nng lng

Nhng b phn c b ma st lm nhit tng, l phn c nng tht that v chuyn qua nhit nng, c bit l i vi nhng Tua-bin in gi s dng hp s. Ngai nhng yu t tht that v k thut, thi gian Tua-bin in gi khng hat ng hoc ch hat ng vi cng sut thp l nhng tht that ln v nng lng. Theo thng k th phn ln nhng Tua-bin in gi lp t trn t lin v tr c tim nng gi thp ch hat ng c khong 5000 gi trong nm (mt nm c 8760 gi). Trong 5000 gi ny Tua-bin in gi ch t c cng sut thit k khi c vn tc gi ~ 12 m/s v thi gian ny ch chim khong t 15 n 25% trn t lin. l cha k n thi gian Tua-bin in gi phi ngng hat ng bo tr hoc sa cha cng nh khi Tua-bin b nh hng bi nhng nhn t khc.

Nhng nhn t tc ng vo Tua-bin in gi Dng gi cho. Vn tc gi thay i theo cao v hng gi thng khng t mt chiu nht nh nn cnh qut phi t iu chnh gc mt n gi cng nh Tua-bin phi c quay chnh theo hng gi. Hng gi thay i bt ng. Khi hng go thay i bt ng, lc tc ng vo h thng cnh qut v Tua-bin in gi thay i nhanh v xy ra tnh trng ti trng khc nghit (extreme load) theo nhiu hng khc nhau lm nh hng n h thng. Nhit . Nhit tng ni thay i theo a im lp t v theo ma nn Tua-bin in gi phi bo m hat ng han chnh nhit t: -20 n + 50C. Mt khng kh. Mt khng kh ti ni lp t Tua-bin in gi tuy c khc nhau nhng khng nhiu nn c nh trong iu kin bnh thng cao ti mt bin l: = 1,225 kg/m3. Cng tia nng. Cng tia nng tng ni khc nhau nhng khng nhiu, tiu chun ha cho vic tnh tan sc chu ng ca Tua-bin in gi, cng tia nng nn c nh l: 1.000 W/ m2 .

 Kh nng nc ng trn cnh qut b ng . Ti nhng vng n i, nhit trong ma ng i khi xung rt thp, h thng cnh qut c th b ng do nhng ht nc trong khng kh bm vo cnh qut v thng Nacelle. Nhng Tua-bin in gi lp t ti nhng a im ny cn c h thng si ph hp. Hm lng mui trong khng kh. Hm lng mui trong khng kh ti nhng vng gn bin v c bit l trn mt bin rt cao nn h thng cnh, nhng chi tit khc ca Tua-bin in gi tip xc vi khng kh v h thng lm mt phi c lp bo v nh sn hoc nha chu c hm lng mui cao trong khng kh hoc thit k bng thp khng r. Dng gi b xo ng v thn tr. H thng cnh qut ca Tua-bin in gi trc ngang nm gn ni thn tr. Trn l thuyt th khong cch t h thng cnh qut n thn tr nn ngn nht chiu di thng Nacelle thp v trng lng h thng gim cng nh gi trc t b cong. Khi vn tc gi ln cao, cnh qut s c xu hng cong v pha thn tr nn phi c mt khong cch ph hp trnh cnh qut ng vo thn tr

 nh hng n nhng Tua-bin in gi bn cnh. T l gi xo ng ti tm cnh qut c tnh khong t 16 n 18%, khi dng go n h thng cnh qut, mt phn dng gi s chuyn hng v gy xo ng chung quanh v pha sau Tua-bin. Nhng Tua-bin in gi lp t bn cnh s c nhng dng gi vi vn tc khc bit. nh hng ca li in. Theo Tiu chun ca U ban K thut in Quc t IEC 64100.1 nhng thng s k thut ca Tua-bin in gi v sai s c th chp nhn c nh nhng tc ng xy ra khi Tua-bin in gi khi ng hoc khi t ngt ngng hat ng cng nh hiu th v tn s dng in khng c gy nh hng n li in. Tua-bin in gi ti vng i ni. Vn tc v hng gi ti vng i ni nh trnh by phn Gi ni - gi thung lng khc bit vi gi ng bng v gi vng bin, v th vic xc nh v tr lp t tng Tua-bin in gi ti vng i ni phi ph hp vi tim nng v hng gi.

5. Phn tch ton tim nng gi, d ton sn lng in.

Trong cng nghip in gi, vic phn tch v tnh ton tim nng gi c thc hin vi nhng phn mm chuyn ngnh nh Meteowind Climate, MesoMap, Minerva. Vic phn tch v d tan sn lng in c thc hin t nhng phn mm chuyn ngnh: Phn mm phn tch v tnh ton tim nng gi.
MesoMap Minerva Meteowind Climate:

Phn mm phn tch v d tan sn lng in (Micrositing).

