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TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
I.CU TO MNG TINH TH CA KIM LOI NGUYN CHT I.1.Cc c tnh ca kim loi:
Hin nay ngi ta bit hn 100 nguyn t ho hc gm hai loi: kim loi v kim, trong kim loi chim ti 3/4. I.1.1: Kim loi c nhng c im sau: -Kim loi c mu sc c trng -Do, d bin dng: un, gp, dt mng -Dn in v nhit tt. o -C h s nhit in tr dng: t = 0 .( 1 + t ) ; ( > 0 ). tc l khi tng nhit , in tr s tng ln, i vi kim th h s ny l m.
Hnh 2.1
mt s trng hp c bit, nh Sb (antimony) khng bin dng do c bi v rt dn; hoc mt s kim loi dn in km hn kim (Graphit: mt dng th hnh ca C). C th gii thch cc c im trn ca kim loi bng cu to nguyn t ca n . Trong nguyn t kim loi s in t lp ngoi cng rt t, ch c t 1-2 in t, chng lin kt rt yu vi ht nhn, rt d bt ra tr thnh in t t do lm cho nguyn t dng ion dng. in t t do khng b rng buc l nguyn nhn quyt nh cc c im ca kim loi: -Khi nh sng chiu vo, in t t do nhn nng lng, bin dao ng tng ln, n nhy khi qu o cn bng. trng thi ny in t khng n nh, nn tr v qu o ca n v gii phng ra nng lng di dng sng c bc sng sng m kim loi c mu sc c trng.
-Dng in trong kim loi l dng chuyn di c hng ca cc in t t do trong in trng. http://www.ebook.edu.vn 1
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
-Kim loi dn nhit l s truyn ng nng ca nguyn t vng c nhit cao cho cc nguyn t bn cnh vng c nhit thp.
tA
tB
Nguyn t (1) khi nhn nhit, bin dao ng ln ln, p vo (2) v truyn ng nng cho n, bin ca (2) tng ln v p vo (3) -Khi nhit tng, tn s dao ng ca Ion cng tng ln, nn lm tng s cn tr chuyn ng c hng ca cc ht electron t do, nn in tr tng ln. Ngc li vi kim loi, trong kim khng c in t t do nn tnh dn in rt km, khi nhit tng ln mt s in t b kch ng v bt ra tr thnh in t t do, do tnh dn in tng ln, in tr gim i.
Hnh 2.3
Lin kt kim loi c v ging nh lin kt ion (cng l lc ht tnh in gia cc in tch tri du v mi pha). Song lin kt kim loi khng h thay i khi cc ion thay i v tr cn bng nh kim loi c tnh do cao. Cn lin kt Ion, khi b bin dng mt s Ion dch chuyn mt khong cch, cu hnh b thay i, lc ht bin thnh lc y, bn cht lc lin kt b thay i, tinh th b bin i (v vn). Lin kt kim loi cho do cao nht v lin kt Ion cho dn cao nht.
I.2.Cc kiu mng tinh th ca cc kim loi thng gp: I.2.1: Khi nim v vt tinh th, vt v nh hnh. -Vt tinh th: l vt th m cc cht im ca n sp xp c quy lut (c trt t).
+c im: vt tinh th c nhit nng chy xc nh. http://www.ebook.edu.vn 2
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
-Vt v nh hnh:
+nh ngha: l vt th m cc cht im cu to nn n sp xp khng c trt t. +c im: vt v nh hnh khng c nhit nng chy xc nh. +Cc vt v nh hnh nh: thu tinh, cht do, cao su,
I.2.2: Khi nim v mng tinh th. nh ngha mng tinh th: mng tinh th l l mt m hnh khng gian
m t s sp xp ca cc cht im cu to nn vt tinh th. V d: Cc Ion tinh th mui n nm nh ca hnh lp phng.
a)
c)
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TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 2.6
+ c im: cc mt tinh th song song nhau th c tnh cht ging nhau.
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TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 2.8 im trng: (l hng). kim loi cu to bi cc nguyn t hnh cu v vy gia cc qu cu lun c nhng khong trng. Hnh dng im trng c to bi cc a din cong. d nghin cu ngi ta coi kch thc im trng l mt qu cu ni tip trong khong trng Trong thc t biu din mng tinh th bng khi c bn ca n l . Trong hnh v, cc vng nh biu din v tr cn bng (trung tm) ca nguyn t (ion). V tr cn bng (trung tm) m nguyn t, ion dao ng xung quanh c gi l nt mng. I.2.3. Mt s kiu mng tinh th thng gp: a- Mng lp phng th tm (tm khi).
Hnh 2.9
Cc kim loi thng c kiu mng ny l
Fe , Cr, W, Mo, V
-Hnh dng mng: c s l mt khi lp phng c cnh bng a, cc nguyn t nm nh v c mt nguyn t nm tm ca khi. -S nguyn t thuc mt khi c bn, k hiu n. Nguyn t nm mt nh ca khi chung vi tt c 8 khi c bn, v vy phn nguyn t 1 thuc v mt khi ch l , khi lp phng c 8 nh : 8
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TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
1 x 8 +1=2 (nguyn t). 8 -Mt tinh th c cc nguyn t nm st nhau trong mng lp phng th tm l mt cho khi c to bi hai cnh bn song song i din nhau qua tm. V d mt BDDB mt ny theo phng ng cho cc nguyn t nm st nhau a 3 a 3 BD= a 3 =2d d= . . r = 4 2 -Mt khi: l phn trm th tch cc nguyn t chim trong 1 khi c bn. n.v Mv = x100% V n: S nguyn t ca khi c bn.
n= v : Th tch mt nguyn t. =
4 a 3 3 . ( ) . 3 4
Mv: Mt khi. V: Th tch khi c s = a3. Mng lp phng th tm c Mv=68%. vy trong mng lp th tm c 32% l khong trng. -im trng:trong mng lp phng th tm c 2 loi. +im trng khi 4 mt:
1 n = .4.6 = 12 im trng. 2 ng knh im trng khi 4 mt: 4 d tr m = 0.221d vi d l ng knh nguyn t kim loi. + im trng khi 8 mt:
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TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 2.11
V tr im trng: tm cc mt bn v im gia cc cnh bn. S lng im trng: 1 n (8 mt) = 1 . 6mt + 12cnh =6. 4 2 ng knh im trng:
= 0.154d vi d l ng knh nguyn t kim loi. V d nhit thng st ( Fe ) c kiu mng lp phng th tm vi thng s d
8m tr
a=2,9 A hay ca Crom (Cr), molipen (Mo), wonfam (W) ln lt l: a=2.884 A , 3.147 A , 3.165 A .
o
Hnh 2.12
-Cc kim loi c kiu mng ny l: Fe , Ni, Al, Cu, Pb - Mng c dng lp phng, cc nguyn t nm nh v gia cc mt bn. - Cc nguyn t nm st trn trn mt cho khi l tam gic u c cnh a 2 . a 2 - Bn knh nguyn t r = 4
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TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
1 1 -S nguyn t thuc mt khi c bn c tnh nh sau: n = 8nh x +6 mt x ) =4. 2 8 a 2 3 4 4. . .( ) n.v 4 %= 3 = 74% -Mt khi: Mv = V a -im trng: trong mng lp phng din tm c hai loi l trng. +im trng 4 mt c kch thc 0.225 dngt nm 1/4 cc ng cho tnh t nh.
Hnh 2.13
+im trng 8 mt c kch thc ln hn, bng 0.414 dngt, nm trung tm khi v gia cc cnh bn.
Hnh 2.14 V D nhit cao (>911 C), st ( Fe ), Niken, ng, nhm c kiu mng lp phng din
tm vi thng s mng l a= 3.656 A , 3.524 A , 3.615 A , 4.049 A .
o o o o
Hnh 2.15
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TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
-Cc kim loi c kiu ny l Zn, Co , Cd, Mg, Ti -Cc nguyn t nm cc nh, tm cc mt y v tm ca 3 hnh lng tr tam gic xen k nhau (hnh 6). u tin cc nguyn t mt y lc gic xp st nhau (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) ri n cc nguyn t lp th hai (7, 8, 9) gia khi lng tr tam gic xen k nhau. Mt y lc gic trn li xp vo khe lm ca lp th hai ng v tr ca lp y di (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) tc l 1, trng vi 1, 2 , 2 ... Mt khi MV = 74%. -S nguyn t thuc mt khi c bn: 1 1 n=12 (nh) x +2 (mt) x +3 = 6 (nguyn t). 6 2 Kiu mng ny c hai thng s mng l a: cnh ca y lc gic v c: chiu cao lng tr. Do cc lp xp vo cc khe lm ca nhau nn a v c li c tng quan:
c a
T s
= 1.633 =
8 3
c =1.5855 (xp a
Hnh 2.16
- Cc kim loi thng khng c kiu mng ny, song n l mng tinh th ca mactenxit, mt t chc rt quan trng khi nhit luyn thp. (Hnh 2.16). c -Mng chnh phng th tm c hai thng s l a v c, t s goi l chnh phng. a http://www.ebook.edu.vn 9
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 2.17
+C mng lp phng th tm hai khong nhit : di 911oC l 1539oC l
Fe v t 1392-
Fe .
Fe .
+Thay i th tch, khi nhit gim mng tinh th ca st bin i t lp phng din tm (4 nguyn t trong mt khi c bn) thnh 2 mng th tm (mt mng c 2 nguyn t), th tch tng ln gy ra ng sut bn trong c th lm kim loa b bin dng, nt v. +Thay i tnh cht: Cacbon c hai dng th hnh l grafit (mng lc gic) v mng kim cng vi tnh cht khc hn nhau.Trong khi kim cng l vt liu cng nht (tng ng 10600HB), grafit l vt liu mm nht (1-2HB).
Hnh 2.18
-c im ca n tinh th l c tnh d hng, l tnh cht khc nhau theo cc phng khc nhau. -Nguyn nhn: do mt nguyn t theo cc phng khc nhau. -n tinh th khng phi l cu trc thc t ca kim loi.
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TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 2.19
a tinh th c c im sau: -Phng mng trong tng n tinh th th song song nhau, nhng gia cc n tinh th th lch nhau mt gc bt k ( ). -a tinh th mang tnh ng hng. -Vng bin gii ht cc nguyn t sp xp khng trt t, cha nhiu tp cht, c nhit nng chy thp nht.
