BI I.

CC NHM PHNG PHP TH NGHIM TRONG NNG NGHIP

Theo ngha rng ca quan im trit hc duy vt: "Th nghim l mt phn ca
s nghip sn xut trong x hi loi ngi, nhm khm ph ra cc quy lut khch quan
ca th gii vt cht vi mc ch nm vng v bt cc iu b mt ca thin nhin
phc v cho cuc sng con ngi.
Th nghim l nhng cng vic m con ngi t xy dng to ra nhng hin
tng lm thay i mt cch nhn to bn cht ca s vic nhm pht hin c y
bn cht v nguyn nhn (ngun gc) ca hin tng hay s vic , cng nh
nghin cu mi quan h tng h gia cc hin tng (hay cc sinh vt).
Nh vy, th nghim l xut pht t nhng nhn thc ca con ngi thng qua
nhng gi thit khoa hc, sau xc minh bng hnh ng ca mnh (thc hin th
nghim, o m, quan st cc ch tiu trn i tng th nghim). Qu trnh xc minh
(lm th nghim c th c thc hin trong phng th nghim, trong cc nh li,
nh knh, cc chu, vi, xi mng hay trn ng rung ) s a ti nhn thc cht ch
hn.
1. Cc nhm phng php th nghim trong nng nghip
1.1. Nhm cc th nghim cu trong phng
y l nhng th nghim c thc hin trong cc phng th nghim. iu kin
thc hin c cc th nghim gm cc loi dng c nh: ho cht, cc my mc
phn tch, cc bnh, hp, khay... mang tnh cht ring bit (chuyn su). Nhm cc th
nghim ny hu nh c lp vi iu kin t nhin ca mi trng bn ngoi. Nhng
s liu ny cha c p dng vo thc t.
Nhm nghin cu trong phng c nhc im l s lng c th t (khng
mang tnh i din) v iu kin nghin cu nhn to.
1.2. Nhm cc th nghim trong chu vi
Cc th nghim thuc nhm phng php nghin cu ny c i tng nghin
cu l cy trng c gieo trng trong cc chu, vi bng snh, s trn nn t hay
dung dch hoc trng trong cc xi mng, trong nh li, nh polyetylen nn t hoc
ct. V iu kin th i vi nhm ny cy trng c sng trong mt phn l iu
kin t nhin, cn mt phn l iu kin nhn to.
y l loi hnh th nghim thng lm ti cc c quan nghin cu nng
nghip. Nhm th nghim ny c lch s lu i, kt qu nghin cu ca nhm ny
phn ln nhm gii thch c ch, bn cht ca cy.
Nhm th ngim ny c s lng c th nhiu hn th nghim trong phng. Do
vy, tnh i din qun th sinh vt mang tnh chnh xc cao hn, v li cy trng li
c th sng trong mt iu kin c th v chng c th phi chu c nhng ri ro ca
iu kin thi tit. Tuy nhin chnh xc cha cht ch nh nhm th nghim trong
phng. Kt qu ca nhm ny tuy gn vi iu kin sn xut, song khng th thay
th cho nhm th nghim ng rung c.
Khi thc hin th nghim nhm ny cn ch :
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- Cn phi ch tt c cc nhn t khc c nh hng ti kt qu ca th

nghim.
- Cn chn lc dng, ging cy c ng u cao, ging tt (tr th nghim
chn, to dng trong ngnh chn ging)
- S ln lp li phi cao, c th ti chc ln. Thit k cc v tr sao cho cc
i tng nghin cu chu nh hng ng u ca mi trng bn ngoi.
- Hn ch n mc cao nht nh hng ca ri ro do thi tit v tc hi ca
ng vt hi cy trng cng nh dch bnh khc.
1.3. Nhm phng php nghin cu trn ng rung
Nhm nghin cu ny bao gm nhng th nghim m cy trng c sng
trong iu kin t nhin. Do , n chu s chi phi ca nhiu yu t (cc y t sinh
thi) t mi trng bn ngoi. Nhng yu t l: cc iu kin thi tit, t ai, cc
bin php k thut canh tc... Loi th nghim ny c u im l:
- S lng c th ln
- Gn vi iu kin sn xut. V vy, c th nghin cu c mi quan h
tng h gia cy trng vi nhiu yu t khc.
Qua kt qu ca th nghim ng rung c th nhn nh r thm kt qu v cc
kt lun ca th nghim trong phng cng nh trong chu, vi hoc nh li. Nhng
kt lun ca th nghim ng rung s c coi l c s xy dng bin php k thut
cho quy trnh sn xut v thm canh cy trng.
Th nghim ng rung l phng php c bn v trung tm ca th nghim
nng nghip. Cn cc phng php th nghim nghin cu khc c tnh cht thm d
hay kt hp gii quyt vn ".
Nhm th nghim ng rung c tin hnh trong iu kin t nhin nn khi
lng nghin cu ln v c kh nng gii quyt cc vn m cc nh khoa hc t ra
tu thuc vo mc ch nghin cu sao cho ph hp vi iu kin sinh thi cng nh
kinh t - x hi ca mt vng no . Cc trang thit b v phng php nghin cu c
chnh xc thp hn so vi hai nhm phng php nghin cu trong chu vi v
trong phng. Do , yu cu chnh xc cng thp hn.
BI II. THIT K TH NGHIM TRN NG RUNG
1. Cc yu cu ca th nghim ng rung
Cy trng c sng trong iu kin t nhin ca n s bc l nhng c trng,
c tnh mt cch r nt, trong , c c nhng li th v nhng hn ch ca cc bin
php k thut canh tc hoc bn cht ging cy trng gip cho cc nh khoa hc khng
nh gi tr ca cc bin php hay ging trc khi chuyn giao cho sn xut. V vy,
th nghim ng rung phi tn trng cc yu cu sau y:
1.1. Yu cu v tnh i din
Th nghim ng rung phi mang tnh i din.
Tnh i din c th hin qua hai mt l:
* i din v iu kin sinh thi
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Th nghim phi c thit k v lm c th ti mt vng t ai, trong iu

kin kh hu ca vng tng t nh iu kin sau ny s p dng.
* i din v iu kin kinh t - x hi
Tu theo thi gian v tu thuc vo cc iu kin c th khc v mt x hi m
ngi nng dn c cc nhn thc cng nh kh nng tip thu cc tin b khoa hc k
thut vo sn xut l khc nhau. V vy, cc nh nghin cu phi xy dng bin php
cho ph hp sao cho sau mt thi gian nghin cu thnh cng th bin php c th
c sn xut chp nhn. V vy bin php k thut phi cao hn iu kin sn xut
mt mc, tu thuc vo tng a phng, tng cng ng dn tc v tng thi gian c
th. N hon ton khng c mt mc chung cho tt c.
1.2. Yu cu v sai khc duy nht
Trong th nghim s phn bit hai loi yu t: yu t th nghim (dng
nghin cu) v yu t khng th nghim (hay cn gi l nn th nghim). Trong hai
loi yu t ny th duy nht ch c yu t th nghim c quyn sai khc (thay i).
Cn yu t khng th nghim (khng cn so snh) th phi cng ng nht cng tt.
C trit tn trng nguyn tc ny mi tm c s khc nhau ca kt qu th
nghim l do nhn t no ca yu t th nghim gy ra. Tuy nhin, s ng nht tuyt
i trn ng rung l iu khng th c c.
1.3. Yu cu v chnh xc
Khng th c mt chnh xc chung cho tt c cc nhm phng php th
nghim. chnh xc ca th nghim ph thuc vo nhiu mt:
+ iu kin tin hnh th nghim (th nghim trong phng, trong chu vi hay
nh li; th nghim ngoi ng rung).
+ Nhng sai khc v k thut khi thc hin th nghim.
+ ng u ca t th nghim.
+ Nhng vt thng c gii v tc hi ca su bnh.
Mi nhm phng php th nghim khc nhau cho php c chnh xc khc
nhau (CV%):
- Nhm th nghim trong phng cho php sai s th nghim CV% 1%.
- Nhm th nghim trong chu, vi, nh li CV% 5%
- Nhm th nghim ngoi ng cho php sai s th nghim:
+ Cc th nghim ging CV% t 6% - 8 %.
+ Cc th nghim phn bn t 10 - 12%.
+ Th nghim bo v thc vt (BVTV) t 13 - 15%.
+ Th nghim cy n qu CV% 20% .
+ Th nghim v la CV% khong 10%.
+ Cc th nghim iu tra th thay i trong khong 20 - 30%.
C th coi cc sai s th nghim l sai s ngu nhin. Tuy nhin, trong thc t
khng ch c duy nht sai s ngu nhin m cn tn ti hai loi sai s khc na l: sai
s th (hay cn gi l sai lm) v sai s h thng. Sai s th khng phi l ph bin.
Sai s h thng l do dng c th nghim. trnh sai s ny tt nht trc khi lm th
nghim phi chnh cc dng c v vt t theo tiu chun o lng cho php. Hoc nu
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nh mc phi sai s h thng phi tm cch hiu chnh gi tr quan st (cc s liu)
v gi tr c c vi thc o tiu chun.
1.4. Yu cu din li
Kh nng nng din li ca th nghim c ngha l: khi thc hin li th nghim
vi s lng cng thc, ni dung cc cng thc nh c cng trn khong khng
gian (mnh t c v thi v tng t) s cho kt qu tng t.
Tuy nhin, khng nn hiu nguyn tc ny mt cch cng nhc, bi v iu kin
ngoi cnh khng th hon ton nh nhau khi lm th nghim. Chnh v vy phi lm
li th nghim trong vi nm (hoc vi v) lin tip, hy vng t s tm ra tnh quy
lut ca vn nghin cu.
Th nghim c kh nng din li cng cao th vic rt ra kt lun cng chc
chn. Th nghim khng c kh nng din li th khng th a ra c kt lun lm
c s xy dng cc bin php k thut canh tc v li cng khng th xy dng c
l thuyt khoa hc. Cn phi lp li th nghim t nht l 3 v (hay 3 nm).
1.5. Yu cu v lch s khu t canh tc
Th nghim phi c t trn cc khu t c lch s canh tc r rng. y l
yu cu ht sc cn thit i vi mi th nghim ng rung. Hu ht trong ni dung
th nghim th t ai ni t th nghim l yu t khng th nghim. t ch l iu
kin (gi ) cho cy m thi. Mt s bin php k thut c nh hng ti t cng c
th lm cho t tt hn (kho hn) nu nh bit s dng v ngc li c th lm cho
t b thoi ho. V vy, cn phi bit r qu trnh canh tc ca khu t trc khi t
th nghim nghin cu.
2. Cc loi th nghim ngoi ng rung
Hin nay c nhiu cch phn loi th nghim ng rung. Thng thng c th
phn thnh cc loi sau:
2.1. Th nghim thm d
y l th nghim s b, th nghim kho st. Mc ch ca loi th nghim ny
l nhm xy dng nhng nhn thc ban u v i tng nghin cu trn ng rung
c c s xy dng cc ni dung nghin cu chnh sau ny c tt hn. Th nghim
ny thng lm trn din tch nh, nhc li t ln v c th khng nhc li; khng i
su phn tch v cy v t ai, ch quan st, nh gi cc biu hin ca cy vi cc
bin php th nghim v theo di mt s ch tiu c tnh cht c bn v nng sut.
2.2. Th nghim chnh thc
y l th nghim t ra nhm gii quyt ni dung c bn ca vn nghin
cu. Do , th nghim ny phi thc hin ng nh thit k xy dng, phi tun
th cc yu cu t ra. Tu thuc vo loi cy trng (cy hng nm hay cy lu nm;
cy hng hp hay cy hng rng), loi hnh th nghim, mc ch nghim cu c th
chia th nghim chnh thnh cc loi khc nhau theo s lng yu t, thi gian v khi
lng nghin cu.
2.2.1. Theo s lng yu t th nghim
* Th nghim mt yu t
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L th nghim m trong thnh phn ca yu t th nghim ch c mt mt nhn

t tham gia (nhn t ny c quyn thay i gia cc cng thc) nghin cu tc ng
ca n n s thay i ca kt qu th nghim. Cc nhn t khc u phi ng u
(yu t khng th nghim).
* Th nghim nhiu nhn t
y l th nghim m trong thnh phn ca yu t nghin cu c mt t hai
nhn t th nghim tr ln.
Trong th nghim ny ngi ta nghin cu nh hng ng thi ca cc nhn t
i vi cy trng. y l nhng th nghim phc tp v thng l bc nghin cu
tip ca cc th nghim mt nhn t.
gip cho th nghim ny c chnh xc cao i khi phi chia c th th
nghim hai nhn t, 3 nhn t... Bi v phi c cch sp xp ngoi ng cho ph hp
vi s lng nhn t th mi x l kt qu bng cc m hnh thng k tng ng nhm
tng tnh chnh xc..
2.2.2. Chia theo thi gian nghin cu
* Th nghim ngn hn
Thng gi l th nghim t nm. y l loi th nghim nghin cu trong mt
thi gian ngn c th rt ra c kt lun.
Thng thng loi ny c p dng nghin cu tc dng ca mt bin php
k thut c th vi cy trng (thng l cc cy hng nm).
* Th nghim di hn (th nghim lu nm)
y l loi hnh th nghim cn c thi gian hng chc nm nghin cu lin tc
mi c th a ra kt lun. C bit c th nghim phi hng trm nm.
Th d: Nghin cu tc ng ca thuc bo v thc vt (ho hc) n t. Hay
nghin cu hiu qu ci to t ca phng thc canh tc hu c trong nng nghip.
Cc th nghim v cng trnh chn to ging cy trng vt nui u thuc loi
ny.
2.2.3. Theo khi lng nghin cu
Chia ra
* Th nghim n c (c lp)
Cc th nghim lm nhiu ni v khng c lin quan g vi nhau c.
Thng th kt qu c tnh chnh xc cao, ng cho mt iu kin c th. Song
tnh ph bin li hp thm ch rt hp.
* Th nghim h thng
y l nhng th nghim lm nhiu ni v c lin h vi nhau theo nhng
kha cnh nht nh m ngi ch tr t ra.
Th nghim ny c nhc im l khi lng ln, tn cng sc v vt cht, tn
thi gian; c th cch xa nhau v a l, khc nhau thi tit v t ai (iu kin sinh
thi), v tp qun v iu kin kinh t - x hi.
u im ca nhm ny l th nghim mang tnh a dng v khi kt qu thnh
cng c ph p dng rng ri.
2.3. Th nghim lm trong iu kin sn xut
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Cn gi l thc nghim khoa hc, thc nghim ng rung. Vi chuyn ngnh

chn ging v nhn ging cn gi l th nghim kho nghim hay khu vc ho ging
mi .
y l nhng thc nghim cn phi c thm nh li trong iu kin t nhin
trc khi chuyn giao k thut sn xut cho nng dn.
Loi ny khi lng ln c th nhc li nhiu hay t tu thuc vo iu kin
kinh t v t ai. Khng cn theo di qu chi tit cc ch tiu v sinh trng ca cy
m ch yu l quan st tnh hnh sinh trng, nhim su bnh a ra cc nhn nh
chung v phn ng ca cy vi iu kin t nhin, nhng cn quan tm c th n
nng sut v hiu qu kinh t.
3. Xy dng chng trnh th nghim
3.1. Mt s vn lin quan n xy dng chng trnh th nghim
3.1.1. Cc loi cng thc trong th nghim
Trong mt th nghim c hai loi cng thc l:
* Loi 1: Cng thc i chng hay cn gi l cng thc tiu chun. Cng thc
i chng c t ra lm tiu chun cho cc cng thc khc trong th nghim so snh
rt ra hiu qu c th ca nhn t (bin php) nghin cu.
Trong mt th nghim t nht phi xy dng mt cng thc i chng, c th c
ti hai hay ba cng thc i chng, khi so snh c chnh xc.
* Loi 2: Cng thc nghin cu
Cng thc nghin cu l cng thc c tc ng bin php k thut (nhn t
th nghim) cc mc khc nhau.
Kt qu ca cng thc ny c so snh vi kt qu ca cng thc i chng.
C hai loi cng thc i chng v cng thc nghin cu u gi chung l cc
cng thc th nghim hay nghim thc.
3.1.2. Xc nh s lng cng thc trong mt th nghim
S lng cng thc th nghim c xc nh ty thuc vo ni dung v mc
ch ca ngi ch tr th nghim. Thng thng th nghim mt nhn t c s lng
cng thc t hn th nghim hai nhn t.
Trong th nghim c mt nguyn tc c bn gip cc nh khoa hc xc nh
c c bao nhiu cng thc l va cho ni dung nghin cu ca mnh. Nguyn tc
l: "Da vo gi thit khoa hc lp ra cng thc trung tm, t cng thc trung
tm s x dch ln pha trn mt s mc v xung pha di mt s mc".
Cn khong cch gia cc mc tu thuc vo tc ng ca nhn t nghin cu
ti i tng c s dng trong th nghim (vt liu th nghim).
Nh vy, vi th nghim mt nhn t c bao nhiu mc (liu lng) th c by
nhiu cng thc k c mc i chng c th l 0 (khng cho thm vo).
Th d: Nghin cu hiu lc ca ln ti nng sut hai ging u tng v
ng ti vng ng Bng sng Hng.
Nh vy y l th nghim hai nhn t (ln l nhn t k hiu l A vi s mc
l La). Ging u tng l B vi s ging tham gia l Lb).
Vy gi s cng thc nghin cu l K th
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K = La x Lb
Nu th nghim ba nhn t c k hiu (nhn t 1 l A c La mc, nhn t 2 l B
c Lb
mc v nhn t th 3 l C c Lc mc). Vy s lng cng thc s l:
K = La x Lb x Lc
Thc t cho thy th nghim nghin cu tc dng ng thi ca nhiu nhn t
n cy trng l tt nht. Song nhiu nhn t s c nhiu cng thc th nghim v nh
vy, s ny sinh mt lot cc vn khc m hu ht cc vn li nm trong yu
t khng th nghim, rt kh to c tnh ng nht cao. V vy khng nn qu nhiu
nhn t trong mt th nghim, ch nn nghin cu mi quan h ng thi ca 2 hay 3
nhn t m thi.
3.1.3. Mt s ch tiu k thut c lin quan khi thit k th nghim
* Din tch th nghim
th nghim l thnh phn c bn ca th nghim trn cc nhn t th
nghim c thc hin theo mt ni dung xy dng. Do , din tch (c th l
kch thc ) phi nh nhau. Nu ly chnh xc ca th nghim l h s bin ng
CV% kho st th gi tr ny ph thuc vo nhng kha cnh sau:
- Din tch th nghim
- Hnh dng th nghim (kch thc l vung hay l ch nht...).
- a hnh t th nghim.
- Loi t th nghim.
- Loi cy trng.
- Loi th nghim.
- Khi din tch th nghim tng ln th sai s th nghim c gim kh r.
Nhng nhn xt ny ch ng khi t th nghim tng i ng u (CV% < 10%).
Cn khi nn t th nghim c bin ng t CV% > 15% th nhn xt trn
khng cn ng na.
Thc t cho thy khng c gii php no mang tnh tuyt i. M nhng mi
quan h nu cng ch hi ho mc nht nh. V vy, din tch th nghim
ln hay nh tu thuc vo:
(1) Mc ch v yu cu ca th nghim
Th d: th nghim lu gi, phc hi mt s ging la c sn a phng qu
him, tu thuc vo s lng ngun ht ging thu c l nhiu hay t m din tch
th nghim cho mi ging to nh khc nhau. Tuy nhin din tch qu nh s kh gim
nh v nhn xt.
Nhng th nghim so snh ging hoc mt bin php k thut no chun
b ph bin ra sn xut th din tch phi ln.
Th nghim trong iu kin sn xut (th nghim kho nghim) th din tch
phi ln hn th nghim thm d v th nghim chnh.
(2) Ph thuc vo loi cy trng v mt gieo cy sao cho mi mt th
nghim c kh nng to ra mt qun th cy trng mang tnh i din, n nh v m
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bo s lng c th trong qu trnh nghin cu c nh gi khch quan gn tng t

nh ngoi sn xut.
(3) Ph thuc vo phng tin k thut khi thc hin th nghim
Nu lm bng th cng th din tch nh, cn nu lm bng my (c gii) din
tch phi rng hn.
Cng chnh do nhng vn nu trn m hin nay vic xc nh mt cch
chnh xc din tch th nghim vn cn nhiu kin tranh lun.
Theo kin ca mt s tc gi v chng ti th din tch th nghim rng hay
hp tu thuc vo s lng cy cn thit quan st cc ch tiu nghin cu trong
sut qu trnh th nghim. Nn xut nh sau:
- Vi cy hng nm din tch t 50 100 m2.
- Cy rau din tch t 30 - 40 m2.
- Cy n qu lu nm: 10 - 20 cy.
- Th nghim vi cy thuc: 10m2.
* Hnh dng th nghim
Hnh dng th nghim c xy dng bi t l gia 2 cnh ca th nghim,
nu t l l 1 (1:1) c dng hnh vung. Cn cc t l khc 1 l hnh ch nht.
ni dung ny cng mt phn c lin quan ti din tch nh nu trn.
Thay i hnh dng th nghim cng l mt bin php nng cao chnh
xc ca th nghim. Tuy nhin, n ph thuc vo ng u ca t th nghim:
- iu kin t tng i ng u vic thay i hnh dng th nghim
khng c nh hng ng k n chnh xc ca th nghim.
- iu kin t t ng u khi hnh ch nht th chnh xc s cng cao
(v bao gm c cc v tr khng ng u ca t trong 1 ).
- Khi t khng ng u th vic thay i hnh dng th nghim khng lm
cho chnh xc ca th nghim nng ln.
Tu thuc vo loi hnh th nghim m chn hnh dng cho ph hp va
m bo chnh xc va tho mn c iu kin t lm th nghim v thun tin
trong cng tc nghin cu.
Nhn chung:
- Th nghim v cch lm t; ti nc v so snh ging nn lm di ( ch
nht). Vi cy hng hp chiu rng l 1,50 m, cy hng rng c 4 - 6 hng.
- Th nghim v thuc (BVTV) v phn bn nn lm hnh vung hoc gn
vung.
Song y cng ch l nhng xut cn vn c th phi xem xt nhiu
kha cnh khc nhau cho hi ho.
* Hng ca th nghim
Nhn chung vn ny t c lin quan ti chnh xc ca th nghim nu nh
t th nghim ng u. Cn khi t th nghim c bin ng ln th hng th
nghim c nh hng n chnh xc ca th nghim.
Nu t bin i v ng u theo mt hng xc nh th chiu di th
nghim nn song song vi hng bin ng ca t.
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Cn t i dc ph ca t thay i t nh i xung chn i - nn