WAsP WindFarmer WindPro WindSim Meteowind Complex

D ton sn lng, hiu sut, h s cng sut

Phn phi gi ti 80.00 mt. (19/1/2006-19/1/2007) Thng s n v Kt qu o Weibull fit Tc gi trung bnh m/s 6.73 6.64 Mt nng lng trung bnh W/m 317.17 317.89 t sd
ha

Loi tua-bin

Cng sut thit k

MW

t x dng
Ha / MW

Chiu cao ct
m

ng knh
m

in nng sx hng nm MWh / Tua-bin

Hiu sut Trang tri gi %

H s cng sut
%

Model A 2.3MW (direct drive) Model B 2.5MW (direct drive)

666 666

82.8 100

8.0 6.7

99 80

100.6 93.2

6,683 5,393

92.6 91.3

33.2 109 24.6

Vic b tr tng Tua-bin in gi trn bin thng c nh theo tim nng v hng gi vi s h tr ca phn mm chuyn ngnh nh WAsP, WindFarmer, WindPro, WindMap, WindSim hoc Meteowind Complex Phn mm trong cng nghip in gi.

A. 8 ha/MW 36 Tua-bin
t DA Loi tua-bin
ha

B. 5 ha/MW 58 Tua-bin
Cng sut mc nh
MW

C. 5 ha/MW 89 Tua-bin
Nng lng tua-bin sx hng nm
MWh/Tua-bin

t x dng
Ha / MW

Chiu cao ct
m

ng knh
m

Cng sut tri gi hng nm

GWh

Hiu sut tri gi

%

H s cng sut
%

Model A 2.3MW (direct drive) 666 Model B - 3MW (direct drive) 666 Model C 1.5MW (gearbox) 666

100 133.4 133.5

8.0 5.0 5.0

99 99 80

106 106 82.5

6,683 6,381 3,613

241 370 322

92.6 82.5 85.3

33.2 110 31.7 27.5

Trong vic nh gi hiu qu ca trang tri in gi v vn u t hin nay c nhiu xu hng khc bit. Nhng chun mc chnh l: Chun mc T l gi thnh Tua-bin theo Euro hoc Dollar cho tng Mega Watt (Eyro-$/MW) in gi c lp t Chun mc cng st trn din tch lp t MW/m2 l t l cng sut v din tch s dng. Chun mc ny ch p ng nhu cu s dng t trong hp ng. Trn thc t khng phi l s lng Tua-bin lp t nhiu trong mt din tch l c tnh kinh t cao v nu tc gi thp th Tua-bin khng th t c cng sut tht k, ngai ra vi mt din tch nh, Tua-bin lp t gn nhau dng gi s b xo ng, c nng t gi s b tht that nhiu nh hng trc tip n sn lng in. Chun mc H s cng sut c tnh vi nhng yu t nh thi gian hat ng, sn lng in ca trang tri in gi, th nhng h s cng sut thng c tnh da theo cng st thit k l tng ca tng Tua-bin khi hat ng tc cao nht. Trong nhng nh my nhit in hoc thy in, h s cng sut c th l chun mc tng i han chnh nhng trong cng nghip in gi, tc gi lun thay i, Tua-bin in gi lp t trn t lin thng khng t c cng sut tht k nn h s cng sut ny khng th l chun mc chnh trong mt trang tri in gi.

6. Chun mc so snh trong u t trang tri in gi

Tht ra trong cng nghip in gi, h s cng sut ca Tua-bin khng ni ln c tnh kinh t ca Tua-bin in gi, theo Hip hi in gi an Mch th " C bn v tnh kinh t l gi thnh ca tng kWh ch khng phi l h s cng sut ca Tua-bin". Vic so snh ny cha ni ln c yu t quan trng nh chn la lai cng ngh v c bn l tnh kinh t ca d n. V th tt c nhng chun mc trn khng nu ra c gi tr ch thc trong vic quyt nh v yu t c bn m nh u t mun bit l tin vn u t v s han vn v Ch s ni hon (IRR - Interal rate of Return). Trong k hach tnh tan, ngai vic so snh gi thnh PPA (Purchase price allocation) ca trang thit b, nhng yu t quan trng c bn na l thi gian hat ng ca tng Tua-bin, chi ph vn hnh cng nh bo tr, sa cha trang thit b ca Trang tri in gi trong sut i sng ca cng trnh. Phng php tnh tan vic u t v s han vn trong kinh t thng c gi l Cash-Flow Calculation. Vi phng php ny vic d tan vn u t, chi ph vn hnh thng c tnh cho Trang tri in gi vi i sng cng trnh t nht l 20 nm. Ngai ra mc lm pht v tin t nh hng n tin li v thi gian han vn cng l nhng yu t phi tnh n.

7. Cnh ng in go lp t trn t lin

Onshore Windpark

Cnh ng in go Krystofovy Hamry trn vng ni (900m trn mt bin) Tip khc

Cnh ng in go Helpershain v Ulrichstein-Helpershain- Germany

hessenenergie.de

Green World Group Ltd.

Cnh ng in go Tehachapi-Rass California - USA

wetter.com

Cnh ng in go Trandeiras-Portugal Cng sut 18,2 MW

Chi tit v Cnh ng in go lp t trn t lin xin c trnh by trong mc 11.

