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Cc em hc sinh thn mn!

in phn l mt vn kh trong chng trnh ha 12 bi v chng ta c nghin cu rt t nn nhiu em cha
th lm tht tt cc bi ton in phn c. gim bt s kh khn cho cc em thy vit chuyn in phn
ny cc em c ti liu tham kho.
Trong phn in phn chng ta cn nm c mt s vn sau:
+ Vit c thnh tho phn ng in phn.
+ xc nh c nhanh sn phm v cc cc n sinh ra.
+ Ni c s bin thin nng , pH...
Bi tp: Cc bi ton mt cht, hn hp c thm I,t.
I.Khi nim.
- s in phn l qu trnh oxi ha kh xy ra trn b mt cc in cc, khi c dng in 1 chiu i qua dung dch
cht in li hoc cht in li nng chy.
- Dung dch in lie cha ion (+) v ion ( - ) ca ha cht khi trng thi ha tan hoc nng chy.
- Khi c dng in mt chiu qua dung dch in li th ion ( +) v cc m ( catot) v ion ( - ) v cc dng ( anot).
II. C ch ca qu trnh in phn.
V d 1. Trnh by c cht phn ng in phn ln lt cc dung dch sau: CuCl2, FeSO4, NaCl ( c mng ngn),
Na2SO4 vi in cc tr.
a. CuCl2.
- Trong dung dch: CuCl2 Cu2+ + 2Cl-.
- Ti cc cc:
Catot ( - ): Cu2+, H2O
Anot ( + ): Cl-, H2O.
Cu2+ + 2e Cu
2Cl- Cl2 + 2e
dpdd
Pt:
CuCl2
Cu + Cl2.
L thuyt: in phn dung dch - Cc qu trnh xy ra cc in cc tr
* Ti Catot ( - ).
K+ Ba2+ Ca2+ Na+ Mg2+ Al3+
Zn2+ Fe2+ Ni2+ Sn2+ Pb2+ H+ Cu2+ Fe3+ Ag+
2H2O + 2e H2 + 2OHMn+ + ne M
- lun xy ra qu trnh kh, sinh KLY,TB, H2
- nu c nhiu cht oxi ha ( ion kim loi) ion no c tnh oxi ha mnh b kh trc
=> th t kh: Ag+ > Fe3+( Fe2+) > Cu2+ ...
* Ti Anot ( + )
SO42-, NO3-, PO43-..
Cl- Br- I- S2- ...
2H2O O2 + 4H+ + 4e
Xa- X + ae
- lun xy ra qu trnh oxi ha, sinh phi kim, O2.
- Nu c nhiu cht kh ( ion phi kim ) ion no c tnh kh mnh th b oxi ha trc
=> th t oxi ha: S2- > I- > Br- > Cl-.
- Khi Anot lm bng kim loi ( tr Pt ) th cc kim loi b kh trc cc ion PK do c tnh kh mnh hn, lm cho
anot b tan dn ra => hin tng dng cc tan.
V d 2. Cho bit th t xy ra phn ng khi in phn dung dch cha cc cht sau, vit phn ng?
a. CuCl2, NaCl, ZnCl2 vi in cc tr.
b. CuSO4, NaCl vi in cc tr, c mng ngn v cho bit pH ca dung dch trong qu trnh in phn bin thin
nh th no?
c. AgNO3, Fe(NO3)3, Cu(NO3)2 vi in cc tr.
V d 3. Vit cc phn ng in phn cc dung dch sau
a. CuSO4 vi in cc ng.
b. NaCl vi in cc ng.
c. AgNO3 vi in cc Ag.
V d 4. in phn dung dch NaCl khng c mng ngn, vi in cc tr nhit thng, 100oC.
V d 5. Vit phn ng in phn nng chy ln lt cc cht sau: NaCl, KOH, Al2O3.
L thuyt: in phn dung dch - Cc qu trnh xy ra cc in cc tr
1. iu kin ca phn ng in phn nng chy.
- Cc cht em in phn bn vi nhit, khi nng chy khng b phn hy
=> l mui halogenua ca KLK,KT, Mg, baz mnh, Al2O3.
2. C ch.
* Catot ( - ):
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K+ Ba2+ Ca2+ Na+ Mg2+ Al3+