chiu di ca nn vung gc vi ng ng mc. Cc ln nhc li phi nm cng
mt bnh chy vng quanh i. Cn nu nh cn phi lm th nghim trn mnh t
trc trng cc loi cy khc nhau nn sp t th nghim cho ph hp, khng lp
li cch sp xp ca th nghim trc .
S ln nhc li
Th nghim phi c nhc li (nht l th nghim chnh). y c th coi l mt
tiu chun bt buc khi nghin cu. Song s ln nhc li bao nhiu l hp l?
Theo tc gi Remera dn t Dospekhov (1979) th:
- Khi tng s ln nhc li chnh xc ca th nghim tng nhiu hn khi tng
din tch th nghim.
- Khi tng s ln nhc li th ban u chnh xc tng nhanh, nhng nu tip
tc tng nhc li nhiu ln (ln hn 4 ln) th chnh xc c gim, song gim chm.
S ln nhc li nhiu hay t ca mi cng thc th nghim ph thuc vo:
- ng u ca t th nghim.
- Kch thc cy trng (C lin quan ti din tch ). Cy c kch thc nh c
th nhc li t hn. V trn 1 th nghim c nhiu cy. Cn cy c kch thc ln
nhc li nhiu, v trn mt c s lng cy t (thm ch nhc li ti 10 ln).
-Din tch th nghim: Khi din tch nh th nhc li nhiu hn din tch
ln.
Nhn chung : S ln nhc li vi th nghim nn 3, tu theo kiu sp xp th
nghim. Nn thng thng t 3 - 4 ln nhc li l va. Cn vi th nghim thm d
v th nghim kho nghim s ln nhc li c th < 3.
* Di bo v v hng bin
+ Di bo v l phn din tch bao quanh mnh t (khu t) lm th nghim.
Tu thuc vo iu kin ca khu t th nghim m rng ca di bo v c th khc
nhau. Song ti thiu rng ny phi t t 1,5 m - 2,0 m.
+ Hng bin
Hng bin chnh l phn bo v ca th nghim nhm loi tr nh hng gia
cc vi nhau.
Theo K.A.Gomez v A.A. Gomez (1986) trong th nghim la c bn phn N
v gia cc khng c b ngn ch khong trng gia cc thay i t 40 - 100
cm th nng sut hng bin thay i t 50% n 100%. Phm vi nh hng ch hng
th nht. Ring bn 120N/ha c nh hng ti hng th hai.
Nu th nghim so snh ging m gia cc khng cch b (khng
khong cch 40 cm m ch khong 20 cm l khong cch gia hng vi hng) th c
nh hng ti hng th ba. V vy, vi th nghim la khong cch loi b hng
bin khng ly mu theo di l hai hng xung quanh (tng ng 40 cm). Vi cy
trng cn cng nn loi b mt hng xung quanh (tng ng 40 - 60 cm) l ph hp
vi iu kin th nghim ca Vit Nam. Tuyt i khng ly mu theo di ti cc v tr
xung quanh ra th nghim (hng bin) th nghim mang tnh chnh xc v
khch quan.
9

* Cch sp xp cc cng thc th nghim (phn ny s c m t bi sau)

3.2. Xy dng nn th nghim
Nn th nghim l bao gm tt c cc iu kin canh tc c thc hin ng
nht gia tt c cc cng thc ca th nghim.
Chn nn th nghim cn c vo cc iu kin sau:
+ Phi i din v iu kin kinh t - x hi ca thi im cc kt qu nghin
cu d kin s c p dng vo sn xut.
+ Phi l iu kin cho nhn t th nghim pht huy c hiu lc ca n.
Do , phi ht sc cn thn khi xy dng nn th nghim, nn th nghim
khng phi l mt tc nhn lm gim tc dng ca cc nhn t nghin cu.
3.3. Chn t th nghim
Hu ht cc th nghim trong nng hc t l nhn t khng nghin cu, m t
ch ng vai tr lm gi v l mi trng cho cc nhn t nghin cu th hin
tc dng ca n vi cy trng. Nn yu cu ca t th nghim phi mang tnh i din
v cc mt nh: Loi t no? a hnh ra sao? Thnh phn ho tnh, l tnh t c i
din cho vng m sau ny th nghim phc v khng? C nh vy th nghim mi c
tnh thc tin cao.
t c cc yu cu nu trn, trc khi lm th nghim phi c c cc
thng tin v t bao gm cc ni dung sau:
3.3.1. iu tra v a hnh
a hnh c coi l nhn t chnh quyt nh ng u ca t. V vy, t
th nghim phi phng:
La cy th phng thp hn so vi la gieo vi. Nhn chung rung th
nghim c b mt lm t khi gieo cy cng phng cng tt. phng mt rung khi
gieo cy chnh lch 5 cm vi th nghim la. Nu lm th nghim la nc trn t
dc phi lm trn cc rung bc thang. Cn vi th nghim ca cc cy trng cn khc
th chnh lch phng mt rung cho php t mc 10 cm.
Vi cc th nghim cy trng trn t dc th yu cu dc cho php lm
th nghim l 25% v mt rung hay i phi dc u v tt nht cng nn lm ng
ng mc. Tu thuc vo c im sinh hc ca tng loi cy trng m chn t dc
cho ph hp.
3.3.2. iu tra l tnh t v ho tnh t
iu tra t c t ra vi mc ch l sau khi th nghim thnh cng, cc kt
qu s c ng dng nhng vng t cng loi tng t.
Khi chn t th nghim nn chn xa cc rng cy (hng cy to); xa trc ng
giao thng, xa ni cha nc thi hay mng dn, nc thi ca cc khu dn c, nh
my, bnh vin... vi khong cch t 40 50 m.
Trnh lm th nghim trn t mi c khai hoang. Ty tng iu kin c th
m b tr th nghim trng vi v san bng ng u ca t th nghim.
Th nghim trng l mt trong nhng k thut c thc hin nhm san bng
ng u ca t trc khi b tr th nghim chnh.
10

Cc bin php k thut thc hin trong qu trnh lm th nghim trng phi
ging nhau.
4. Mt s loi th nghim ring bit (th nghim chuyn su)
4.1. Th nghim vi cy n qu v cy cng nghip lu nm
- c im ca loi th nghim ny l cy to, mi cy chim mt din tch t
ln v c chm sc ring bit cho tng cy. Chu k khai thc hiu qu kinh t di
(hay ni cch khc l chu k sng ko di hng chc nm v c bit c th ti 100
nm). V vy, rt kh c th t c chnh xc ca th nghim cao nh cc loi th
nghim vi cy hng nm.
- Bn cnh trong chu k sng ca cy c th thc hin nhiu th nghim khc
nhau trn cng mt cy.
- Phn ln cc cy lu nm li c trng trong iu kin t c a hnh dc
(trung du v min ni), nn ng u ca t ni chung l thp hn t bng.
4.1.1. Chun b t th nghim
t th nghim vn m
iu ny ch t ra vi th nghim lm mi t u. Tu thuc vo loi cy, loi
th nghim m cn c cc bin php chm sc, chn cy cho ng u.
S c 2 trng hp c th khi t th nghim gm:
* Thit k th nghim mi
Nn chn t phi ph hp vi cy nh nghin cu, t phi ng u v tnh
cht t, ch nc, a hnh. c c t ng u th trc khi t vn th
nghim nn lm th nghim trng vi thi hn t 3 nm - 5 nm. Nu trong th nghim
c nghin cu v ti nc th nn lm ng ng mc cho mi ln nhc li, p dng
cc bin php chng xi mn v sp xp th nghim khng c s dng kiu hon
ton ngu nhin - CRD (nu th nghim trn t dc). Cn th nghim trn t bng
nn o rnh (mng) va thot nc v d tr nc ti cho cy khi cn.
* Vi th nghim t trn vn c sn cy th phi c iu kin sau:
- Vn phi i din cho vng nh ph bin kt qu th nghim.
- Trc khi tin hnh th nghim phi lm th nghim trng (thi gian c th t
3 - 5 nm).
- Gia cc th nghim nn khong cch (khong trng hoc c cy)
4.1.2. Cy th nghim
a) Vi th nghim trng mi: cn ht sc lu ti ngun gc ca cy. Khi
ngun gc cy con l t sinh sn v tnh nn ch thm n gc ghp, mt ghp, cnh
ghp, cnh gim.
Cy con em trng th nghim phi m bo ng u v chiu cao cy, ng
knh gc, s cnh, s l/cnh.
b) Vi th nghim trn vn c sn: cn chn cc cy c ng u cao v
ging, tui, chiu cao, tnh trng pht trin (c th hin qua ng knh gc, chu vi
tn cy). Nn c thm cc thng tin v cc bin php k thut s dng trc khi th
nghim nht l cc bin php c lin quan nhiu ti cy nh (n au, to tn, ta
cnh...)
11

Vi th nghim ny din tch phi ln. Vic ly mu quan st cng cn ch .

4.2. Th nghim v rau
Cn ch :
- Rau rt a dng: V chng loi, thi gian sinh trng, nhu cu dinh dng,
gi tr (b phn s dng...). V vy th nghim vi cy rau cng rt a dng. Hu nh
trng rau khng th thiu vic ti nc mt cch thng xuyn.
- a s cc loi rau u phi tri qua thi k vn m, sau mi trng chnh
thc.
- Vn chm sc cng rt khc nhau v phc tp. Tu thuc vo th nghim
rau nhm cung cp thc phm cho tiu dng hay sn xut ht ging m quyt nh cc
bin php k thut cho ph hp. Cn ch n cc bin php k thut.
4.3. Th nghim bo v thc vt (BVTV)
Mc ch ca th nghim ny l i su nghin cu cc bin php u tranh
chng li cc tc nhn gy su, bnh v cch phng chng tc nhn gy hi cho cy
trng.
Th nghim BVTV c chia thnh 3 nhm:
Nhm 1: th nghim v thuc BVTV. Trong nhm ny c hai dng c th, bao
gm:
+ Thuc phng tr su bnh hi cy trng.
+ Thuc tr c di
Nhm 2: th nghim nghin cu cc ging c kh nng khng su v khng
bnh.
Nhm 3: th nghim nghin cu v mt sinh hc ca cc tc nhn gy bnh v
to cc iu kin xut hin cn trng gy hi. Tuy nhin, kt qu ca nhm ny ph
thuc vo iu kin mi trng.
Lu vi th nghim v thuc tr c di cn c din tch cho cc im theo di
c xut hin sau khi s dng thuc, din tch cho mi im l t 0,5 - 1 m2/im. V
vic theo di ny phi lin tc cho ti khi thu hoch cy trng v tip sau cc cy trng
khc t nht l t 1 - 2 nm. Bn cnh vic theo di c di cn thit nn c cc kt qu
lin quan n cc sinh vt t trong cc cng thc nghin cu. Nhn chung th nghim
v thuc BVTV thng gy hiu qu ko theo to nn nh hng gin tip n trc
ht l mi trng t, cc h sinh thi v mi trng sng ni chung.
4.4. Th nghim nui cy m (Invitro)
Hu ht cc th nghim thuc nhm nghin cu trong phng. Cn mt s t s l
th nghim trong nh li (nh polytylen) v th nghim ng rung l bc sau cng.
Loi th nghim ny c nhng c trng ring khc vi th nghim khc.
iu kin th nghim quan trng nht l: k thut v cc iu kin nui cy phi
sch v v trng.
4.5. Th nghim trong iu kin sn xut
Thc t sn xut nng nghip lin quan mt thit vi iu kin t nhin v iu
kin kinh t x hi. Do , c s chnh lch v nng sut cy trng gia cc vng sinh
12

thi khc nhau, thm ch c th trong cng iu kin sinh thi nhng iu kin - x
hi khc nhau cng lm cho nng sut cy trng khc nhau.
Tin hnh th nghim trong iu kin sn xut l b phn nghin cu cn thit,
trc khi chuyn giao kt qu nghin cu cho nng dn vi mc tiu pht trin nng
nghip sinh thi bn vng. C hai loi th nghim thuc nhm ny l:
Loi 1: Nghin cu pht trin k thut (nhm nghin cu xy dng v pht
trin k thut mi).
Loi 2: Nghin cu tip cn k thut (nhm th nghim cc k thut mi) xem
mc tip thu ca nng dn nh th no?
C hai loi ny u tn ti song song.
Hin nay a phn cc nghin cu c tp trung cho loi th nghim tip cn k
thut.
Trong qu trnh th nghim cc s liu c thu thp gm cc loi nh:
- Cc s liu v iu kin t nhin bao gm: t, nc, a hnh, kh hu... (hay
cn gi l cc s liu v mi trng ca ng rung).
- Cc s liu v iu kin kinh t - x hi ca nng dn bao gm: lc lng sn
xut, ng lc sn xut.
- Cc s liu v nng hc (thu cc th nghim nh nng sut v mt s c
trng khc).
- Yu cu ti nguyn (cc ngun cn) cho m hnh th nghim, nhu cu v
nhn lc (lao ng) v u t.
Vi th nghim v s liu nng hc cn nhc li. Cn s liu nhu cu ti nguyn
khng cn nhc li. V vy k thut lm th nghim c lu nhng ni dung sau
y:
4.5.1. Chn a im th nghim
4.5.2. Thit k v b tr l th nghim
* Loi 1: Dng ci tin qun l m hnh canh tc hin ang s dng
* Loi 2 c 2 dng l:
+ i vi loi (2a): ci tin m hnh canh tc bng a thm mt hoc nhiu
cy mi vo m hnh hin ang s dng. Cch thit lp l th nghim lm nh loi 1.
+ Vi loi (2b) l thay i cu trc m hnh khc hon ton so vi m hnh ca
nng dn hin ang s dng. Vi loi ny, cn so snh tng qut ton b m hnh,
khng so snh ring tng hp phn k thut vi nhau. Kiu ny t lm hn kiu 2a.
4.5.3. Qun l l th nghim
Cc bin php u do nng dn qun l, tr nhng hp phn a vo th
nghim do cn b nghin cu qun l. Cn nu thy c th c th ngh giao cho
nng dn qun l to.
4.5.4. Thu thp s liu
a) iu kin t nhin
Cc nhn t l: lng ma (ch ma), bc x, kt cu t, v tr a l, a
hnh, mc nc ngm.
b) iu kin kinh t - x hi
13

Cc ch tiu thng l kh nng v nhn lc, vn, iu kin v t ai v kh

nng v qun l.
c) S liu nng hc
d) S liu v nhu cu ti nguyn gm: nhu cu nhn lc, t ai v nhu cu v
qun l (ging, phn bn...).
e) S liu v kinh t: Thu m hnh ca nng dn
f) Chn cc phng php o lng cc loi s liu nu trn cho ph hp v
m bo chnh xc v tin cy.
4.5.5. Phn tch s liu
5. Phng php sp xp cng thc th nghim
5.1. Cc th nghim mt nhn t
5.1.1. Khi nim:
Th nghim mt nhn t l nhng th nghim ch c mt nhn t thay i trong
lc tt c cc nhn t khc c gi nguyn. Nh vy, trong th nghim ny cc cng
thc s cha cc mc khc nhau ca nhn t , tt c cc nhn t khc c p
dng chung nh nhau ( cng 1 mc bt buc) cho tt c cc cng thc.
i vi th nghim mt nhn t, c th thit k hon ton ngu nhin (CRD),
thng dng khi c t cng thc v khi c nhiu n v th nghim ng nht. Kiu
thit k th hai l khi ngu nhin bao gm khi ngu nhin y (RCBD) v kiu
khi khng y (RIBD), kiu thit k th ba l vung la tinh (LS).
5.1.2. Cc phng php sp xp
5.1.2.1. Th nghim thit k kiu hon ton ngu nhin (CRD)
Khi nim
Mt th nghim c thit k kiu hon ton ngu nhin khi cc cng thc c
ch nh mt cch hon ton ngu nhin vo cc th nghim sao cho mi mnh () th
nghim u c c hi nh nhau nhn c bt k mt cng thc no. Theo kiu sp
xp ny, bt k s khc nhau no (ngoi nhn t th nghim) gia cc th nghim u
c coi l sai s th nghim. Kiu sp xp ny ch ph hp khi cc n v (, mnh)
th nghim hon ton ng nht (thng l th nghim trong phng), cn th nghim
ngoi ng, thng c s bin ng ln gia cc n v th nghim nn khng hay p
dng kiu sp xp ny.
Qu trnh sp xp
minh ho qui trnh sp xp v tin ti v s ca vic sp xp, ta dng mt
v d: th nghim c 4 cng thc A, B, C, D mi cng thc c nhc li 5 ln, vic
sp xp tin hnh theo cc trnh t sau:
+ Bc 1. Xc nh tng s th nghim cn c N: N = r * t
Trong : N: tng s th nghim
t: s cng thc cho mi ln nhc li
r: s ln nhc li ca mi cng thc
v d ny ta c: N = r * t = 5 * 4 = 20 nh trong hnh 5.1
14

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Hnh 5.1. S mu cho th nghim thit k kiu hon ton ngu nhin c 4
cng v thc v 5 ln nhc li
n nh cc cng thc vo cc th nghim bng mt trong cc cch ngu
nhin sau:
Cch 1: Ly bng s ngu nhin
a. T im xut pht bt k trong bng, c thng xung di ly 20 s ngu
nhin lin tc c 3 ch s. (Ta ly 3 ch s cho khng c s no trng vi s th t
t 1 n 20 l cc s c 1 v 2 ch s c n nh cho cc bc 2). Trong v
d ny, 20 s ngu nhin c 3 ch s cng th t xut hin ca chng c ghi li nh
bng sau:
Th t xut hin
S ngu nhin
Th t xut hin S ngu nhin
1
937
11
918
2
149
12
772
3
908
13
243
4
361
14
494
5
953
15
704
6
749
16
549
7
180
17
957
8
951
18
157
9
018
19
571
10
427
20
226
b. Xp th t theo hng tng dn hoc gim dn 20 s ngu nhin bc 2.
Trong v d ny xp hng th t t nh nht (s 1) n ln nht (s 20) nh sau:
Th t xut hin
S ngu nhin Xp hng Th t xut hin S ngu nhin
Xp hng
1
937
17
11
918
16
2
149
2
12
772
14
3
908
15
13
243
6
4
361
7
14
494
9
5
953
19
15
704
12
6
749
13
16
549
10
7
180
4
17
957
20
8
951
18
18
157
3
9
018
1
19
571
11
10
427
8
20
226
5

15

c. Chia N s xp hng bc 3 thnh t nhm, mi nhm cha r s th t m

cc s ngu nhin xut hin. Trong v d ny, 20 s xp hng c chia thnh 4 nhm,
mi nhm cha 5 s nh sau:
Nhm
Th t xp hng
1
17
2
15
7
19
2
13
4
18
1
8
3
16
14
6
9
12
4
10
20
3
11
5
d. Cho mi nhm mang tn mt cng thc, nhm 1 mang tn cng thc A,
nhm 2 mang tn cng thc B, nhm 3 mang tn cng thc C v nhm 4 mang tn
cng thc D. Th t xp hng c coi nh th t ca cc trong s hnh 7.1. Nh
vy, kt qu l cng thc A nm cc v tr s 17, 2, 15, 7 v 19. Cng thc B nm
cc v tr s 13, 4, 18, 1, v 8. C tip tc nh vy ch nh v tr ca cc cng
thc cn li.
Cch 2. Ly mt c bi
a. Rt ra N con bi, mi ln rt mt con sau trn li c bi v rt con khc
(khng b con rt vo). Phng php ny p dng khi N < 52. Trong v d ny 20
con c rt ra cng th t ca chng nh sau.
Th t xut hin
Tn cc con bi

1
J

2
3

4
A

5
R

6
5

7
6

8
9

9
9

10
8

Th t xut hin
Tn cc con bi

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
A
4
3
2
7
10
A
4
6
10

b. Xp hng 20 con bi rt ra t bc 1 theo th t s t 2 n t, nu cng s

th theo th t ca cht bi..
Trong v d ny, 20 con c xp hng tng ng vi th t xut hin nh sau:
Th t xut hin v xp hng
1
2
3
14
7
9
Th t xut hin v xp hng

4
15

5
5

6
11

7
2

8
19

9
13

10
18

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
16
8
10
1
3
20
6
17
12
4
c. Chia cc s xp hng thnh 4 nhm, gn cng thc v xp cc cng thc vo
cc theo nh cch 1.
Trong v d ny c kt qu thhu c nh sau:
16