I.5.Cc sai lch trong mng tinh th: I.5.1.Sai lch im.
L sai lch c kch thc nh (ch vi ba thng s mng) theo c ba phng o, c dng bao quanh mt im. (Hnh 2.20)
Hnh 2.20
Nguyn nhn gy gy ra cc sai lch l : -im trng: l nt mng khng c nguyn t, ion, c th l do dao ng nhit qu ln, chng bt ra khi v tr quy nh ra ch khc. Nt trng c nh hng rt ln n c ch v tc khuch tn ca kim loi v hp kim trng thi rn. -Nguyn t xen gia cc nt mng. -Nguyn t l hay tp cht nm chnh cc nt mng hay xen gia chng. Khi xut hin cc nguyn nhn k trn, cc nguyn t, ion xung quanh chng vi thng s s nm lch v tr gy cc vng sai lch m chng l trung tm. S lng sai lch im ph thuc vo: http://www.ebook.edu.vn 11
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
-Nhit : nhit cng cao s nt trng v nguyn t xen gia cng nhiu. - sch ca kim loi: kim loi cng nhiu tp cht th dng sai lch ny cng nhiu.
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TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
em mi nhn mt gy bng giy nhm s thy r c mt s dng hng: nt, ln x, r mt cch r hn. Nu dng knh lp soi th c th pht hin cc khuyt tt k trn ti kch thc ln hn 0.05mm. Hai phng ny ni chung ch cho ta bit nhng khi nim rt s b m khng i su vo bn cht ca kim loi v hp kim, cho nn cn s dng cc phng php khc hin a hn.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
-Nhit dung ca trng thi lng khc nhit dung ca trng thi rn khong 10%; trong khi nhit dung lng khc nhit dung hi 25% chng t dao ng nhit ca nguyn t trng thi lng gn trng thi rn hn trng thi hi. -Cn c nh nhiu x Rnghen chng t trong kim loi lng c cu to trt t gn v ging v cu to ny tn ti trng thi cn bng ng. -Trong kim loi lun c in t t do. .
Hnh 2.23
- nhit T> Ts Kim loi tn ti trng thi lng v nng lng t do ca lng nh hn rn Fl<Fr. - nhit T< Ts kim loi tn ti trng thi rn v Fl>Fr. - To= T 0 s , Fl=FR v vy tn ti c lng v rn, trng thi cn bng ng nhit nhit kt tinh l thuyt.
o
TSo
gi l
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
-Ngi ta gi chnh lch gia nhit kt tinh l thuyt Ts vi nhit kt tinh thc t TKT l T = TS- TKT. qu ngui. Vy c th pht biu mt cch khc iu kin ca qu trnh kt tinh l: s kt tinh ch xy ra vi qu ngui T >0. - qu ngui T ph thuc vo tc ngui. Tc ngui cng cao, qu ngui cng ln. Tc ngui ph thuc vo phng php lm ngui. -Khi lm ngui rt chm, i vi kim loi nguyn cht k thut nhit kt tinh thc t rt gn vi nhit kt tinh l thuyt. -Cng vi l lun tng t cho khi nung nng: s nng chy thc t xy ra nhit Tch> Ts , chnh lch gia chng c gi l qu nung.
o
a.To mm. -nh ngha: mm l phn t rn c hnh thnh t kim loi lng c cu trc tinh th, c
kch thc ln tn ti v pht trin. Ngi ta phn bit hai loi mm: t sinh (ng pha) v k sinh. Mm t sinh: l mt loi mm c hnh thnh t kim loi lng v l lng trong kim loi lng (xung quanh n l kim loi lng) d nghin cu, gi thit nh sau: -Mm c dng hnh cu, bn knh r. -Th tch ca kim loi lng l V, khi ton b th tch kim loi lng chuyn sang rn, nng lng t do thay i: Fl-FR= F . -Gi fv l d gim nng lng khi mt n v th tch lng chuyn sang rn. F . fv = V -Gi M L (mm-lng): l sc cng b mt gia mm v lng (chnh l phn nng lng tng thm b mt mm tnh cho mt n v din tch). -Gi s lng mm l n. Gi V=
2
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TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 2.24
Mun xc nh rth th o hm bc mt hm F = f (r ) cho bng khng: rth =
2 M L . fv
Kt lun: khi nhit kt tinh cng thp, tc l qu ngui cng ln th rth cng b v s lng mm sinh ra cng nhiu. Mm k sinh: l loi mm c hnh thnh t kim loi lng v bm vo phn t rn trong kim loi lng . Phn t rn nh l: Oxyt, Cacbit (WC, TiC), Nitrit (Fe2N, Fe4N), Hyrit, bi tng l, bi than, bi cht sn khun, thnh khun Tng t tnh c: T rth
ks
F = n.
4 r 3 . fv + n . . 4 r 2 3
Trong : n .
4 r 3 . fv l gim nng lng th tch. 3 + 4 . r 2 l tng nng lng b mt Khi kt tinh F gim cng nhiu th qu trnh kt tinh cng d dng.
V vy ti: V tr (1): pht trin thun li nht (v khng tng din tch xung quanh). V tr (3): pht trin km thun li nht (v tng din tch xung quanh nhiu nht). V tr (2): pht trin tng i thun li. 16
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TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 2.25
Hnh 2.26
-Nhn xt:
+Mi ht to t mt mm m phng mng ca mm nh hng ngu nhin nn phng mng ca cc ht lch nhau mt gc bt k. +Kch thc ht khng u nhau. +Bin gii ht l ni cc nguyn t sp xp khng trt t, c nhit nng chy thp nht v cha nhiu tp cht nht. a.Hnh dng ht : do tng quang v tc pht trin mm theo theo cc phng m ht to nn c hnh dng khc nhau. -Khi tc ngui u theo mi phng th ht to nn c hnh dng a cnh xu hng co v dng cu.
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17
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 2.27
-Khi tc ngui mnh theo mt phng no , ht s pht trin mnh theo phng v c dng tm (tr)
Hnh 2.28
-Khi mm pht trin mnh theo mt v phng c mt nguyn t ln nht th ht c dng nhnh cy.
Hnh 2.29
Loi ht dng a din c cc ch tiu c tnh tt nht; dng nhnh cy xu nht v dng tm (tr) gia hai loi trn. Ht c kch thc cng b th b , cng, do ( % ); dai va p (ak) cng tng v ngc li. V vy phi xc nh kch thc ht kim loi trn t chc t vi bng cch: http://www.ebook.edu.vn 18
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
-o din tch trung bnh ca ht, cch ny phc tp t dng. -o chiu ngang (ng knh) ln nht ca ht. -So snh vi bng chun c phng i x100, y l cch ph bin nht. nh gi ln ca ht theo 8 cp: 1-4 to, 5-8 nh (cp 1 to nht, cp 8 nh nht).
II.4. Cc phng php to ht nh khi c a. Nguyn l: rt d nhn thy kch thc ht ph thuc vo tng quan hai qu
trnh c bn ca kt tinh l to mm v pht trin mm. S mm c to cng nhiu th ht cng nh, nhng mm pht trin cng nhanh th ht cng ln. Bng thc nghim, ngi ta thy rng kch thc ht ph thuc vo tc sinh mm n (n/mm3.s) v tc pht trin mm v (v/mm3.s) theo cng thc:
A= a
v n
Trong a l h s ph thuc vo bn cht trong kim loi. Vy nguyn l to ht nh khi c l tng tc sinh mm n v gim tc pht trin mm v.
Tng qu ngui
Khi tng qu ngui th tc to mm n v tc pht trin mm v u tng (hnh 2.30) nhng n tng nhanh hn v, do lm nh ht i.
Hnh 2.30
Trong thc t tng qu ngui khi c phi lm ngui nhanh, thng dng cc phng php sau y: -Thay vt liu lm khun t ct bng kim loi nh gang c tnh dn nhit cao (c trong khun kim loi, c ly tm). -Lm ngui khun kim loi bng nc nh c ng lin tc. Phng php ny c nhc im l ng sut cao v c th gy nt khi lm ngui nhanh, gy bin trng i vi gang lm nh ht bng tng ngui khng ph hp i vi vt c ln, thnh dy.
Bin tnh
L phng php lm nh ht rt hiu qu, l cch cho vo kim loi lng trc khi rt khun mt lng rt nh (khng qu 0.1% trng lng kim loi) cht t bit c tc dng lm nh ht, thm ch c th thay i hnh dng ht. C c ch lm nh ht nh sau: -Khi ha tan vo kim loi lng cht bin tnh s kt hp vi tp cht hoc kh ho tan trong kim loi lng to nn cc hp cht c nhit nng chy cao hn nhit kim loi lng, khng tan, dng phn t rn nh, l lng, phn tn u trong th tch, gip cho s to mm k sinh. http://www.ebook.edu.vn 19
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
V d cho nhm (Al) vo thp lng vi lng nh (khong 20 gam trn mt tn thp) kt hp vi Oxy, nit thnh xyt (Al2O3), nitrit (AlN) kh chy to nn cc phn t rn nh mn, phn tn u, gip to mm k sinh d dng.
Hnh 2.31 V ngoi cng l lp ht nh ng trc: (vng 1) do kim loi lng tip xc vi thnh
khun nn c kt tinh vi T 0 ln, cng thm tc dng ca b mt khun l phn t rn c sn nn ht to thnh kh nh mn, do thnh khun c nhp nh (nh cht sn khun) nn cc mm pht trin theo cc phng l ngu nhin, do trc ht pht trin u theo mi pha. Vng tip theo l lp ht tng i ln hnh tr (vng 2): vung gc vi thnh khun, v phng ny c tc ngui ln nht. Vng tm thi c l cc ht ln ng trc. (vng 3). -Do kim loi lng kt tinh vi T nh hn v phng tn nhit u v mi pha nn c dng a din, kch thc ln. Trong ba vng th vng ngoi cng lun lun l lp v mng cn hai vng sau c mi tng quan vi nhau ph thuc vo iu kin lm ngui thnh khun, nu: khun lm ngui mnh lit th vng hai s ln t vng ba, c khi lm mt hn vng ba to t chc xuyn tinh th, ti tm thi c c nhit nng chy thp nht nn nhit cn n b chy ra, khi cn sn phm cn b v dc theo phng cn. Khi khun c lm ngui chm th c c 3 vng, thi c tr nn d cn hn.