Zn2+ Fe2+ Ni2+ Sn2+ Pb2+ H+ Cu2+ Fe3+ Ag+
n+
M + ne M
Khng b kh.
* Anot ( -): X-, O2-, OH-.
2X- X2 + 2e
2O2- O2 + 4e
4OH- O2 + 2H2O + 4e
V d 7. Cho bit vai tr ca criolit Na3AlF6 trong qu trnh in phn nng chy Al2O3.
III. nh lut faraday.
A.I .t
It
m=
(*) => ne = (**) ( s mol electron trao i), Q = It (***)( in lng trao i).
n.F
F
Trong :
+ m: khi lng cht gii phng in cc ( gam)
+ A: khi lng mol ca cht thu c in cc.
+ n: s electron trao i in cc
+ I: cng dng in ( A)
+ t: thi gian in phn ( s)
+ F : hng s Faraday ( F = 96500 )
IV. Phng php gii bi tp in phn.
- Bi ton in phn c th chia 2 loi chnh l bi ton c I,t v khng c I,t.
- Phn ng in phn v bn cht l phn ng oxi ha kh, nn ta s dng phng php chnh l bo ton in tch
gii.
- Trong qu trnh gii ton cn lu mt s thut ng sau:
+ Khi lng catot tng chnh l khi lng kim loi to thnh sau in phn bm vo.
+ Khi lng dung dch sau in phn gim = m + m.
+ in phn n khi bt u mt hin tng => cc phn ng trc va .
- Khi in phn cc dung dch NaOH, KOH, axit c oxi, mui Na, K ca axit c oxi th coi nh in phn nc,
khi khi lng cht tan khng i.
- Cn lu :
V d 1. in phn dung dch mui MCln vi in cc tr. Khi catot thu c 16g kim loi M th anot thu
c 5,6 lt kh Cl2 ( ktc). Xc nh M?
Hng dn.
16
5, 6
.n = 2.
- ta c:
=> M = 32n => n = 2 v M = 64 ( Cu ).
M
22, 4
* Nhn xt: Vi bi ton oxi ha kh, cho lng cht oxi ha cht kh th phng php gii n gin l s dng
nh lut bo ton in tch: Mol e cho = Mol e nhn.
V d 2. in phn dung dch MSO4 n khi thy anot thu c 0,672 lt kh ( ktc) th thy khi lng catot tng
ln 3,84g. Kim loi M l:
Hng dn.
- Theo bi d thy kh thot ra anot l O2.
3,84
0, 672
.2 = 4.
- Ta c:
=> M = 64 ( Cu)
M
22, 4
V d 3. Khi in phn nng chy hon ton 3,33g mui clorua thu c 672ml kh ( ktc) anot. Xc nh tn
kim loi .
Hng dn.
nCl2 = 0, 03 mol => mKL = 3,33 0,03. 71 = 1,2 g.
1, 2
.n = 2.0, 03 => M = 20n => n =2 v M = 40 ( Ca)
Ta c:
M
V d 4. A-07: in phn dung dch CuCl2 vi in cc tr, sau mt thi gian thu c 0,32g Cu catot v mt
lng kh X anot. Hp th hon ton lng kh X trn vo 200ml dung dch NaOH ( nhit thng ). Sau
phn ng nng NaOH cn li l 0,05M ( gi thit th tch dung dch khng thay i). Nng ban u ca
dung dch NaOH l?
Hng dn.
0,32
= 0, 005mol
nCl2 = nCu =
64
phn ng: Cl2 + 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H2O.
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0,005 0,01 mol

