CÁC NHÂN TỐ ẢNH HƯỞNG ĐẾN SỰ THỎA MÃN CÔNG VIỆC CỦA NHÂN VIÊN KHỐI VĂ

B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC KINH T TP.
HCM -----------
Chu vn Ton
CC NHN T NH HNG N S THA MN CNG VIC CA NHN VIN KHI VN PHNG TP.HCM
Chuyn ngnh: Thng mi M s: 60.34.10
LUN VN THC S KINH T
NGI HNG DN KHOA HC: TS. NGUYN C TR
TP. H Ch Minh Nm 2009
Li cam oan Ti xin cam oan lun vn Cc nhn t nh hng n s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin khi vn phng TP.HCM l cng trnh nghin cu ca ring ti. Cc s liu trong ti ny c thu thp v s dng mt cch trung thc. Kt qu nghin cu c trnh by trong lun vn ny khng sao chp ca bt c lun vn no v cng cha c trnh by hay cng b bt c cng trnh nghin cu no khc trc y.
TP.HCM, ngy 14 thng 05 nm 2009 Tc gi lun vn
Chu Vn Ton
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Li cm n Ti xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c trng i hc Kinh t TP.HCM dy d v truyn t cho ti nhng kin thc qu bo lm nn tng cho vic thc hin lun vn ny. Ti xin chn thnh cm n Tin s Nguyn c Tr tn tnh hng dn v ch bo ti c th hon tt lun vn cao hc ny. Ti cng xin chn thnh cm n tt c bn b, ng nghip c v nhng ngi gip ti tr li bng cu hi kho st lm ngun d liu cho vic phn tch v cho ra kt qu nghin cu ca lun vn cao hc ny.
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Tm tt lun vn ti s dng phng php nghin cu nh lng xc nh s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin khi vn phng ti thnh ph H Ch Minh v cc nhn t nh hng n s tha mn ny. D liu s dng trong nghin cu ny c thu thp t bng cu hi gi cho cc nhn vin khi vn phng TP.HCM. T cc l thuyt v s tha mn cng vic v cc nghin cu thc tin ca cc nh nghin cu trong vn ny thang o cc nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic c xy dng vi thang o likert nm mc . tin cy ca thang o c kim nh bi h s Cronbachs alpha v phn tch nhn t. M hnh hi quy tuyn tnh cng c xy dng ban u vi bin ph thuc l s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin v by bin c lp gm s tha mn i vi thu nhp, o to thng tin, cp trn, ng nghip, c im cng vic, iu kin lm vic v phc li cng ty. Sau khi kim nh tin cy ca thang o, m hnh c iu chnh li vi su bin c lp gm s tha mn i vi thu nhp, o to thng tin, cp trn, c im cng vic, phc li c bn v phc li tng thm. Kt qu phn tch hi quy cho thy su nhn t ny c nh hng c ngha thng k n s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin vn phng TP.HCM. Trong ba nhn t nh hng mnh l s tha mn i vi thu nhp, c im cng vic v cp trn v ba nhn t c nh hng yu l s tha mn i vi o to thng tin, phc li c bn v phc li cng thm.