Cng thc
n nh vo cc s
A
14
7
9
15
5
B
11
2
19
13
18
C
16
8
10
1
3
D
20
6
17
12
4
Cch 3. Rt thm.
a. Chun b N mu giy, chia mu giy thnh t nhm, cc mu giy trong mi
nhm c cng k hiu ca mt cng thc. Trong v d ny s c 5 mu mang ch A, 5
mu ch B, ... Trn ln 20 mu giy trong mt hp (cc mu giy c gp kn).
b. Rt mi ln mt mu giy, t vo cc theo trt t t u n cui. M
mnh giy ra, ta c cng thc c ch nh vo cc nh sau:
Th t xut hin () cng thc theo cc s nh sau:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
D
B
A
B
C
A
D
C
B
D
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
D
A
A
B
B
C
D
C
C
A
Trong v d ny cng thc A nm cc 3, 6, 12, 13, v 20 v cc cng thc
khc tng t.
5.1.2.2. Th nghim sp xp theo kiu khi ngu nhin y (RCBD hay RCB)
Khi nim.
Kiu sp xp RCB l mt kiu sp xp c s dng rng ri nht trong nghin
cu
nng nghip. N hon ton ph hp vi th nghim ngoi ng khi s cng thc khng
qu ln v khu th nghim c th bit trc c chiu hng bin i ph nhiu
ca t. c trng ch yu ca kiu sp xp ny l to ra cc khi c kch thc bng
nhau v mi khi cha tt c cc cng thc ca mt ln nhc li.
K thut to khi.
Mc tiu chnh ca vic to khi l gim sai s th nghim bng vic hn ch s
ng gp ca ngun bin ng bit trong cc n v th nghim. iu ny c lm
bng cch nhm cc n v th nghim vo cc khi m s khc nhau trong mi khi
l ti thiu v s khc nhau gia cc khi l ti a. Hnh dng mnh th nghim v
hng khi cng cn quan tm sp t, sp t sao cho s khc nhau gia cc khi
cng ln cn s khc nhau trong khi cng nh.
Sau khi bit hng ca ngun bin ng l c s cho vic to khi ri, phi
la chn kch thc v dng khi cho thch hp lm ti a bin ng gia cc khi.
Bt c khi no dng k thut khi th phi duy tr v iu khin sao cho bin
ng gia cc khi ln hn bin ng trong mi khi. V d, nu ta khng iu
kin lm c th nghim trong mt ngy th phi lm xong gn cho tng khi mt trong
mt thi gian cng ngn cng tt. Nh vy nu c bin ng xy ra theo thi gian th
n s c a vo bin ng gia cc khi nn c th loi tr ra c khi sai s th
nghim. Nu c nhiu ngi quan st, theo di th nghim th mi ngi phi c ch
17

nh quan st cho tt c cc mnh ca cng mt khi. Bng cch ny ta c th loi s

bin ng gia cc ngi quan st ra khi sai s th nghim.
Tin hnh ngu nhin v v s sp xp.
Qu trnh ngu nhin ho cho sp xp kiu RCB c tin hnh mt cch tch
bit v c lp vi mi khi. S dng mt th nghim c 6 cng thc A, B, C, D, E, F
v 4 ln nhc li minh ho phng php.
Bc 1. Chia khu vc th nghim thnh r khi bng nhau, r l s nhc li theo
k thut khi. Trong v d, din tch th nghim c chia lm 4 khi nh hnh 5.2.
Gi thit hng thay i ph dc theo chiu di ca khu th nghim, dng khi l
hnh ch nht trc giao vi hng ca s thay i.
Hng ca s thay i ph t

Khi I

Khi II

Khi III

Khi IV

Hnh 5.2. Chia th nghim thnh 4 khi, mi khi 6 mnh.

Bc 2. Chia mi khi thnh t mnh th nghim, t l s cng thc. Xong ch
nh t cng thc vo t mnh trong mi khi theo cch hon ton ngu nhin.
V d ch nh t cng thc vo t mnh ca khi 1 nh sau:
nh s lin tip t 1 n 6 vo 6 mnh ca khi I t trn xung di v t tri sang
phi nh hnh 5.3.
Xong ch nh 6 cng thc vo 6 mnh 1 cch ngu nhin bng cch dng bng ngu
nhin nh gii thiu trn
1
2
C
E
3
4
D
B
5
6
F
A
Hnh 5.3. nh s mnh v ch nh ngu nhin 6 cng thc vo 6 mnh
Bc 3. Lm li bc 2 cho ton b cc khi cn li. Nh vy, trong v d ny
ta c s cui cng nh hnh 5.4.

18

1 4
1 4
1
4
1 4
C E
A C
F
A
E A
2 5
2 5
2 5
2 5
D B
E D
D B
C F
3 6
3
6
3 6
3 6
F A
F B
C E
d B
Khi I Khi II Khi III Khi IV
Hnh 5.4 S mu ca th nghim sp xp kiu khi ngu nhin vi 6 cng
thc: A, B, C, D, E, F v 4 nhc li.
5.1.2.3. Th nghim sp xp kiu vng la tinh (Latin Square)
Khi nim
c trng c bn ca sp xp vng la tinh (LS) l kh nng x l cng mt
lc hai ngun bin ng bit gia cc n v th nghim. Coi nh hai khi c
lp, thay cho ch
c mt khi trong thit k kiu RCB. Trong kiu LS hai khi l khi hng v khi
ct vung gc nhau v c sp xp m bo cho mi cng thc ch c c mt
mt ln trong khi hng v mt ln trong khi ct. Ta c th c lng c bin
ng gia cc khi hng cng nh khi ct v tch n ra khi sai s th nghim.
Cc trng hp thch ng cho kiu LS.

Th nghim ngoi ng khi khu th nghim c s thay i ph theo 2 hng

vung gc nhau hoc c mt hng nhng li c hiu qu d tha t nhng t trc.

Th nghim v thuc ho hc m s di chuyn ca cn trng theo hng d bo

c trc giao vi hng thay i ph nhiu ca khu th nghim.

Th nghim trong nh knh m cc mnh th nghim c sp xp theo ng

thng trc giao vi tng nh (hai tng to mt gc th s to hai ngun bin ng).

Th nghim trong phng vi s ln nhc li qua thi gian cng to hai ngun
bin ng.
Trong thc t thit k kiu LS ch c p dng cho nhng th nghim c s
cng thc khng t hn 4 v khng nhiu hn 8. V hn ch ny m thit k kiu LS
khng c s dng rng ri trong cc th nghim nng nghip. Mc du n c tim
nng ln iu khin sai s th nghim.
Qu trnh ngu nhin v v s th nghim.
Qu trnh ngu nhin ho v v s sp xp cho th nghim kiu vung
latinh c th hin qua mt th nghim c 5 cng thc A, B, C, D, E nh sau:
Bc 1. La chn mt s vung latinh mu vi 5 cng thc nh bng di y:
A
B
C
D
E
B
A
E
C
D
C
D
A
E
B
D
E
B
A
C
E
C
D
B
A

19

Bc 2: Ngu nhin vic sp xp theo hng ca s la chn t bc 1 theo s

ngu nhin bng phng php bng ngu nhin:
+ La chn 5 s ngu nhin c 3 ch s: v d 628, 846, 475, 902 v 425 xong xp
hng cc s c chn t thp n cao nht.
S ngu nhin
Th t xut hin
Xp hng
628
1
3
846
2
4
475
3
2
902
4
5
452
5
1
+ S dng th t xp hng th hin s hng ca s chn v th t xut hin th
hin s hng ca s mi.
Trong v d ny th hng s 3 ca s chn tr thnh hng u tin ca s
mi, hng th 4 ca s chn thnh hng th 2 ca s mi... kt qu ca s
mi sau khi ngu nhin ho s hng l:
C
D
A
E
B
D
E
B
A
C
B
A
E
C
A
E
C
D
B
A
A
B
C
D
E
Bc 3. Ngu nhin vic sp xp s ct.
S dng cng phng php cho sp xp hng bc 2. Trong v d ny, 5 s
ngu nhin c chn v th bc ca chng nh sau:
S ngu nhin
Th t xut hin
Xp hng
792
1
4
032
2
1
947
3
5
293
4
3
196
5
2
S xp hng c th hin cho s ct thu c ca s bc 2 v s th t
xut hin dng lm s ct ca s cui.
Trong v d ny, ct th t ca s thu c trong s bc 2 tr thnh ct
th nht ca s cui, ct th nht ca s bc 2 tr thnh ct th 2 ca s
cui... y l s cui cng cho th nghim.
S hng
S ct
1
2
3
4
5
1
E
C
B
A
D
2
A
D
C
B
E
3
C
B
D
E
A
4
B
E
A
D
C
5
D
A
E
C
B
20

5. 2. Th nghim hai nhn t

Cc c th sinh vt cng mt lc chu nh hng ca nhiu yu t mi trng
khc nhau. Phn ng ca c th chng vi bt k mt yu t n l no cng s khc
nhau trong cc mc ca nhn t khc. Kt qu ca th nghim mt yu t ch c th
c p dng trong trng hp cc yu t khc c duy tr mc nht nh.
gim bt kh khn ny, cc th nghim 2 hay nhiu yu t rt cn thit.
C nhiu kiu sp xp th nghim 2 hay nhiu yu t khc nhau.
5.2.1. Thit k theo kiu khi ngu nhin y (RCB)
Thng s dng kiu thit k ny khi phi hp ton b cc nhn t thnh cc
cng thc t hp.
V d c mt th nghim 2 nhn t trong thit k kiu RCB vi 5 t l m, 3
ging la v 4 ln nhc li.
5.2.2. Thit k kiu chia ln nh ( Split-plot)
Khi nim
Kiu thit k ny cho th nghim 2 nhn t l ph hp hn kiu khi ngu nhin
y . Theo kiu thit k Split- plot, mt trong hai nhn t c ch nh vo chnh
hay ln v c gi l nhn t chnh. chnh c chia thnh ph cho nhn t
th hai gi l nhn t ph.
Trong thit k ny, chnh xc s o ca nhn t chnh b xem nh lm
tng chnh xc ca nhn t ph. S o hiu qu ca nhn t ph v tng tc
ca n vi nhn t chnh c chnh xc cao hn so vi kt qu thu c khi thit
k khi ngu nhin y . Mt khc s o hiu qu ca cc cng thc chnh li km
chnh xc hn so vi kt qu thu c bng cch thit k khi ngu nhin y .
Vic ch nh mt nhn t no y vo chnh hoc ph l rt quan trng.Gi
sau y c th lm c s cho vic tham kho khi thit k.
(1) chnh xc:
Nu nhn t B yu cu chnh xc cao hn th hy ch nh nhn t B vo
ph v nhn t A vo chnh.
(2) Vn hiu qu
Nhn t no c hiu qu r hn v d pht hin ra hn th chnh cn
nhn t c hiu qu khng r bng th n nh vo ph. Nh vy n s tng c hi
pht hin hiu qu khc nhau ca nhn t c hiu qu km hn.
(3) Thc tin sn xut yu cu
Trong thit k Split- plot c hai phng php ngu nhin ho v phn tch
phng sai u c thc hin theo hai giai on: 1 cho mc chnh v 1 cho mc
ph.
C th ch nh nhn t chnh theo bt k thit k khi ngu nhin y no.
Qu trnh ngu nhin ho v s sp xp
C 2 qu trnh ngu nhin ho 1 cch tch bit trong thit k Split- plot. Mt
qu trnh cho chnh v mt cho ph. Trong mi ln nhc li, cc cng thc chnh
c ch nh ngu nhin cho cc mnh chnh trc, sau ch nh ngu nhin cc
cng thc ph trong mi mnh chnh.
21

Th d c mt th nghim 2 nhn t gm 6 mc m ( cng thc chnh) v 4

ging la (cng thc ph) vi 3 ln nhc li.
K hiu chnh (nhn t A) c 4 mc: a = 4: P1, P2, P3, P4
K hiu ph (nhn t B) c 3 ging: b = 3: V1, V2, V3.
Nhc li 1

V1

Nhc li 2

V3

Nhc li 3

V2

Nhc li 4

V1

P1
V3
P2
V2
P3
V1
P1
V3

V2

V1

V1

V2

V3

V3

V2

V3

P3
V3
P1
V3
P1
V2
P3
V2

V2

V2

V1

V2

V1

V3

V1

V2

P4
V3
P4
V1
P2
V2
P4
V3

V1

V2

V3

V2

V1

V1

V1

V3

P2
V3
P3
V1
P4
V3
P2
V1

V1
V3
V2
V2

6. Thit k th nghim bng chng trnh IRRISTAT

6.1. Thit k th nghim mt nhn t
6.1.1. Th nghim mt nhn t thit k kiu hon ton ngu nhin (CRD)
V d thit k mt th nghim so snh kh nng ny mm ca 5 ging u tng th t
t 1 n 5 (5 cng thc, t = 5), vi 4 ln nhc li (r = 4), c thit k theo kiu hon
ton ngu nhin trong nh th nghim. Cch tin hnh nh sau:
- M IRRISTAT bng cch kch p chut vo biu tng ca IRRISTAT trn mn
hnh ta c ca s IRRISTAT for Windows xut hin nh hnh sau (hnh 3.1)

Hnh 3.1.
-

Chn Utilities, kch chut vo Randomization and Layout ta c nh sau (hnh

3.2)

22

Hnh 3.2.
T nh hnh 3.2, kch p chut vo hp Open s c ca s nh xut hin vi ch
Confirm xut hin trn gc tri hi c quyt nh m mt file lnh mi khng, ta
kch chut vo hp Yes khng nh s c nh sau (hnh 3.3)

Hnh 3.3.
T hnh 3.3, vo hp Desgin title t tn cho thit k th nghim (nh bt k tn
no theo mun). Xong chn COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIGN trong hp
Design type bng cch nhn chut vo mi tn ca hp chn, t s 4 trong hp
Replications, vo hp Factor name vit ch GIONG, hp Factor ID vit ch G, hp
Number of levels t s 5 (v c 5 ging) xong kch chut vo mi tn kp sang phi
hp Factors. Trong hp nh u dng cui cng t s 5. Cui cng c nh sau
(hnh 3.4).

Hnh 3.4.
T hnh 3.4 nhn chut vo OK s c kt qu nh sau
23

RANDOMIZATION AND LAYOUT

========================
FILENAME = "D:\PROGRAM FILES\IRRISTAT\IRRISTAT.RND"
TITLE = "Thiet ke thi nghiem kieu CRD"
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN = COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIGN
REPLICATIONS = 4
TREATMENTS = 4 x 5
**** FACTOR(S) ****
REP (R) = 4 levels
REP (1) = R1
REP (2) = R2
REP (3) = R3
REP (4) = R4
GIONG (G) = 5 levels
GIONG (1) = G1
GIONG (2) = G2
GIONG (3) = G3
GIONG (4) = G4
GIONG (5) = G5
===================================================================
Experimental layout for file: "D:\PROGRAM FILES\IRRISTAT\IRRISTAT.RND"
(COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIGN)
(Note: layout is not drawn to scale)
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5|
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
PLOT NO. | TREATMENT ID
1 | R1 G5
2 | R4 G3
3 | R1 G4
4 | R1 G1
5 | R2 G2
6 | R4 G2
7 | R3 G1
8 | R4 G4
9 | R3 G5
10 | R1 G3
11 | R2 G3
12 | R2 G1
13 | R4 G1
14 | R4 G5
15 | R3 G4
16 | R2 G4
17 | R3 G2
18 | R1 G2
19 | R2 G5
20 | R3 G3
24

T kt qu ngu nhin ho bng my tnh trn y, ta c th c th ho thnh s b

tr th nghim trn thc t nh sau:
Nhc li 1

G5

G4

G1

G3

G2

Nhc li 2

G2

G3

G1

G4

G5

Nhc li 3

G1

G5

G4

G2

G3

Nhc li 4

G3

G2

G4

G1

G5

6.1.2. Th nghim mt nhn t sp xp kiu khi ngu nhin y (RCB/RCBD)

Th d: Xy dng s th nghim cho th nghim: Nghin cu nh hng ca phn
bn n nng sut la. Th nghim thit k kiu khi ngu nhin y (RCB) vi 7
cng thc th nghim, 3 ln nhc li. Cc cng thc nh sau: F1; F2; F3; F4; F5; F6;
F7
Ngu nhin ho v to s th nghim bng IRRISTAT
M IRRISTAT, chn Utilities, chn tip Randomization and Layout t ca s chnh
ca Window nh hnh 3.5.

Hnh 3.5.
Chn Randomization and Layout m hp thoi. nh ch DESIGN vo hp
File name nh hnh 3.6, kch chut vo hp Open m file mi, c hnh 3.7

Hnh 3.6.
25

Hnh 3.7.
Sau khi xut hin hp nh nh hnh 3.7, kch tip vo Yes s c ca Randomization
and Layout m (hnh 3.8).

Hnh 3.8.
Tip tc ghi dng ch ANH HUONG CUA PHAN BON DEN NANG SUAT LUA
vo hp Design Title, nhn chut vo hp Design type chn kiu thit k
RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK, ghi ch PHAN BON vo hp Factor name,
ch P vo hp Factor ID. Tng s 2 trong hp Number of levels ln n s 7, nhn
chut vo mi tn kp trong hp Factor plot assignment. Vo hp Replications chn s
3. Tng s trong hp cui cng: Plot dimensions for layout per replication ln n 7
nh hnh 3.8. Chn OK s c kt qu ghi trong text editor nh sau
Kt qu thit k
RANDOMIZATION AND LAYOUT
========================
FILENAME = "D:\PROGRAM FILES\IRRISTAT\DESIGN.RND"
TITLE = "ANH HUONG CUA PHAN BON DEN NANG SUAT LUA"
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN = RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK
REPLICATIONS = 3
TREATMENTS = 7
**** FACTOR(S) ****
PHANBON (P) = 7 levels
PHANBON (1) = P1
PHANBON (2) = P2
PHANBON (3) = P3
PHANBON (4) = P4
PHANBON (5) = P5
PHANBON (6) = P6
PHANBON (7) = P7

26

======================================================================

Experimental layout for file: "D:\PROGRAM FILES\IRRISTAT\DESIGN.RND"

(RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK)
The following field layout applies to all replications:
(Note: layout is not drawn to scale)
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
REPLICATION NO. 1
------------------PLOT NO. |
TREATMENT ID
1 | P7
2 | P4
3 | P2
4 | P3
5 | P6
6 | P5
7 | P1

REPLICATION NO. 2
------------------PLOT NO. |
TREATMENT ID
1 | P2
2 | P3
3 | P1
4 | P6
5 | P7
6 | P5
7 | P4

REPLICATION NO. 3
------------------PLOT NO. |
TREATMENT ID
1 | P3
2 | P7
3 | P6
4 | P5
5 | P1
6 | P2
7 | P4

T kt qu ngu nhin ho theo cc ln nhc li trn y, c th c th ho v tr cc

cng thc ca cc ln nhc li b tr trong thc t nh sau:
Nhc li 1
Nhc li 2
Nhc li 3

P7

P4

P2

P3

P6

P5

P1

P2

P3

P1

P6

P7

P5

P4

P3

P7

P6

P5

P1

P2

P4

6.1.3. Thit k kiu vung Latin

T ly v d v chn s thit k vung Latin mu di y sau thc hin cc
bc ngu nhin ho theo hng, ct c s thit k.
Mt s s vung latin mu:
3

A B C
B C A
C A B
5 x
A B C
B A E
C D A
D E B
E C D

A
B
C
D
5
D
C
E
A
B

E
D
B
C
A

B
A
D
C

C
D
B
A

D
C
A
B
A
B
C
D
E
F

B
F
D
A
C
E

A
B
C
D
6
C
D
E
F
A
B

4
B
C
D
A
x
D
C
F
E
B
A

x
C
D
A
B
6
E
A
B
C
F
D

4
D
A
B
C
F
E
A
B
D
C

A
B
C
D

B
D
A
C

C
A
D
B
A
B
C
D
E
F
G

D
C
B
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
A

7
C
D
E
F
G
A
B

A
B
C
D
x
D
E
F
G
A
B
C

B
A
D
C
7
E
F
G
A
B
C
D

C
D
A
B

D
C
B
A

F
G
A
B
C
D
E

G
A
B
C
D
E
F

27

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H

B
C
D
E
F
G
H
A

8
C
D
E
F
G
H
A
B

x
D
E
F
G
H
A
B
C

8
E
F
G
H
A
B
C
D

F
G
H
A
B
C
D
E

G
H
A
B
C
D
E
F

H
A
B
C
D
E
F
G

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I

B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
A

10 x 10
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J

B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
A

C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
A
B

D
E
F
G
H
I
J
A
B
C

E
F
G
H
I
J
A
B
C
D

F
G
H
I
J
A
B
C
D
E

C
D
E
F
G
H
I
A
B

9
D
E
F
G
H
I
A
B
C

x
E
F
G
H
I
A
B
C
D

9
F
G
H
I
A
B
C
D
E

G
H
I
A
B
C
D
E
F

H
I
A
B
C
D
E
F
G

I
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H

G
H
I
J
K
A
B
C
D
E
F

H
I
J
K
A
B
C
D
E
F
G

I
J
K
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H

J
K
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I

K
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J

11 x11
G
H
I
J
A
B
C
D
E
F

H
I
J
A
B
C
D
E
F
G

I
J
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H

J
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K

B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
A

C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
A
B

D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
A
B
C

E
F
G
H
I
J
K
A
B
C
D

F
G
H
I
J
K
A
B
C
D
E

6.1.4. Thit k kiu li vung (Lattice) Lattice cn i (Lattice Design

Balanced Lattice).
Kiu thit k ny rt hiu qu khi s cng thc (t) ln, thng t 16 cng thc
tr ln. Trong thit k ny, yu cu s khi (k) trong mi ln nhc li (r) bng cn bc
hai ca s cng thc v s nhc li bng vi s khi cng thm 1.
S cho kiu thit k ny, tu theo s cng thc cn cho nghin cu m la chn
mt trong s cc s mu tu theo s cng thc cn c trong th nghim
6.2. Thit k th nghim hai nhn t
6.2.1. Sp xp kiu khi ngu nhin y vi s t hp cc mc cc nhn t
Th d: Thit k s th nghim nghin cu nh hng ca cc mc bn m v ln
khc nhau ti nng sut la vi 4 mc m N1, N2, N3, N4 v 3 mc ln P1, P2, P3
to thnh cc t hp cng thc trong thit k khi ngu nhin y (RCB) vi 4 ln
nhc li.
Cch tin hnh
Lm cc bc tng t nh th d mc 1.1.1 c nh nh hnh 3.9

28

Hnh 3.9
T hnh 3.9, nh dng ch bt k vo hp Design title, v d: thi nghiem hai nhan to
thiet ke kieu RCB. Vo hp Design Type chn kiu thit k, y chn
RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK, vo tip hp Replications chn s 4 (4 ln
nhc li). Vo tip hp Factor name t tn cho nhn t nghin cu, trc tin t
tn cho nhn t th nht: ghi ch m vo hp Factor name xong ghi ch N vo hp
Factor ID; tng s 2 trong hp Number of levels ln s 4, nhn chut vo mi tn kp
sang phi hp Factor plot assignment chuyn thng tin t hp Define factor sang
hp Factor plot assignment. Tip tc lm nh vy cho nhn t th hai (ln). a con
tr vo hp cui cng tng s 1 ln 12, c nh nh hnh 3.10. T hnh 3.10 kch
chut vo OK chy ra kt qu.