sau phn ng trn nng NaOH cn li 0,05M ngha l NaOH d => nNaOH d = 0,05.0,2 = 0,01 mol
0, 02
= 0,1M
nNaOH = 0,01 + 0,01 = 0,02 mol => CM ( NaOH) =
0, 2
* Nhn xt: Vi bi ton ni tip, tc l ly sn phm cho phn ng tip vi loi ny khng kh ch di thi, tuy
nhin hay cho phn ng tip l nhng phn ng c bit v vy cng gy khng t kh khn. Cc em cn nm r
cc loi phn ng.
V d 5. Sau mt thi gian in phn 200ml dung dch CuSO4 ( d = 1,25g/ml) vi in cc graphit ( than ch) thy
khi lng dung dch gim 8 gam.
a. Tnh khi lng Cu bm trn catot.
b. lm kt ta ht ion Cu2+ cn li trong dung dch sau in phn cn 100ml dung dch H2S 0,5M. Tnh C% ca
dung dch CuSO4 ban u.
Hng dn.
- p: CuSO4 + H2O Cu + H2SO4 + O2
x
x/2 mol.
CuSO4 + H2S CuS + H2SO4
0,05
0,05 mol
nH2S = 0,05 mol
Theo bi: mdd gim = 64x + 8x = 8 => x = 0,1 mol ( vi x l s mol CuSO4 b in phn)
0,15.160
= 9, 6%
=> nCuSO4 ban u = 0,1 + 0,05 = 0,15 mol => C% =
200.1, 25
* Nhn xt: Khi lng dung dch gim, ni mt cch tng qut th chnh bng tng khi lng cc cht thot ra
khi dung dch dng kt ta hoc dng kh.
- y khi lng dung dch gim = mKL bm vo catot + mKh .
V d 6. in phn 174g dung dch K2SO4 10% ( vi in cc Pt) n khi dung dch K2SO4 ban u c nng
25% th ngng in phn. Tnh th tch kh thot ra catot v anot.
Hng dn.
174.10
= 17, 4 g . V in phn dung dch K2SO4 ch c H2O b in phn nn lng K2SO4 khng i.
mK2SO4 =
100
17, 4.100
104, 4
= 69, 6 g => mH2O = 174 69,6 = 104,4 g => nH2SO =
= 5,8mol
=> mdd K2SO4 sau in phn =
25
18
VH2 = 22,4. 5,8 = 129,92 lt
v VO2 = VH2 = 64,96 lt
* Nhn xt: khi in phn dung dch mui ca kim loi kim kim th ca axit c oxi, HF, kim, axit c oxi th coi
nh in phn H2O ( cc cht tan c vai tr l cht dn in).
Nng ca dung dch tng ln l do H2O b mt dn i.
V d 7. in phn m gam dung dch NaOH 2,4% vi in cc tr thy catot c 1120 lt kh v dung dch thu
c c nng 24%. Tnh m?
Hng dn.
nH2 = 50 mol. in phn NaOH chnh l in phn H2O.
=> mH2O b p = 50. `18 = 900g.
m.0, 024
.100 = 24 => m = 1000g.
Theo bi:
m 900
V d 8. Tin hnh in phn 200ml dung dch CuSO4 vi dng in I = 1,93A cho ti khi catot bt u xut hin
kh th thi gian cn l 250 giy. Tnh nng mol dung dch CuSO4 v th tch kh thot ra anot ( ktc).
Hng dn.
- Khi catot bt u xut hin kh => CuSO4 phn ng va ht.
1,93.250
= 0,0025 mol
Theo l faraday: nCu =
2.96500
0.0025
= 0, 0125M
CM (CuSO4) =
0.2
Kh thot ra anot l O2: nO2 = .nCu => VO2 = 0,00125. 22,4 = 0,028 lt = 28 ml.
* Nhn xt: Khi cho It th ta cn tnh mol e qua in cc ng vi thi gian , v so snh vi mol e ca cc cht
tan nu cn thit bit c cc qu trnh in phn xy ra nh th no => c tnh ton thch hp.
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V d 9. Ha tan 50g tinh th CuSO4. 5H2O vo nc c 500ml dung dch X.. Ly 250ml dung dch X em in
phn vi in cc tr, cng dng in 9,65A. Tnh khi lng Cu bm vo catot khi thi gian in phn t1 = 1
pht v t2 = 1 gi.
Hng dn.
96500.0,1.2
= 2000 s
- Thi gian in phn ht CuSO4 l: to =
9, 65
64.9, 65.60
= 0.192 g
- Vi t1 = 1 pht = 60s < 2000s => CuSO4 d mCu =
2.96500
- Vi t2 = 1 gi = 3600s > 2000s => CuSO4 ht: mCu = 0,1. 64 = 6,4g.
V d 10. in phn 0,2 lt dung dch CuSO4, cc tr vi I = 9,65A. Khi c 2 in cc u c kh th ngng in
phn.
a. Tnh nng mol ca dung dch CuSO4 ban u.
b. Tnh thi gian in phn v gim khi lng dung dch sau in phn.
Hng dn.
a. V c 2 in cc u c kh chng t CuSO4 ht. Gi a l s mol ca CuSO4 ban u.
Theo bi: nH2 = nO2 = 0,05 mol
0, 05
= 0, 25M
ta c: 2. 0,05 + 2.a = 4.0,05 => a = 0,05 mol => CM ( CuSO4) =
0, 02
16.9, 65.t
b. mol O2 = 0,05 mol => mO2 = 0,05.32 =
=> t = 2000s
2.96500
mgim = mKL + mKh = 3,2 + 0,05. 2 + 0,05.32 = 4,9g.
V d 11. in phn 1 lit dung dch AgNO3 vi hiu sut 80%. Dung dch sau in phn pH = 3. Th tch dung
dch coi nh khng i. Hi:
a. Nng mol ca cc cht trong dung dch sau in phn.
b. Khi lng AgNO3 trong dung dch ban u.
c. Tnh cng dng in, bit thi gian in phn l 200s
Hng dn
0.001
= 0, 001mol
pH = 3 => [H+] = 0,001 mol/l => nHNO3 =nH+ =
1
phn ng: 2AgNO3 + H2O 2Ag + 2HNO3 + O2.
0,001
0,001
( mol )
a. Sau in phn, dung dch cha:
HNO3: 0,001 mol
20
.0, 001 = 0, 00025mol
AgNO3 ( cn 20%) =
80
0.00025
= 0, 00025M
CM ( AgNO3) =
1
100
.0, 001 = 0, 00125mol => mAgNO3 = 0,00125. 170 = 0,2125g.
b, nAgNO3 ban u =
80
0, 001.96500
= 0, 4825 A
c. ta c: I =
200
V d 12. in phn 200g dung dch AgNO3 4,25% v Cu(NO3)2 9,4% in cc tr vi cng dng in 5A
a.Sau 25 pht 44 giy dng in phn, ly catot sy kh thy tng m gam. Tnh gi tr ca m v gim khi
lng ca dung dch
b.Khi c 8,2g kim loi bm vo catot th ngng li thu c dung dch Z. Tnh nng % dung dch Z
c. Tnh thi gian in phn xong 2 mui lc u.
d. Tnh thi gian in phn khi c 2 cc u c 2,8 lt kh.
Hng dn.
V d 13. Tin hnh in phn ( in cc tr, mng ngn xp) mt dung dch cha m gam hn hp gm CuSO4 v
NaCl cho n khi nc bt u b in phn c hai in cc th ngng. anot thu c 0,448 lt kh ( ktc).
Dung dch sau in phn c th ha tan ti a 0,68g Al2O3.
a. Tnh m
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b. Tnh tng khi lng ca catot sau khi in phn.