8. Trang tri in go lp t trn bin

Offshore Windpark

Tua-bin in gi trn bin

Trn mt bin mt khng kh thp, ma st ca khng kh v s xo ng ca gi t hn trong t lin, dng gi ngai bin u v c vn tc cao hn nn s gi Tua-bin in gi hat ng gn nh lin tc, theo thng k ca Hip hi in gi Anh quc (British Wind Energy Association) th Tua-bin in gi lp t trn bin c s gi hat ng trong nm khong 8000 gi (mt nm c 8760 gi). Trong 8000 gi ny Tua-bin in gi t c cng sut thit k khi c vn tc gi t 12 n 15 m/s, vn tc ny chim khong 4000 n 4500 gi, tng ng t 50 n 56% tng s gi hat ng nn cao hn trn t lin rt nhiu. Chnh v th chin lc xy dng Cnh ng in gi trn bin hin nay l trng tm pht trin ca cng nghip in gi.

Nhng Trang tri in gi trn bin theo cng sut.

T l phn trm cng sut v Tua-bin in gi lp t trn bin tnh n nm 2011 trn th gii

 Epoch Times Europe

bauforum24.biz

Chn ca nhng Tua-bin in gi lp t trn bin. chu c tc ng ca bin, chn ca nhng Tua-bin in gi lp t trn bin phi c thit k ng yu cu k thut l chu c mi lc ng (dynamic) v lc tnh (static) t trng lng ca Tua-bin trong mi vn tc gi, hng gi, sng, bo, dng chy. Phn chn di mt bin phi chu c p lc ca nc su ca nn bin, khng b ln, khng bi nghing v ng vng mi tnh trng ca thi tit bin. Ty theo nhng yu t nh su ca nn bin, dng chy ca nc bin, chiu cao ca sng, c tnh ca nn bin ti a im lp t Tua-bin in gi m vic thit k v xy dng chn c nhng phng thc khc nhau, nhng dng chn hin nay gm: Chn trng lc (Gravity). Chn thng (Brucket). Chn n (Monopile). thp 3 chn (Tripod) v thp li (Jacket). Chn kt hp. Chn nhiu cc (Multipiles) v chn ni (Floating).

Chn trng lc (Gravity). Chn thng (Brucket).

Chn n (Monopile) V s ng chn trn nn bin .

 thp ba chn (Tripod) v thp li (jacket)

Vn chuyn thp 3 chn n v tr lp t Tua-bin in gi trn bin

 thp ba chn v thp li kt hp trng lc.

Gravity Ven b 0-9 mt Monopile 0-30 mt Tripod 20-80 mt

Floating 40-90 mt

Nhng nh hng tc ng n Tua-bin in gi trn bin

Trang tri in gi trn bin vi chn n

Vn chuyn trang thit b Tua-bin in gi trn bin

German Offsore Wind Kraft Journal 2010

Vn chuyn chn trng lc n khu vc ven b

t thp 3 chn xung bin

Tr mng n Monopile v khp ni

ng tr mng n ngoi khi

Vn chuyn trang thit b Tua-bin in gi trn bin

German Offshore Wind Kraft Journal 2010

Lp t tr v thng Nacelle ngoi khi vi tu nng

Lp t Tua-bin in gi trn bin

German Offshore Wind Kraft Journal 2010

Lp t Tua-bin in gi trn bin

Cnh ng in go Nysted (165MW) cch b bin 9km gm 72 tr, mi tr 2,3MWh an Mch (245 Mio. Eu)

Cnh ng in go Windpark Horns Rev 2

Horns Rev 2 cch b bin an Mch khang 40 km, gm 91 tr, mi tr c cng sut 2,3MWh, tng cng 209 MWh (800 GWh 1 nm - 200 000 h gia nh) Theo Lutz Siemers - Bilfinger Berger th Horns Rev 2 hin nay l cnh ng in go trn bin ln nht th gii.

Cnh ng in gi ngai khi khi han thnh

Tua-bin in gi th nghim vi cng sut 10MW Clipper Windpower (2011)

Theo Vin nng lng quc t International Energy Agency (IEA), trn l thuyt, tim nng gi ton cu c th to ra n 1,3 triu TeraWatt gi trong nm v cng theo bo cc ca trng i hc Harvard M th tim nng gi trn th gii c th to ra mt cng sut in nhiu gp 40 ln in nng tiu th hin nay trn th gii, nhng khi khng c gi th Tua-bin in gi khng th sn xut ra in, tuy nhin v nh sng mt tri lm thay i nhit ban ngy nhiu hn ban m nn ban ngy thng c gi mnh hn nn thch ng mt cch t nhin vi nhu cu nng lng cao ca ban ngy. Vn c bn ca cng ngh in gi hin nay l lm th no lu tr c ngun nng lng in thu c. Cc nh khoa hc hin nghin cu chuyn nng lng in gi bng cch tr cht kh Hydrogen (Windgas) hoc kh p (Compressed air energy storage) d tr. Vi phng php ny qut in gi truyn ng trc tip lm quay my nn kh. ng nng ca gi c tch ly vo h thng nhng bnh kh nn v lun phin tun t phun vo cc Tua-bin quay my pht in. Thng 3 nm 2011 mt s nh khoa hc trn th gii nghin cu thnh cng vic chuyn i nng lng gi thnh cht kh Methane v a trc tip vo c mng kh t quc gia. Nh vy nng lng gi c lu tr v c th iu khin n nh trong s dng cng nh bo m lin tc uc dng in n ngi tiu dng. Tuy nhin phng php ny vn cha han chnh v cha c ph bin rng ri.