0
b.Cc khuyt tt ca vt c. R co v lm co
Chng u c nguyn nhn l do th tch kim loi khi kt tinh b co li nhng hnh thc th hin th khc nhau. Phn im trng trn cng v phn dy nht ca thi c c gi l lm co, y l phn kt tinh sau cng, bn thn kim loi lng y b cho cc phn kt tinh trc, v n lt n kt tinh th khng cn kim loi lng b cho n na nn to ra mt im trng tp trung. http://www.ebook.edu.vn 20
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Cc im trng nh to nn do s co ca kim loi lng khi kt tinh c phn b u khp th tch vt c c gi l r co. R co lm gim mt vt c, lm xu c tnh, khi gia cng p lc nhit cao th r co c hn kn li.
R kh
Trong iu kin nu chy thng thng, kim loi c kh nng ha tan mt lng kh ng k, sau khi kt tinh ho tan ca kh trong kim loi rn gim i t ngt, kh thot ra khng kp, b mc kt li to nn ti rng nh c gi l r kh .
Thin tch
L s khng ng nht v thnh phn ha hc trong th tch ca vt c. S khng ng nht dn n s sai khc nhau v tnh cht gia cc phn, lm gim i c tnh ca kim loi.
b. u vit ca hp kim.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
-K hiu dung dch rn ca cng mt h bng ch Hylap , , ... hoc r hn bng A (B); B(A) trong nguyn t trong mc trn l nguyn t ha tan, cn nguyn t ngoi mc trn l nguyn t dung mi.
b.Cc loi dung dch rn. b.1.Dung dch rn thay th: *.nh ngha: l mt loi dung dch rn m nguyn t nguyn t ho tan thay th v
tr nguyn t ca nguyn t dung mi (hnh 2.33).
Hnh 2.33 *.c im ca dung dch rn thay th: Mv khng i do s nguyn t thuc mt
khi c bn khng i.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
C l ha tnh gn ging nhau. -Dung dch rn ha tan c hn. +%HT < x%. +Ch cn mt trong 4 iu kin ha tan v hn khng tha mn s c ha tan c hn. -Dung dch rn thay th ha tan c trt t: nguyn t ha tan sp xp trong mng dung mi c quy lut (hnh 2.34).
Hnh 2.34 b.2.Dung dch rn xen k: *.nh ngha: l dung dch m nguyn t ca nguyn ha tan nm im trng trong
mng tinh th ca nguyn t dung mi.
k thng c to thnh bi dung mi l kim loi c ng knh nguyn t ln nh: Fe, Cr, W, Tiv nguyn t ho tan l cc kim c ng nguyn t nh nh: C, N, H, B. Gia cc kim loi vi nhau ch to thnh dung dch rn thay th, v chng c ng knh nguyn t khng khc nhau nhiu, khi t l ng knh nguyn t trong khong 0.59-0.85 chng to nn hn hp c hc ca hai kim loi:
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
*.c im:
-Mng tinh th ca hp cht ho hc khc kiu mng cc nguyn t to thnh. -Lin kt trong hp cht ho hc ch yu l lin kt Ion hoc Ion kt hp ng ha tr. Hp cht ho hc c nng gn cao nht. -Nng trong hp cht ha hc khng i v tun th theo quy tc ha tr. Tnh cht: nhit nng chy cao, cng cao, kh nng chng mi mn tt v rt gin.
d.Pha trung gian: *.nh ngha: l mt pha c c im nn gia dung dch rn v t chc ha hc. *.c im:
-Mng tinh th ca pha trung khc hn mng tinh th cc nguyn t to thnh. -Nng pha trung gian c th thay i trong phm vi hp. -Lin kt trong pha trung gian ch yu l lin kt kim loi. -Pha trung gian c nhit nng chy, cng, kh nng chng mi mn rt cao, tng i dn.
Mt s pha trung gian. -Pha xen k: l mt loi pha trung gian c to bi cc kim loi c ng knh ln
(nh: W, V, Ti, Mo, Fe, Cr, Mn) vi kim c ng knh b (nh: H, N, C..) Nu
d AK < 0.59 : pha xen k c kiu mng n gin (nh: WC, TiC, Fe2N) d KL
d AK > 0.59 pha xen k c kiu mng phc tp (Fe3C, Cr7C3, Cr2C6). d KL
c im ca pha ny l nhit nng chy, cng kh nng chng mi mn rt cao, tng i gin. Nn
*.Pha hp cht in t c to bi hai nhm kim loi: -Nhm 1: kim loi ha tr mt nh Cu, Ag, Au v kim loi chuyn tip Fe, Co, Ni, Pd, Pt. -Nhm 2: cc kim loi ha tr 2, 3, 4: Be, Mg, Zn, Cd (2), Al (3), Si, Sn (4). C nng in t (s in t / s nguyn t) bng mt trong cc gi tr 3/2, 21/13, 7/4, m mi gi tr ng vi kiu mng xc nh. Nu: Ct =3/2 l lp phng th tm k hiu . Ct =21/13 lp phng phc tp, k hiu: . Ct =7/4 l mng lc gic xp cht, k hiu: V d: Cu-Zn c cc pha in t sau. http://www.ebook.edu.vn 24
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
1+1 1 .5 + 2 .8 5. + 8 1 .1 + 2 .3 = 1+ 3
*.Mt hp kim c th l: -Mt hay nhiu dung dch rn. -Mt ha nhiu dung dch rn vi mt hay nhiu pha trung gian. -Trong mt s t trng hp c th c thm hp cht hc hc.
III.3. Gin trng thi hai cu t a. Khi nim v gin trng thi (GTT). -nh ngha:
Gin trng thi l mt biu m t s ph thuc trng thi pha ca hp kim vo nhit v nng . Gin trng thi cn gi l gin pha. Gin trng thi c xy dng hon ton bng thc nghim, trong iu kin nung nng v lm ngui v cng chm tc l trng thi cn bng. -Cng dng ca gin trng thi: t gin c th xc nh c. +Nhit chy, chuyn bin pha ca cc hp kim trong h khi nung nng v lm ngui, nh c th xc nh d dng cc ch c, r, cn, hn, nhit luyn. +Trng thi pha (pha no, thnh phn pha, s lng pha, t l) ca hp kim trong h, t c th on c c tnh c bn v cng dng. -Cu to (Gin ca hp kim hai cu t).
Hnh 2.37.
+ Hai trc tung ch nhit: trc tung th nht ch trng thi ca nguyn t A v trc tung th hai ch trng thi ca nguyn t B. +Trc honh ch nng ca nguyn t A, B theo % trng lng. +Mt ng thng ng trong gin (x%B) ch trng thi ca pha hp kim x%B. +Cc ng cong, thng (nu c) chia gin thnh nhiu vng c trng thi pha ging nhau.
*.Quy tc pha dng nghin cu GTT. -Bc t do: l s yu t c lp c th thay i c trong gii hn xc nh m
khng lm thay i trng thi pha ca h, tc l khng lm thay i s pha c. Cng thc T=N-F+1 http://www.ebook.edu.vn 25
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 2.38
+Hp kim x%B, nhit T c hai pha l v L. +Lng v tr N, v tr M, mun xc nh %B ch cn ging xung trc honh (x1% B trong v x2% B trong L). + xc nh t l gia L v l nh sau:
OM .% . MN ON = .% . MN b.Mt s gin trng thi hp kim hai cu t. b1.Gin trng thi hp kim hai cu t ha tan hon ton vo nhau trng thi lng, khng ha tan vo nhau trng thi rn. L=
Hnh 2.39
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
-A: nhit nng chy ca nguyn t A. -B: nhit nng chy ca nguyn t B. -ng AEB ng lng: l ng ranh gii gia vng hon ton lng v rn. -ng CD ng rn: l ng ranh gii gia vng hon ton rn v vng khng hon ton rn. ng CD c nhit khng i cn gi l ng cng tinh. -im E thuc CD l im cng tinh. Ti E xy ra chuyn bin t mt pha lng c nng ti im cng tinh (E) cng mt lc kt tinh ra hai pha rn khc: LE (A+B). (A+B) c gi l hn hp c hc cng tinh, n c vit trong mc trn. +Hn hp c hc: l s trn ln cc pha, c th tch ra bng phng php c hc. +Hn hp c hc cng tinh: cc pha sp xp c quy lut. +Hp kim ti cng tinh lun c nhit nng chy thp nht. *.Xt s kt tinh ca cc hp kim in hnh:
-ng ngui: nh ngha: l ng biu din s gim nhit theo thi gian.
Hnh 2.40
(a, b). -Xt kt tinh: (nh hnh v). *.Tnh cht ca h hp kim: Do t chc t vi nhit thng l hn hp c hc nn tnh cht ca hp kim nh sau:
c im:
+ng 1: ng ngui khng hng, khng c chuyn bin pha xy ra. +ng 2: ng ngui c i hng, c chuyn bin pha ti ch i hng
B = 40% b ( B ) = 200 N / mm 2
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27
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 2.41
*.Tnh cng ngh: -c tt nht, c bit hp kim ln cn im E. -Tnh ct gt ph thuc vo kh nng ct gt ca A v B. *.Khuyt tt: -Thin tch vng: l s sai khc v thnh phn ha hc trong tng vng ca thi c. -Nguyn nhn: do s sai khc v t trng gia A, B. -Khc phc: +Ngui nhanh. +Bin tnh: to b khung (xng) ngn cn qu trnh chm hay ni ca pha sinh ra trc.
b2.Gin trng thi hai cu t ha ta v hn vo nhau, khng to nn pha trung gian. (gin loi II):
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28
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 2.42
Hp kim ng Niken( Cu-Ni) c gin loi ny. Nhn xt: Cc dung dch rn to thnh trong cc giai on khc nhau c thnh phn chnh lch nhau, gy ra s sai khc v thnh phn trong mi ht c gi l thin tch vng.
b3.Gin pha hai cu t ho tan c hn vo nhau khng to nn pha trung gian (gin loi III).