Hnh 3.10
Kt qu thit k th nghim hai nhn t t hp trong kiu RCB

29

RANDOMIZATION AND LAYOUT

========================
FILENAME = "D:\PROGRAM FILES\IRRISTAT\HAINTO.RND"
TITLE = "Thi nghiem hai nhan to thiet ke kieu RCB"
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN = RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK
REPLICATIONS = 4
TREATMENTS = 3 x 4
**** FACTOR(S) ****
LAN (P) = 3 levels
LAN (1) = P1
LAN (2) = P2
LAN (3) = P3
DAM (N) = 4 levels
DAM (1) = N1
DAM (2) = N2
DAM (3) = N3
DAM (4) = N4
======================================================================
Experimental layout for file: "D:\PROGRAM FILES\IRRISTAT\HAINTO.RND"
(RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK)
The following field layout applies to all replications:
(Note: layout is not drawn to scale)
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

REPLICATION NO. 1

REPLICATION NO. 2

-------------------

-------------------

PLOT NO.

TREATMENT ID

PLOT NO.

TREATMENT ID

P3 N4

P2 N1

P3 N3

P3 N2

P2 N4

P2 N4

P2 N2

P2 N2

P3 N2

P1 N1

P1 N3

P1 N4

P2 N1

P1 N2

P1 N2

P3 N4

P1 N4

P2 N3

10

P2 N3

10

P1 N3

11

P1 N1

11

P3 N1

12

P3 N1

12

P3 N3

REPLICATION NO. 3

REPLICATION NO. 4

-------------------

-------------------

PLOT NO.

TREATMENT ID

PLOT NO.

TREATMENT ID

P3 N3

P2 N4

P2 N2

P1 N2

P2 N4

P3 N2

P1 N3

P3 N3

P3 N1

P1 N1

P1 N1

P3 N1

30

P1 N2

P2 N3

P1 N4

P1 N4

P3 N4

P2 N2

10

P3 N2

10

P1 N3

11

P2 N1

11

P3 N4

12

P2 N3

12

P2 N1

S c th cho thit k ny trn c s kt qu ngu nhin ho ca my tnh c m

t nh sau:
Nhc li 1
P3 P3 P2 P2 P3 P1 P2 P1 P1 P2 P1 P3
N4 N3 N4 N2 N2 N3 N1 N2 N4 N3 N1 N1
Nhc li 2
P1 P3 P2 P2 P1 P1 P1 P3 P2 P1 P3 P3
N2 N2 N4 N2 N1 N4 N2 N4 N3 N3 N1 N3
Nhc li 3
P3 P2 P2 P1 P3 P1 P1 P1 P3 P3 P2 P2
N3 N2 N4 N3 N1 N1 N2 N4 N4 N2 N1 N3
Nhc li 4
P2 P1 P3 P3 P1 P3 P2 P1 P2 P1 P3 P2
N4 N2 N2 N3 N1 N1 N3 N4 N2 N3 N4 N1
6.2.2. Thit k th nghim kiu Split-plot
Th d: Thit k s th nghim cho th nghim nghin cu nh hng ca cc mc
bn ln khc nhau (4 mc P1, P2, P3, P4) ti nng sut mt s ging lc (ba ging V1,
V2, V3) ti Nng trng Cao phong, Ho Bnh; thit k theo kiu Split-plot. Trong th
d ny chn ln l ln ( chnh), ging l nh ( ph).
Cch tin hnh: Thc hin cc bc tng t th d trong mc 3.1.1 c hnh 3.11

Hnh 3.11
T hnh 3.11 lm cc bc tng t nh lm cho thit k th nghim hai
nhn t t hp trong kiu thit k RCB c hnh 3.12. Ch trong trng hp ny
phi xc nh r u l ln, u l nh v thc hin cho tng nhn t mt nh
trong hnh ghi: Main l cho chnh c thc hin trc xong n Sub l cho
ph lm sau v hp cui cng ca hnh 3.11, na trn l cho s mnh ca chnh
trong mt ln nhc li cn na di l cho s mnh ca ph trong mi chnh.

31

Hnh 3.12
Kch chut vo OK c kt qu nh sau:
RANDOMIZATION AND LAYOUT
========================
FILENAME = "D:\PROGRAM FILES\IRRISTAT\SPLITPLOT.RND"
TITLE = "Thiet ke thi nghiem kieu Split-plot"
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN = SPLIT-PLOT
REPLICATIONS = 4
TREATMENTS = 4 x 3
**** MAINPLOT ****
LAN (P) = 4 levels
LAN (1) = P1
LAN (2) = P2
LAN (3) = P3
LAN (4) = P4
**** SUBPLOT ****
GIONG (V) = 3 levels
GIONG (1) = V1
GIONG (2) = V2
GIONG (3) = V3
======================================================================
Experimental layout for file: "D:\PROGRAM FILES\IRRISTAT\SPLITPLOT.RND"
(SPLIT-PLOT)
The following field layout applies to all replications:
(Note: layout is not drawn to scale)
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
REPLICATION NO. 1
------------------PLOT NO. | TREATMENT ID
1 | P1 V1
2 | P1 V3
3 | P1 V2
4 | P3 V1
5 | P3 V3
6 | P3 V2
7 | P4 V2
8 | P4 V3
9 | P4 V1
10 | P2 V2
11 | P2 V3
12 | P2 V1

REPLICATION NO. 2
------------------PLOT NO. | TREATMENT ID
1 | P2 V3
2 | P2 V2
3 | P2 V1
4 | P1 V2
5 | P1 V3
6 | P1 V1
7 | P4 V2
8 | P4 V1
9 | P4 V3
10 | P3 V2
11 | P3 V1
12 | P3 V3

32

REPLICATION NO. 4
------------------PLOT NO. | TREATMENT ID
1 | P1 V1
2 | P1 V3
3 | P1 V2
4 | P3 V3
5 | P3 V2
6 | P3 V1
7 | P4 V2
8 | P4 V3
9 | P4 V1
10 | P2 V3
11 | P2 V1
12 | P2 V2

REPLICATION NO. 3
------------------PLOT NO. | TREATMENT ID
1 | P3 V2
2 | P3 V1
3 | P3 V3
4 | P1 V3
5 | P1 V2
6 | P1 V1
7 | P2 V3
8 | P2 V2
9 | P2 V1
10 | P4 V1
11 | P4 V3
12 | P4 V2

C th ho s thit k th nghim kiu Split-plot cho b tr trong thc a c m

t nh sau:

Nhc li 1

V1

Nhc li 2

V3

Nhc li 3

V2

Nhc li 4

V1

P1
V3
P2
V2
P3
V1
P1
V3

V2

V1

V1

V2

V3

V3

V2

V3

P3
V3
P1
V3
P1
V2
P3
V2

V2

V2

V1

V2

V1

V3

V1

V2

P4
V3
P4
V1
P2
V2
P4
V3

V1

V2

V3

V2

V1

V1

V1

V3

P2
V3
P3
V1
P4
V3
P2
V1

V1
V3
V2
V2

Ghi ch: ln c v m cho cc mc bn ca ln (P1, P2, P3, P4)

nh v ng mnh v khng ko di ht cho cc ging (V1, V2, V3)

6.2.3. Thit k th nghim kiu Strip Plot

Th d: Th nghim nghin cu nh hng ca 3 mc bn m v 4 mc ln
khc nhau n nng sut la thit k theo kiu Strip - Plot vi 3 ln nhc li. Cc bc
thit k trong IRRISTAT nh sau:
Trn ca s chnh ca IRRISTAT chon Utinities, chn tip Randomization and
Layout, sau chn Factorial Design nh trn nh sau (hnh 3.13)

33

Hnh 3.13
Chn Factorial Design c ca s Open a rendomization and layout nh hnh 3.14

Hnh 3.14
t tn cho file lm vic trong File name, xong kch chut vao open cho ca
s sau (IRRISTAT: Randomization and Layout) xut hin nh hnh 3.15 di y

Hnh 3.15.
34

T ca s trn, vit dng ch cho thit k trong hp Design title (vit ty

khng quy nh), chn kiu thit k trong hp Design type bng kch chut vo mi
tn chn, sau xc nh s nhc li trong hp Replications theo mun; ghi tn
nhn t theo bng ngang vo Factor name trong hp Define factor, ghi k hiu ca
nhn t bng ngang trong hp Factor ID v s mc ca nhn t bng ngang trong hp
Number of levels; kch chut vo mi tn kp hng Horz: trong hp Factor plot
assignment chuyn thng tin t hp Define Factor sang dng Horz. Tip tc lm
nh vy cho nhn t bng dc.
Bc tip theo l xc nh s ph hp vi s mc ca mi nhn t trong hp
plot dimensions for layout per replication nh hnh 3.15.
Kch chut vo OK chy m hnh thit k c kt qu nh sau:
RANDOMIZATION AND LAYOUT
========================
FILENAME = "C:\PROGRAM FILES\STRIPPLOT.RND"
TITLE = "Thiet ke thi nghiem kieu Strip Plot"
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN = STRIP-PLOT
REPLICATIONS = 3
TREATMENTS = 3 x 4
**** HORIZONTAL ****
DAM (N) = 3 levels
DAM (1) = N1
DAM (2) = N2
DAM (3) = N3
**** VERTICAL ****
LAN (P) = 4 levels
LAN (1) = P1
LAN (2) = P2
LAN (3) = P3
LAN (4) = P4
======================================================================
Experimental layout for file: "C:\PROGRAM FILES\STRIPPLOT.RND"
(STRIP-PLOT)
The following field layout applies to all replications:
(Note: layout is not drawn to scale)
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

REPLICATION NO. 1
------------------PLOT NO. | TREATMENT ID
1 | N2 P2
2 | N2 P3
3 | N2 P1
4 | N2
5 | N3 P2
6 | N3 P3
7 | N3 P1
8 | N3
9 | N1 P2
10 | N1 P3
11 | N1 P1
12 | N1

35

REPLICATION NO. 2
------------------PLOT NO. | TREATMENT ID
1 | N1 P1
2 | N1 P2
3 | N1 P3
4 | N1
5 | N2 P1
6 | N2 P2
7 | N2 P3
8 | N2
9 | N3 P1
10 | N3 P2
11 | N3 P3
12 | N3
REPLICATION NO. 3
------------------PLOT NO. | TREATMENT ID
1 | N1 P1
2 | N1 P3
3 | N1 P2
4 | N1
5 | N3 P1
6 | N3 P3
7 | N3 P2
8 | N3
9 | N2 P1
10 | N2 P3
11 | N2 P2
12 | N2

Da vo kt qu trn, dng bng v s thit k th nghim v ghi cc nhn t

tvo s thc a nh sau:
N2

N3

N1

N1

N2

N3

N1

P2

P1

P1

P3

P2

P3

P1

P3

P2

P4

P4

P4

Nhc li I

Nhc li II

N3

N2

Nhc li III

BI III. TIN HNH TH NGHIM TRN NG RUNG

3.1. Chia th nghim
y l vic chuyn thit k th nghim trn s xy dng ra ngoi thc a
ni lm th nghim. V vy, phi thc hin chnh xc to ra cc th nghim c din
tch v kch thc ging nhau, m bo ng cc v tr sp xp nh thit k.
Tm tt vic chia khi qut nh sau: Dng c cn c:
- La bn (gip nh hng ca khu th nghim)
- Thc vung gc (ke vung) gip nh cc gc mnh th nghim v th
nghim.
36

- Cc so tiu xc nh v tr cc ng thng cm mc v sau p b

ngn hoc v tr ranh gii gia cc ln nhc li v cc vi nhau.
- Thc (c th thc dy hay thc thp) o cm nh v tr.
Nguyn tc chia th nghim thng xc nh t to v nh (c ngha l t
mnh th nghim chia thnh tng ln nhc li sau n chia cc trong ln nhc li).
C th ln lt xem xt qua th d sau y: So snh 5 mc dinh dng ti cc ch tiu
sinh trng, pht trin, su bnh v nng sut la Xun ti Gia Lm - H Ni.
5 mc dinh dng l 5 cng thc c k hiu I, II, III, IV, V). Th nghim c
nhc li 3 ln vi din tch mi l 30 m2 c kch thc (5 m x 6 m). Cc bc chia
c th lm nh sau:
3.1.1. Xc nh ranh gii khu th nghim
S 3.1. nh khu th nghim
Cn c vo thit k nu v a im chn c th ca t rung th nghim (gi s
nh s 3.1) sau:
45m
A
B
A1

20m

31,8m

B1

16m

D1

C1

S 3.1. nh v khu th nghim

3.1.2. Xc nh ranh gii ln nhc li
Khi c v tr chnh xc ca mnh th nghim s xc nh c ranh gii gia
cc ln nhc li (3 ln) nh nu trn gia cc ln nhc li khong cch p b
0,5 m rng hn so vi khong cch gia cc trong cng ln nhc li (song khong
cch gia cc ln nhc phi c rng ti thiu bng khong cch cc ). Cch chia
nh s 3.2.
31,8m
B1
A1
Nhc li 1
16m
Nhc li 2

D1

Nhc li 3
C1
S 3.2. Xc nh ln nhc li ca th nghim
37

3.1.3. Xc nh ranh gii cc th nghim

Nh vy, phi chia mi ln nhc li lm 5 phn bng nhau (mi phn 6 m v
gia cc phn c khong cch 0,4 m) cho 5 cng thc nghin cu (s 3.3).
A

B1

D
C1
S 3.3. Chia hon ton mnh th nghim gm 5 cng thc nhc li 3 ln. Tng s
th nghim l 15 = 5 x 3
3.1.4. Cm bin tn cc cng thc v tn th nghim
Sau khi hon thnh vic chia th nghim xong ngoi ng rung, ngi ch
tr th nghim phi nh du (cm th tn cc cng thc cc theo nh cch sp xp
xc nh cho ph hp vi iu kin c th ni t th nghim, ni dung nghin cu
trnh s nhm ln trong cc cng vic c th khi lm th nghim.
Th nh du (ghi) tn cng thc c th c lm bng g, tre hoc kim loi
khng g. Vi iu kin ca Vit Nam th phn ln c lm bng g hoc tre.
Th c chiu cao t 70 - 80 cm, chiu rng ca th t 8 10 cm. Trong phn
nhn c cm xung t (c th t 15 - 20 cm). u trn ca th khong 15cm dng
vit cng thc, tn k hiu cng thc ghi theo s la m (I, II, III...). Ln nhc li ghi
s thng (ch s di) (V d I2 y l th ghi cng thc I ln nhc li 2).
Th sn ton b mu trng cn ch vit c th mu hoc en l tt nht. Cc
th nn quy nh thng nht cm mt v tr gia hng bin v hng nghin cu trong
v mt pha.
Cc mt c ghi ch s k hiu quay u v mt hng.
Cn biu ghi tn th nghim nn c dng hnh ch nht kch thc (50 cm x 30
cm) l va. Trn c vit tn th nghim, nn bng sn trng cn ch tn th nghim
nn vit mu sn . Bin tn th nghim c cm pha trc th nghim (gia di
bo v v hng bin ca th nghim)
3.2. Lm t, bn phn v gieo cy th nghim
3.2.1. Lm t
Cng vic ny c th c chia lm 2 dng.
- Lm t ging nhau trn c rung th nghim. Thng hay c s dng cho
nghin cu cc bin php k thut canh tc nh: so snh ging, bn phn, mt v
mt s k thut gieo cy khc...

38

- Loi lm t ring bit cho tng (hay tng cng thc). Thng c p
dng cho th nghim v thi v, bin php lm t, theo di tc ng ca phn bn
lin tc n s thay i ca t.
Trc khi gieo cy phi co li hoc san li bng co tay m bo mt bng
ng u ca th nghim, t cng phng cng tt.
3.2.2. Bn phn cho th nghim
Yu cu trc ht ca cng tc ny l m bo s lng v cht lng (chng
loi) nh ng quy hoch th nghim quy nh. Cn phi tnh ton chnh xc lng
phn bn cho mi th nghim, nht l cc dng phn c lng t nh phn cng
nghip. Cc loi phn cng nghip u c quy ra lng nguyn cht th d m, ln,
kali (N; P205; K20)/ha.
Khi em ra rung nn phn vo v tr ca sau kim tra cn thn li ton
b cc theo cng thc ri mi bn.
Nhn chung tt c cc dng phn u phi ti, trn u trc khi bn.
Cch bn, yu cu phi tht u trn th nghim. Nu phn c lng qu t
nn trn vi t bt mn (khng phi ct) d bn u.
Vi th nghim cy gieo ht nn lu khng phn tip xc trc tip vi ht
ging.
3.2.3. Gieo, cy th nghim
y l khu cui cng ca b tr xong th nghim. Tu theo yu cu ca th
nghim m c th a ra:
- Gieo cy ging nhau v ng thi. Kiu ny phi m bo ng thi (cng
thi gian) v ng u.
- Gieo cy khc nhau v khng ng thi.
Phi m bo gieo cy ng quy nh th nghim, khong cch hng v cy
ng u, phi thng hng ngang v hng dc (nht l vi cy trng hng rng v lu
nm).
m bo mt sau gieo cy cng nh lp ht, ng u v s lng dnh hay
ht gieo cy. Nu th nghim v ging khng c ln ging.
Vi cy hng rng (nht l cy lu nm) nn lu c th trng gim b sung
khi c cy cht ngay t nhng ngy u sau gieo cy trong thi gian cho php.
Vi mt s cy hng nm nn tnh ton thn trng c th gim hoc ta nh
cy c kt hp vi chm sc cng sm cng tt.
3.2.4. Chm sc th nghim
y l cng vic thng xuyn gm: ta cnh, lm c, xi xo, vun gc, bm
ngn, bn thc, phng chng su, bnh ... Qu trnh ny yu cu lm ng quy nh
nh thit k trnh lm sai lch kt qu th nghim c chnh xc.
Phi lu tm v lm y cc cng vic ny cho c di bo v.
3.3. Theo di th nghim v ghi chp vo s nht k v s theo di th nghim.
y l phn cng vic ht sc phc tp v cn thit, nu khng thc hin ng
s dn n kt qu khng i din v khng chnh xc. S nht k th nghim v s
theo di th nghim phi c thit k thng nht cho tng loi th nghim, tng nhm
39

th nghim v cy trng th nghim. Phi thng xuyn cp nht s nht k v s theo

di th nghim.
3.3.1. Quan st th nghim
Mc ch chnh ca th nghim ng rung l thu hoch nng sut (nng sut
sinh hc, nng sut l thuyt, nng sut kinh t...), song cng phi c cc thng tin
gii thch cho s khc nhau gia cc cng thc nghin cu ca th nghim. Nh vy
cn phi c cc thng tin quan st c v cy, v iu kin thi tit.
Ni dung ca cc vn quan st bao gm:
- Quan st cy trng,
- Quan st ngoi cnh.
Quan st cc thi k sinh trng ca cy c bt u ngay sau khi gieo cy t
ngy nh: theo di cy mc, cy sng, cy cht, l, thn, cnh, ra hoa, u qu... Cc
s liu ny c i chiu vi s liu v kh tng, t gip cho cc nh khoa hc
c nhn nh ton din mi quan h gia cy vi mi trng sng ca chng trong th
nghim.
T kt qu quan st a ra nhng nhn xt cho cc cng thc mt cch logic v
khoa hc.
Quan st tnh hnh su, bnh phi thng xuyn c th bit c s nh
hng ca n ti nng sut.
Quan st t ai, v.v
Tm li, cc th nghim v sinh l v sinh ho cn quan st v cy l ch yu,
cc th nghim c lin quan n th nhng th nng phn tch v t. Cc th nghim
v phn bn (dinh dng) cn quan st hi ho c t v cy. Cc ch tiu nghin cu
phi da hon ton v thc hin ng nh cng xy dng cho th nghim.
Trnh lm tu tin.
3.3.2. Phng php chn mu nghin cu
Mc ch l mu phi m bo tnh i din, khch quan, chnh xc v da trn
quan im ton hc xc sut thng k. Tuy nhin, t mc ch trn cn phi kt
hp vi c ln ca mu nghin cu mi y .
3.3.2.1. Chn mu ngu nhin
* u im: mu nghin cu mang tnh khch quan v cc gi tr thu c tun
theo quy nh ca i lng ngu nhin, do cc tham s ca mu mang tnh i
din, nhng cc c th trong mu mang tnh bin ng (khng ng u). Song l
hin trng ca th nghim (tnh chn thc) chnh xc ca kt qu nghin cu cao.
* Tn ti: khi dung lng mu khng ln c th dn n kt qu khng
chnh xc, vic thc hin ly mu phc tp v tn thi gian.
3.3.2.2. Chn mu phn phi u
Chn phn phi u y c th thc hin trn th nghim, hoc trn khu vc
iu tra. Phn phi u c hai dng sau:
Dng th nht: Phn phi u theo ng cho.
Dng th hai: phn phi u theo tuyn.
40

