I. CHUN RS232: I.

1 GII THIU V CHUN RS232: - Chun RS-232 (RS: Recommended Standard) ln u tin c gii thiu vo nm 1962 bi Hip hi K thut in t EIA (Electronics Industries Association). y c xem nh l chun giao tip thng dng nht gia my tnh v cc thit b ngoi vi nh: my tnh khc, modem, mouse. - RS-232 l phng php giao tip ni tip cho cc my tnh v cc thit b. RS-232 l mt giao din kt ni mt DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) vi mt DCE (Data Communication Equipment). - Truyn thng ni tip c 2 loi: ng b v khng ng b. Trong cch truyn ng b, dy k t c truyn s km theo k t ng b l SYN (m ASCII l 22). Phng thc ny cho tc truyn kh cao nhng do mch x l truyn v nhn (bao gm mch thm k t ng b, pht hin v bo sai) kh phc tp nn ch dng trong cc ng dng c yu cu cao v tc truyn. Cn trong cc ng dng thng thng, nht l cc ng dng trong lnh vc iu khin t ng, th khng c yu cu v tc m yu cu v tin cy nhng mch thc hin n gin, r tin. Khi , cch truyn khng ng b rt ph hp. - Cng ni tip RS232 l mt giao din ph bin rng ri nht. Ngi ta cn gi cng ny l cng COM. Vic truyn d liu qua cng COM c tin hnh theo cch ni tip. Ngha l cc bit d liu c truyn i ni tip nhau trn mt ng dn. Loi truyn ny c kh nng dng cho nhng ng dng c yu cu truyn khong cch ln hn, bi v cc kh nng gy nhiu l nh ng k hn khi dng mt cng song song (cng my in). - Cng COM khng phi l mt h thng bus, n cho php d dng to ra lin kt di hnh thc im vi im gia hai my cn trao i thng tin vi nhau, mt thnh vin th ba khng th tham gia vo cuc trao i thng tin ny.

HNH 1: S CHN CNG COM DB9_COM DB25

CHN (Loi 9 chn) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

CHN (Loi 25 chn) 8 3 2 20 7 6 4 5 22

K HIU DCD RXD TXD DTR GND DSR RTS CTS RI

VO/RA Li vo Li vo Li ra Li ra Mass Li vo Li ra Li vo Li vo

M T Data Carrier Detect Receive Data Transmit Data Data Terminal Ready Ni t Data Set Ready Request to Send Clear to Send Ring Indicator

BNG 1: CHC NNG CC CHN CNG COM - Phch cm COM c tng cng 8 ng dn, cha k n ng ni t. Trn thc t c hai loi phch cm, mt loi 9 chn v mt loi 25 chn. C hai loi ny u c chung mt c im. - Chc nng cc chn cng COM: TxD: D liu c truyn i t chn ny. RxD: D liu c thu t cc thit b khc v qua chn RxD. Cc ng bo thit b sn sng: DSR : bo rng Modem sn sng. DTR : bo rng thit b u cui sn sng. Cc ng bt tay bn song cng. RTS : bo rng thit b u cui yu cu pht d liu. CTS : Modem p ng nhu cu cn gi d liu ca thit b u cui cho thit b u cui c th s dng knh truyn d liu. Cc ng trng thi sng mang v tn hiu in thoi. CD : Modem bo cho thit b u cui bit rng nhn c mt sng mang hp l t mng in thoi. RI : Cc Modem t ng tr li bo rng pht hin chung t mng in thoi a ch u tin c th ti c ca cng ni tip c gi l a ch