Hnh 2.43
H c kiu in hnh l h Ch-Thic (Pb-Sn). Gin ny c dng kh ging gin loi 1 vi s khc nhau y l cc dung dch rn c hn v thy th cho cc cu t A v B. y AEB l ng lng, ACEDB l ng rn. LE ( a + ). +Cng c hp kim cng tinh ti E v trc cng tinh (tri E), sau cng tinh (bn phi E). +Dung dch rn y u c hn vi cc ng CF v DG.
b.4 Gin trng thi khng ha tan ln nhau nhng to nn pha trung gian n nh (gin loi IV)
Hnh 2.44
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TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
l gin pha hai cu t tng tc phn ng ha hc vi nhau to ra pha trung gian AmBn v c h in hnh l h magie-canxi (Mg-Ca). C dng ghp hai gin loi I l A-AmBn (MgMg4Ca3) v AmBn-B (Mg4Ca3-Ca). y pha trung gian AmBn c nhit chy c nh, khng b phn hu trc trc khi nng chy c coi nh mt cu t. Hp kim Fe-C c s dng rt rng ri trong ch to my, trong xy dng, giao thng vn ti
Hnh 2.45
-Cc ch tiu c tnh: + bn:
=250 N/mm2.
2 02 =120 N / mm .
+ do:
= 50% . = 85 % .
ak = 2500 kJ / m2 .
+Nhit l Tc=1539oC. Khi nung nng vt qua nhit ny, Fe mt t tnh.
IV.1.2.Ccbon:
L nguyn t kim thuc nhm 4 trong bng h thng tun hon, tn ti cc dng sau:
*.V nh hnh: mi loi than g, than khong sn, c s dng ch yu lm nhin liu
v mt phn lm nguyn liu.
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30
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
c =2.74. a
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31
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Fe (austennit= Fe (C ) = =A).
-C kiu mng lp phng din tm, c t im trng nhng cc im trng c kch thc ln. Trong mng ny c im trng 4 mt v im trng 8 mt. +im trng 4 mt: c tm im nm trn 1/4 cc ng cho khi c kch thc l 0.225d. +im trng 8 mt: c tm im l trung tm khi v gia cc cnh bn, kch thc l kh ln 0.41d. C th ha tan C dng xen k cc l hng ca khi 8 mt. Trong thc t ha tan ca C trong Fe cc i l 2.14%, 1147o. 727o ho tan ln nht l 0.8%. -Tnh cht:ch tn ti nhit ln hn 727oC. bn cao, do kh cao, cng thp. b.To Xementit: (Fe3C) -Khi lng C vt qu gin hn ha tan k trn, C s kt hp vi Fe to thnh Fe3C (Xementit). -Xementit l pha khng n nh, d to thnh nhng trong mt s iu kin b phn ha thnh Fe v C. -Tnh cht: cng 800 HB, chng mi mn tt, gin kh cao, c mu ca x c (ngc trai).
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
IV.2.1.Dng gin :
Hnh 2.48. Gin trng thi Fe-C IV.2.2.Gii thch gin : *.Cc im c bit: im Nhit oC A 1539 B 1499 C 1147 D 1250 E 1147 F 1147
911
im H J K L N P Q S
*.Cc ng: ABCD: l ng lng. AHJECF: l ng rn (ng c). ECF=11470C khng i l ng cng tinh, vi im C (4.3%C, 11470C): l im cng tinh. Ti to=11470C th Lc ( E + Xe F ) =LeI (Lburit mt) l hn hp c hc cng tinh ca auxtennit v xementit. Tn ti 7270<to<11470. SPK: l ng cng tch, vi im S (0.8%C, 7270C): l im cng tch. http://www.ebook.edu.vn 33
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
GS: ng bt u t Bt u
XeII khi nung nng. PQ: ng gii hn ha tan ca C trong F ( Fe ). ng bt u F XeIII khi ngui hay
khi ngui hay kt thc
XeII
kt thc XeIII F khi nung nng. *.Cc phn ng: +Phn ng cng tinh xy ra 11470C trong cc hp kim >2.14%C (ng ECF) L C ( E + Fe 3 C F ) . +Phn ng cng tch xy ra 7270C hu nh vi mi hp kim (ng PSK) S [ P + Fe 3 C K ] .
-Ferrit (c k hiu bng a hay F hay Fe (C ) ) l dung dch rn xen k ca C trong Fe vi mng lp phng tm khi (a=0.286-0.29 Ao) song do lng ho tan rt nh
(ln nht l 0.02%C 7270C- ti im P; v ln nht l 0.006%C- im Q).
o o
Ferit c tnh st t tn ti t 768 C . Do cha t C nn c tnh ca Ferit chnh l ca St nguyn cht: do, dai, mm v km bn. Trong thc t Ferit c th ho tan c Si, Mn, Cr T chc t vi ca Ferit c dng cc ht a cnh, ht sng. -Auxtennit [ k hiu bng , A, Fe (c ) ] (hay pha do v dai) l dung dch rn xen k C trong
ng k (cao nht 2.14%C) 11470C ti im E. Auxtennit khng c tnh st t, c tnh thun t, ch tn ti nhit cao (>7270C), khng s dng trc tip ch to cc chi tit my nhng c vai tr quan trng khi nhit luyn. -Xementit (k hiu Xe, Fe3C) l pha xen k vi kiu mng phc tp c cng thc Fe3C v c nng C l 6.67% . Xementit c tnh st t yu ch n 210oC, rt cng nn chng mi mn tt nhng rt gin. +XeI c to thnh do gim nng C trong hp kim lng theo ng DC khi h nhit , n ch c hp kim ln hn 4.3%C v nh hn 6.67%. Do to nhit cao ( 1147oC) nn kch thc ln, c th thy bng mt thng. +XeII c to thnh do gim nng cacbon trong auxtennit theo ng ES khi h nhit , loi ny c hp kim >0.8% cho ti 2.14%. Do to thnh nhit tng i cao (>727oC) nn tp trung bin gii ht. +Xementit th ba (XeIII) c to thnh do gim nng C trong Ferit theo ng PQ khi h nhit , vi s lng rt t, kh pht hin trn t chc t vi v thng c b qua. +Xementit cng tch c to thnh do chuyn bin cng tch austenit peclit ( [ F + Xe] ). Loi xementit ny c vai tr rt quan trng. *.Cc t chc hai pha. -Peclit (k hiu P= [F+Fe3C] = [F+Xe]) l hn hp c hc cng tch ca Ferit v xementit c to thnh t austenit 0.8%C, 7270C. Trong peclit c 88% ferit v 12% xementit phn b u (xen k nhau).
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34
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Peclit l t chc kh bn, nhng cng do, dai p ng rt tt cc yu cu ca vt liu kt cu v cng c. +Peclit tm thng gp hn c, c cu trc tm (hay phin), F v Xe tc l hai pha ny nm an xen u nhau. Trn mt ct ngang li cc vch theo cng mt hng hay a hng, trong cc vch ti mng l xementit, vch sng dy l ferit. +Peclit ht t gp hn, c cu trc xementit dng thu gn nht, ht xementit phn b u trn nn ferit. So vi peclit ht, peclit tm c cng cao hn, do, dai thp hn i cht, bn thp hn. Auxtennit ng nht d to peclit tm, cn auxtennit khng ng nht to ra peclit ht.
peclit tm (x 500)
Peclit ht (x500)
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35
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 2.50. T chc t vi ca lburit nhit thng (x 500) IV.4.Phn bit thp v gang trng: IV.4.1.Thp: a.nh ngha: Thp l hp kim ca Fe-C m nng 0.02%<C 2.14%. b.Cc loi thp:
-Thp trc cng tch vi lng C <0.8%, bn tri ca im S, c t chc l ferit (sng) +peclit (ti). T chc t vi ca thp trc cng tch l F+P. Theo quy tc n by, khi lng C tng ln th trn t chc peclit (mu ti) tng ln, cn phn ferit (mu sng) gim i. Nu Ferit khng cha C (hay qu t t 0.02%-0.05%) c th coi l st nguyn cht vi t chc ch c cc ht Ferit mu sng. -Thp cng tch vi thnh phn 0.8%C ng vi im S, c t chc peclit.
-Thp sau cng tch vi thnh phn 0.8%C (thng ch s dng ti 1.5% v c bit c th t ti 2-2.14%C) bn phi im S c t chc peclit + xementit II (P +XeII), dng li sng bc ly peclit tm.
a.0.1%C
b.0.4%C
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36
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
c.0.6%C
d.
Hnh 2.51. T chc t vi ca thp trc cng tch a, b, c. Thp cng tch d. IV.4.2.Gang trng: a.nh ngha:
Gang trng l hp kim ca Fe-C m nng 2.14%<C<6.67%. Gang trng rt t c s dng v qu gin.
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37
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
a.
b.
c. Hnh 2.53. T chc t vi ca gang trng a.trc cng tinh v sau cng tinh b. cng tinh c. IV.5.Cc im (nhit ) ti hn trong GTT Fe-C: IV.5.1.Khi nung nng v lm ngui rt chm:
Gin trng thi Fe-C c xy dng bng thc nghim, c xy dng trong iu kin nung nng hay lm ngui chm. -A1=PK=727o. -A3=GS=910-727o. -Acm=ES=1147-727o. Gi l cc im ti hn trong gin trng thi Fe-C.
Ac1 A1 = Tc1 .
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38
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
A1 Ar1 = Tr1 . A3 Ar 3 = Tr 3 .
Trong Tr 1 ; Tr 3 ; Trcm . Gi l qu ngui. qu ngui ph thuc vo tc ngui. Tc ngui cng ln, qu ngui cng ln.
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39
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
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40
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
I.BIN DNG N HI, BIN DNG DO V PH HY. I.1.Biu ko -oa l ng thng: bin dng n hi. -ab l ng cong: bin dng do. -bd l ng cong: ph hu.
Khi tin hnh ko t t mu kim loi trn, di ta c biu ko hay biu ti trng (hnh 3.1). Biu ny cho ta mt khi nim chung v cc loi bin dng v ph hu.
Hnh 3.1
-Khi ti trng t vo P<Pdh th bin dng t l bc nht vi ti trng v khi b ti trng th bin dng mt i. Bin dng nh vy c gi l bin dng n hi. V d nh khi ta t ti trng P1 mu b di thm mt on 01, nhng khi b ti trng i th mu tr li kch thc ban u. -Bin dng n hi xy ra do c ng sut tip ln ng sut php.
I.2.Bin dng n hi -nh ngha: bin dng n hi l mt loi bin dng m lng bin dng mt i
khi b ti trng.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
Do a <
VT LIU HC I
b)
I.3.Bin dng do: I.3.1. nh ngha v bin dng do: *.nh ngha: l mt loi bin dng cn gi c lng bin dng d khi thi
tc dng ca ti trng. *.Trn biu ko ng vi ng ab. I.3.2.Bin dng do n tinh th: c hai c ch: trt v song tinh.