9. Tch tr nng lng t gi.

Trong vic lu tr in vo bnh c-quy, cng ngh c-quy hin nay vn cha p ng c nhu cu tch tr in v s dng ca k ngh, ngoi ra cng ngh sn xut bnh c-quy c cng sut ln v gi c thi gian lu vn cha thnh cng nu khng mun ni l cha thc hin c. Tuy th hin nay c nhng d n thit k bnh c-quy c cng sut ln n 1MW, tng t mt my pht in nh. V nhng l do trn nng lng in gi ch c th p ng c mt phn nhu cu tiu th ca con ngi, vic kt hp d tr in ch c th thc hin c nh nhng nng lng ti to khc nh nng lng t nh sng mt tri, nng lng Sinh khi, a nhit hoc nng lng t s Chuyn ng ca sng trn mt bin hoc Dng chy ca bin hoc t Nhit lng ca bin hoc Thy in s dng my bm nc (Pumped-storage hydroelectricity). Ring phng php d tr in s dng my bm nc c k thut tng i hon chnh v ang c ng dng rng ri ti nhiu ni trn th gii. Trong vic d tan cng sut in gi tiu th iu chnh sn lng gia in gi v cc ngun in nng khc, nhng i Kh Tng trn th gii c th d on chnh xc trn 90% hoc hn tim nng v hng gi cho tng v tr trn th gii cho 3 ngy trc, vic iu chnh cng sut in v th cng khng phi l mt bi ton nan gii.

10. Th nghim in gi vi nhng cng ngh khc

Song song vi ng dng nguyn tc Tua-bin in gi trc ngang, nhiu vin nghin cu v mt s cng ty trn th c nhng th nghim chuyn c nng t dng gi qua in nng, th d nh dng nhng cnh bum nh sc gi chy trn nhng ng ray nh cng ty Big Energie - Php hoc Greenbird - Anh, hoc th nghim nhng con diu c din tch 20 mt vung th trn bu tri nhng cao khc nhau v c th cao n 800 mt trn mt bin nh ca cng ty Skysails CHLB c. Th nghim in gi t diu

Tua-bin in gi ni ngai khi. Vic xy dng v lp t chn cho Tua-bin in gi trn bin ti nhng ni c nn bin su hn 50 mt thng rt phc tp v chi ph cao. Da theo kinh nghim xy dng dn khoan du ni trn bin, mt s nh sn xut Tua-bin in gi v vin nghin cu th nghim phng php xy dng dn ni c gn vi nhng dy cp thp v nhng tr ng trn nn bin. Tuy nhin v lc tc ng ca Tua-bin in gi khc bit vi nhng dn khoan du nn phng php ny hin nay cn mt s tr ngi. Nm 2009, Tp an Nng lng Na-Uy Statoil-Hydro hp tc vi nh sn xut Tua-bin in gi Siemens th nghim cng trnh in gi ni ngai khi Hywind ti vng bin my Fjord gn thnh ph Stavanger - Nauy. Chn ni ca cng trnh ny gm mt ng b-ton c gi ni bng phao v c gn vi ba dy cp ni vi nhng mng b-ton t di nn bin su 220 mt. Dn ni ny gi mt Tua-bin in gi Siemens SWT-2.3-82 vi cng sut 2,3 MW, ng knh cnh qut l 82 mt, cao tm cnh qut l 65 mt, tng cng trng lng h thng l 5.200 tn v c h thng gi cn bng nhng tnh trng sng khc nhau. Tua-bin in gi ni ngai khi Hywind han thnh vo cui nm 2009.

Tua-bin in gi ni Hywind
Song song vi th nghim ny, nhiu nghin cu vi nhng phng php khc cng c thc hin, th d nh cng trnh th nghim Sway Concept ca cng ty du la Shell, Statkraft v Inocean.