Trong dng ly phn phi u, kiu mng li thng hay c p dng hn c

nht l trong lnh vc iu tra.
u im: cc tham s thng k thu c theo cch ly mu ny c chnh xc
cao v khch quan. Cch ny khng phc tp, vn m bo tnh ngu nhin v tu
thuc vo s lng c th ca th nghim m chn mu c ln khc nhau. Nu mu
nh vn t to ra s bin ng ca mu vi hin trng thc trong th nghim.
3.3.3. ln ca mu
ln ca mu (n) ln hay nh ph thuc vo cc iu kin sau:
- Loi ch tiu nghin cu.
- chnh xc ca th nghim.
- S lng c th (cy) c trong mi cng thc th nghim.
Mu ly phi c phn phi u tt c cc ln nhc li. V thi im quan
st c chia lm 2 loi:
Loi 1: Theo di c nh, ngha l chn c nh cc cy theo di da vo mu
xc nh v sau theo di lin tip c qu trnh. Loi ny thng p dng cc
ch tiu thuc qu trnh sinh trng.
Loi 2: Theo di nh k, loi ny thng t ra vi cc ch tiu nh: xc nh
khi lng tch lu cht kh; xc nh nng sut sinh hc, hm lng sc t, ch s
din tch l; hiu sut quang hp; hm lng cc cht N, P, K.... y l nhng ch tiu
khi ly mu theo di phi ph v cc i tng nghin cu.
3.4. Thu hoch th nghim
y l cng vic cui cng ca qu trnh thc hin th nghim trn rung nhng
ht sc c ngha.
3.4.1. Cng tc chun b
Chun b y cc dng c phc v cho vic thu hach th nghim nh: cc
dng c bao gi ng, phi sy nng sn v lu gi nng sut.
Thu di bo v: c th tin hnh trc hoc sau khi thu th nghim hoc thu sau
v phi ring mt khu vc khng gn ch phn thu cc cng thc trnh nhm
ln.
3.4.2. Ly mu nh yu t cu thnh nng sut v nng sut c th
Cng vic ny phi lm trc thu hoch ton th nghim v phi lm ring r
rng cy tng ln nhc li. Tu thuc vo mi loi cy m c cc ch tiu nng sut
khc nhau.
3.4.3. Thu hoch nng sut
Vic ny phi lm ring tng tng ln nhc li. T vic thu hoch, tut p
v cn ong, c th cn nng sut ti hoc kh m tiu chun, hoc phi tht
kh cn nng sut.
3.4.4. Phng php iu chnh nng sut th nghim
Ch t ra khi s cy trn b khuyt do yu t khch quan, nu khng xem xt
iu chnh s c th lm cho kt qu nghin cu km chnh xc. V vy, cn iu
chnh trc khi nh gi kt qu nghin cu.
41

BI IV. TNG KT S LIU QUAN ST

1. Khi nim v s liu th v s liu tinh
1.1. S liu th
S liu th l loi s liu thu c trc tip ngay trn ng rung (ghi chp), hoc
trong th nghim (bng 1, 2)
Th d: Theo di s ht/bng cho la 3 cng thc th nghim nh sau:
Bng 1. S ht la /bng
Bng

CTI

CTII

CTIII

Bng

CTI

CTII

CTII

156

192

199

16

177

205

194

172

205

196

17

169

194

245

196

213

223

18

162

215

256

152

178

178

19

225

205

217

168

196

157

20

216

214

198

152

157

199

21

198

224

205

176

199

214

22

205

224

250

161

252

230

23

212

234

217

145

186

214

24

224

218

219

10

121

200

189

25

198

242

234

11

172

218

192

26

204

235

244

12

119

234

190

27

205

196

198

13

153

246

205

28

192

225

202

14

162

196

223

29

249

205

215

15

179

185

216

30

243

217

237

Bng 2. Nng sut ca mt s ging la kho nghim ti ak H, Tnh Kon Tum,

v Ma nm 2007 (tn/ha)
i 32
32.57
22.89
33.16
31.85
30.59
37.50
25.00
29.30
23.00
36.69
35.55
44.14
38.72
33.12

HT1
53.00
47.30
49.11
53.76
45.79
52.84
46.69
38.42
40.48
45.91
35.00
59.84
60.77
37.90

KD 18
48.52
24.78
41.66
33.80
43.05
42.23
34.39
45.25
37.33
36.79
44.10
48.45
43.00
46.00

VND 9519
37.15
35.59
36.26
31.48
35.29
40.15
37.61
41.71
47.50
31.87
49.61
48.23
28.26
47.33
42

36.70
35.09
27.67
29.67
31.63
48.37
31.50
34.06
36.96
30.84
31.63
26.85
35.16
35.04
32.25
30.99

51.00
52.28
43.52
46.04
54.50
46.04
46.38
51.02
35.95
45.20
36.64
45.91
58.52
42.75
50.52
45.87

43.46
49.41
32.54
43.75
38.61
52.84
42.26
42.03
37.60
42.65
45.03
41.93
36.23
43.18
45.53
43.43

48.38
36.50
37.33
26.11
43.58
34.49
40.34
32.99
46.07
38.00
54.41
29.52
34.35
35.21
52.49
53.10

T s liu trong bng 1, 2 ta rt kh xc nh s ht trung bnh /bng ca tng

cng thc mt cch i din (bng 1) hoc nng sut trung bnh ca mi ging (bng
2)
gip gii thch cc vn nu trn cn phi chuyn s liu th sang s liu tinh
1.2. S liu tinh:
l s liu c tnh trc tip t s liu th theo nhng tham s thng k cn thit.
T s liu tinh mi c th nh gi s khc nhau cc ch tiu nghin cu trong cc
cng thc th nghim (bng 3, 4)
Bng 3. Nng sut c ph ch trong 3 nm cc cng thc trn t Daklak
(Kg qu ti/cy)
Cng thc

1984

1985

1986

i chng

4.2

0.2

4.0

Sicarol

5.2

0.9

Bayleton bt

4.8

Bayleton nc
Bordeaux

Bnh qun

% so i chng

7.2

3.
0
4.

100.
0
146.6

2.9

8.8

5.

188.3

5.0

3.1

9.5

5.

196.6

4.5

1.7

7.1

4.

146.6

43

Bng 4. Ch tiu sinh trng, nng sut, cc yu t cu thnh nng sut cc ging
lc kho nghim trn t i v 2 nm 2006 ti x k La - huyn k H

STT Ging

Ch tiu so snh
Thi
Chiu
gian
cao
sinh
cy
trng (cm)
(ngy)
93
38,0
93
40,2
91
37,1
92
39,4
93
37,5
93
38,0
93
35,8
93
35,7
93
37,2
93
38,9

Tng
s qu
trn
cy
(qu)
13,1
13,2
11,8
14,1
13,3
9,5
11,9
14,1
11,6
12,1

S qu Nng
chc/cy sut
(qu)
(t/ha)

NS tng
(+), gim
(-) so vi
/C (%)

+ 79,3
9,5 36,4 b
1
L14
+ 90,1
9,7 38,6 a
2
LDH01
8,5
20,3 g
3
L (/C)
+ 66,9
10,5 33,9c
4
MD7
+ 23,2
10,5
25,0 e
5
L17
+ 9,4
8,5 22,2 f
6
LVT
+ 9,4
9,1 22,2 f
7
V78
+ 42,4
12,1 28,9 d
8
LO8
8,6 20,8 f
9
VD2
- 18,0
8,0 17,2 k
10
L12
3,8
CV (%)
1,7
LSD0,05
1.3. Phng php iu chnh nng sut th nghim
Khi s cy trn b khuyt do yu t khch quan, nu khng xem xt iu
chnh s c th lm cho kt qu nghin cu km chnh xc. V vy, cn phi iu chnh
trc khi nh gi kt qu nghin cu.
Cc cch iu chnh:
- iu chnh nng sut ca theo nng sut c th trung bnh.
U ' = V*X
Trong : U- Nng sut th nghim iu chnh
V - Nng sut TB ca 1 cy
X - S cy l thuyt trn
- Theo Zalemski
U ' = 1/2 [U + ( V * X )]
y: U: nng sut thc ca
U': nng sut hiu chnh
X: s cy trong
V: nng sut TB ca 1 cy
- Theo Derevitski th
U ' = U* [(X+X)/2X]
Trong : X : S cy thc t cn trong
X : s cy trung bnh ca
U' v U nh cng thc nu
Ngoi ra cn phng php h s hi quy (chnh xc hn c), nhng phng php tnh
ton rt phin phc. Do vy nn dng phng php Derevitski
44

2. Phn loi s liu

Cc s liu trong nghin cu thu c c th c chia thnh 2 loi l: S liu
nh lng (hay cn gi l s lng) v s liu nh tnh.
2.1. S liu nh lng
L nhng s liu m ngi quan st c th cn, ong, o, m c d dng v chnh
xc. Th d nh: chiu cao cy, khi lng ht, nng sut...
2.2. S liu nh tnh
S liu ny khng o, m, cn ong m ch chia thnh mt s loi (lp, cp) Th d
nh: Mu sc ht, tnh hnh su, bnh, hnh dng ht...
3. Kim tra s liu nghi ng
Trong qu trnh thc hin theo di th nghim kh c th on ht c sai st, nht l
sai st do s th gy ra. c th khng nh s liu trc khi a vo phn tch nn
loi b ngay hay tm ra ngoi. Phng php x l nh sau:
Da vo cng thc

tn

tnh tham s thc nghim, sau so vi

xi* x
tn =
s
Trong :

xi* :

s liu nghi ng

x : trung bnh mu
S : lch chun mu

tn : tiu chun kim tra (gi tr thc tnh) s c

: vi bc t do df= n-1 mc ngha (tra bng)

so snh vi gi tr l thuyt

: mc ngha 0,01; df l bc t do; n l dung lng mu

Nu tn < lt chp nhn li s nghi ng
Nu tn > lt loi b s nghi ng (loi ra khi dy s liu quan st)
Th d: Theo di chiu cao cy la 10 khm c cc gi tr sau (cm): 98,2; 92,0; 82,7;
92,5; 89,0; 87,9; 99,2; 99,5; 97,0; 100,5.
Trong c s liu 82,7 cm l s liu nghi ng nn cn phi kim tra. Ta c x = 93,9
cm; s= 6,0 cm.
82,7 93,9
= 1,87 . Tra bng c
Tnh tn =
6,0

So snh

tn

vi

ta thy

0, 01; df =9

= 2,33

tn < , nn chp nhn s liu 82,7 cm l s liu

ca dy 10 cy la o.
45

4. Cch sp xp s liu
4.1. Vi s liu nh lng
Nu nh dy s liu quan st n < 30 th vn trnh by s liu n gin, nhng
nu nh dy s liu nhiu nn tin hnh phn nhm (hay t) s liu.
Kinh nghim cho thy s t tu theo gi tr ca ch tiu theo di m chia t 5
20. C th tham kho mt vi cng thc sau y:
- Theo Dospekhov (1979) th:
Khi c 30 - 60 s liu th chia 6 - 7 t.
60 - 100 s liu th chia 7 - 8 t.
Trn 100 s liu th nn chia 8 - 15 t.
- Theo nhm thng k Trng i hc Nng nghip Bc Kinh th:
Khi c 40 - 60 s liu nn chia 6 - 8 t.
60 - 100 s liu nn chia 7 - 10 t
100 - 200 s liu nn chia 10 -12 t.
200 - 500 s liu nn chia 12 - 17 t. Trn 500 s liu nn chia 17 - 20 t.
Hoc theo B.Rooke v Carruther:
K = 5 lg(n)
Trong : K: s t phn chia;
n: s lng c th quan st (s s liu).
Sau khi xc nh c s t (l s nguyn), tnh c khong cch t. Gi khong
cch t l h th:
h = (X max - X min)/K
y: h l khong cch t
X max: gi tr ln nht ca dy s liu
X min: gi tr nh nht ca dy s liu
Sau s sp xp cc t v lp bng phn phi tn s.
Bng 3. Kt qu o chiu cao ca 100 cy c chua (cm)
76

73

75

73

74

74

74

74

74

77

74

72

75

76

73

71

73

80

75

75

68

72

78

74

75

74

69

77

77

72

72

76

76

77

70

77

72

74

77

76

78

72

70

74

76

72

73

71

74

74

75

79

75

74

75

74

71

73

75

73

75

70

73

75

70

72

72

71

76

73

74

76

74

75

74

76

75

75

73

73

78

74

73

75

74

73

72

76

73

76

74

71

72

71

79

78

69

77

73

71

Xc nh s t bng cng thc: k = 5lg.n

46

Thay s ta c k = 5 x lg100 = 10 t
Xmin = 68 cm v Xmax = 80 cm
Khong cch t h = (80 68)/10 = 1,2 cm
Nh vy, sp xp cc t s gp kh khn v khong cch l nu lm
trn l 1,0 th khng c chp nhn, nu lm trn l 2,0 li qu ln.
Vy nn chia dy s liu lm 12 t.
Nh vy s c khong cch t: h = (80 68)/12 = 1,0 cm
Bng phn phi tn s c xc nh nh sau:
S t
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Gii hn t
68 - 69
69 - 70
70 - 71
71 - 72
72 - 73
73 - 74
74 - 75
75 - 76
76 - 77

Gi tr gia t (xi)
68,5
69,5
70,5
71,5
72,5
73,5
74,5
75,5
76,5

Tn s t (mi)
1
2
4
7
11
15
20
15
11

10
77 - 78
77,5
7
11
78 - 79
78,5
4
12
79 - 80
79,5
3
Tuy nhin, nu ly gii hn ca t nh trn th 1 s liu khng bit s t
no, v vy bt i 1 n vi ca gii hn trn
4.2. S liu nh tnh
y l loi s liu rt kh c kh nh lng chnh xc nn vic chnh l cng khng
n gin. V vy, phi nh ra c cc tiu chun, trn c s s sp xp vo nhm.
Th d: Tm hiu mc hi ca bnh r st u tng ta c:
Cp 0: khng c l bnh
Cp 1: t l bnh xut hin
0 - 10 %
Cp 2: t l bnh xut hin
11 - 20 %
Cp 3: t l bnh xut hin
21 - 30 %
Cp 4: t l bnh xut hin
31 - 40 %
Cp 5: t l bnh xut hin
> 40 %
Nu gi mi l tn s ca cc cp bnh quan st c v n l dung lng mu (s
c th ly quan st) th:
n = m0 + m1 + m2 + m3 + m4 + m5 = mi
T l ca mi cp bnh l: f =

mi
n
47

Bng 5. S l u tng b bnh r st cc cp bnh v t l cp bnh

T

Cp bnh

Tn s (mi)

Tn sut (f i)

T l %

0,45

45,0

0,40

40,0

0,10

10,0

0,05

5,0

10
1,00
0
0
Nh vy, bnh ch yu h mc cp 1 v cp 2

100

5. Cc tham s c trng ca mu
5.1. Cc tham s v v tr
a/ Trung bnh cng k hiu x hay xtb
x=

m x
x=
m
i

hay

khi c tn s

Trung bnh nhn k hiu l G

G

=n

x1x2 ...xn

hoc

G = n x1m1 x2m2 ...xkmk

Trung bnh iu ha k hiu l H

H=

H=

1
i x
i

n
m
i x i
i

b/ Trung v
Nu sp xp cc gi tr t nh n to th gi tr v tr chnh gia
c gi l trung v Me. Ni mt cch l thuyt th Me l gi tr c 50% s gi tr nh
hn. Nu n nh th kh xc nh chnh xc Me.
Nu n l s l v cc gi tr u khc nhau th c mt gi tr chnh gia
7 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 20 25
Me = 15

Nu n l s chn v cc gi tr u khc nhau th c 2 s ng gia, c hai u

c gi l trung v.
7 10

12

13

14

15

16 17 18 20 25

27

Me = 15 hoc 16

Khong [15- 16] c gi l khong trung v. Nu c php dng s l th ly

im gia ca khong lm trung v Me = 15,5
97 99 104 105 112 117 trung v Me = (104 + 105) / 2 = 104,5
Nu cc s liu chia thnh lp c tn s th phi chn lp trung v sau ni suy
tnh gn ng trung v.
48

Ngoi trung v cn cc phn v, trong hay dng nht l t phn v di Q1 m

chng ta c th nh ngha mt cch l thuyt l gi tr c 25% s gi tr nh hn, t
phn v trn Q2 l gi tr c 25% s gi tr ln hn. Nu n nh th kh xc nh chnh
xc cc t phn v.
7

10

12

Min

13

14

15

16

17

18

Q1

Me

Q2

25%

50%

75%

20

25

Max

c/ Mod Xt trng hp cc gi tr c tn s
xi

10

15

20

25

30

35

mi

16

36

24

10

ModX
Gi tr 20 c tn s 36 l tn s ln nht vy Mod X = 20
Trng hp c nhiu gi tr c tn s ln bng nhau v ln hn cc tn s khc th
khng xc nh c Mod X.
5.2. Cc tham s v phn tn
a/ Phng sai mu
Phng sai mu cha hiu chnh s2p tnh theo cng thc:

(x x)

sp=

(x

x ) 2 mi

Phng sai mu c dng trong ti liu ny l phng sai hiu chnh, gi

tt l phng sai mu s2:
2

s =

(x x)

(x

n 1

x ) 2 mi

n 1

Cn c th tnh theo cng thc

s =
2

( xi2

( xi )

(n 1)

Khi c phng sai mu cha hiu chnh s2p c th tnh s2 theo cng thc
s2 =

n
s 2p
(n 1)

b/ lch chun
Cn bc hai ca s2 gi l lch chun s
c/ H s bin ng
H s bin ng CV% tnh theo cng thc
49

CV% =

s
100%
x

d/ Khong bin thin (phm vi cha s liu Range)

Gi xMax l gi tr ln nht
Gi xMin l gi tr nh nht
Khong bin thin R = xMax xMin
e/ Sai s chun hay sai s ca trung bnh cng SE, se(x) hay sx
SE =

S
n

z Ngoi cc tham s trn trong thng k cn dng nghing ( bt i xng),

nhn. Hai tham s ny c dng khi xem xt c nn chuyn i s liu khng
phn phi chun thnh s liu phn phi chun hay khng?
6. Biu din s liu bng th.
C nhiu cch biu din s liu bng th: th tn s, th hnh thanh,
th a gic, ch nht (t chc ).
Gi s c dy s liu:

50

X
156
160
164
168
172
176
180

m
10
14
26
28
12
8
2

Tng m
n = Sm
Tng xm
SXm
Trung bnh
xtb
2
SXXm
Tng x m
Phng sai
2
sp
cha hiu chnh
Phng sai
2
s
hiu chnh
s
lch chun
xMax
Gi tr ln nht
xMin
Gi tr b nht
Khong bin
R
thin
Gi tr c
tn sut ln nht Mod(X)

100
16600
166
2758944

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
150

th tn s

160

33.440
33.778
5.812
180
156

170

180

190

th a gic
30
25
20
15

24
168

10
5
0
150

160

170

180

190

Bng cc gi tr ca bin X
39
42
42
43
43
39
41
41
39
41
40
40
41

Tng s n
Gi tr trung bnh
Phng sai mu
lch chun
Trung v
Mod

T phn v di
T phn v trn

41
41
44
42
39
41
42
38
42
37
39
42
42
39
40.923
2.5466
1.5958
41
41
40
42

40
40
40
41
42
43
43
43
39
43
41
40
40

th hnh thanh
30
25
20

15
10
5
0
1

th bnh trn
8%
12%

2%
10%

28%

14%
26%

51

Chiu cao 80 cy la
68

73

61

66

96

79

65

86

84

79

65

78

78

62

80

67

75

88

75

82

89

67

73

73

82

73

87

75

61

97

57

81

68

60

74

94

75

78

88

72

90

93

62

77

95

85

78

63

62

71

95

69

60

76

62

76

88

59

78

74

79

65

76

75

76

85

63

68

83

71

53

85

93

75

72

60

71

75

74

77

Khong chia

Tn s

% cng dn

Thng k
n

80

50-

55

1,25%

Sx

6020

55-

60

7,50%

xtb

75.25

60-

65

11

21,25%

s2

107.632

65-

70

30,00%

10.3746

70-

75

19

53,75%

xMin

53

75-

80

15

72,50%

xMax

97

80-

85

82,50%

44

85-

90

91,25%

Skew

0.17120

90-

95

97,50%

Kurt

-0.55539

95-

100

100,00%

52

7. Mt s quy tc v lm trn s trong tnh ton

Kt qu nghin cu t thc nghim l nhng gi tr ngu nhin v c lp. V
vy, khi tnh ton cn thit phi c nhng nguyn tc va m bo tnh chnh xc va
m bo ngha ca cc gi tr mu i din.
7. 1. S c ngha
Nghin cu thc nghim c thc hin mt mu vi ln n, trong cc
gi tr xi l c lp v ngu nhin. Khi tnh ton cc tham s thng k, kt qu cui
cng s c nhng gi tr l (nhiu s thp phn).
Kt qu cui cng ch ly con s c ngha (phn ch s thp phn) bng vi cc
gi tr quan st xi hay cc gi tr trong php tnh.
iu ny va m bo tnh chnh xc va m bo ngha cc ch tiu nghin
cu trong thc t.
7. 2. Lm trn s (quy tc xp x)
Sau khi xc nh c s ch s c ngha phi tin hnh lm trn s (lun
xy ra trong tnh ton cc kt qu thc nghim).
Quy nh chiu cao cy ly chnh xc ti 1/10 (cm), do , kt qu cui cng
s ly thm mt s thp phn.
Gi s x = 125,543 cm, ch quy nh ch ly mt s l, v vy xtb xp x 125,5
cm hoc nu c trung bnh xtb = 106,876 cm th xtb xp x 106,9 cm .
BI V. PHNG PHP X L THNG K S LIU
I. TNH CC THNG K C BN
Trong Irristat Ver 5 phn Analysis Summary lm nhim v tnh cc thng k c
bn nh: n, Tng SX, trung bnh cng (Mean), lch chun (Standard deviation),
phng sai (Variance), Min, Max, Range (Max - Min), h s bin ng (CV%). Th d
m tp Regsimpl.sys chn bin GY14.
Thng k m t
a1) Sau khi c th chn trong Data Editor c th chn Menu Option thc hin
mt s vic nh:
c cc m t v tp (Edit Description).
Sp th t (Sort) ton b tp theo mt bin (Key) no .