c. Tnh gim khi lng ca dung dch sau in phn.
Hng dn.
V d 14. Ha tan 50g tinh th CuSO4.5H2O vo 600ml dung dch HCl 0,2M to dung dch A. in phn dung
dch A cc tr vi I = 1,34A, t = 4 gi. Tnh gim khi lng dung dch sau in phn.
Hng dn
V d 15. Ha tan 4,5g tinh th XSO4 vo nc thu c dung dch A. In phn dung dch A vi cc tr, I khng
i.
- thi gian t thu c kim loi catot v 0,007 mol kh anot.
- thi gian 2t thu c 0,024 mol kh.
a. Xc nh XSO4. 5H2O
b. Vi I = 1,93A, Tnh t.
Hng dn
V d 16. Mc ni tip hai bnh in phn: bnh (1) cha dung dch MCl2 v bnh (2) cha dung dch AgNO3. Sau
3 pht 13 giy th catot bnh (1) thu c 1,6g kim loi cn catot bnh (2) thu c 5,4g kim loi. C hai bnh
u khng thy kh thot ra catot. Xc nh kim loi M.
Hng dn.
- Do hai bnh mc ni tip nn ta c:
1, 62.2.F 5, 4.1.F
=
Q = I.t =
M = 64 Cu
M
108
V d 17. in phn nng chy Al2O3 vi anot than ch (hiu sut in phn 100 %) thu c m kg Al catot v
67,2 m3 ( ktc) hn hp kh X c t khi so vi hiro bng 16. Ly 2,24 lt ( ktc) hn hp kh X sc vo dung
dch nc vi trong (d) thu c 2 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 54,0 kg
B. 75,6 kg
C. 67,5 kg
D. 108,0 kg
Hng dn: 2Al2O3

4Al + 3O2 (1) ; C + O2

CO2 (2) ; 2C + O2

2CO (3)

- Do X = 32 hn hp X c CO2 ; CO (x mol) v O2 d (y mol)

- 2,24 lt X + Ca(OH)2 d 0,02 mol kt ta = nCO2 trong 67,2 m3 X c 0,6 CO2
44.0, 6 + 28 x + 32 y
= 32 v 0,6 + x + y = 3 x = 1,8 v y = 0,6
- Ta c h phng trnh:
3
2,1.4, 27
= 75, 6 kg p n B
T (1) ; (2) ; (3) mAl =
3
V d 18.H Y Dc TPHCM-1995: in phn ( vi in cc platin) 200ml dung dch Cu(NO3)2 n khi bt u
c bt kh thot ra catot th dng li. yn dung dch cho n khi khi lng ca catot khng i thy khi
lng tng 3,2g so vi lc cha in phn. Tnh nng mol ca dung dch Cu(NO3)2 trc khi in phn.