MUFOW-Concept (Multiple Unit Floating Offshore Windfarm) Cng trnh th nghim MUFOW-Concept (Multiple Unit Floating Offshore Windfarm) ca A. Henderson thuc i hc London - Anh quc

11. Th trng in gi Vit Nam

Vit Nam c ngun ti nguyn gi rt di do v nhiu nht ng Nam . T nhng yu t ny Nh nc Vit Nam c chnh sch pht trin ngun nng lng gi v chnh ph ph duyt chin lc Pht trin nng lng quc gia n nm 2020 v tm nhn n nm 2050 vi mc tiu tng t l nng lng ti to ln 5% vo nm 2020 v 11% vo nm 2050. Thng 7 nm 2011, Nh nc thng qua quyt nh u tin v gi thu mua cho in nng sch hoc in nng ti to (FIT - Feed-in tariff). Vic thanh tan c thc hin trc tip vi Cng ty in Lc Vit Nam EVN vi gi mua in l 7,8 US ct/kWh. Ngai ra thu nhp thit b hoc tin s dng t cho cng trnh cng c u i. Hin nay mt s cng trnh xy dng cnh ng in gi v ang c tin hnh ti Vit Nam, in hnh l: Cnh ng in gi Tuy Phong - Bnh Thun do cng ty C phn nng lng ti to Vit Nam (REVN) u t vi cng sut 120MW gm 80 Tuabin in gi Fuhrlnder 1,5 MW. Giai an I hon thnh vo nm 2011 vi 20 Tua-bin.

 Cnh ng in gi Bc Liu do Cng ty TNHH Xy dng-Thng mi Du lch Cng L u t vi cng sut 99 MW gm 80 Tua-bin in gi GE Energy 1,5 MW v c chnh thc khi cng vo thng 11 nm 2011. Song song nhiu d n xy dng cnh ng in gi khc ang trong qu trnh lm k hach hoc ang tin hnh xin giy php trin khai, in hnh l nhng d n: Cnh ng in gi Phc Dn - Tnh Ninh Thun do Cng ty C phn Nng lng Thng Tn u t vi cng sut 50 MW. Cnh ng in gi Mu Sn - Tnh Lng Sn do Avantis-Energy CHLB c lin doanh u t vi cng sut 160 MW. Cnh ng in gi Ninh Hi - Tnh Ninh Thun do Cng ty Phong in Thun Bnh u t vi cng sut 50 - 70 MW. Ngai ra mt s da n khc cng ang c nhng k hach lin doanh u t nh d n lin doanhEAB Viet Wind Power Co. Ltdvi cnh ng in gi Phc Hu - Ninh Phc hoc nhng d n khc ti Bn Tre, Lm ng, Kin Giang, Sc Trng, Tin Giang, Tr Vinh hoc cng ty t vn u t nng lng ti to Aerogie Plus - Thy S vi h thng Hybrid wind-diesel ti Cn o. K c nhng d n ang tin hnh th tc xin u t tnh n cui nm 2011 th tng s d n in gi hin nay ti Vit Nam l 37.

Ngai nhn t v tim nng gi, nhng nhn t khc cng l yu t quan trng trong vic quyt nh a im ca cng trnh in gi v c th tm lc vi nhng im chnh nh sau: Tim nng gi. a hnh. Yu cu ti thiu v a cht. Khu vc hng hi hoc hng khng Khu vc nh hng n nng nghip, ng nghip, lm nghip hoc nhng ngng ngh khc. Khu dn c, khu vc bo v sinh thi, rng phng h hoc tng t. iu kin bin ng ca thi tit. Kh nng b ngp lt, ng t. Nhng nh hng gy tht that. Li in hin c ti gn cng trng. Kh nng vn chuyn Tua-bin in gi n cng trng. Nhng nh hng tc ng n mi trng.

Cnh ng in go xy dng trn t lin c u im l kinh ph xy dng t tn km, vic bo tr tng i d dng, th nhng nhc im l phi c din tch t ln, c ng vn chuyn ph hp n ni lp t v tim nng gi khng cao nh trn bin. Vic chn la a im cn ch trnh gn khu dn c, khu vc bo v sinh thi, rng phng h, di tch, thng cnh v trnh vic phi xy dng thm ng vn chuyn, ng dy ti in cao th, iu kin t ai ca a im xy dng phi ph hp nh cng ca t, nhit , m, lng mui bi trong khng kh vv... Trong vic vn chuyn cnh qut, thng Nacelle, tr v vic lp t phi c nhng loi xe v cu ph hp, bn cng phi chu c trng lng cu thng Tua-bin, tr. ng i n cng trng xy dng phi c sc chi lc ph hp c th vn chuyn c nhng cnh qut c chiu di 45 mt hoc di hn.

Theo Peter Althoff, mt chuyn gia in lc ngi c ca Tp an in lc c v Php EnBW-EDF, ngi lm vic nhiu nm ti ng bng sng Cu Long v nhng tnh min Trung lu v nhng iu kin kh khn v c s h tng ti Vit Nam. c bit v vic vn chuyn trang thit b c kch thc ln, cng knh v c trng ti cao. Cng trnh Cnh ng in go nn c ng n t bn cng, cng phi chi c trng lng cao ca phn Tua-bin. Tua-bin in gi cng sut 2,3 hoc 2,5 MW s nng khong 90 tn, ng knh my pht in nam chm vnh cu l 4-5 mt, chiu di cnh qut l 45 mt vv... Rt nhiu ni ti Vit Nam c tim nng go cao nhng vng su vng xa, kh nng vn chuyn n ni khng th thc hin c v nhng cy cu i khi ch chu c trng ti 5 tn v chiu rng ca cu di 4 mt. ng dy dn in nm cao thp; vic vn chuyn qua sng i khi khng thc hin c v y sng khng su, s lan khng vo c; ng vn chuyn c trng ti thp; nn t c cng yu, c bit l ti nhng vng ven bin min Nam. Ni chung l cng trnh xy dng Cnh ng in go phi ph hp vi nhng yu cu k thut v c tnh kinh t v tnh x hi kh thi

Vn chuyn thit b n a im xy dng.