c bn (Basic Address). Cc a ch ghi tip theo c t ti bng vic cng thm s thanh ghi gp ca b UART vo a ch c bn. - V tn hiu cng COM thng mc +12V, -12V nn khng tng thch vi in p TTL nn giao tip KIT Vi iu khin 8051 vi my tnh qua cng COM ta phi qua mt vi mch bin i in p cho ph hp vi mc TTL, ta chn vi mch MAX232 thc hin vic tng thch in p. I.2 CC C TNH V IN V C CA RS232: I.2.1 C TNH IN: - RS232 s dng phng php truyn khng i xng (khng cn bng), tc l s dng tn hiu in p chnh lch gia mt dy dn v t. - Mc in p c s dng dao ng trong khong t -15V n +15V. Mc logic 1 l t -15V n -3V, mc logic 0 t +3V n +15V. Trong qu trnh chuyn i qua li gia cc mc logic th s xy ra thi gian qu trong khong t -3V n +3V. - Mt u im ca chun RS232 l s dng cng sut pht tng i thp, nh tr khng u vo hn ch trong khong 3 7 K - Tc truyn dn ph thuc vo chiu di dy dn. a s cc h thng hin nay ch h tr tc 19,2Kps. - Chiu di cho php l 15m (50 feet). - Truyn s liu Full-Duplex s dng 3 dy: TxD, RxD, GND. - Cc tn hiu iu khin dng bt tay (Handshaking) phn cng l: RTS, CTS, DSR, DTR. - Truyn khng ng b c cu trc khung truyn bao gm: 1 bit Start, 78 bit d liu, 1 bit Parity, 1-1.5-2 bit stop. - Mt trong nhng yu cu quan trng ca RS-232 l thi gian chuyn i t mt mc logic ny sang mc logic khc khng vt qu 4% thi gian 1 bit. Vn ny lm gii hn chiu di ng truyn. Vi tc truyn 19200 baud c th truyn xa nht l 50ft (1ft = 30.48cm, 15.24cm)

Thng s in p u ra h mch in p u ra khi c ti Tr khng u ra khi ct ngun Dng ra ngn mch

iu kin

Ti thiu

Ti a 25V

3 K RL 7 K -2V VO 2V

5V

15V 300 500mA

in dung ti Tr khng u vo Ngng cho gi tr lo gic 0 Ngng cho gi tr logic 1 -3V 3V VI 25V 3 K

2500pF 7 K 3V

BNG 1: CC THNG S QUAN TRNG CA CHUN RS232 I.2.2 C TNH C: - c tnh c lin h n kt ni vt l gia DTE v DCE. - Ch h tr ti a 2 thit b kt ni vi nhau trn mt ng truyn. - Ch truyn c ti a 15m, khong cch c th xa hn nu dng thm b Repeater. I.3 GII THIU VI MCH GIAO TIP MAX 232:

HNH 3: VI MCH MAX 232 - Vi mch MAX 232 ca hng MAXIM l mt vi mch chuyn dng trong giao din ni tip vi my tnh. Chng c nhim v chuyn i mc qua li gia tn hiu TTL v tn hiu RS232. - Vi mch MAX 232 c hai b m truyn v hai b m nhn. ng dn iu khin li vo CTS, iu khin vic xut ra d liu cng ni tip khi cn thit, c ni vi chn 9 ca vi mch MAX 232. Cn chn RTS (chn 10 ca vi mch MAX 232) ni vi ng dn bt tay iu khin qu trnh nhn.

Thng th cc ng dn bt tay c ni vi cng ni tip qua cc cu ni, khi khng dng n na c th h mch cc cu ny. Cch truyn d liu n gin nht l ch dng ba ng dn TxD, RxD v GND (mass).
I.4 PHNG THC TRUYN D LIU GIA MAX 232 V CNG COM:

HNH 4: KT NI CNG COM VI MAX 232 - Chun RS232 c giao din kt ni im im. Ch yu s dng 2 chn RxD (chn 2) v TxD (chn 3) trao i d liu. Khi my tnh cn truyn d liu n cc thit b th thng qua chn TxD, my tnh gi d liu ca n n cc thit b khc. Trong khi d liu m my tnh nhn c, li c dn n chn ni RxD. Cc tn hiu khc ng vai tr nh l tn hiu h tr khi trao i thng tin v v vy khng phi trong mi ng dng u dng n. - Cc bit d liu c gi i theo kiu o ngc, ngha l cc bit c gi tr 1 s c mc in p LOW, cc bit c gi tr 0 s c mc in p HIGH. Mc tn hiu nhn v truyn qua chn RxD v TxD thng thng nm trong khong 12V n +12V. Mc in p LOW i bit 1 nm gia -3V n -12V, mc in p HIGH vi bit 0 nm trong khong +3V n +12V. - Mt chui d liu truyn i theo dng ni tip nhau trn mt ng dn: bt u bng mt bit khi u (Start bit), tip theo l cc bit d liu (data bit), bit thp i trc. S bit d liu nm trong khong 5 n 8 bit, tip l bit kim tra chn l (Parity) v cui cng l bit kt thc (stop bit). Hnh thc truyn ny c kh nng dng cho nhng khong cch ln, bi v cc kh nng gy nhiu l nh hn l dng cng song song. Tc truyn c thit lp bng tham s Baudrate, l s bit truyn i trong 1 giy, thng thng l 300, 600, 1500, 2400, 4800, 9600 v 19200.