Hnh 3.3
VT LIU HC I
-Yu cu ca mt trt l: +Cc nguyn t thuc mt mt trt lin kt bn vng nht, mun th khong cch gia cc nguyn t thuc mt mt trt l nh nht. +Lin kt ca cc nguyn t hai mt trt i din nhau phi nh nht, mun th khong cch hai mt i din phi ln nht. - tha mn hai yu cu trn, mt trt l mt c mt nguyn t ln nht (cc nguyn t nm st nhau nht). Mng lp phng th tm c 6 mt trt v din tm c 4 mt trt.
Lp phng th tm
*. ng sut trt:
Xt n tinh th vi mt mt trt F v phng trt n2. n tinh th b ko theo chiu trc, lc ko P hp vi phng php tuyn ca mt trt mt gc (Hnh 3.5) -Qa trnh trt xy ra do ng sut tip
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 3.5
th
max
= 450 + k khi 0 = 0 + k
-u tin s trt xy ra h ti ng sut tip l ln nht ( max ) v h ny c gi l h trt chnh trong cc mt trt c gc nghing 450 so vi phng ca ti trng. -Theo s pht trin ca bin dng do, qu trnh trt xy ra vi ng sut trt b hn nhng phi ln hn
*.Hnh thi trt: qu trnh trt ca n tinh th xy ra theo hnh thi sau y.
th .
*.C ch trt: c hai c ch trt l trt ng thi v trt c lch. -C ch trt ng thi -s trt cng.
Gi s c mng tinh th nh sau (hnh 45).
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 3.6
ti mt trt khi cha tc dng ti trng P th cc nguyn t nt mng i din (1-1, 2-2 ,3-3 ) v lin kt nhau bng lc f. Trn mt trt c n cp nguyn t i din v lin kt nhau, theo l thuyt ta c F= n.f. trt xy ra th ti trng P F v th ti trng P rt ln. Kim loi t bn l tng
lt
2 V d: bn l thuyt ca Fe l b = 13000 N / mm .
b = 250 N / mm2
Ngi ta cng th nghim v ch to c ra Ru tinh th bng cng ngh nui n tinh th, qua th nghim cng cho kt qu gn vi b = 13000 N / mm 2 . Qua chng t bn tim nng ca mi nguyn t kim loi l rt ln.
VT LIU HC I
Lch AB tn ti trong iu kin cn bng khng n nh, khi c ti trng tc dng t tri sang phi lm cho bn mt AB dch chuyn ti 1-1, y 1-1 n 1-1. Bn mt 11 tn ti trng thi khng n nh s chuyn dch ti 2-2 v y 2-2 n 22. C nh vy lch thng AB ra n mt ngoi tinh th, li mt lng bin dng do bng a. C ch trt c lch ph hp vi bn thc t ca kim loi.
*. bn l thuyt v bn thc t
C ch trt cng phn nh bn l thuyt v c ch trt c lch phn nh bn thc t. *.Kt lun: bn cht ca qu trnh trt khi tinh th c lch l s chuyn ng ca lch theo c ch tun t. *.Nguyn tc chung tng bn ca kim loi l cn tr chuyn ng ca lch, bng cc bin php sau: -Hp kim ha, bng cch cho thm vo thp nguyn t nh Cr, W, Ni to ra phn t phn tn ca pha th hai c vai tr cn tr chuyn ng ca lch. -Lm nh ht. -Lm tng mt lch tc l lm tng giao im ca lch, giao im ny cn tr chuyn ng ca cc lch.
b.Song tinh: *.nh ngha: l s dch chuyn ca phn tinh th ny so vi phn tinh th khc,
sao cho n v tr mi cc nguyn t i xng nhau qua mt song tinh.
Hnh 3.8
*.c im:
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
-Song tinh thng xy ra khi ti trng tc ng t ngt lm tc bin dng ln trong thi gian ngn. -Song tinh xy ra t hn nhiu so vi trt.
3 = max .
2 = 0. 4 = 0.
1 = max .
Hnh 3.9
-Nhn xt:
+Cc ht trong a tinh th bin dng khng u nhau. +S bin dng ca cc ht trong a tinh th lun b cc ht xung quanh cn tr. +Bin gii ht l ni cn tr chuyn ng ca lch. V vy ht cng b bn, cng, do, dai cng tng v ngc li.
I.3.4. nh hng ca bin dng do n t chc t vi v tnh cht. a. nh hng ca bin dng do n t chc t vi.
-Sau bin dng do nguyn t xung quanh mt trt b x lch lm tng Ml. -Vi l = (40 50)% : ht kim loi b chia nh. -Vi l > (80 90)% : phng mng gia cc ht trong a tinh th gn song song nhau gi l nh hng phng mng (textua). Lc ny a tinh th mang tnh d hng. -Lun tn ti ng sut d.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
I.4. Ph hu. I.4.1.Khi nim v ph hy. *.nh ngha: l hin tng vt liu b tch ra lm hai hay nhiu phn khc nhau
di tc dng ca ti trng.
*C ch chung ca ph hy:
+u tin xut hin vt nt t vi bn trong hay trn b mt chi tit. Vt nt bao gm: -Vt nt c sn: r xp, r kh khi c, nt t vi khi kt tinh, hn, nhit luyn, cc pha c bn thp (grafit trong gang). -Vt nt sinh ra trong qu trnh bin dng: nu trong kim loi c pha th hai vi cng v tnh gin cao th khi bin dng do, th cc vt nt t vi sinh ra y hay bin gii ht. -Do tch t ca lch: khi bin dng do do tc dng ca ngun pht lch sinh ra thm v dch chuyn trn mt trt, khi b cn tr chng b dn li v to nn vt nt t vi . +Ri qua qu trnh bin dng tip theo vt nt pht trin. +Cui cng kim loi b tch ri.
Pa . F0
Pc . F0
td < c .
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
do.
VT LIU HC I
td > c .
c im: c d bo trc hay t dng bn ngoi c th on trc c, nn t nguy him hn.
*.Cc yu t nh hng n s ph hy di ti trng tnh. -Nhit : khi tng nhit th gii hn chy gim i, trong gii hn tch t hu
nh khng thay i, nn nhit thp hu nh kim loi b ph hy gin, nhit cao kim loi b ph hy do (Hnh 3.10a).
Nu tng nhit th vng II tng v gim vng I. -Tc bin dng: tc bin dng cng cao, s trt cng kh xy ra, tc gii hn chy cng cao, trong khi th gii hn tch t khng i. Khi tng tc bin dng kim loi d b ph hy gin (Hnh 3.10b). Vng I. Vng
Hnh 3.10
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
*.Trng thi b mt chi tit: nu b mt chi tit c nhiu vt xc v tit din thay
i t ngt lm tng kh nng ph hy v ngc li. chng hi nh chi tit tr bc ta phi to cung R d trnh hin tng tp trung ng sut gy ph hy.
Hnh 3.11 *.Tp trung ng sut: cc yu t gy nn tp trung ng sut nh vt kha, nt, tit din thay i t ngt, lm ng sut cc b tng ln vt qu gii hn tch t gy nn ph hy. I.4.3.Ph hy trong iu kin ti trng thay i theo chu k (ph hu mi). a. ti trng thay i theo chu k.
C mt trc nh hnh v, va quay trn, va chu ti trng P.
Hnh 3.12
v tr ny th AA chu nn v BB chu ko. V khi quay 1/2 vng th AA chu ko v BB chu nn, qu trnh ny c lp li. *.Vy: Ti trong thay i theo chu k l ti trong m ng sut thay i t ko sang nn v lp li. +ng sut gy nn ph hy nh hn b (c th nh hn dh ). +Qu trnh xy ra khi s chu k < 107-108, nu qu thi hn ny chi tit cha b ph hy th kh nng b ph hy v sau s khng xy ra. +Tit din lc ph hy bng tit din lc ban u v c hai vng r rt: mu xm (chng t b oxy ho) v mu sng (cha b oxy ho).
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Fph=Fo
Hnh 3.13
c.C ch: cng ging nh mi ph hy khc, vt nt xut hin b mt chi tit ti thi im chu ng sut ko. Sau vt nt pht trin dn n ph hu.
+Bn cht ca vt liu: nu vt liu c b cao th tng bn mi cng tng. +Trng b mt chi tit: nu b mt chi tit c bng cng cao, t thay i t ngt th cng gim nguy c ph hy mi. +ng sut nn d b mt cng ln th cng tng bn mi:
-ng sut b mt gy nn nt l k n gi tr ny nh nn khng th hnh thnh vt nt. -To ng sut nn d bng cch: +Bin dng do b mt: phun bi, ln p. +Ha nhit luyn. +Ti b mt.
Hnh 3.14
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
u gy nn bin dng do. k hiu: c . -Gii hn chy quy c: l ng sut gy nn mt lng bin dng d l 0.2% so vi chiu di ban u. K hiu: 02 . -Gii hn bn: l ng sut cao nht m mu chu c trc khi b ph hy. K hiu
Hnh 3.15
Vng I. Bin dng do Vng II. Hp kim ha. Vng III. Hp kim ho +nhit luyn. Vng IV. Hp kim ho +bin dng do+nhit luyn.
b.2. do.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
*. tht khi ko t, % . F Fk Cng thc % = 0 x100% F0 Trong F0 l tit din ban u ca mu. Fk l tit din phn c tht ca mu sau khi ko t.
L tp hp cc ch tiu c tnh phn nh bin dng d ca vt liu, n quyt nh kh nng bin dng do, gia cng p lc. Ch tiu nh gi do l: *. di tng i khi ko t % . L L0 Cng thc nh sau: % = k x100% L0 Trong : Lk l chiu di ca mu sau khi ko. L0 l chiu di ban u ca mu.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
ak =
+Bn cht ca vt liu: vt liu c bn, do cao th dai va p tng. +Kch thc ca chi tit: kch thc cng ln th ak gim v ngc li. +Kch thc ht cng nh th dai va p ak cng ln v ngc li
Hnh 3.17
Xc nh c cc ga tr nh sau P -Khi th vi P1 1 = 1 , N1 vng: b ph P F0 - P2 2 = - Pn 1
1
-Khi , chi tit quay n=107-108 vng khng b ph hu. mi) ca vt liu.