Vn chuyn cnh qut bng xe ti

Vn chuyn an tr bng xe ti

Dng tr Tua-bin in gi trn t lin

S tin hnh dng tr v khu vc lp t Tua-bin in gi cho h thng cnh qut c ng knh 100 mt.

Qui trnh lp t tng tr tua-bin theo k hach.

Xe xch cu phc v nng h thng cnh Rotor

12. nh hng n mi trng

Cnh ng in gi s dng ngun nng lng t gi to ra in nng v l nng lng ti to thuc loi in sch v khng pht thi kh nh knh, khng lm thay i kh hu ton cu, khng to ra cht gy nhim mi trng, khng gy nh hng nghim trng n cc hot ng nng nghip, lm nghip, ng nghip, nui trng v sinh sng ca con ngi v nhng ng vt khc. Tuy nhin bo v mi trng, bo v sinh thi, bo v s sinh sng ca tt c mi ng vt, bo v hot ng v nhu cu con ngi, nhng cng trnh in gi phi chp hnh nhng qui nh c bn nh khong cch ti thiu t Tua-bin in gi n khu dn c, bo m cnh quan khng b thay i qu nhiu, n pht sinh khi hot ng phi nm trong gii hn qui nh v hn ch nhng nh hng khc nh hin tng nhp nhy lc hot ng di nh nng mt tri hoc gy nguy hi cho cc loi chim, di hoc ng vt khc.

Hin nay khong cch t ni lp t Tua-bin in gi n khu dn c v nhng a im c bo v cha c tiu chun ha. Tuy nhin mt s ni trn th gii c qui nh ring theo vng, th d nh Qui nh v khong cch Tua-bin in gi ca Tiu bang Schleswig Holstein CHLB c Vng Khong cch Tua- Khong cch Tuabin c chiu cao bin c chiu cao h < 100 m h 100 m Ni dn c tha, t nh 300 m 3,5 x h Ni dn c trung bnh 500 m 5xh Th x, ni c nh ngh, cm tri 1000 m 10 x h ng cao tc, ng lin tnh, lin 50-100 m 1xh x t nht 200 m t nht 200 m Vng bo v thin nhin, bo v 4xh Trng hp c sinh thi, bo v di tch, rng quc bit 500 m gia hoc tng t Rng 200 m 200 m Sng, h t nht 50 m t nht 50 m 1xh

nh hng ca ting n. Cng nh tt c nhng my mc hoc thit b c, Tua-bin in gi khi hot ng s pht sinh mt n nht nh. n ny do s chuyn ng ca nhng h thng c trong Tua-bin in gi v dng gi tc ng vo cnh qut. Ty theo cng ngh, nh sn xut v cng sut m n pht sinh ca Tua-bin in gi khc nhau. Nh trnh by phn trn, Tua-bin in gi trc ngang hai cnh c n rt cao nn ch c lp t ngoi khi xa tm nhn thng thng. Tua-bin in gi ba cnh s dng hp s c n cao hn Tua-bin s dng my pht in nam chm vnh cu khng dng hp s. n c xc nh vi thit b o, phng php o da theo tiu chun o tnh trng Tua-bin in gi hat ng vi 95% cng sut thit k, tng t n pht sinh cao nht khi Tua-bin hat ng vn tc gi t 10 n 12 m/s.

 n pht sinh ngoi yu t thit k v sn xut cn l thuc vo mt ca khng kh, vn tc gi v cao ca h thng cnh qut. n thng thng ti tm h thng cnh ca Tua-bin in gi c cng sut t 2 n 3 MW khong 98 n 109 dB(A). Th d nh n pht sinh ca Tua-bin in gi Vestas V90-1.8/2.0 MW mt khng kh 1.225 kg/m v cao tm cnh qut 80 m theo nhng vn tc gi khc nhau l nhng tr s trong Bng Vn tc go 4 m/s 5 m/s 6 m/s 7 m/s 8 m/s n 94,4 dB (A) 99,4 dB (A) 102,5 dB (A) 103,6 dB (A) 104,0 dB (A)