HNH 5:TRUYN D LIU NI TIP BT NG B QUA CNG COM - Mt nhc im khng nh ca cng ni tip l tc truyn d liu b hn ch. V d nh vi tc 9600 baud cho php truyn nhiu nht l 960 byte mi giy. Khun dng d liu (Frame) cn phi c thit lp nh nhau c hai bn gi cng nh nhn. II. CHUN RS485: II.1 GII THIU V CHUN RS485: - Ta dng cng ni tip (cng COM) thc hin giao tip gia PC vi cc Kit Vi x l. Cc nh sn xut my tnh chun ho giao tip cho cng ni tip (cng COM) l chun RS-232. Tuy nhin chun RS-232 ch cho php ghp ni IM IM, do khng th p dng cho mng cn thit k. Vic chn mt chun truyn thng khc l cn thit, v s dng chun RS-485 l chn la hp l. - Mng s dng chun RS-485 rt a dng: ta c th ghp ni cc PC vi nhau, hoc gia PC vi cc Vi x l, hoc bt k thit b truyn thng ni tip bt ng b no. Khi so snh vi Ethernet v nhng giao din truyn thng theo nhng chun khc th giao din RS-485 n gin v gi thnh thp hn nhiu. - i vi mt mng Multi-network thc s gm nhiu mch pht v nhn cng ni vo mt ng dy bus chung, mi node u c th pht v nhn data th RS485 p ng cho yu cu ny. Chun RS-485 cho php 32 mch truyn v nhn cng ni vo ng dy bus (vi b lp Repeater t ng v cc b truyn nhn tr khng cao, gii hn ny c th m rng ln n 256 node mng). Bn cnh RS-485 cn c th chu c cc xung t data v cc iu kin li trn ng truyn.

- Mt s u im ca RS-485: Gi thnh thp. Cc b iu khin Driver v b nhn Receiver khng t v ch yu cu cung cp ngun n +5V to ra mc in p vi sai ti thiu 1.5V ng ra vi sai. Kh nng ni mng. RS-485 l mt giao din a im, thay v gii hn hai n v, RS-485 l giao din c th cung cp cho vic kt ni c nhiu b truyn v nhn. Vi b nhn c tr khng cao kt hp vi b repeater, RS485 c th cho kt ni ln n 256 node. Kh nng kt ni: RS-485 c th truyn xa 1200m, tc ln n 10Mbps. Nhng 2 thng s ny khng xy ra cng lc. Khi khong cch truyn tng th tc baud gim. V d: khi tc l 90Kbps th khong cch l 1200m, 1Mbps th khong cch l 120m, cn tc 10Mbps th khong cch l 15m. - S d RS-485 c th truyn trn mt khong cch ln l do chng s dng ng truyn cn bng. Mi mt tn hiu s truyn trn mt cp dy, vi mc in p trn mt dy l in p b (tri du) vi in p trn dy kia. Receiver s p ng phn hiu gia cc mc in p, c minh ho hnh di:

VA

VB

GND

HNH 6: NG TRUYN CN BNG

Vin

HNH 7: NG TRUYN KHNG CN BNG

- Khi thc hin trao i thng tin tc cao, hoc qua mt khong cch ln trong mi trng thc, phng php n cc (single-ended) thng khng thch hp. Vic truyn dn d liu vi sai (hay tn hiu vi sai cn bng) cho kt qu tt hn trong phn ln trng hp. Tn hiu vi sai c th loi b nh hng do s thay i khi ni t v gim nhiu c th xut hin nh in p chung trn mng. Khi ng dy qua mi trng nhiu, nhiu tc ng ln hai dy l nh nhau. V Receiver nhn tn hiu bng cch ly chnh lch p gia hai ng dy (vi sai), nn nhiu c t ng trit tiu. Ngc li, RS-232 dng dy bt cn bng hay n cc, b nhn p ng theo s khc bit mc in p tn hiu v ng dy t dng chung (mt giao din bt cn bng c th c nhiu dy t nhng tt c u c ni li vi nhau). Do tn hiu nhn c Receiver l tn hiu t b Transmitter cng vi nhiu v st p trn ng dy, iu ny c th lm cho d liu m Receiver c c b sai lch. - Mt thun li khc trn ng dy cn bng l chng trnh c (trong mt gii hn no ) s chnh lch in th trn dy t gia b truyn v b nhn. Trong mt lin kt di, in th t gia b truyn v b nhn c th chnh lch nhau. i vi ng dy bt cn bng, iu ny c th lm b nhn c sai tn hiu vo, nhng i vi ng dy cn bng, s chnh lch ny khng nh hng g bi b nhn ch phn bit mc logic trn u vo da vo s khc bit gia hai dy tn hiu. - Trn thc t cc linh kin RS-485 ch chu c s chnh lch in p gia cc t trong gii hn ch nh trong Datasheet. Mt cch khc kh hoc gim vn in p t ny l cch ly ng kt ni in th t ca b truyn v b nhn khng b nh hng ln nhau. - V c kh nng chng nhiu tt nh vy nn chun RS-485 c kh nng truyn d liu trn mt khong cch xa. Chun TIA/EIA-485 gi hai ng dy vi sai l A v B. Ti b truyn tn hiu vo c mc logic TTL cao s lm cho mc p trn dy A dng hn trn dy B, v mc logic thp s lm cho in p trn dy B dng hn dy A. Ti b nhn, nu mc p trn dy A dng hn dy B th mc logic TTL s xut ra l cao, ngc li l thp. - Ti b nhn RS-485, tm vi sai u vo A v B ch cn trn 0.2V (tc 200mV). Nu p ti A ln hn B 0.2V th b nhn s hiu y l mc logic 1, ngc li s hiu l mc logic 0. Nu chnh lch gia A v B nh hn 0.2V, mc logic s khng c xc nh. S khc nhau v yu cu in p ti b truyn v b nhn to ra gii hn nhiu khong 1.3V, tn hiu vi sai c th mo dng hoc c xung nhiu bng 1.3V v to b nhn vn nhn c ng mc logic. Gii hn nhiu ny tuy nh hn so vi RS-232 nhng ta nn nh rng tn hiu vi sai ca RS-485 c trit tiu phn ln nhiu t khi mi bt u. II.2 CC C TNH V IN V C CA RS485 II.2.1 C TNH IN:

- RS-485 l chun truyn vi sai, s dng hai dy cn bng. - RS-485 c th truyn xa 1200m, tc ln n 10Mbps. Nhng 2 thng s ny khng xy ra cng lc. Khi tc truyn tng th tc baud gim. - V c kh nng chng nhiu tt nh vy nn chun RS-485 c kh nng truyn d liu trn mt khong cch xa. - in p vi sai ng ra t +1.5V n +5V nu l logic mc 0 v mc logic 1 s l t -1.5V n -5V. - Mt c im quan trng ca RS-485 l c th cung cp n 32 Drivers v Receivers trn cng mt ng truyn. iu ny cho php to thnh mt mng cc b. c kh nng nh vy, ng ra Driver RS-485 phi l ng ra 3 trng thi. V do mt Slave s trng thi tng tr cao khi n khng c chn giao tip cng vi Master. - Tryn bn song cng (Half _ Duplex), ngha l ti mt thi im bt k trn dy truyn ch c th l mt thit b hoc l truyn hoc l nhn. Thng s in p u ra h mch in p u ra khi c ti Dng ra ngn mch Thi gian cnh ln ng ra iu khin p kiu chung iu khin Ngng nhy thu vo Phm vi p kiu chung thu vo Tng tr ng vo pha thu 12K RL= 100 1 ng ra ni vi im chung RL= 54 CL= 50pF RL= 54 -7V VCM 12V -7V iu kin Ti thiu 1.5V -1.5V 1.5V -1.5V Ti a 6V -6V 5V -5V 250mA 30% rng bit +-3 200mV 12V

BNG 1: CC THNG S QUAN TRNG CA CHUN RS485

II.2.2 C TNH C: - S dng cp dy xon chng nhiu tt. - Ti a 32 thit b tham gia vo mng. Vi b lp Repeater t ng v cc b truyn nhn tr khng cao, gii hn ny c th m rng ln n 256 node mng.