1 l bn mi (gii hn
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 3.19
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Th cng ca chi tit l phng php c ngha thc t v c p dng rng ri v cc l do: -Nhanh, ch cn vi chc giy. -Khng ph hy mu, c th tin hnh trc tip trn chi tit. -o xong vn dng li chi tit c.
cng Brinen (HB) c xc nh bi cng thc sau: P (kG) trong S: l din tch chm cu vt lm v c tnh nh sau: HB = S (mm 2 ) D 2P S= D D2 d 2 HB = 2 .D.(D D 2 d 2 )
Gii hn bn v cng Brinen c mi quan h bc nht vi nhau: b = a.HB Trong a l h s ph thuc vo vt liu. +i vi thp: a = 0.33-0.36. +i vi ng: a= 0.48-0.53. +i vi uara: a=0.37. -Phm vi s dng: ch o vt liu mm nh kim loi mu, hp kim mu, uara, Cu, Al, Au v o cc loi thp sau khi , gang grafit, nhng chi tit c dy: 10h (trong h l chiu su chm cu).
Nguyn l o cng Rockwell: n ti trng ln mi m to nn vt lm, nu vt lm cng su th gi tr cng nhn c cng thp, vi quy c th c su thm 0.002mm, cng Rockwell gim i mt n v.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 3.20
cng Rockwell c xc nh bi: h (mm) trong K l hng s HR = K 0.002 (mm)
Thang o HRA
Mi m Kim cng, hnh nn, = 1200 Kim cng, hnh nn, = 1200 Bi thp
K 100
P (kG) 60
HRC
100
150
HRB
130
100
ng dng o rt cng: pha xen k nh Xe, VC, Cr7C3 o cng ca thp sau khi ti: bnh rng, ln o vt liu mm, mng ging nh HB
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
II.5.Nung kim loi qua bin dng do. II.5.1.Trng thi ca kim loi qua bin dng do:
Sau khi bin dng do kim loi b bin cng, mng tinh th b x lch vi mt cao, tn ti ng sut bn trong, do n trng thi khng cn bng vi nng lng d tr cao nn n c xu hng tr v trng thi cn bng. em kim loi qua bin dng do nung ln s qua cc giai on sau:
b.Giai on kt tinh li: b.1.nhit kt tinh li: l nhit nh nht c qu trnh to mm v pht
trin mm trng thi rn ca kim loi qua bin dng do. -Nhit kt tinh c tnh theo cng thc Trong a l hng s ph thuc vo -Bn cht ca vt liu. - sch ca kim loi.
o o TKTL = a.Tnc [ o K ]
-Mc bin dng do % . -Thi gian gi nhit khi nung. T: nhit Kenvin (0K). i vi kim loi nguyn cht k thut th a=0.4. Chng hn nh: Fe ( t S =15390C)0
o TKTL = 100oC.
tinh th, mm ln ln pht trin thnh ht cho n khi cc ht gp nhau gi l qu trnh kt tinh li ln mt.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 3.21 *.c im: qa trnh kt tinh li lm thay i c tnh ca vt liu nh sau:
+ bn ( b ) v cng gim. + dai va p v do tng. Qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh kh bin cng. +Kch thc ht b, c ht to, ht nh. *.Trong thi gian gi nhit: khng c qu trnh to mm, nhng c s st nhp ht b vo ht ln (khng cn ht b), ch cn nhng ht c kch thc gn bng nhau. Cui giai on ny gi l kt tinh ln 2.
Hnh 3.22
Sau kt tinh li ln hai, c th khi phc tnh cht kim loi trc lc bin dng do, tuy nhin cn ph thuc vo kch thc ht khi kt tinh li.
c.Cc yu t nh hng ti kch thc ht khi kt tinh li. *.Nhit : nhit nung cng cao th kch thc ht cng ln.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
tinh li kch thc ht to thnh cng nh. Khong bin dng t 2%-8% l bin dng ti hn ti y trung tm sai lch mng l t nht v kch thc ht l ln nht. Lng bin dng lm cho ht c kch thc cc i khi kt tinh li gi l bin dng ti hn. K hiu
Hnh 3.23 *.Mc bin dng ( % ): kim loi b bin dng cng mnh, sau khi kt
th
Hnh 3.24
*.Thi gian gi nhit: thi gian gi nhit cng di th cng c iu kin cho
ht pht trin nn ht cng ln. Kch thc ht ph thuc thi gian gi nhit theo quy lut hm cn bc hai.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 3.25
*.C ch ca bin dng nng: khi bin dng nng bao gi cng c hai qu trnh
i lp nhau. +Kim loi bin dng lm x lch mng to nn ha bn, b bin cng (v1). +Kt tinh li lm mt x lch mng lm kh bin cng (v2).
Vy nn ta lm tha mn v1 v2 bin dng s thun li nht. *.u v khuyt ca bin dng nng: -V u im:
+Vi lc bin dng nh ta thu c lng bin dng ln. +Nh nhit cao, chi tit t b nt v khi bin dng nng. +Nu phi hp tt gia (v1, v2) th khng cn phi kh bin cng sau khi bin dng nng.
-V nhc im:
+ chnh xc khng cao bng bin dng ngui. +Rt kh khng ch nhit bin dng nng vi chi tit mng v tc ngui ca chi tit rt nhanh. -Cht lng b mt khng cao: bng km do vy xt.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
I. khi nim v nhit luyn thp I.1. Vai tr ca nhit luyn trong ch to c kh. a.Lm tng cng, bn v tnh chng mi mn ca thp.
Mc tiu ca ngnh c kh ch to my l ch to ra cc my bn hn, nh hn, nhanh hn vi tnh nng tt hn. t c iu th khng th khng s dng nhng thnh qu ca nhit luyn, s dng trit cc tim nng ca vt liu v mt c tnh. Nhit luyn bng cc phng php: ti + ram, ti b mt, ha nhit luyn cho bn, cng tng ln t 3-6 ln, lm tng cao kh nng lm vic ca chi tit m cn tng tnh chng mi mn.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
c.Cc yu t nh hng. -Nhit nung: l nhit cao nht m qu trnh nung t c. Nhit ny ph
thuc vo tng phng php v mc ch ca qu trnh nhit luyn. -Vnung: p dng cc phng php nung nhanh nhng trnh lm nt chi tit. +Nhit nung <700o l nung thp. +Nhit nung > 1000o l nung cao. +Nhit nung t 700o-1000o l nung trung bnh. -Thi gian gi nhit ( ): l thi gian trong giai on gi nhit nung khng i. Thi gian ny ph thuc vo cc yu t nh: +Mi trng nung: khng kh, mui nng chy, kim loi nng chy (ch nng chy). +Kch thc chi tit. +Bn cht ca vt liu. +Cch sp xp vt liu trong l.v.v.. -Tc lm ngui (Vngui) sau khi gi nhit: ph thuc vo bn cht ca vt liu, phng php nhit luyn.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
- cng l ch tiu ch tiu quan trng u tin v c lin quan n cc ch tiu khc nh: bn, do, dai. Trong nhiu trng hp phi kim tra 100% sn phm. -T chc t vi bao gm cu to pha, kch thc ht, chiu su lp ha b, cc vt nt. Do ch tiu ny kim tra mt nhiu thi gian nn ch kim tra xc sut trong sn sut n nh. - cong vnh, bin dng, vt nt. - bn, do, dai: p dng cho chi tit quan trng.
II.Chuyn bin xy ra khi nung nng v lm ngui thp. II.1.Cc chuyn bin khi nung nng v gi nhit thp. II.1.1.Cc chuyn bin khi nung nng thp. a.C s xc nh chuyn bin khi nung:
C s nghin cu chuyn bin khi nung nng thp l gin pha Fe-C song ch gii hn khu vc thp v trng thi rn. nhit thng mi thp u cu to bi hai pha c bn: Ferit v Xementi.
Hnh 4.2
-Thp trc cng tch
n> P + F + F tAC 3 + = . 0 tn > AC1 0
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
-Thp cng tch: P . -Thp sau cng tch: ngoi peclit cn c xementit th hai.
n > AC 1 n> XeII + P t + XeII tAccm + = . o o
0 tn > AC 1
Vy khi nung nng nhit t n > A1 th thp cng tch chuyn bin hon ton thnh t chc l Auxtenenit (P ). Thp trc cng tch c t chc Auxtennit + ferit. Thp cng tch c t chc auxtennit+Xementit.
o
b.cc chuyn bin ca Peclit thnh Auxtennit ( ) khi nung nng ng nhit:
- nghin cu chuyn bin t Peclit thnh Auxtennit. u tin t thp Peclit (0.8%C) ta ch to ra mu mng c kch thc nh nhau, nung trong mi trng mui nng chy cc nhit ng nhit. P chuyn bin v v c biu chuyn bin khi nung nng ng nhit P hon ton thnh Auxtennit (hnh v).
-Vng I: to<A1: vng tn ti n nh ca P. -Vng II: to>A1 v bn tri ng (1) l vng tn ti P km n nh. -Vng III: l vng ang chuyn bin. -Vng IV: l vng hon thnh chuyn bin. *.c im: +Chuyn bin ch xy ra khi nhit nung to>AC1. +Nhit nung cng cao th thi gian chuyn bin peclit thnh auxtennit cng ngn. +Chuyn bin hon ton (100% P thnh 100% ) v l chuyn bin khuch tn. *.C ch chuyn bin:
C1 P = [ F + Xe]
t0 > A
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Mm c sinh ra bin gii Ferit v Xementit, pht trin thnh ht gp nhau, ta c ht ban u.
, cc ht
*.Ht ban u: -Nng C trong ht auxtennit khng ng nht. -Ht c kch thc nh v khng u nhau v mm Auxtennit sinh ra khng cng mt lc. *.Trong thi gian gi nhit: ( ) -C s khuch tn C trong ht lm ng u ht. -C s st nhp ht b vo ht ln. -Nhit b mt ca chi tit xp x bng nhit trong tm (ng u nhit ). *.Kch thc ht Auxtennit: cui giai on ny nhn c ht thc t. -Ht auxtennit thc t khi lm ngui vi tc ngui khc nhau c th to thnh: Peclit, Bainit, Xoocbit, troxtit, Mactenxit. -Kch thc ht khi nung quyt nh kch thc ca mi sn phm m khi ngui n chuyn bin thnh. *.Cc yu t nh hng n kch thc ht khi nung.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
-kch thc tm Ferit v Xementit: kch thc cng nh th mm sinh ra cng nhiu, kch thc ht auxtennit cng b.
auxtennit
Hnh 4.6
-Nhit nung: nhit nung cng cao th kch thc ht auxtennit cng ln (theo hm s m).
