I.

TNG QUAN V CAM 1.1. Ngun gc Cy cam c bit n t rt lu khong 2200 nm trc cng nguyn Trung Quc nhng mt s ngi li cho rng cy cam c ngun gc t dy Himalayas (n ). Cam c trng rt ph bin n , sau lan rng v pha ng, v n c vng ng Nam . Vo khong th k th 3 trc cng nguyn, cy cam c a n Chu u v n lan ra ti c vng a Trung Hi. Sau , cy cam c Columbus mang n Chu M. Nhng nm sau , nhng ngi lm vn Chu M v Chu u em cy cam n Chu c v Chu Phi. Ngy nay cy cam c trng rt ph bin nhiu ni trn th gii. 1.2. Phn loi C nhiu cch phn loi cam khc nhau, ty thuc vo tng quc gia v a phng. Trong thng mi, cam c chia thnh 2 loi: Cam ngt (sweet orange) v cam chua (sour orange). Trong , cam chua thng dng trong sn xut mt cam. Mt s loi cam ngt thng gp: Cam trn Cam trn ph bin nht l loi Valencia, c ngun gc t o Azores v B o Nha. Ging cam ny c kh nng thch ng trong nhng vng ni a, ni c s chnh lch su sc gia ngy v m v lm hot ha h sc t ca v to cho n mu sc hp dn. Qu c c nh ti trung bnh thch hp cho sn xut cng nghip. V mng, da cam nhn, mu cam sng. Qu c mi v c sc ngay khi cn ti hay sau khi c ch bin nc p. Khi qu chn trn cy, n chuyn sang mu cam sng nhng khi nhit nng ln lm cho da hp th li chlorophyl t l nn cam chn c mu xanh nht. Loi cam ny ch yu dng lm nc qu vi cht lng nc p tt nht do cha nhiu dch qu c mu sm v bn , t ht nn khng to v ng. Valencia cng c th dng n ti. Cam navel Trc nm1835, Cam navel c trng nhiu Florida nhng b ph hu trong chin tranh th gii th nht. Ging cam ny cng c trng nhiu Brazil, Trung Quc ... Cam navel c qu to hn ging Valencia v cc loi cam ngt khc. Qu c mu vng m sng cho ti cam, da h o dy v d lt v, khng ht. Qu cho cht lng tt khi t chc v khi lng nht nh, cho nhiu nc qu. Thi tit lnh lm mu qu cng vng sng v th qu c th chn v vn cn mu xanh nht trn da. Ging cam ny t c dng trong ch bin nc qu v trong qu trnh ch bin d pht sinh v ng. Cam Blood ( Cam ) y l loi qu c xem l ngon v hp dn nht trong cc loi qu c mi c tm thy u tin a Trung Hi. Qu c trung bnh vi v mng c t hoc khng ht. C mu sm sng p. Nhc im ln nht l hm lng anthocyanin to mu m c khuynh hng b nht

trong qu trnh ch bin v bo qun. Anthocyanin cn l cht chng oxy ha mnh to nhiu gc t do gy ung th, lo ha, bnh nh Loi cam ny thng c dng n ti, n km salad, dng rti hoc nng tht. Cam ngt (acidless orange) Loi ny c trng ch yu a Trung Hi. Do nc qu c ngt qu cao v hm lng acid thp khng kh nng c ch vi sinh vt nn loi cam ny khng thch hp cho sn xut nc p. Vit Nam, cam c chia lm 3 loi: cam chanh, cam snh v cam ng. Mt s ging cam ph bin nc ta nh cam X oi ( Ngh An ), cam ng nh, cam ng, Cam X oi ( Ngh An ) : Cy tng i cao, t cnh l (cnh qu), trng X oi, x Nghi Din, huyn Nghi Lc, tnh Ngh An. Qu ngon, thm c v mng v bng, v ngt m, t x. Dng ch yu trong sn xut nc cam v mt cam. Cam ng : Qu trung bnh 100g, v mng, mu vng hay sm, d bc, mi d chia. C ba loi chnh l Cam giy vi cc ging Cam Canh (H Ni), Cam ng d (Hi Phng), Cam Ngc cc v Cam Hnh Thin (Nam H); Cam B, Cam Chua Hng Sn (H Tnh); Cam voi Tuyn Ho (Qung Bnh). Cam snh : qu c v sn si v mn; v dy, khi chn c mu vng hay sm, tuy dy nhng d bc, rut , ht c mu nu lc, v ngt, hi chua, hng v ngon nh qut n Chn (Nht Bn). Thch hp lm hp qu nc ng. Ging ph bin l cam B H, trng bi ph sa H Bc trn t thot nc; qu dt, nng trung bnh 200-250g, mu vng p chn vo thng 11-12-1 nm sau, dp Tt Nguyn n. Cam snh cn c tn l Citrus nobilis Lour. Qut trc y cng c xem l mt th trong Cam snh. 1.3. Cu to ca qu cam Cu to ca qu cam gm c nhng phn sau : Lp v ngoi (flavedo) : c mu cam hoc mu xanh ty theo ging. Lp v ngoi c cha rt nhiu cc ti tinh du. Lp ci trng (albedo) : c cha pectin v cellulose. Mi cam : bn trong c cha nhng tp cam, trong c cha dch bo. Ht cam : cha mm cy. Li : l phn nm trung tm ca qu cam, thnh phn tng t lp ci trng. I.4. Thnh phn ha hc ca cam Bng 1: thnh phn dinh dng ca cam ti (tnh trn 100g)

Thnh phn Thnh phn chnh Nc Protein Tinh du Sacharose Glucose Fructose Acid hu c Cellulose Pectin Ca P Fe A -Carotene B1 B2 PP C

Mui khong Vitamine

Hm lng Mi V 88,06 75,95 0,9 Vt 2,4 3,59 1,22 1,25 3,49 1,45 3,24 1,41 0,22 0,47 3,49 1,41 0,22 34 23 0,4 0,09 0,4 0,09 0,04 0,02 0,06 0,75 1,27 65 170

n v % % % % % % % mg% mg% mg% mg% mg% mg% mg% mg% mg%

I.5. Thu hoch v bo qun nc ta, cam c trng rng ri trn khp c nc. Cy ra hoa quanh nm, thng c hoa vo thng 1-2, c qu vo thng 11-12. Cam cng nh cc loi qu c mi khc, thng c thu hi khi mi bt u chn. C th dng ko ct cung st mt qu. Sau khi thu hi nn qu iu kin bnh thng trong 12-14 gi n nh h hp. Trong thi gian , tin hnh la chn theo chn, kch thc, loi b nhng qu bm dp, sy st. Trong trng hp qu nhim bn nhiu th phi ra ri kh ro. chng nhim trng c th bi vi vo cung. bo qun cam trong thi gian di,ngi ta thng s dng 1 s phng php nh: bo qun trong ct, bng ha cht, nhit thp v.v.