III. MCH CHUYN I RS232 SANG RS485: - Mng RS-485 c thit k da trn giao thc ch t, hot ng da vo chn iu khin RTS. Chn RTS c nhim v cho mt node ca mng c php truyn hoc nhn. iu ny lm cho mng c th d dng trnh c s xung t ng truyn. - R rng l cng Com ca PC thc hin truyn d liu theo chun RS232, do ta phi thc hin mt mch chuyn i t chun RS-232 sang chun RS-485. - Mch chuyn i ny phi tho mn cc yu cu sau: p ng nhanh Hot ng tin cy n gin, gi thnh r - Mch thit k c da trn hai IC cn bn l MAX 232 v MAX485. Max 232 l IC ca hng Maxim dng chuyn i tn hiu t chun RS-232 sang TTL v ngc li. MAX485 dng chuyn i tn hiu t RS-485 sang TTL v cng nh t TTL sang RS-485. Ta c th thay Max 232 bng HIN 232CP, v thay Max 485 bng SN75176B, LTC 485 hay DS3695.

HNH 7: S CHN IC MAX 485

Chn 8: chn cp ngun Vcc = 5v. Chn 5: GND. Chn 6 (A) v 7 (B): l 2 ng in p Va v Vb ca chun RS485. Chn 1 (RO): ng ra in p TTL. Chn 2 (RE\): cho php chuyn i t RS485 sang TTL. Chn 3 (DE): cho php chuyn i t TTL sang RS485. Chn 4: ng vo in p TTL.

HNH 8: S MCH CHUYN I RS 323 V RS485 Nguyn l hot ng ca mch: - Tn hiu RS-232 t cng Com ca PC (chn 2,3) c a vo ng vo v ra RS-232 ca Max 232 (chn 14, 8), ng ra v ng vo TTL ca Max 232 (chn 11, 9) s c a vo ng vo v ra TTL ca MAX 485. Ng ra ca MAX 485 (chn 6 v 7) s l tn hiu dng thc RS-485. - ch truyn th d liu t chn 2 (TxD) cng COM s vo chn 8 (R2IN) IC MAX 232 v ra chn 9 (R2OUT) n chn 4 (DI) IC MAX 485, lc ny chn DE v RE\ ni ln ngun Vcc nn d liu c a ra chn 6 v 7 truyn qua 1 IC MAX 485 khc chuyn i t mc in p chun RS485 sang TTL a vo chn RxD ca vi iu khin. - ch nhn th d liu t chn TxD ca vi iu khin qua IC MAX 485 chuyn in p TTL thnh in p theo chun RS485 truyn i trn ng truyn n chn 6 v 7 ca MAX 485 lc ny chn DE v RE\ c ni GND nn d liu c a qua da vo s chnh lch in p gia 2 chn 6 v 7

m ng ra TTL ca MAX 485 s l bit 1 hay bit 0. Sau d liu c a n chn 11 (T1IN) v ra chn 14 (T1OUT) a n chn 3 (RxD) cng COM vo my tnh. - Do tc truyn thng v chiu di dy dn c th khc nhau rt nhiu trong cc ng dng, mng RS-485 cn s dng tr u cui ti hai u dy R2, R4. S dng tr u cui c tc dng chng cc hiu ng ph trong truyn dn tn hiu, v d s phn x tn hiu. Tr u cui c s dng c gi tr bng tr khng c tnh ca cp truyn, thng c chn khong 120 Ohm. - C nhiu phng php chn u cui. Ngoi vic dng mt tr ni hai chn A v B (gi l chn song song), ta cng c th dng mt t C mc ni tip vi mt in tr (gi l chn RC). Mch RC ny cho php khc phc nhc im ca vic dng in tr ni trn. Trong lc tn hiu giai on qu , th C ngn mch v tr R s chn u cui. Khi t C ngng dn th s ngn chn dng mt chiu, do s khng c s gim ti gy ra do mch chn u cui. Tuy nhin hiu ng thng thp ca mch RC lm gii hn tc truyn ca mch.