nh hng n cnh quan v a hnh. Cnh ng in gi thng c xy dng ti nhng ni xa khu dn c hoc ven b hoc ngoi khi. Tuy nhin nhng cng trnh ny cng nh hng mt phn n cnh quan v a hnh nn phi ph hp nhng qui nh ca tng ni v c bit phi gi ng khong cch qui nh n nhng a im nh vng bo v thin nhin, bo v sinh thi, bo v di tch, rng quc gia, rng phng h hoc khu dn c. Ngai Tua-bin in gi, nh hng n cnh quan cn phi tnh n h thng li in v nhng ng dy cp in lp t. nh hng do phn chiu (disco effect). H thng cnh qut ca nhng Tua-bin in gi c lp sn hoc nha bo v bng khi hat ng di nh sng mt tri s gy ra hin tng phn chiu nh sng. V th nhng Tua-bin in go hin nay thng c lp sn hoc nha bo v m (matt) khng phn chiu. Hin tng ny ch cn vi mt s nh nhng Tua-bin in gi th h c. nh hng nhp nhy (flicker - interfering shadows). Ty theo v tr v ln ca Tua-bin in gi, khi c nh sng mt tri v Tua-bin in gi hat ng s gy ra hin tng nhp nhy v nh sng mt tri b cnh qat ngn cch to ra nhng vng sng v ti khng u nn gy ra cm nhn kh chu. Tuy nhin, tc ng ny ch c nh hng trong mt phm vi nh di chn Tua-bin in gi.

nh hng n sinh thi bin. Tua-bin in gi lp t ngoi khi c nhiu u im nh trnh by phn trn nh tim nng gi u v cao, din tch mt bin rng v khng nh hng n cnh quan, ting n nn trong thp nin va qua c xy dng nhiu ti mt s nc nh Anh quc, an Mch, CHLB c, Thy in v mt s nc khc ti chu u. V s pht trin ny, nh hng ca nhng Cnh ng in gi n sinh thi bin cng c nhiu vin nghin cu thc hin nhng cho n nay vn cha c mt tiu chun hoc yu cu tiu biu chung. nh hng n cc loi chim v ng vt. Theo bo co ca Hip hi bo v thin nhin Nature and Biodiversity Conservation Union - NABU - CHLB c nm 2005 phn tch v nh gi 127 ti liu thng k t cc nc lp t nhng Cnh ng in gi ln nh Anh quc, an Mch, c, M, Ty Ban Nha v nhng nc khc th t l chim v cc loi ng vt b tai nn do chm vo ng dy ti in hoc xe chy trn ng trn th gii l khang 5 triu mi nm nhng tai nn do va chm vo Tuabin in gi hu nh khng ng k.

Th d nh thng k t 140 Cnh ng in gi vi 4.083 tr Tua-bin in gi ti min bc Ty Ban Nha t nm 2000 n nm 2006 th s vt tri cht do bay vo cnh qut l 732 v l mt t l rt thp so vi nhng tai nn khc. Nhng nghin cu v thng k ny xc nh l d ngy hoc m, chim hoc vt tri bay qua ni t Tua-bin in gi u nhn thc c l nhng vt cn v hu ht u i hng bay hoc bay cao hn nh ca cnh Rotor vi mt khong cch an ton, ngai ra sau mt thi gian ngn chim hoc nhng ng vt khc s quen v thch nghi nhanh. Cng theo nhng nghin cu trn v cc lai chim di chuyn t ni ny n ni khc hng nm th nhng Tua-bin in gi c lp t khng nh hng n chng. i vi lai di, di l ng vt cn bo v nghim ngt nn mt s vin nghin cu nh ti CHLB c, M, c thc hin thng k v tai nn do di va chm vo Tua-bin in gi. Nhng thng k ny xc nh s tai nn di do Tua-bin in gi rt thp v hu nh khng ng k, th d nh trong nm 2005, 13 di b tai nn ti CHLB c v xy ra trong thi gian gii sinh sn t thng 8 n thng 9, c bit l tai nn ny khng do s va chm ca di vo Tua-bin in gi m l do c th di b chn ng v p sut (Barotrauma) do u cnh qut gy ra.

Cnh ng in gi v n chim

nh hng n sng v tuyn. Tua-bin in gi c lp sn bo v m khng b phn chiu nh sng nhng vn b nhiu (interference) do phn chiu ca sng in t (electromagnetic waves) t sng pht thanh truyn hnh v truyn thanh khng dy cng nh sng ca mng thng tin di ng v ch yu l nhng h thng analog. Tuy nhin s can nhiu ny rt thp v khng ng k, c bit l i vi cnh qut ca nhng Tua-bin in gi hin i c thit k bng vt liu khng tc ng vo sng v tuyn. Nu so vi nhng ta nh cao tng th nh hng phn chiu ca sng in nh hn rt nhiu v c th ni l khng nh hng. Mc d th Tua-bin in gi cng khng nn lp t trong phm vi pht sng chun (radio links). nh hng n ng hng khng . Tua-bin in gi c th c cho l nguyn nhn gy tr ngi cho ng hng khng, c bit l gy can nhiu c hi cho h thng thng tin lu ng hng khng. Thng thng trong bn knh khang 10 km tnh t trung tm ca sn bay, vic xy dng Cnh ng in gi phi c s ng ca c quan qun l hng khng. Tuy nhin d Cnh ng in gi c xy dng ti bt k ni no, mi tr Tua-bin in gi lp t phi c n tn hiu lun lun hat ng han chnh, v th nhng nh n tn hiu ny c th gy ra cm gic kh chu khi khong cch nht nh n khu dn c thp hn 300 mt.