53

To bin mi (Recode)
Xp hng mt bin (Rank)
Thm bt cc bn ghi (Record)
Thm bt cc bin...
a2) Chn Menu Analyse trong ca s chnh Summary Statistics tnh cc thng
k v pht hin cc s liu l (outliers)
Th d m tp AUGRB.SYS chn bin Yield da vo Variates to Describe

Kt qu c bng tm tt cc thng k, bng ghi trung v (median), gii hn v

trn, gii hn v di, s s liu l trn (vut qu gii hn v trn) v s s liu l
di (nh hn gii hn v di), kim nh tnh chun theo A2 ca Anderson. Nu bn
cnh c ghi * hay ** th khng chp nhn tnh chun
VARIATE DESCRIPTION PROGRAM FILE AUGRB 30/ 9/ 4 13:58
VARIATE
YIELD
V 8
NUMBER
84
(S s liu)
MISSING
0
(S s liu b mt Missing)
MAXIMUM
8.250
(Max)
(Max ca Yield nm bn ghi s 66)
REC OF MAX
66
MINIMUM
1.050
(Min)
REC OF MIN
70
(Min ca Yield nm bn ghi s 70)
54

(Trung bnh cng)

( lch chun s ca mu quan st)
(Trung v Me)
(Trung v ca lch chun tuyt i)
(Ly abs(xi Me ) sau tm trung v)
(Uc lng vng chc (robust) ca lch chun )
(Robust SE = Trung v ca DLC tuyt i / 0,675)

MEAN
4.332
STD DEV
1.377
MEDIAN
4.275
MED ABS DEV 0.8750
ROBUST SE

1.296

PLOT LIMIT
NO > LIMIT

Gii hn v trn
S s liu ln hn gii hn v trn

8.250
0
*
I

Trung v Me

+
I
NO < LIMIT
PLOT LIMIT
EDF A**2(3)

S s liu nh hn gii hn v di
Gii hn v di
Kim nh Anderson

0
1.050
0.38

II. PHN TCH PHNG SAI (ANOVA)

Irristat Ver 5.0 c kh nng phn tch phung sai cao hn cc version Irri c.
1. Th nghim mt nhn t (Trng hp 1)
1.1. Th nghim mt nhn t b tr kiu hon ton ngu nhin (Completely
Randomized Design: CRD) (Trng hp 1)
M hnh: xij = m + ai + eij
Bng 1.1. Bng phn tch phng sai
Source of variation

Dgree of
freedom

Sum of
square

Treatment
t-1
Error (residual)
t(r-1)
Total
tr-1
Trong : t l s cng thc trong th nghim;

Mean square

r l s ln nhc li

V d: Th nghim so snh 9 ging la : G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, G6, G7, G8, v G9, G1
l ging i chng. Th nghim c 4 ln nhc li c b tr kiu hon ton ngu
nhin (CRD) trong cc xi mng. Kt qu thu nng sut c ghi li nh bng 1.2.
55

Bng 1.2. Nng sut 9 ging la th nghim theo kiu CRD ti Thanh Ha, nm 2009
Ging
G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
G7
G8
G9
Vo s liu

1
35
48
52
45
52
56
58
55
64

Nng sut trn cc ln nhc li (ta/ha)

2
3
30
27
46
44
49
55
48
50
58
56
63
56
55
63
56
59
72
72

4
32
42
51
53
52
61
55
57
71

T ca s chnh ca IRRISTAT, chn Window

Data Editor
File
New. Vo s liu t bng 1.2 s c kt qu nh hnh 1.3 v save file vi
ui SYS.

Hnh 1.3. S liu trong IRRISTAT

Phn tch
T ca s chnh Window, chn Analysis

Anova

Balanced Analysis .

Ln lt tr li i thoi theo cc hnh di y:

Hnh 1.4.
56

Chn Balanced Analysis m hp Open nh hnh 1.5

Hnh 1.5
t tn file vo hp File name, kch chut vo Open s c hp thoi xut hin
hi: Create new Command File,kch tip chut vo Yes c hnh 1.6. y l file
ghi kt qu sau khi phn tch c gn ui gfc v trong text editor.

Hnh 1.6
T hnh 1.6, chn file s liu cn phn tch trong IRRISTAT s c hnh 1.7
nh sau:

Hnh 1.7
Chn NSUAT trong hp Data File Variables lm bin phn tch. Chn NLAI v
GIONG$ a sang hp Factors, chn tip GIONG$ t hp Factors a xung hp
ANOVA Model Specification (di ch -CONST-), c nh hnh 1.8.
57

Hnh 1.8.
T hnh 1.8, chn Options m hp Heading, ghi: Phn tch ANOVA kt qu
th nghim b tr theo kiu CRD nh hnh 1.9.

Hnh 1.9
Trn hnh 1.9, bm OK chay ra kt qu:
Kt qu phn tch ANOVA
(1) BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE
NSUAT FILE SOGIONG
1/11/** 12:30
---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE
1
Phan tich ANOVA ket qua thi nghiem thiet ke kieu CRD
VARIATE V003 NSUAT Tinh bang ta/ha
LN
SOURCE OF VARIATION
DF SUMS OF
MEAN
F RATIO PROB ER
SQUARES
SQUARES
LN
=============================================================================
1 GIONG
8 3681.22
460.153
46.36 0.000 2
* RESIDUAL
27 268.000
9.92594
----------------------------------------------------------------------------* TOTAL (CORRECTED)
35 3949.22
112.835
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

58

(2) TABLE OF MEANS FOR FACTORIAL EFFECTS FILE SOGIONG

1/11/** 12:30
---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE
2
Phan tich ANOVA ket qua thi nghiem thiet ke kieu CRD
MEANS FOR EFFECT GIONG
------------------------------------------------------------------------------GIONG
NOS
NSUAT
1
4
31.0000
2
4
45.0000
3
4
51.7500
4
4
49.0000
5
4
54.5000
6
4
59.0000
7
4
57.7500
8
4
56.7500
9
4
69.7500
SE(N=
4)
1.57527
5%LSD 27DF
4.57085
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------(3) ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE SOGIONG
1/11/** 12:30
---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE
3
Phan tich ANOVA ket qua thi nghiem thiet ke kieu CRD
F-PROBABLIITY VALUES FOR EACH EFFECT IN THE MODEL. SECTION - 1
VARIATE

NSUAT

GRAND MEAN
(N=
36)
NO.
OBS.
36 52.722

STANDARD
DEVIATION C OF V |GIONG
-------------------- SD/MEAN |
BASED ON
BASED ON
%
|
TOTAL SS
RESID SS
|
10.622
3.1505
6.0 0.0000

|
|
|
|

Phn tch kt qu
1.2. Phn tch phng sai (ANOVA) kt qu th nghim 1 nhn t kiu khi ngu
nhin y (Randomized Complete Block Design: RCB) (Trng hp 2)
M hnh: xij = m + ai + rj + eij
Bng 2.1. Bng phn tch phng sai
Source of
Degree of
Sum of
Mean square
F
variation
freedom
square
Reps.
r1
Treatment t 1
Error
(r 1 ) (t - 1)
Total
tr 1
Th d: Nng sut ca 6 mt gieo vi la nc trong th nghim b tr theo kiu
khi ngu nhin y (RCB) vi 4 ln nhc li, kt qu c ghi li nh bng 2.2
Bng 2.2. Nng sut la cc mt gieo ht khc nhau ti Nam nh nm 2008
Mt
(kg/ha)

Nng sut (kg/ha)

Nlai1

25
50
75
100
125
150

Nlai2
5113
5346
5272
5164
4804
5254

Nlai3
5398
5952
5713
4831
4848
4542

Nlai4
5307
4719
5483
4986
4432
4919

4678
4264
4749
4410
4748
4098
59

 Vo s liu trc tip trong Data Editor hoc qua MS. Excel, kt qu ghi trong
Data Editor nh hnh 2.3.

Hnh 2.3.
Sau khi vo s liu xong, save file vi ui SYS. Tip tc lm cc bc phn tch
ANOVA kiu thit k CRD nh trn, c hnh 2.4 nh sau:

Hnh 2.4.
T hnh 2.4, chn bin NSUAT t hp Data File Variables a sang hp
Analysis Variates, hai bin cn li a sang hp Factor. Sau chn c hai bin trong
hp Factor a xung hp ANOVA Model Specification c hnh 2.5.
T hnh 2.5, chn menu Option, g vo hp Heading: Phn tch ANOVA kt qu th
nghim so snh mt ging gieo b tr kiu RCB; bm OK chy cho kt qu

Hnh 2.5
60

 Kt qu phn tch ANOVA

(1). BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE
NSUAT FILE MADO
2/11/** 10:35
---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE
1
Phan tich ANOVA ket qua thi nghiem so sanh mat do giong gieo bo tri kieu RCB
VARIATE V003 NSUAT
LN
SOURCE OF VARIATION
DF SUMS OF
MEAN
F RATIO PROB ER
SQUARES
SQUARES
LN
=============================================================================
1 NLAI
3 .194436E+07 648120.
5.86 0.007 3
2 MATDO
5 .119833E+07 239666.
2.17 0.112 3
* RESIDUAL
15 .165838E+07 110558.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------* TOTAL (CORRECTED)
23 .480107E+07 208742.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------(2). TABLE OF MEANS FOR FACTORIAL EFFECTS FILE MADO
2/11/** 10:35
---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE 2
Phan tich ANOVA ket qua thi nghiem so sanh mat do giong gieo bo tri kieu RCB
MEANS FOR EFFECT NLAI
------------------------------------------------------------------------------NLAI
NOS
NSUAT
1
6
5158.83
2
6
5214.00
3
6
4974.33
4
6
4491.17
SE(N=

6)

135.744

5%LSD 15DF
409.180
------------------------------------------------------------------------------MEANS FOR EFFECT MATDO
------------------------------------------------------------------------------MATDO
25
50
75
100
125
150

NOS
4
4
4
4
4
4

NSUAT
5124.00
5070.25
5304.25
4847.75
4708.00
4703.25

SE(N=
4)
166.252
5%LSD 15DF
501.141
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------(3). ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE MADO
2/11/** 10:35
---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE
3
Phan tich ANOVA ket qua thi nghiem so sanh mat do giong gieo bo tri kieu RCB

F-PROBABLIITY VALUES FOR EACH EFFECT IN THE MODEL. SECTION - 1

VARIATE

NSUAT

GRAND MEAN
(N=
24)
NO.
OBS.
24 4959.6

STANDARD
DEVIATION C OF V |NLAI
-------------------- SD/MEAN |
BASED ON
BASED ON
%
|
TOTAL SS
RESID SS
|
456.88
332.50
6.7 0.0075

|MATDO
|
|
|
0.1124

|
|
|
|

Nhn xt kt qu tng t nh trng hp b tr kiu CRD. C th dng s liu

ca trng hp th nghim b tr kiu CRD chy theo cch b tr RCB thy c
vai tr ca vic chia khi ( ngha ca phng php b tr th nghim theo kiu RCB)
61

1.3. Phn tch ANOVA kt qu th nghim b tr kiu vung Latin (Latin

Square Design- LS) ((Trng hp 3)
M hnh: xijk = m + hi + cj + CTk + eijk
Bng 3.1. Bng ANOVA cho trng hp LS
Source of
Degree of
Sum of
Mean square
F
variation
freedom
square
Row
Colum
Treatment
Error
Total
Th d: Th nghim so snh nng sut ca 4 ging lc (A,B,C, D) so vi ging i
chng (C) trong th nghim b tr kiu vung Latin, nng sut thu c di dng
nh bng 3.2.
Bng 3.2. Nng sut ca bn ging lc trong th nghim chia khi (ct)
Hng
1
2
3
4

Ct 1
1740(B)
1565(C)
1750(A)
1570(D)

Nng sut ( kg/ha )

Ct 2
Ct 3
1311(D)
1530(C)
1205(A)
1350(D)
825(C)
1625(B)
1280(B)
1690(A)

Ct 4
1445(A)
1370(B)
1200(D)
915(C)

Vo s liu trong IRRISTAT

Save file vi ui SYS c kt qu nh hnh 3.3.

Hnh 3.3.
Cc bc phn tch
Thc hin cc bc tng t nh trng hp CRD cho n khi c hnh 3.4. Ch : sau
khi chn menu Analysis trn ca s chnh ca Window, chn tip Single Site
Analysis.

62

Hnh 3.4.
Trn hnh 3.4, chn bin NSUAT t hp Data File Variables a vo hp Analysis
Variates, bin ny s t ng vo hp Analysis Variates w/ ANOVA, ta c hnh 3.5.

Hnh 3.5.
T hnh 3.5, kch chut vo menu SSA Model, c hnh 3.6

Hnh 3.6.
T hnh 3.6, kch chut vo mi tn ca hp Type of Design chn dng Latin
Square. Lc ny ta s c hnh 3.7.

63

Hnh 3.7.
T hnh 3.7, a bin GIONG$ vo hp Treatment, a HANG vo hp Row, a
COT vo hp Column c hnh 3.8.

Hnh 3.8
Chn Options, g vo hp Heading: Phn tch kt qu th nghim thit k kiu
vung Latin, c hnh 3.9. Bm OK chy m hnh.

Hnh 3.9.

64

Kt qu chy m hnh phn tch nng sut lc

ANOVA FOR SINGLE VARIATES - LATIN SQUARE FILE LATIN
2/11/** 14: 6
---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE
Phan tich ket qua thi nghiem thiet ke kieu O vuong Latin
(1).VARIATE V004 NSUAT
------------------------------------------------------------------SOURCE
D.F.
S.S.
M.S.
F
FPROB
------------------------------------------------------------------ROW
3
63597.7
21199.2
COLUMN
3
702945.
234315.
TREATMENT
3
256475.
85491.7
5.43
0.039
ERROR M.S.
6
94400.3
15733.4
TOTAL
15
0.111742E+07
------------------------------------------------------------------GIONG$ B
, GIONG$ 1 HAS REDIDUAL -1.7 SEs: -130.125
GIONG$ C
, GIONG$ 1 HAS REDIDUAL 1.6 SEs:
123.875
GIONG$ A
, GIONG$ 1 HAS REDIDUAL 0.2 SEs:
17.625
GIONG$ D
, GIONG$ 1 HAS REDIDUAL -0.1 SEs:
-11.375
GIONG$ B
, GIONG$ 2 HAS REDIDUAL 0.7 SEs:
53.625
GIONG$ C
, GIONG$ 2 HAS REDIDUAL -1.2 SEs:
-92.625
GIONG$ A
, GIONG$ 2 HAS REDIDUAL -0.6 SEs:
-48.875
GIONG$ D
, GIONG$ 2 HAS REDIDUAL 1.1 SEs:
87.875
GIONG$ B
, GIONG$ 3 HAS REDIDUAL 0.2 SEs:
18.875
GIONG$ C
, GIONG$ 3 HAS REDIDUAL 0.8 SEs:
62.375
GIONG$ A
, GIONG$ 3 HAS REDIDUAL 0.7 SEs:
51.375
GIONG$ D
, GIONG$ 3 HAS REDIDUAL -1.7 SEs: -132.625
GIONG$ B
, GIONG$ 4 HAS REDIDUAL 0.8 SEs:
57.625
GIONG$ C
, GIONG$ 4 HAS REDIDUAL -1.2 SEs:
-93.625
GIONG$ A
, GIONG$ 4 HAS REDIDUAL -0.3 SEs:
-20.125
GIONG$ D
, GIONG$ 4 HAS REDIDUAL 0.7 SEs:
56.125

BOX PLOT OF STUDENTIZED RESIDUALS FROM LPLT= -1.727

TO ULPT= 1.613
NO.<LPLT
NO.>UPLT
0 ---------I
+
I--------------0
MEDIAN= 0.2376E+00 ANDERSON-DARLING STATISTIC= 0.520
L.S.D. (5%)
216.95
COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION
8.97
(2). MEANS FOR EACH VARIETY - LATIN SQUARE FILE LATIN
2/11/** 14: 6
---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE
Phan tich ket qua thi nghiem thiet ke kieu O vuong Latin
LATIN1
- SECTION 1
ENTRY
B
C
A
D
MEANS
(3). OVERALL:
MEANS
STD ERR
5% LSD
C.V.
RES DF
% EFFCY

NSUAT
1504.
1209.
1522.
1358.
1398.
1398.
62.72
216.9
9.
6.
90.

Phn tch kt qu tng t nh trn

2. Th nghim hai nhn t
2.1. Phn tch kt qu th nghim hai nhn t thit k kiu hon ton ngu nhin
(CRD) (Trng hp 4) (Bng 4.1)
Th d: Nghin cu nh hng ca vic bn phi hp a mc m (ao, a1) v b mc ln
(bo, b1, b2) ti nng sut la (t/ha). Th nghim c b tr theo kiu hon ton ngu
nhin, 4 ln nhc li. Nng sut th nghim c ghi li bng 4.2
M hnh: xijk = m + ai + bj + (ab)ij + eijk
65

Bng 4.1. Bng phn tch phng sai

Source of
variation
Factor A
Factor B
AxB
Error
Total

Degree of
freedom
a-1
b-1
(a-1)(b-1)
(r-1)ab
rab-1

Sum of
square

Mean square

Bng 4.2. Nng sut la khi bn phi hp m, ln

m (A)

Ln (B)

Nli 1

Nng sut (t/ha)

Nli 2
Nli 3
26
23
30
30
31
32
34
34
45
47
51
65

bo
24
b1
28
28
b2
31
bo
a1
47
b1
b2
59
Vo s liu trong IRRISTAT
Save file vi ui SYS c kt qu nh hnh 4.1
ao

Nli 4
27
27
28
31
46
60

Hnh 4.1
Cc bc phn tch
Lm tng t nh trn i vi trng hp phn tch ANOVA ca thit k kiu
CRD c hnh 4.2

Hnh 4.2
66

T hnh 4.2, chn bin NSUAT a vo hp Analysis Variates, ba bin cn li a

vo hp Factor. Tip tc a bin DAM$, LAN$ v DAM$ x LAN$ t hp Facor
vo hp ANOVA Model Specification c hnh 4.3

Hnh 4.3
T hnh 4.3, vo menu Options chn Heading v g: ANOVA cho th nghiem hai
nhan to thiet ke kieu hoan toan ngau nhien; bm OK chy ra kt qu:
BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE
NSUAT FILE FSAIHNTO
6/10/** 23: 9
---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE
1
ANOVA cho thi nghiem thiet ke kieu hoan toan ngau nhien
VARIATE V004 NSUAT
LN
SOURCE OF VARIATION
DF SUMS OF
MEAN
F RATIO PROB ER
SQUARES
SQUARES
LN
=============================================================================
1 DAM$
1 2016.67
2016.67
226.88 0.000 4
2 LAN$
2 962.333
481.167
54.13 0.000 4
3 DAM$*LAN$
2 462.333
231.167
26.01 0.000 4
* RESIDUAL
18 159.999
8.88885
----------------------------------------------------------------------------* TOTAL (CORRECTED)
23 3601.33
156.580
--------------------------------------------------------------------------TABLE OF MEANS FOR FACTORIAL EFFECTS FILE FSAIHNTO
6/10/** 23: 9
---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE
2
ANOVA cho thi nghiem thiet ke kieu hoan toan ngau nhien
MEANS FOR EFFECT DAM$
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------DAM$
NOS
NSUAT
ao
12
27.5000
a1
12
45.8333
SE(N= 12)
0.860661
5%LSD 18DF
2.55715
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------MEANS FOR EFFECT LAN$
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------LAN$
NOS
NSUAT
bo
8
28.7500
b1
8
37.0000
b2
8
44.2500
SE(N=
8)
1.05409
5%LSD 18DF
3.13186
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------MEANS FOR EFFECT DAM$*LAN$
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------DAM$
LAN$
NOS
NSUAT
ao
bo
4
25.0000
ao
b1
4
27.7500
ao
b2
4
29.7500
a1
bo
4
32.5000
a1
b1
4
46.2500
a1
b2
4
58.7500
SE(N=
4)
1.49071
5%LSD 18DF
4.42911