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Vy ht auxtennit kch thc b th ta phi khng ch cht ch c ba yu t trn. *.Thp di truyn ht b. -L loi thp khi nung khong A1<to< (900-950)oC vi thi gian gi nhit
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
II.2.1.Chuyn bin khi lm ngui ng nhit: (mi trng c nhit khng i).
*.Gin chuyn bin ng nhit ca auxtennit (hay gin ch C).
ng (1) l ng bt u chuyn bin ca khi lm ngui ng nhit. ng (2) l ng kt thc chuyn bin . Vng I: to>A1 l vng n nh (khng chuyn bin). Vng II: to<A1; bn tri (1) l vng qu ngui km n nh. Vng III: L vng ang chuyn bin. Vng IV: l vng hon thnh chuyn bin. Vng V: to<To l vng chuyn bin Mactenxit. *.C ch chuyn bin.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Mm Xe sinh ra bin gii ht , mm ln ln to thnh tm Xe v mm F bn cnh tm Xe. Mm F ln ln to tm F v mm Xe bn cnh tm F, qu trnh nh th c tip tc chuyn bin xy ra hon ton. *.Cc sn phm nhn c khi lm ngui ng nhit Auxtennit. Chiu dy mt cp (Xe+F). Nh hnh v.
Hnh 4.13-Peclit tm
t <A (0.8%C) F + Xe] = P. [ 4 Peclit c chiu dy = (5 7).10 mm . cng 20-22 (HRC). 4 - 600oC: to thnh [F+xe]=X (Xoocbit), dy = (3 4).10 mm ,
- 700oC:
= (1 2).104 mm ,
cng (40-45) HRC. - P, X, T bn cht hon ton ging nhau v u l hn hp c hc cng tch [F+Xe], nhng khc nhau kch thc mt cp tm F+Xe. -350oC:
(0.8%C) Fe (C) + Xe BT
Fe (C ) l
dung dch rn xen k qu bo ha xen k, c dy (45-50) HRC. -200oC: HRC. Nng %C trong
* Fe (C )
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
-Vth l tc ngui nh nht chuyn bin thnh Mactenxit m khng to ra cc t chc nh: X, T, BT, BD. Khi lm ngui: +Vn<Vth l ngui chm. +Vn Vth l ngui nhanh. *.Ch : mi loi thp khc nhau th c gin ch C khc nhau v c Vth khc nhau. Gin ch C c xy dng bng thc nghim. Trong thp C khi %C=0.8% th Vth l nh nht.
Hnh 4.15 II.3.Cc chuyn bin ca auxtennit khi lm ngui nhanh (chuyn bin Mactenxit). Khi lm ngui nhanh ( Vn Vth ) auxtennit ta c cc sn phm sau:
V M t + V
n th
mi mn tt nhng rt gin. a. nh ngha: Mactenxit l dung dch rn xen k qu bo ho C trong Fe c nng %C bng nng %C trong auxtennit. C kiu mng chnh phng th tm, c cng v kh nng chng mi mn rt cao.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 4.16-Mactenxit
*.Tnh cht ca Mactenxit: -Mactenxit l t chc rt quan trng c to thnh khi ti thp, quyt nh c tnh ca thp ti. - cng ca M ph thuc vo %C c trong n. Nng %C cng cao cng M cng tng.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 4.19
-Lun tn ti ng sut d: gm c ng sut nhit +ng sut t chc.
II.4.Chuyn bin khi nung thp ti (ram thp). II.4.1.Tnh khng n nh ca auxtennit v mactenxit:
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Da vo gin trng thi Fe-C th t nhit thng n nhit 727oC hai pha n nh l Ferit v xementit, hai pha auxtennit v mactenxit l hai pha khng n nh nn c xu hng chuyn bin thnh cc pha n nh hn. -Mactenxit khng n nh l do qu bo ha C, lng C d s tit ra di dng xementit v phn cn li chuyn bin thnh ferit: M t M + Fe2.4C . -Cn auxtennit khng tn ti di 727oC, c xu hng chuyn bin thnh cc pha nh Mt, Xr, Tr, Br
*
t vi ca thp 2000C l: Mr (0.25-0.4%C) + . T chc ny lm cng thp gim 1-2HRC nhng do tng ng k. *.(200-260)oC: Mr (0.25-0.4) tit C lm t s c/a gim, kch thc ht gim (1). C tit ra kt hp vi Fe to ra cacbit ( ).Ti 2600 th nng C trong M ch cn (0.15-0.2)%. Mt khc auxtennit d to ra Mt kch thc tng (2). Mt tit C v 260oC to M (0.15-0.2). Hiu qu ca qu trnh (1) chm hn (2) nn kch thc tng ng vi on bc. 2600C ta c M(0.15-0.2%C) + =Mr (0.15-0.2)%C, cng tng (1-2) HRC, do tng nhiu. Kt lun: Mr l t chc t vi ca mi chi tit lm vic trong iu kin b mi mn.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
vi (cd).
400oC th Fe (C ) = 0.02% +Xe=[F+Xe]=Tr (Troxtit ram): khng cn quan h lin mng tinh th. Xe dng ht trn nn F. Troxtit ram: c gii hn n hi cao nht v vy n l t chc t vi ca mi chi tit l xo. *.(400-600)oC: khng c chuyn bin xy ra, ch c s st nhp cc ht (Xe) tr thnh cc ht Xe c kch thc ln hn. 600oC:
b . = max .
Kt lun: Xr l t chc t vi ca mi chi tit chu lc v truyn lc nh trc rto, trc tuabin phn lc, trc cacng.
III.Cc phng php nhit luyn thp. III.1. thp. a. nh ngha: l phng php nhit luyn gm c nung nng thp hoc chi
tit n nhit to nht nh, gi nhit thi gian <200o/1h.
b.Cc phng php : b.1. khng c chuyn bin pha: (nhit to <A1) khng c chuyn bin
t pha ny sang pha khc. C hai phng php : thp ( non) v kt tinh li.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
o o b.1.1. thp: (nhit t < tKTL) l phng php tin hnh to<tKTL
do. *.Khc vi thp th kt tinh li lm gim cng v thay i kch thc ht. b.2. c chuyn bin pha: (nhit >A1) c chuyn pha P, F, Xe, auxtennit. C cc phng php nh sau: b.2.1. hon ton: nhit t chc thp hon ton auxtennit, ch p dng cho thp trc cng tch v cng tch.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
-Mc ch: lm gim cng ca thp c %C>0.3% ph hp cho gia cng ct gt. -Lm tng do ca thp C thp ( %C lc.
Nhit to=AC1+(20-30)oC.
b.2.3. lm nh ht thp:
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 4.25.
c p dng cho cc loi thp c ht ln. -Thp trc cng tch v cng tch: -Thp sau cng tch:
Nhit =AC3+(20-30)oC.
nng thp ln n nhit rt cao (1000-1180)oC, lm tng kh nng khuych tn, lm ng u thnh phn ho hc trong ton b th tch ca thp. - nhit cao th h s khuych tn ln, lm tng tc khuych tn nhng li lm cho ht ln. Sau khuych tn phi lm nh ht thp. b.2.5. cu ho: l dng c bit ca khng hon ton, ch p dng cho loi thp cng tch v sau cng tch. Bin Xe tm thnh Xe dng a din (cu, ht).
(2-3) T.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
III.2.Thng ha. *.nh ngha: l mt phng php nhit luyn gm c nung nng chi tit hoc thp
ti trng thi hon ton auxtennit, gi nhit v lm ngui trong khng kh tnh.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
III.3.Ti thp: l phng php c s dng ph bin nht. a. nh ngha v mc ch: *.nh ngha: l phng php nhit luyn gm c nung nng chi tit hoc thp
ti trng thi auxtennit, gi nhit v lm ngui nhanh ( Vng
Vth ).
b.Nhit ti:
-Thp trc cng tch v cng tch th ti hon ton: -Thp sau cng tch th ti khng hon ton:
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Khi nung nng chm AC1=A1 th nhit ti= (760-780)oC. -Gii thch: *.Thp trc cng tch: -Ti hon ton:
100% M t +
-Ti hon ton: M t + (d) +ng sut d (lng auxtennit d rt nhiu). Do lng auxtennit d nhiu v khng c XeII nn lm gim kh nng chng mi mn ca thp.
ng th + M t + (d)+ ng sut d+XeII. c. thm ti: l chiu dy ca lp c ti ( ), c tnh t mt chi tit vo 1 1 n vng c Mactenxit + Troxtit . 2 2
-Ti khng hon ton: F + M t cn F nn lm gim cng ca thp sau khi ti *.Thp sau cng tch:
Vng Vth
V V
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 4.31
-Tc ngui cng ln th thm ti cng ln nhng cng lm tng nguy c ph hy chi tit.
H 0 < nh .
2
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 4.32
*.Ti trong mt mi trng: (ng V1). Sau khi nung n nhit ti v lm ngui trong mt mi trng. -Cc mi trng ngui nh: dung dch, nc, nc vi du, du nht, khng kh. -Nguyn tc: Vngui (mi trng ngui)=Vth +(30-50)oC. -u-khuyt ca phng php ti trong mt mi trng; +u: n gin, d thc hin. +khuyt: do ngui nhanh trong vng chuyn bin Mactenxit, ng sut sinh ra ln tng nguy c ph hy. *.Ti trong hai mi trng: (ng V2).
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
+u: khc phc c nhc im ca phng php ti trong mt mi trng. +Khuyt: kh xc nh c nhit ti tA chuyn t mi trng (1) sang mi trng (2). i hi c kinh nghim, kh c kh ha, t ng ha. Cch ti ny khc phc khuyt im ca ti (2) mi trng. Chi tit hoc thp c nhng vo trong mi trng (1) v c gi nhit ng u nhit trn ton tit din, sau khi nhc ra lm ngui trong mi trng (2). -Mi trng (1) l mui nng chy c nhit to=tA=const v c
Vng Vth .
-Mi trng (2) c Vngui cng chm cng tt. *.u v khuyt ca phng php ny l: +u: khc phc nhc im ca phng php ti trong hai mi trng. +Khuyt: khng ph hp cho chi tit ln. *.Ti b phn: l phng php ti phn lm vic ca chi tit.