nh hng n h thng radar . Tua-bin in gi c coi l nguyn nhn gy tr ngi cho nhng h thng radar. Khi Cnh ng in gi gm nhiu Tua-bin in gi lp t gn nhau s c nhiu bng rm t thn tr v c th gy nh hng n tm quan st xa (Operating range) ca radar do lung sng ca radar b xo ng v ch n nh li sau mt khang cch t 300 n 400 mt. Khi cnh qut Tua-bin in gi quay, sng di ca radar (radar echo signal) s b nh hng v gii hn thi gian (time limit) v c th pht tn hiu khng chnh xc. V th Tua-bin in gi khng c lp t ti nhng a im gn gn h thng radar, c bit l radar bo v an ton bu tri hoc radar phc v thng tin lu ng hng khng. nh hng n sc khe con ngi. Tua-bin in gi c lp t ti nhng ni xa s hat ng ca con ngi nn ngoi tai nn c th xy ra vi ngui lao ng lm vic trong thng Nacelle hoc trong Cnh ng in gi khng nh hng n sc khe ca con ngi. Tuy nhin Cnh ng in gi c th l nhng ni tham quan th v nn mt s nh hng d nh vn c th xy ra vn phi cp n nh kh nng cnh qut b gy, kh nng nhng ht nc ng thnh ti cnh qut ri xung ti vng n i hoc s nguy hi trong vic khai thc cht Neodym (Nd), hp cht Neodymium-Iron-Bor (NdFeB) ca t him trong my pht in hoc du trong hp s.

Kh nng cnh qut b gy. Khi Tua-bin in gi hat ng, cnh qut c th b gy do nhng nguyn nhn nh b st nh trc tip vo thn cnh, hoc khi do li thit k thiu chnh xc v dung sai cong ca cnh qut v vt liu km cht lng, hoc khi cnh qut hat ng vn tc gi cao b cong ng vo thn tr, hoc do bn mi ca vt liu cnh qut khng p ng yu cu k thut, hoc khi cnh qut quay mt thng bng v tn s rung ca h thng cnh qut v tr b cng hng. Tuy nhin nhng nguyn nhn ny c hu ht nhng nh sn xut Tua-bin in gi khc phc, ci tin v gn nh c lai b. Kh nng nc ng thnh v vng xung gy tai nn. Cnh ng in gi xy dng ti vng n i hoc nhng ni m ma ng c nhit xung thp, nc trong khng kh t li thn cnh, thng Nacelle ng thnh bng v vng xung gy tai nn cho con ngi v nhng ng vt khc. Ty theo cao ca Tua-bin in gi, vn tc gi v vn tc s vng quay cng nh v tr ht bng bm vo thn cnh qut, nhng ht bng ny vng xa n 100 mt v c th gy ra tai nn, c bit l nhng qut in gi lp t ven ng hoc khng gi ng qui nh v khang cch.

Vt liu c th gy nguy hi cho sc khe con ngi. Nh trnh by trong phn My pht in nam chm vnh cu, Tua-bin in gi s dng my pht in nam chm vnh cu c ch to vi cht Neodym (Nd) t hp cht Neodymium-Iron-Bor (NdFeB) ca t him. Theo nh phn tch ca i truyn hnh ARD - CHLB c (ARD Magazin Panorama) v ti liu ca c quan Thng tn Ideja - Agency for communication - Basel - Thy S nm 2011 th vic khai thc, tch cht Neodym (Nd) t qung t him li nhiu phn rc nguy him n sc khe con ngi nh cht Uran v Thorium Nhng cht phng x ny c th i vo mch nc ngun nh hng n h sinh thi, h thc vt v c bit l sc khe ca ngi lao ng v dn c ti nhng a im khai thc b nguy hi nghim trng. Chnh v nhng yu t ny m hin nay mt s vin nghin cu trn th gii v lnh vc in gi ang th nghim tm ra mt vt liu khc thay th cho cht Neodym.

Cnh ng in gi Tuy Phong - Bnh Thun - cng sut 120MW gm 80 Tua-bin in gi Fuhrlnder 1,5 MW. Giai an I hon thnh vo nm 2011 vi 20 Tua-bin.

Cnh ng in gi Bc Liu Cng sut 99 MW gm 80 Tua-bin in gi GE Energy 1,5 MW c chnh thc khi cng vo thng 11 nm 2011. Tr Tua-bin u tin c dng vo thng 1 nm 2012

Ngun, chi tit v ti liu tham kho xin xem tp sch IN GI. Pht hnh ngy 12 thng 3 nm 2012 t Nh xut bn Lao ng, Cng ty sch Mybook v Cng ty Vn ha Phng Nam - TP H Ch Minh.