CHNG TRNH BI DNG HC SINH GII MN TON LP 6

Pht trin, m rng mt cch ph hp cc ni dung kin thc SGK, SBT l nh

hng chung cho ni dung dy bi dng cc b mn. Tuy nhin, mi ch ni dung
cn ch trng mt s dng bi tp quan trng.
I. Chng trnh :
1. Tp N cc s t nhin - Tp Z cc s nguyn
- H thng ghi s thp phn
- Cc php ton (cng, tr, nhn, chia, lu tha vi s m t nhin )
- m s - m ch s
- Dy s c qui lut
2. Tnh cht chia ht trn tp N - Bi v c ca s nguyn
- c v bi.
- Phng trnh nghim nguyn n gin( PT c s ).
- Cng thc a = bq + r
- Tnh cht chia ht ca tng, hiu, tch
- Mt s bi ton chia ht thng gp ( biu thc ch n gin )
- M rng : m chia ht cho a v b , (a,b) = 1
- Cc du hiu chia ht .
- S d ca mt s khi chia cho 3, 9.
- Du hiu chia ht cho 4, 11
- S nguyn t .
- Tm s nguyn t tho.
- Tm n biu thc l s nguyn t.
- Chng minh biu thc cha s nguyn t tho ( chia ht ...)
- c chung ln nht, bi chung nh nht.
- S dung UCLN, BCNN gii ton
- Tm hai s khi bit UCLN, BCNN
- Thut Ton Euclid, Hai biu thc nguyn t cng nhau.
4. Phn s
- Tnh cht ca phn s.
- Cc php ton trn phn s.
- Dy cc phn s c qui lut.
- So snh hai phn s .
- Ba bi ton c bn v phn s
5. Hnh hc :
- im nm gia hai im - Trung im ca on thng.
- Tia nm gia hai tia - Tia phn gic ca gc.

II. Gii thch chng trnh :

1. Tp N cc s t nhin - Tp Z cc s nguyn
- Vi h thng ghi s thp phn hc sinh cn nm c qui tc khai trin trong trng
hp tng qut anan-1 . . . a1a0. gii ton
V d : tm s ab = 9.b
- Kt hp kin thc h ghi s vi cc php ton c th c cc loi bi tp khc nhau :
V d : Thc hin tnh A = 33. . .3 . 99. . .9 ( 50 ch s 3 v 50 ch s 9 )
- Dy s c qui lut l loi ton hay gp lp 6
V d : Tnh A = 1.2+2.3+3.4 + ...+98.100
( 3A = 1.2(3-0) + 2.3(4-1) + 3.4(5-2) + . . . 98.99(100-97)
= 1.2.3 + 2.3.4 - 1.2.3+3.4.5 -2.3.4 + ... 98.99.100 - 97.98.99
= 98.99.100 )
- Khi nhn s c hai, ba, bn ch s vi s 101, 1001, 10001 c s c qui lut
- m s - m ch s bng hai qui tc cng v nhn. Vic m s h tr cho loi ton
dy s c qui lut khi cn bit s phn t cng nh cc loi ton s hc khc
V d 1: (Qui tc cng ) C bao nhiu s t nhin t 10 n 50 chia ht cho t nht mt
trong hai s 2 v 3
V d 2 : ( Qui tc nhn) T cc s 0, 1, 2, 3 Vit c bao nhiu s trong cc ch s
u khc
V d 3 : (S dng vic m s trong gii ton) :Tch t 1 n 1000 c bao nhiu ch s
0 tn cng : ta cn m trong tch c bao nhiu tha s c tn cng l 1, 2, 3 ch s 0;
bao nhiu tha s c tn cng l ch s 5.
2. Tnh cht chia ht trn tp N - Bi v c ca s nguyn
V d 1 : Tm cc s t nhin x,y sao cho : (2x +1)(y-3) = 10
V d 2 : Cho A = 654 . 999 . . .997 + 1965 ( 100 ch s 9).Chng t A chia ht cho 9
A = 654 ( 1000...00 - 3) +1965 = 654000...0 - 1962 + 1965
A = 654000...03 . Chia ht cho 9 do c tng cc ch s chia ht cho 9.
V d 3 : Tm s t nhin a bit rng 398 chia a d 38 v 450 chia a d 18.
V d 4 : Tm s t nhin nh nht sao cho khi ln lc chia cho 3, 5, 7 c s d l 2,
3, 4.
V d 5 : Tm s nguyn t p p + 8 v p+10 cng l cc s nguyn t
V d 6 : Chng minh rng nu p l s nguyn t > 3 th (p-1)(p+1) chia ht cho 24
3. Phn s
Bn cnh vic so snh cc phn s c cng t, mu s cn ch trng vic so snh hai
phn s khng cng t, mu ( Thng qua phn s trung gian ...). Nhn xt sau y cng
rt hay c dng :
a+n a
a
> nu < 1 v ngc li.
b+n b
b

So snh mt biu thc vi mt s lc ny cn s tnh ton ph hp, nhm cc phn s,

lm tri ...:

V d1 : So snh hai phn s : A =

1999 1999 + 1
1999 1998 + 1
;
B
=
1999 2000 + 1
1999 1999 + 1

( Nhn t v mu ca phn s th hai vi 10 ri so snh hoc so snh 10A vi 10B)

1
1
1
1
+ 2 + 2 ... + 2 < 1
2
2
3
4
n
1
1
1
1
1 1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
... +
= 1 + ... +
= 1 )
(C : 2 + 2 + 2 ... + 2 <
1.2 2.3 3.4
(n 1)n
2 2 3
n 1 n
n
2
3
4
n
1 1
1
b. Chng minh 3 < 1 + + + ... + < 6
2 3
63
1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 + + + ... +
= 1 + + + + + ... + + .. + + + ... +
2 3
63 2 3 4 5
8 9
16 33
64 64
1
1
1
1
1
31
> 2. + 2. + 4. + 8. + 32.
=3
>3
2
4
8
16
64
64
1 1
1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 + + + ... +
= 1 + ( + ) + ( + ... + ) + ( + ... + ) + ( + ... + ) + ( + ... + )
2 3
63
2 3
4
7
8
15
16
31
32
63
1
1
1
1
1
< 1 + .2 + .4 + .8 + .16 + .32 = 6
2
4
8
16
32

V d 2: a. Chng minh

Hnh hc : Ni dung hnh hc lp 6 cha nhiu nn pht trin ph hp. Mt s bi tp

chng minh n gin dn xut hin.
V d 1 : Gi O l gc chung ca hai tia i nhau Ox, Oy. Trn tia Ox xc nh im A A
v im M sao cho OA<OM. Trn tia Oy xc nh im B sao cho OB = OA. Chng
minh rng 2OM = MA + MB.
V d 2 : Cho bn im thng hng A,B,C,D. Bit AB = 12 cm; BC = 7 cm ; AD = 15 cm
. D nm gia A v C.
a. Chng t rng D nm gia B v C.
b. Tm di on BD.