67

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE FSAIHNTO

6/10/** 23: 9
---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE
3
ANOVA cho thi nghiem thiet ke kieu hoan toan ngau nhien
F-PROBABLIITY VALUES FOR EACH EFFECT IN THE MODEL. SECTION - 1
VARIATE
GRAND MEAN
STANDARD
DEVIATION
C OF V |DAM$
|LAN$
|DAM$*LAN|
(N=
24)
-------------------- SD/MEAN |
|
|$
|
NO.
BASED ON
BASED ON
%
|
|
|
|
OBS.
TOTAL SS
RESID SS
|
|
|
|
NSUAT
24 36.667
12.513
2.9814
8.1 0.0000
0.0000
0.0000

Phn tch kt qu
2.2. Phn tch phng sai kt qu th nghim hai nhn t thit k kiu khi
ngu nhin y (RCB) (Trng hp 5)
Phn tch phng sai cho trng hp ny nhm xc nh hiu qu ca mi nhn t A,
B v tng tc ca chng ti kt qu th nghim, ng thi xc nh bin ng ca
khi loi tr n ra khi sai s th nghim. Gi thit trong th nghim nhn t A c a
mc, nhn t B c b mc vi r ln nhc li, bng phn tch phng sai nh bng 5.1:
M hnh: xijk = m + rk + ai + bj + (ab)ij + eijk
Bng 5.1. ANOVA cho th nghim hai nhn t kiu khi ngu nhin y
Source of
Degree of
Sum of
Mean square
F
variation
freedom
square
Reps.
r-1
Factor A
a-1
Factor B
b-1
AxB
(a-1)(b-1)
Error
(r-1)(ab-1)
Total
rab-1
Th d: Dng file s liu c sn trong IRRISTAT ca v d trn (th nghim hai nhn
t thit k kiu hon ton ngu nhin) tin hnh phn tch ANOVA cho trng hp
ny. Cch tin hnh c th nh sau:
Thc hin cc bc phn tch tng t nh trng hp phn tch ANOVA cho kiu
thit k CRD n bc c hnh nh hnh 4.2 trong v d trn. Tip tc a bin
NSUAT vo hp Analysis Variate, ba bin cn li a vo hp Factor. Sau a
bin NLAI, DAM$, LAN$ t hp Factor v DAM$ x LAN$ xung hp ANOVA
Model Specification c hnh 5.1:

Hnh 5.1
68

T hnh 5.1, chn Options, m hp Heading g: ANOVA cho thi nghiem hai nhan to
thiet ke kieu khoi ngau hien day du. Bm OK cho kt qu sau:
BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE
NSUAT FILE FSAIHNTO
6/ 10/** 22:35
---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE
1
ANOVA cho thi nghiem hai nhan to thiet ke kieu khoi ngau nhien day du
VARIATE V004 NSUAT
LN
SOURCE OF VARIATION
DF SUMS OF
MEAN
F RATIO PROB ER
SQUARES
SQUARES
LN
=============================================================================
1 NLAI
3 30.0000
10.0000
1.15 0.360 5
2 DAM$
1 2016.67
2016.67
232.69 0.000 5
3 LAN$
2 962.333
481.167
55.52 0.000 5
4 DAM$*LAN$
2 462.333
231.167
26.67 0.000 5
* RESIDUAL
15 129.999
8.66662
----------------------------------------------------------------------------* TOTAL (CORRECTED)
23 3601.33
156.580
----------------------------------------------------------------------------TABLE OF MEANS FOR FACTORIAL EFFECTS FILE FSAIHNTO
6/ 10/** 22:35
---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE
2
ANOVA cho thi nghiem hai nhan to thiet ke kieu khoi ngau nhien day du
MEANS FOR EFFECT NLAI
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------NLAI
NOS
NSUAT
1
6
35.5000
2
6
36.1667
3
6
38.5000
4
6
36.5000
SE(N=
6)
1.20185
5%LSD 15DF
3.62279
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------MEANS FOR EFFECT DAM$
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------DAM$
NOS
NSUAT
ao
12
27.5000
a1
12
45.8333
SE(N= 12)
0.849834
5%LSD 15DF
2.56170
----------------------------------------------------------------------------MEANS FOR EFFECT LAN$
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------LAN$
NOS
NSUAT
bo
8
28.7500
b1
8
37.0000
b2
8
44.2500
SE(N=
8)
1.04083
5%LSD 15DF
3.13743
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------MEANS FOR EFFECT DAM$*LAN$
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------DAM$
LAN$
NOS
NSUAT
ao
bo
4
25.0000
ao
b1
4
27.7500
ao
b2
4
29.7500
a1
bo
4
32.5000
a1
b1
4
46.2500
a1
b2
4
58.7500
SE(N=
4)
1.47196
5%LSD 15DF
4.43700
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

69

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE FSAIHNTO

6/10/** 22:35
---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE
3
ANOVA cho thi nghiem hai nhan to thiet ke kieu khoi ngau nhien day du
F-PROBABLIITY VALUES FOR EACH EFFECT IN THE MODEL. SECTION - 1
VARIATE
|DAM$*LAN|

GRAND MEAN
(N=

|$

|
NSUAT

24)

STANDARD

DEVIATION

-------------------- SD/MEAN |

NO.

BASED ON

BASED ON

OBS.

TOTAL SS

RESID SS

24

36.667

C OF V |NLAI

12.513

2.9439

8.0

0.3605

|DAM$

|LAN$

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

Phn tch kt qu
2.3. Phn tch kt qu th nghim thit k kiu Split-plot (Trng hp 6)
Gi thit mt th nghim c thit k kiu Split-Plot vi a mc ca nhn t A (nhn
t ln) v b mc ca nhn t B (nhn t nh) trong r ln nhc li.
M hnh: xijk = mi + {(rk + ai + (ar)ik} + {(bj + (ab)ij + eijk}
Bng 6.1. ANOVA ca th nghim thit k kiu Split-Plot
Source of variation

Degree of
Sum of
Mean
F
freedom
square
square
Reps.
r1
Main plot factor (A)
a1
Error (a)
(r 1)(a 1)
Sub plot factor (B)
b1
AxB
(a 1)(b 1)
Error (b)
a(r 1)(b 1)
Total
rab - 1
Th d: Nghin cu nh hng ca p mc bn ln khc nhau (p1, p2, p3, p4) ti nng
sut ca g ging lc (G1, G2, G3). Th nghim c b tr theo kiu Split-plot vi 3 ln
nhc li. Kt qu thu nng sut (t/ha) c ghi li nh bng 6.2:
Bng 6.2. Nng sut cc ging lc vi cc mc bn ln khc nhau qua ba ln nhc
Nng sut (t/ha)
Nli 1
li 2
Nli 3
G1
14
15
15
G2
17
16
16
16
16
16
G3
19
19
19
G1
21
20
21
G2
G3
21
22
21
22
21
20
G1
24
23
24
G2
G3
24
24
25
22
22
22
G1
G2
27
26
24
G3
27
27
27
Vo s liu trong IRRISTAT v save file vi ui SYS nh hnh 6.1:
Ln (P)

P1
P2
P3
P4

Ging (G)

70

Hnh 6.1
Phn tch theo IRRISTAT
Lm tng t trng hp 2.1 trn y c hnh 6.2:

Hnh 6.2
T hnh 6.2, a bin NSUAT t hp Data File Variables vo hp Analysis Variates, 3
bin cn li a vo hp Factors. T hp Factors a cc bin ny v tng tc ca
chng vo hp ANOVA Model Specification c hnh 6.3

Hnh 6.3
T hnh 6.3, chn menu Option m Heading v g: Thiet ke kieu Split-plot vo
hp Heading, kch chut vo hp Effect xc nh li sai s ln nh hnh 6.4

71

Hnh 6.4
T hnh 6.4, chn LAN$, kch chut vo Specify Eror, xut hin hp List Effect, chn
tip NLAI*LAN$, OK. Sau chn NLAI*LAN$ hp Source, hp Name cng
xut hin NLAI*LAN$, thay dng ch ny bng Error (a) c hnh 6.5

Hnh 6.5
T hnh 6.5, chn OK chy m hnh phn tch. Ta c kt qu:
BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE
NSUAT FILE SPLITPLO
7/ 10/** 22:42
---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE
1
Thiet ke kieu Split-plot
VARIATE V004 NSUAT
LN
SOURCE OF VARIATION
DF SUMS OF
MEAN
F RATIO PROB ER
SQUARES
SQUARES
LN
=============================================================================
1 NLAI
2 .722223
.361111
0.68 0.523 6
2 LAN$
3 432.083
144.028
576.11 0.000 3
3 Error(a)
6 1.50000
.250000
0.47 0.819 6
4 GIONG$
2 60.7222
30.3611
57.53 0.000 6
5 LAN$*GIONG$
6 11.5000
1.91667
3.63 0.018 6
* RESIDUAL
16 8.44454
.527784
----------------------------------------------------------------------------* TOTAL (CORRECTED)
35 514.972
14.7135
----------------------------------------------------------------------------TABLE OF MEANS FOR FACTORIAL EFFECTS FILE SPLITPLO
7/ 10/** 22:42
---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE
2
Thiet ke kieu Split-plot
MEANS FOR EFFECT NLAI
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------NLAI
NOS
NSUAT
1
12
21.1667
2
12
20.9167
3
12
20.8333
SE(N= 12)
0.209719
5%LSD 16DF
0.628740

72

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------MEANS FOR EFFECT LAN$

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------LAN$
NOS
NSUAT
P1
9
15.6667
P2
9
20.3333
P3
9
23.0000
P4
9
24.8889
SE(N=
9)
0.166667
5%LSD
6DF
0.576527
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------MEANS FOR EFFECT Error(a)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------NLAI
LAN$
NOS
NSUAT
1
P1
3
15.6667
1
P2
3
20.3333
1
P3
3
23.3333
1
P4
3
25.3333
2
P1
3
15.6667
2
P2
3
20.3333
2
P3
3
22.6667
2
P4
3
25.0000
3
P1
3
15.6667
3
P2
3
20.3333
3
P3
3
23.0000
3
P4
3
24.3333
SE(N=
3)
0.419438
5%LSD 16DF
1.25748
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------MEANS FOR EFFECT GIONG$
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------GIONG$
NOS
NSUAT
G1
12
19.1667
G2
12
21.5833
G3
12
22.1667
SE(N= 12)
0.209719
5%LSD 16DF
0.628740
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------MEANS FOR EFFECT LAN$*GIONG$
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------LAN$
GIONG$
NOS
NSUAT
P1
G1
3
14.6667
P1
G2
3
16.3333
P1
G3
3
16.0000
P2
G1
3
19.0000
P2
G2
3
20.6667
P2
G3
3
21.3333
P3
G1
3
21.0000
P3
G2
3
23.6667
P3
G3
3
24.3333
P4
G1
3
22.0000
P4
G2
3
25.6667
P4
G3
3
27.0000
SE(N=
3)
0.419438
5%LSD 16DF
1.25748
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE SPLITPLO
7/ 10/** 22:42
---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE
3
Thiet ke kieu Split-plot
F-PROBABLIITY VALUES FOR EACH EFFECT IN THE MODEL. SECTION - 1
VARIATE
GRAND MEAN
STANDARD
DEVIATION
C OF V |NLAI |LAN$
|Error(a)|GIONG$
|LAN$*GIO|
(N=
36)
-------------------- SD/MEAN |
|
|
|
|NG$
|
NO.
BASED ON
BASED ON
%
|
|
|
|
|
|
OBS.
TOTAL SS
RESID SS
|
|
|
|
|
|
NSUAT
36 20.972
3.8358
0.72649
3.5 0.5228
0.0000
0.8188
0.0000
0.0182

73

 Phn tch kt qu
2.4. Phn tch kt qu th nghim thit k kiu Strip-plot (chia bng) (Trng
hp 7)
Vi thit k kiu chia bng, ngoi vic phn tch hiu qu ca tng yu t
nghin cu ngi ta c bit quan tm n hiu qu tng tc ca chng qua giao
im ca hai loi bng ngang v bng ng, rt cn c tnh trong m hnh. Vi thit
k ny c 3 loi kch thc v c 3 loi sai s th nghim tng ng.
M hnh: xijk = mi + rk + ai + (ar)ik + bj + (br)jk + (ab)ij + eijk
V d: Kt qu ca th nghim theo di nng sut ca 6 ging la gieo vi (v1, v2, v3,
v4, v5, v6) trn 3 nn m (N1, N2, N3) trong thit k kiu chia bng vi 3 ln nhc
li, s liu th nghim c di dng bng 7.1 sau:
m (kg/ha)
Nlai I
v1
0(N1)
60(N2)
120(N3)
v2
N1
N2
N3
v3
N1
N2
N3
v4
N1
N2
N3
v5
N1
N2
N3
v6
N1
N2
N3

Nng sut (kg/ha)

Nlai II

Nlai III

2373
4076
7254

3958
6431
6808

4384
4889
8582

4007
5630
7053

5795
7334
8284

5001
7177
6297

2620
4676
7666

4508
6672
7328

5621
7019
8611

2726
4838
6881

5630
7007
7735

3821
4816
6667

4447
5549
6880

3276
5340
5080

4582
6011
6076

2572
3896
1556

3724
2822
2706

3326
4425
3214

Ngun: Gomez, 1984.

74

Cc bc phn tch phng sai nh sau:

Bng 3.4. Bng phn tch phng sai th nghim b tr kiu chia bng
Source of variation
Reps.
Horizontal factor(A),
Variety
Error (a)
Vertical factor(B),
Ntrogen
Error(b)
AxB
Error(c)

Degree of
freedom
r 1=2
a 1=5

Sum of
square

Mean
square

(r-1)(a 1)=10
b 1=2

(r-1)(b-1)=4
(a-1)(b-1)=10
(r-1)(a-1)(b1)=20
Total
rab-1=53
Trn c s bng phn tch phng sai c hnh thnh cho thy trong th nghim
c 3 ngun bin ng c bn: bin ng theo hng ng vi nhn t bng ngang, mt
bin ng theo ct ng vi nhn t bng ng v mt ngun bin ng th ba tng
ng vi giao im (tng tc) gia bng ngang v bng ng. Do vy khi chy
ANOVA trong IRRISTAT phi a c ba ngun bin ng vo m hnh phn tch.
- Lp file s liu cho phn tch ANOVA (hnh 7.1)
- Phn tch, lm tng t nh trng hp ANOVA ca th nghim thit k kiu SplitPlot cho n khi c hnh 7.2
- T hnh 7.2 chn Option m hp Heading v ghi ANOVA cho thit k kiu Strip
Plot, sau chn Effect, chn NLAI*GIONG$ v chuyn thnh Error (a), tip tc
chn NLAI*DAM$ v chuyn thnh Error(b). OK chy ANOVA cho kt qu sau:

Hnh 7.1

75

Hnh 7.2

Hnh 7.3
Kt qu phn tch phng sai cho th nghim thit k kiu Strip plot nh sau:
BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE NSUAT FILE STRIP 19/10/105:38
------------------------------------------------------------------ :PAGE

ANOVA cho thiet ke thi nghiem kieu Strip plot

VARIATE V004 NSUAT
LN

SOURCE OF VARIATION

DF

SUMS OF
MEAN
F RATIO PROB ER
SQUARES
SQUARES
LN
=============================================================================
1 NLAI
2 .922096E+07 .461048E+07 11.20 0.001 7
2 GIONG$
5 .571002E+08 .114200E+08 27.74 0.000 7
3 Error(a)
10 .149226E+08 .149226E+07
3.63 0.007 7
4 DAM$
2 .506761E+08 .253380E+08 61.55 0.000 7
5 Error(b)
4 .297491E+07 743727.
1.81 0.166 7
6 GIONG$*DAM$
10 .238780E+08 .238780E+07
5.80 0.000 7
* RESIDUAL
20 .823290E+07 411645.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------* TOTAL (CORRECTED)
53 .167006E+09 .315105E+07
----------------------------------------------------------------------------TABLE OF MEANS FOR FACTORIAL EFFECTS FILE STRIP
19/ 10/10 5:38
------------------------------------------------------------------ :PAGE
2
ANOVA choThiet ke thi nghiem kieu Strip plot
MEANS FOR EFFECT NLAI
------------------------------------------------------------------------------NLAI
NOS
NSUAT
1
18
4705.56
2
18
5579.89
3
18
5584.39
SE(N= 18)
151.226
5%LSD 20DF
446.110
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

76

MEANS FOR EFFECT GIONG$

------------------------------------------------------------------------------GIONG$
NOS
NSUAT
v1
9
5417.22
v2
9
6286.44
v3
9
6080.11
v4
9
5569.00
v5
9
5249.00
v6
9
3137.89
SE(N=
9)
213.865
5%LSD 20DF
630.895
------------------------------------------------------------------------------MEANS FOR EFFECT Error(a)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------NLAI
GIONG$
NOS
NSUAT
1
v1
3
4567.67
1
v2
3
5563.33
1
v3
3
4987.33
1
v4
3
4815.00
1
v5
3
5625.33
1
v6
3
2674.67
2
v1
3
5732.33
2
v2
3
7137.67
2
v3
3
6169.33
2
v4
3
6790.67
2
v5
3
4565.33
2
v6
3
3084.00
3
v1
3
5951.67
3
v2
3
6158.33
3
v3
3
7083.67
3
v4
3
5101.33
3
v5
3
5556.33
3
v6
3
3655.00
SE(N=
3)
370.425
5%LSD 20DF
1092.74
------------------------------------------------------------------------------MEANS FOR EFFECT DAM$
------------------------------------------------------------------------------DAM$
NOS
NSUAT
n1
18
4020.61
n2
18
5478.22
n3
18
6371.00
SE(N= 18)
151.226
5%LSD 20DF
446.110
------------------------------------------------------------------------------MEANS FOR EFFECT Error(b)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------NLAI
DAM$
NOS
NSUAT
1
n1
6
3124.17
1
n2
6
4777.50
1
n3
6
6215.00
2
n1
6
4481.83
2
n2
6
5934.33
2
n3
6
6323.50
3
n1
6
4455.83
3
n2
6
5722.83
3
n3
6
6574.50
SE(N=
6)
261.930
5%LSD 20DF
772.686
------------------------------------------------------------------------------MEANS FOR EFFECT GIONG$*DAM$
------------------------------------------------------------------------------GIONG$
DAM$
NOS
NSUAT
v1
n1
3
3571.67
v1
n2
3
5132.00
v1
n3
3
7548.00
v2
n1
3
4934.33
v2
n2
3
6713.67
v2
n3
3
7211.33
v3
n1
3
4249.67
v3
n2
3
6122.33
v3
n3
3
7868.33
v4
n1
3
4059.00
v4
n2
3
5553.67
v4
n3
3
7094.33
v5
n1
3
4101.67
v5
n2
3
5633.33
v5
n3
3
6012.00
v6
n1
3
3207.33

77

v6
v6

n2
n3

3
3

3714.33
2492.00

SE(N=
3)
370.425
5%LSD 20DF
1092.74
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE STRIP 19/10/10 8 5:38
------------------------------------------------------------------ :PAGE
3

ANOVA choThiet ke thi nghiem kieu Strip plot

F-PROBABLIITY VALUES FOR EACH EFFECT IN THE MODEL. SECTION - 1
VARIATE
GRAND MEAN STANDARD
DEVIATION C OF V |NLAI
|Error(b)|GIONG$*D|
(N=
54)
-------------------- SD/MEAN |
|
|AM$
|
NO.
BASED ON
BASED ON
%
|
|
|
|
OBS.
TOTAL SS
RESID SS
|
|
|
|
NSUAT
54 5289.9
1775.1
641.60
12.1 0.0006
0.1664
0.0005

|GIONG$

|Error(a)|DAM$

0.0000

0.0070

0.0000

Nhn xt kt qu tng t nh trn

C) Combined Anova Trng hp thit k kiu RCB nhng th nghim ti nhiu a
im hay nhiu v, nhiu nm, th c th kt hp cc s liu phn tch. Cch ny
gi l Combined anova m thc cht l coi a im (SITE) hay v, nm, l nhn t
trn cng, khi (REP) nm trong a im, nhn t th nghim tr thnh nhn t trn
nh ca SITE*REP. Th d thit k RCB vi 6 mc m, 3 khi, 3 a im (tp
Comb.sys) (Bng C1). C th phn tch kiu thit k ny trong Single Site Analysis.
NTRT
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

SITE
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3

REP
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3

YIELD
1.979
1.511
3.664
3.617
3.580
3.939
4.320
4.068
3.856
4.572
4.340
4.132
6.065
5.463
5.435
5.862
4.626
4.913
5.630
6.780
4.933
6.092
6.571
6.084
5.136
5.836
4.898

NTRT
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

SITE
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3

REP
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3

YIELD
7.153
6.504
6.326
5.916
6.982
7.145
6.336
5.456
5.663
7.223
7.107
6.051
7.191
6.109
7.967
5.571
5.854
5.533
7.234
6.829
5.874
5.805
6.890
7.113
6.765
5.263
3.910
78

NTRT: m;
SITE: im th nghim
REP: Nhc li;
YIELD: Nng sut
SITE c sai s l SITE*REP cn NTRT v tng tc SITE*NTRT c sai s l
RESIDUAL
Irristat Ver 5 c thm phn Combine anova vi m hnh mixed REML Mixed
Model Analysis

3. Phn tch phng sai kt qu th nghim b tr nhiu ni (Trng hp

10)
S liu t mt th nghim nghin cu 6 mc bn m ti 3 ni khc nhau cng
trong thit k kiu khi ngu nhin y ( RCB ) vi 3 ln nhc li (Bng C1)
Bng phn tch phng sai:
Source of variation

Degree of freedom

Site

s-1=2

Reps. Within Site

s(r-1)=6

Treatment

t-1=5

Site x Treaatment

(s-1)(t-1)=10

Error

s(r-1)(t-1)=30

Total

srt-1=53

S: ni; r: nhc lai; t: cng thc

Cc bc phn tch
Chy ANOVA cn i nh cc trng hp 2 nhn t thit k theo kiu RCB:

Chn Effects, chn Site trong hp Source, kch vo Specify error cho hin List Effects;
chn Site * Rep, kch OK xc nh sai s ca Site.
Tip tc xc nh sai s cho NTRT (cng thc) theo cch trn bng NTRT * SITE
hp List Effects.
Chn OK chy m hnh, c kt qu sau:
79

BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE

YIELD FILE QUANOI
11/ 10/10 14:43
------------------------------------------------------------------ :PAGE
1
VARIATE V004 YIELD
LN
SOURCE OF VARIATION
DF SUMS OF
MEAN
F RATIO PROB ER
SQUARES
SQUARES
LN
=============================================================================
1 SITE
2 5.87069
2.93534
4.67 0.060 2
2 SITE*REP
6 3.77451
.629085
1.46 0.224 5
3 NTRT
5 62.9067
12.5813
29.26 0.000 5
4 NTRT*SITE
10 11.2305
1.12305
2.61 0.020 5
* RESIDUAL
30 12.8985
.429949
----------------------------------------------------------------------------* TOTAL (CORRECTED)
53 96.6809
1.82417
----------------------------------------------------------------------------TABLE OF MEANS FOR FACTORIAL EFFECTS FILE QUANOI
11/ 10/10 14:43
------------------------------------------------------------------ :PAGE
2
MEANS FOR EFFECT SITE
------------------------------------------------------------------------------SITE
NOS
YIELD
1
18
5.43567
2
18
5.99800
3
18
5.21478
SE(N= 18)
0.186947
5%LSD
6DF
0.646680
------------------------------------------------------------------------------MEANS FOR EFFECT SITE*REP
------------------------------------------------------------------------------SITE
REP
NOS
YIELD
1
1
6
5.63183
1
2
6
5.51183
1
3
6
5.16333
2
1
6
5.78100
2
2
6
5.93250
2
3
6
6.28050
3
1
6
5.66500
3
2
6
5.18383
3
3
6
4.79550
SE(N=
6)
0.267691
5%LSD 30DF
0.773113
------------------------------------------------------------------------------MEANS FOR EFFECT NTRT
------------------------------------------------------------------------------NTRT
NOS
YIELD
1
9
3.39267
2
9
5.04533
3
9
5.77333
4
9
6.38678
5
9
6.51178
6
9
6.18700
SE(N=
9)
0.218568
5%LSD 30DF
0.631244
------------------------------------------------------------------------------MEANS FOR EFFECT NTRT*SITE
------------------------------------------------------------------------------NTRT
SITE
NOS
YIELD
1
1
3
2.38467
1
2
3
3.71200
1
3
3
4.08133
2
1
3
4.34800
2
2
3
5.65433
2
3
3
5.13367
3
1
3
5.78100
3
2
3
6.24900
3
3
3
5.29000
4
1
3
6.66100
4
2
3
6.68100
4
3
3
5.81833
5
1
3
6.79367
5
2
3
7.08900
5
3
3
5.65267
6
1
3
6.64567
6
2
3
6.60267
6
3
3
5.31267
SE(N=
3)
0.378572
5%LSD 30DF
1.09335
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

80

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE QUANOI

11/ 10/10 14:43
------------------------------------------------------------------ :PAGE
F-PROBABLIITY VALUES FOR EACH EFFECT IN THE MODEL. SECTION - 1
VARIATE

GRAND MEAN
(N=
54)
NO.
OBS.
54 5.5495

YIELD

STANDARD
DEVIATION C OF V |SITE
-------------------- SD/MEAN |
BASED ON
BASED ON
%
|
TOTAL SS
RESID SS
|
1.3506
0.65571
11.8 0.0600

|SITE*REP|NTRT
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.2238
0.0000

|NTRT*SIT|
|E
|
|
|
|
0.0205

Nhn vo phn kt qu ta c th kt lun: ni khc nhau khng cho kt qu khc nhau,

nu vy cn phn tch ring cho mi ni. Trong trng hp ny, ngi nghin cu nn
lm li th nghim c nh gi chnh xc hn.
4. Phn tch phng sai kt qu th nghim b tr nhiu nm (Trng hp 11)
Bng 11. Nng sut ca 7 ging la th nghim trong thit k kiu RCB vi 3 ln nhc
li trong cng thi v ca 2 nm lin tip.
Nm 1
Nm 2
Ging
s
Nlai 1 Nlai 2 Nlai 3
T.s
Nlai 1 Nlai 2 Nlai 3
T.s
1

3036

4177

3884

11097

1981

3198 3726

8905

1369

1554

1899

4822

3751

2391 3714

9856

5311

5091

4839

15241

3868

3134 3487

10489

2559

3980

3853

10392

2729

2786 2598

8113

1291

1705

2130

5126

3222

3554 2452

9228

3452

3548

4640

11640

4250

4134 3339

11723

1812

2914

958

5684

3336

4073 2885

10294

T.theo
64002
Nm
Ngun: Gomez, 1984
K hiu: s nm: y; Nhc li: r; Cng thc: t
Bng phn tch phng sai:
Source of variation

68608

Degree of freedom

Year(Y)

y 1 = 1

Rep. Within year

y (r 1 ) = 4

Treatment(T)

t 1 = 6

TxY

(y-1)(t-1) = 6

Pooled Error

y(r-1)(t-1) = 24

Total

yrt-1 = 41

Vo s liu trong IRRISTAT:

81

Phn tch phng sai:

Lm tng t nh phn tch ANOVA qua nhiu ni nhng thay ni bng nm th hin
nh hnh di y:

Tip tc lm cc bc tip theo nh i vi phn tch qua nhiu ni v c kt qu

sau:
BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE
NSUAT FILE QUANAM
13/ 10/ 10 8:41
------------------------------------------------------------------ :PAGE
1
Phan Tich ANOVA qua nam RCB
VARIATE V004 NSUAT
LN
SOURCE OF VARIATION
DF SUMS OF
MEAN
F RATIO PROB ER
SQUARES
SQUARES
LN
=============================================================================
1 NAM
1 505124.
505124.
1.36 0.309 2
2 NAM*NLAI
4 .148246E+07 370616.
1.01 0.422 6
3 GIONG
6 .191589E+08 .319315E+07
8.71 0.000 6
4 NAM*GIONG
6 .154960E+08 .258267E+07
7.04 0.000 6
* RESIDUAL
24 .879934E+07 366639.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------* TOTAL (CORRECTED)
41 .454418E+08 .110834E+07
----------------------------------------------------------------------------TABLE OF MEANS FOR FACTORIAL EFFECTS FILE QUANAM
13/ 10/10 8:41
------------------------------------------------------------------ :PAGE
2
Phan Tich ANOVA qua nam RCB
MEANS FOR EFFECT NAM
------------------------------------------------------------------------------NAM
NOS
NSUAT
1
21
3047.71
2
21
3267.05
SE(N= 21)
132.847
5%LSD
4DF
520.732

82

------------------------------------------------------------------------------MEANS FOR EFFECT NAM*NLAI

------------------------------------------------------------------------------NAM
NLAI
NOS
NSUAT
1
1
7
2690.00
1
2
7
3281.29
1
3
7
3171.86
2
1
7
3305.29
2
2
7
3324.29
2
3
7
3171.57
SE(N=
7)
228.860
5%LSD 24DF
667.979
------------------------------------------------------------------------------MEANS FOR EFFECT GIONG
------------------------------------------------------------------------------GIONG
NOS
NSUAT
1
6
3333.67
2
6
2446.33
3
6
4288.33
4
6
3084.17
5
6
2392.33
6
6
3893.83
7
6
2663.00
SE(N=
6)
247.197
5%LSD 24DF
721.500
------------------------------------------------------------------------------MEANS FOR EFFECT NAM*GIONG
------------------------------------------------------------------------------NAM
GIONG
NOS
NSUAT
1
1
3
3699.00
1
2
3
1607.33
1
3
3
5080.33
1
4
3
3464.00
1
5
3
1708.67
1
6
3
3880.00
1
7
3
1894.67
2
1
3
2968.33
2
2
3
3285.33
2
3
3
3496.33
2
4
3
2704.33
2
5
3
3076.00
2
6
3
3907.67
2
7
3
3431.33
SE(N=
3)
349.590
5%LSD 24DF
1020.35
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE QUANAM
13/ 10/10 8:41
------------------------------------------------------------------ :PAGE
3
Phan Tich ANOVA qua nam RCB

F-PROBABLIITY VALUES FOR EACH EFFECT IN THE MODEL. SECTION - 1

VARIATE

NSUAT

GRAND MEAN
(N=
42)
NO.
OBS.
42 3157.4

STANDARD
DEVIATION C OF V |NAM
-------------------- SD/MEAN |
BASED ON
BASED ON
%
|
TOTAL SS
RESID SS
|
1052.8
605.51
19.2 0.3086

|NAM*NLAI|GIONG
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.4224
0.0000

|NAM*GION|
|G
|
|
|
|
|
0.0002

Cch phn tch kt qu tng t nh phn tch kt qu ca phn tch phng

sai qua cc ni, khi coi nm nh ni trong phn tch phng sai qua ni v cch
nhn xt cng tng t.

83

6. SO SNH CC TRUNG BNH SAU PHN TCH PHNG SAI

Khi phn tch phng sai mt nhn t vi a mc: A1, A2, . . . , Aa c bng
phn tch phng sai. So Ftn vi F(, dfA,dfE) trong bng. Nu Ftn F(, dfA,dfE)
th chp nhn gi thit H0: Cc trung bnh ca cc mc bng nhau. Nu ngc
li th bc b H0, tc l chp nhn H1: Cc trung bnh khng bng nhau.
Sau khi phn tch phng sai v kt lun Cc trung bnh khng bng nhau th
vn t ra l cn so snh cc trung bnh bit c th cc trung bnh no bng
nhau, cc trung bnh no khc nhau.
Trong phn tch phng sai mt nhn t msE c k hiu l se2, se gi l sai s
th nghim, dfE l bc t do ca sai s.
Khi phn tch phng sai hai hay ba nhn t th c nhiu gi thit ng vi cc
trung bnh khc nhau (trung bnh ca nhn t 1, trung bnh ca nhn t 2, trung
bnh ca t hp mc, . . .).
kim nh gi thit v s bng nhau ca mt loi trung bnh phi tnh t s
Ftn. Bnh phng trung bnh dng lm mu s trong Ftn chnh l bnh phng ca
sai s dng trong vic c lng v so snh cc trung bnh tng ng cn bc t do
tng ng ca mu s c gi l bc t do ca sai s.
Chng ta s gi chung l: So snh cc trung bnh ca nhn t A vi sai s se
v bc t do dfE.
Phn mm So snh trung bnh
thun tin cho vic so snh cc trung bnh c th s dng chng trnh so
snh cc trung bnh vi 4 cch so snh: Theo LSD, theo Duncan, theo Tukey v theo
SNK. Chng trnh n gin: Goi SOTB sau theo hng dn chy.
Nu mun to tp s liu c th dng Notepad, Turbo hay Vslieu sau to mt
tp gm:
3 dng tiu ghi nh ni dung, a im, thi gian thc hin th nghim.
Dng th t gm 4 tham s: s trung bnh, MSE (bng bnh phng ca sai s th
nghim), bc t do ca sai s, s ln lp r ca mi trung bnh (nu s ln lp bng
nhau). Nu s ln lp ca cc trung bnh khc nhau th ghi 0.
Tip theo l dng cc trung bnh, cch nhau bng khong trng (hoc nu c
nhiu trung bnh th c th ghi trn nhiu dng).
Nu s ln lp khng bng nhau (tham s th t bng khng) th ghi tip dng
cc ln lp ca cc trung bnh, cch nhau bng khong trng.
Th d 1. c 5 trung bnh, se2 = 2,6667, bc t do DfE = 65, s ln lp 14
Ni dung tp s liu:
Th nghim mt nhn t CRD
Thanh Ha
2007
5 2.6667 65 14
13,3 14,6 18,7 19,9 24,0 28,8

84

Th d 2: c 11 trung bnh, MSE = 0,177, DfE = 29, s ln lp khng bng nhau.

Ni dung tp s liu:
Th nghim RCBD
H ni
thang 8 2005
11 0.177 29 0
3.644 3.013 2.948 2.568 2.909 2.565 2.483 2.206
2.041 2.798 1.237
43443343
444
BI VI. TNG KT TH NGHIM
y l cng vic cui cng ca cc nh khoa hc sau khi c kt qu nghin
cu khoa hc. Cc kt qu ny s c bo co trong cc hi ngh khoa hc v gi i
ng bo cng nh cc tp ch khoa hc chuyn ngnh. Song cc kt qu ny trc khi
bo co ti hi ngh khoa hc cn phi c trnh by trong bn bo co chi tit.
6.1. Cch trnh by s liu trong bo co khoa hc
Cc s liu c th c trnh by bng bng s liu, hoc c minh ho qua
th hoc biu (Gi chung l hnh)
6.1.1. Phng php trnh by bng bng s liu
y l phng php c bn cho vic trnh by cc s liu nghin cu khoa hc.
Cu to ca mt bng s liu gm:
1. S th t ca bng (thng c nh gi s theo th t 1, 2, 3, 4...).
2. Tn bng: tn bng ghi ngn gn, tm tt, nhng phi th hin y ni
dung cc s liu trong bng. Tn bng c th ghi n v o ca s liu trong bng nu
l thng nht trong ton bng.
3. Thn bng gm cc hng ngang v cc ct dc. Cc hng ngang nn th hin
nguyn nhn nh hng, cn cc ct dc th hin kt qu ca nh hng. Khng nn
qu nhiu ct dc ch nn t 6 - 8 ct l va. Cn nu nhiu nn tch thnh cc
bng.
4. Phn ni dung ghi trong bng: khi ghi chp s liu cn ch
Mi ch tiu (kt qu) ty theo hng ngang hay ct dc trong cch trnh by
nhng phi thng nht phn s l (s thp phn), phn s thp phn ly nhiu hay t
tu thuc vo loi ch tiu nghin cu v chnh xc ca cc ch tiu y.
Th d v mt bng s liu

85

Bng 6.1. nh hng ca phn bn (phn hu c) n cc yu t nng sut v

nng sut la c sn v ma nm 2009, ti Thanh Ha.
Ch tiu S bng /
S
khm
ht/bng
Cng thc
I (/c)

S ht
chc
/bng

Nng sut (t/ha)

TL (%) P 1000
ht chc ht (gam) L tuyt Thc thu

10,0

154

105

67,9

19,20

42,34

32,40

II

11,2

152

99

65,4

19,27

45,05

33,20

III

11,3

179

128

71,3

19,29

58,59

33,30

IV

12,2

181

129

71,6

19,34

63,69

34,50

11,6

181

122

67,5

19,27

57,22

31,70

Ch : khi quyt nh ly phn s l thng nht nu l s 0 cng phi vit .

6.1.2. Phng php dng th v biu
Trong bo co khoa hc ngi ta thng dng th hoc biu m t
nhng hin tng hoc qu trnh ca hin tng. th c tc dng lm sng t hnh
tng tng i phc tp m bng thng k kh nhn bit, nhng th li khng th
hin c chnh xc c th ca s liu m ch cho ta mt xu hng.
Nhim v ch yu ca th v biu l so snh nhng s liu thng k,
biu th kt cu ca tng th biu th qu trnh pht trin ca hin tng. C nhiu loi
biu nh biu hnh ct, biu khi ch nht, biu hnh bnh trn, v.v
th th c dng thng gi l th ng biu din. Cch v th v biu
nn ch nh sau:
* th ng biu din l th dng ng biu din ln xung biu th
s din bin thay i ca hin tng. N c th phn nh qu trnh pht trin ca hin
tng (ng thi). Loi th ny thng dng biu th tnh hnh bin i v s
lng ca cc hin tng thay i theo thi gian ( th 6.1)
Trn th biu din nhiu ng c th dng k hiu hoc mu sc khc nhau
v m t gip ngi c d dng nhn bit.

Hnh 6.1. ng thi nhnh ca cc dng, ging vt liu siu la c trin vng v
Xun 2009 ti Thanh Ha.

86

* Biu :
Tu thuc vo loi ch tiu biu din m c th dng cho ph hp vi biu sau:
+ Biu hnh thanh:
phn tng thm

th hnh thanh

Qu chi cho o
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1

10

+ Biu hnh bnh trn:

Dng ny hay c dng biu din c cu ca mt tng th (tnh theo % tng
i) (hnh 6.2).

t cy ha ng nm
t mt n c nui ca
t v n ta p

Hnh 6.2. Hin trng s dng t nng nghip ca huyn T Sn - Bc Ninh nm 1998

+ Biu phn b thc ra cng c th biu din qua biu hnh bnh trn.
Song nu nh dng biu hnh bnh trn th hnh dng khng c th, cn nu dng
biu phn phi s c th v r rng hn. Th d nh biu din khi lng hay t l
% r cy phn b cc su tng t khc nhau (Hnh 6.3).
su tng t (cm)
20
40
60
80
100

Hnh 6.3. Khi lng r cy ng phn phi cc su tng t trng

87

6.2. Phng php tng kt v vit bo co kt qu th nghim.

Tng kt th nghim l mt khu quan trng trong cng tc nghin cu khoa
hc. N phn nh ton b kt qu nghin cu th nghim, ch cn s liu xc thc,
phng php nghin cu chnh xc th d kt qu nhiu hay t u khng nh c
ngha khoa hc. Cng vic tng kt th nghim gm cc ni dung sau:
- Chnh l s liu, tnh ton thng k cc tham s i din, dng cc tiu chun
thng k x l v rt ra kt lun.
- Vit bo co khoa hc.
- Gim nh kt qu th nghim.
6.2.1. Chnh l s liu, tnh cc tham s thng k v x l thng k kt qu th
nghim
Sau khi cc s liu c tnh ton t s liu th ra s liu tinh theo cc tham
s thng k cn thit, cc s liu ny c sp xp vo cc bng v c th dng th
v biu minh ho. Qu trnh sp xp ta c th d dng nh gi v so snh kt
qu. V vy khi tnh ton cn ht sc cn thn trnh s nhn ln.
Ngoi vic so snh cc kt qu trong bng cn cn so snh cc s liu trong cc
bng khc nhau. Khi c nhn xt trn nhiu s liu, phn tch mt cch ton din cc
s liu th kt lun rt ra mi khch quan v chnh xc.
Ring s liu v nng sut th nghim cn c bit quan tm hn. V y l mc
tiu cui cng nh gi thnh cng ca th nghim. Do vy cn phn tch k lng qua
phn tch phng sai c tin cy cao.
6.2.2. Vit bo co khoa hc
Vit bo co khoa hc l trnh by mt cch tht s khoa hc v logic. Song
ngn gn kt qu ca cng trnh nghin cu.
Ni dung ca mt bo co khoa hc c th bao gm cc vn nh sau:
+ Tn ti nghin cu (hay tn th nghim)
+ Tn tc gi, ghi r tn ngi ch tr v cc cng tc vin.
+ M u:
Phn ny nu tnh cp thit ca vn nghin cu, mc ch v yu cu,
ngha khoa hc v thc tin. Vit ngn gn.
+ Chng I: Tng quan v vn nghin cu
Phn ny nu bt c c s khoa hc ca ti nghin cu, cc kt qu
nghin cu c lin quan trong v ngoi nc.
+ Chng II: Ni dung v phng php nghin cu
Trong chng ny trnh by a im, i tng, thi gian, ni dung v phng
php nghin cu; cc ch tiu nghin cu.
+ Chng III : Kt qu nghin cu v tho lun

88

Vic sp xp cc kt qu tu thuc vo phng php trnh by song cn m

bo tnh logic khoa hc v khch quan, y c coi l phn chnh ca bo co khoa
hc.
+ Phn kt lun v ngh
Kt lun nu tm tt nhng nhn xt v kt qu cui cng ca ti t c
th xut hng gii quyt cng nh ch trng phc v sn xut. V vy kt lun
phi khch quan, chnh xc. Ch kt lun nhng g lm c c kt qu, c cc s
liu chng minh. Khng suy lun, khng kt lun chung chung v mn kt qu ch
khc a thm vo bo co. Tuy nhin, kt lun khng nn ni chi tit qu v c
ng qu; cn tm ra nhng im mi, im hay xut.
ngh ghi ngn gn nhng xut c cn tip tc thc hin ti hon
thin hn v khi p dng vo sn xut t hiu qu cao hn, thit thc hn.
+ Ti liu tham kho
Cc ti liu ny phi c sp xp theo quy nh chung
+ Phn ph lc
Trnh by cc s liu v kh hu, thi tit c lin quan, cc kt qu x l thng
k s liu nghin cu, v.v
Tm li bo co khoa hc cn phi t mt s iu kin sau:
- Tnh chnh xc: tt c cc ti liu, s liu, cc bng s liu, th, phng
php nghin cu u chun v khch quan. Sai s th nghim c ng tin cy hay
khng?
- Tnh khch quan: kt qu nghin cu cn phi phn nh tnh cht thc t
khch quan, khng theo ch quan ca tc gi.
- Tnh thc t: kt qu nghin cu khoa hc phi c ng dng trong sn xut
ca ngi dn hoc s dng v mt khoa hc tu thuc vo vn nghin cu.
- Tnh n nh: kt qu phi mang tnh quy lut c nh vy th tnh thc t s
hiu qu v thit thc.
- Tnh sng to: y l iu m tt c cc vn nghin cu t ra. V khoa hc l
lun tm ra ci mi, ci sng to hn so vi ci c. Tu thuc vo vn nghin cu
v kinh ph cng nh thi gian m tnh sng to nhng mc khc nhau.

89