III.4.Ram thp: (bt buc thc hin sau khi ti). a.nh ngha: l phng php nhit luyn gm c nung nng chi tit hoc thp ti ti nhit < A1, gi nhit v lm ngui.
Hnh 4.34-Biu ram thp b.Mc ch: lm gim gin, tng do v nhn c cc tnh cht tha mn
vi iu kin lm vic ca chi tit.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
*.Ram cao:
-L phng php nung thp ti nhn c t chc l Xr (Xoocbit ram). -Xr c c tnh tng hp ln nht, kh b hon ton ng sut bn trong. -Ring thp C nhit ram cao t (550-600)oC. -Kt lun: Xr l t chc t vi ca mi chi tit chu lc v truyn lc
IV.Cc khuyt tt xy ra khi nhit luyn thp. IV.1.Bin dng v nt: a.Nguyn nhn v tc hi:
-Do ng sut bn trong (ng sut nhit v t chc), ch yu l lm ngui nhanh khi ti.
b.Ngn nga:
-Nung nng v lm ngui vi tc hp l t cng theo yu cu. -Phi sp xp cc chi tit nung hp l. c.Khc phc: khi b cong, vnh, em nn nng hoc ngui.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Vth .
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
P+
nn khng c ti.
-Thp cacbon thp (C 0.3%) : +B mt c cng khng tha mn kh nng chng mi mn. +Li: c do, dai cao. -Thp cacbon cao (C>0.7%): +B mt: c cng cao (62-64 HRC), chng mi mn tt. +Li: c do, dai va p thp. -Thp Cacbon trung bnh (0.3%<%C<0.7%): +B mt: c cng tng i cao. +Li: c do, dai va p tng i cao. *.Vy loi thp dng ch to chi tit ti b mt l thp Cacbon trung bnh thng dng (0.4-0.6)%C.
d.Nhit ti: -Nhit ti l tti=AC3+ (30-50)oC. Nu ly AC3=A3 th nhit ti tti=A3+ (100-200)oC. I.2.Phng php ti b mt bng dng in cm ng c tn s cao: (ti cao tn). a.Nguyn l:
-Thp trc v cng tch th ti hon ton, cn thp sau cng tch th ti khng hon ton.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
-Khi t chi tit trong mt t trng thay i th trn b mt ca chi tit xut hin dng in cm ng gi l dng Phuc. Dng in cm ng ny nung nng nhanh chi tit n nhit ti. -Theo nh lut JunLenx: trong : l thi gian xut hin dng in. -Gi l: lp xut hin dng in cm ng Icm ng, nn lp ny t n nhit ti. -ng thi
Q = I 2 . R .
. . f
<4 mm.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 5.5-Vng cm ng
c.Phng php ti: c.1.Nung ton b v lm ngui ton b chi tit cn ti nu cng sut ca l cho
php, ch p dng i vi chi tit nh khng p dng c cho chi tit ln. c.2.Nung lin tc v lm ngui lin tc, p dng c cho chi tit c chiu di.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
+ cng ti b mt cao hn ti th tch 1-2 HRC. +t oxy ha v thot Cacbon. +t b bin dng hn. +D t ng ha v iu kin lao ng tt.
*.Khuyt im:
-Chi ph ch to cho mt vng cm ng cao. -Khng ph hp vi sn sut n chic. -Kh ch to ra vng cm ng khi ti chi tit c b mt phc tp.
b.Thit b:
-Bnh cha kh Oxy v Axtylen. (O2; C2H2). -Van gim p (n p). -M t c ch to theo nguyn l ch to ca m hn gi . - g.
II.Ho nhit luyn: II.1.Khi nim v ha nhit luyn: a.nh ngha: Ha nhit luyn l mt phng php lm bo ha bng khuych
tn vo b mt chi tit mt hay nhiu nguyn t lm thay i thnh phn ha hc ca lp b mt v nhn c tnh cht mong mun.
VT LIU HC I
-Lm tng cng, lm tng kh nng chng mi mn b mt bng cch thm C, N, Cr, Si, Bo. -Tng kh nng chng n mn b mt ca chi tit (t dng) tin hnh thm Cu, Al, Ni,
c.Qu trnh thm: *.Giai oi 1: phn hy cht thm thnh cc nguyn t hot tnh.
V d thm Nit: Hay thm C:
NH3 t Nht + H 2 .
0
CO t Cht + CO2 .
d.Cc yu t nh hng:
*.Nhit thm: Nhit thm cng cao th qu trnh thm cng nhanh (tn dng ti mc cho php) theo hm s m. Nh vy tng nhit l yu t quan trng tng chiu dy lp thm ti. D l h s khuych tn.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
a.nh ngha-Mc ch-Yu cu: *.nh ngha: Thm C l phng php ha nhit luyn lm bo ha C b mt chi tit
c ch to t thp C thp.
*.Mc ch:
-c thc hin cho cc chi tit lm vic trong iu kin b mi mn rt nhiu b mt v cn c cng cao chng mi mn, ng thi chu ti trng ln, va p, un, xon cn li c do dai cao.
*.Yu cu:
-Nng %C=0.8%-1.2%. -Nng %C gim dn t b mt vo trong li trnh hin tng phn lp.
VT LIU HC I
Hnh 5.10-Lp thm ti b.Cc phng php thm Cacbon. b.1.Thm C th rn:
-Chun b cht thm C th rn: gm c than g (ht 2-3 mm) + (10-15%) BaCO3 hay cho thm du nng. -Chun b hp thm: c lm bng thp tm c chiu dy t 5-8 (mm) v cc chi tit c xp u nhau a= (20-30) mm.
C + O2 CO .
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
th
< 1.2
(mm).
Vth
Sau khi t c chiu dy lp thm th ly hp ra khi l, y kn ngui ti nhit thng. *.u: -y l phng php n gin, d thc hin, c th nung trong l in hoc nung trong l t bng than. *.Khuyt: -Cht lng khng cao v khng iu chnh c nng cht thm trong qu trnh thm. -iu kin lao ng rt nng nhc, rt bi. -Khng ti trc tip sau khi thm. -Khng c kh ha, t ng ha.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
+L mui t trong: +L mui in cc. -Nhit thm =840-860 oC. -Tc thm: Vth=(0.2-0.3) mm/ 1 h gi nhit. *.u im: -Nng sut cao nht v nung trong l mun nng chy, tc truyn nhit ln. -Cht lng tt v iu chnh cht thm d dng. -C th ti trc tip sau khi thm. -C th c kh ha, t ng ha. *.Khuyt: -Mi trng lm vic trong l mui nng chy c nhiu kh c hi. -Thit b l mui b n mn mnh lm gim tui th ca thit b. -Khng th thm cho cc chi tit ln. -Sau khi thm rt kh lm sch lp SiC bm trn b mt.
b.3.Thm C th kh:
Cn H 2n t nCht + nH2
*.u:
-Cho nng sut kh cao. -Cht lng kh tt v d dng iu chnh c nng cht thm. -iu kin lao ng tng i sch s. -D c kh ha, d t ng ha v c th ti trc tip sau khi thm. *.Khuyt: -C hin tng to mui than bm vo b mt chi tit (do nng cht thm qu cao). -Gi thnh thit b mc. b.4.Nhit luyn sau khi thm C: sau khi thm C bt buc phi ti+ram thp.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
*.T chc t vi ca lp thm:
VT LIU HC I
= P + XeII + P + [ F + P] .
1 2
1 2
1 1 F + P c nng C l %C=0.4%C. 2 2
*.Nhit ti: -Nu u tin ti b mt : ti khng hon ton (tti=AC1+(30-50)oC v l thp sau cng tch. Nu nung nng chm, c th ly AC1=A1 th nhit ti l (760-780) oC. -Nu u tin c tnh cho li: ti khng hon ton (tti=AC3+ (30-50)oC). iu kin bnh thng. Nu nung nng chm c th ly AC3=A3 nn nhit ti l 860-880oC. *.Cc phng php ti: -Ti mt ln +ram thp (Thp C).
Ly gii hn di 760o: u tin cho b mt. Ly gii hn trn 880o: u tin cho li. -Ti hai ln +ram thp.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
VT LIU HC I
VT LIU HC I
*.nh ngha: thm nit l phng php ha nhit luyn lm bo ha nit vo b mt chi tit c ch to t thp hp kim c bit. *.Mc ch: -Thm nit tng cng, tng kh nng chng mi mn b mt chi tit ( cng 65-70 HRC). -Tng gii hn mi, tng kh nng lm vic ca chi tit di tc dng ca ti trng thay i theo chu k. -Tng kh nng chng n mn b mt. *.Cht thm c s dng l NH3 (Amoniac) theo phn ng sau:
NH3 t Nht + H 2 .
*.Nhit thm:
o tth = 480 650o C . C hai khong nhit thp nh sau: o o -Trong khong: 480 < t < 591 C
Hnh 5.19
-Trong khong
Hnh 5.20
Trong : - ' = Fe4 N (Nitrit st).
(Fe2 N )
(Nitrit st).
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
- dung dch rn xen k ca N trong -Pha xen k vi kiu mng n gin
VT LIU HC I
Fe : = Fe ( N )
xen k.
*.Tc thm: Vthm= (0.1-0.12) mm/10h gi nhit. Khi gi nhit = (2-3) h th lp thm N=(0.03-0.036) mm.
Ch :
-Chi tit phi c gia cng tinh trc kh thm C v N. -Sau khi thm N khng p dng bt k mt phng php gia cng no c (ch lm sch, ng gi, em dng).
II.4.Thm C-N (thm xuanua). a.nh ngha-Mc ch: *.nh ngha: l phng php ha nhit luyn nhm lm bo ha ng thi c C v N.
*. Mc ch: mang c mc ch ca phng php thm nit, v phng php thm Cacbon.
TRNG HSPKT.TPHCM
*. bn ca lp thm: nhau.
VT LIU HC I
C-th kh
2 3
*.u-khu ca phng php: c tt c cc u im ca thm C th kh, ngoi ra cn c im sau: -Khng c hin tng to b hng bm vo b mt chi tit. -Do nhit thm thp hn nn kch thc ht b hn, t tn nng lng hn, tui th thit b c nng cao hn. *.ch : sau khi thm C-N th kh, chi tit phi em ti-ram thp.