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Mc lc
Li cam oan .......................................................................................................................... i Li cm n .............................................................................................................................ii Tm tt lun vn ...................................................................................................................iii Danh mc cc k hiu, ch vit tt......................................................................................vii Danh mc cc bng, biu.....................................................................................................vii Danh mc cc hnh v, th ..............................................................................................vii CHNG 1: M U......................................................................................................... 1 1.1. t vn ................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Mc tiu nghin cu ................................................................................................... 2 1.3. i tng v phm vi nghin cu .............................................................................. 2 1.4. Phng php nghin cu ............................................................................................ 3 1.5. ngha ti.............................................................................................................. 4 1.6. Cu trc ca lun vn.................................................................................................. 5
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CHNG 2: C S L THUYT ...................................................................................... 6 2.1. Gii thiu .................................................................................................................... 6 2.2. L thuyt v s tha mn cng vic ........................................................................... 6 2.2.1. Khi nim............................................................................................................. 6 2.2.2. L thuyt v s tha mn cng vic .................................................................... 8 2.2.2.1. Thuyt nhu cu cp bc ca Maslow (1943) ................................................ 8 2.2.2.2. Thuyt ERG ca Alderfer (1969) ................................................................. 9 2.2.2.3. Thuyt thnh tu ca McClelland (1988)................................................... 10 2.2.2.4. Thuyt hai nhn t ca Herzberg (1959) .................................................... 10 2.2.2.5. Thuyt cng bng ca Adam (1963)........................................................... 11 2.2.2.6. Thuyt k vng ca Vroom (1964)............................................................. 12 2.2.2.7. M hnh c im cng vic ca Hackman & Oldham (1974) .................. 13 2.2.2.8. Cc nguyn nhn dn n s tha mn trong cng vic............................. 14 2.3. Cc nghin cu lin quan n s tha mn cng vic .............................................. 16 2.4. M hnh nghin cu v ch s nh gi cc nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic ............................................................................................................................ 21 2.4.1. nh ngha cc nhn t ...................................................................................... 22 2.4.2. M hnh nghin cu........................................................................................... 25 2.4.3. Ch s nh gi cc nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic.................................... 26 2.5. Tm tt ...................................................................................................................... 27 CHNG 3: PHNG PHP NGHIN CU................................................................. 28 3.1. Thit k nghin cu .................................................................................................. 28 3.1.1. Thang o ............................................................................................................ 29 3.1.2. Chn mu........................................................................................................... 32 3.1.2.1. Tng th ...................................................................................................... 32 3.1.2.2. Phng php chn mu .............................................................................. 32 3.1.2.3. Kch thc mu........................................................................................... 33
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3.1.3. Cng c thu thp thng tin - Bng cu hi ........................................................ 34 3.1.4. Qu trnh thu thp thng tin............................................................................... 35 3.2. K thut phn tch d liu thng k.......................................................................... 36 3.2.1. Kim nh tin cy ca thang o .................................................................... 37 3.2.2. Kim nh s bng nhau ca gi tr trung bnh ca cc tng th con ................ 37 3.2.3. H s tng quan v phn tch hi quy tuyn tnh ............................................ 38 CHNG 4: KT QU NGHIN CU............................................................................ 39 4.1. Loi cc bng tr li khng ph hp, lm sch v m ha d liu........................... 39 4.1.1. Loi cc bng tr li khng ph hp ................................................................. 39 4.1.2. Lm sch d liu................................................................................................ 40 4.1.3. M ha d liu ................................................................................................... 40 4.2. M t mu ................................................................................................................. 40 4.2.1. Kt cu mu theo cc c im ......................................................................... 40 4.2.2. S tha mn cng vic ca mu ........................................................................ 44 4.3. Phn tch tin cy v ph hp ca thang o ..................................................... 44 4.3.1. H s Cronbachs alpha ..................................................................................... 45 4.3.1.1. Thang o tng nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic..................................... 45 4.3.1.2. Thang o s tha mn cng vic ni chung ............................................... 47 4.3.2. Phn tch nhn t ............................................................................................... 48 4.3.2.1. Cc kha cnh ca tng nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic....................... 48 4.3.2.2. Cc nhn t nh hng s tha mn cng vic .......................................... 51 4.4. Kim nh s tha mn cng vic ca cc tng th con........................................... 51 4.4.1. S tha mn cng vic chung ca nhn vin vn phng TP.HCM ................ 51 4.4.2. S tha mn cng vic gia nam v n ............................................................. 52 4.4.3. S tha mn cng vic theo tui................................................................... 52 4.4.4. S tha mn cng vic theo thi gian cng tc ................................................. 53 4.4.5. S tha mn cng vic theo trnh , chc danh v loi hnh doanh nghip ................................................................................................................ 54 4.5. Phn tch hi quy tuyn tnh ..................................................................................... 55 4.5.1.1. Ma trn h s tng quan gia cc bin ..................................................... 56 4.5.1.2. Xy dng phng trnh hi quy tuyn tnh................................................. 57 4.5.1.3. nh gi ph hp ca m hnh v kim nh cc gi thuyt................. 58 4.5.1.4. Gii thch tm quan trng ca cc bin trong m hnh............................... 58 4.5.1.5. D tm s vi phm cc gi nh cn thit trong hi quy tuyn tnh............ 59 4.6. Tm tt kt qu nghin cu ...................................................................................... 61
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CHNG 5: KT LUN V KIN NGH....................................................................... 63 5.1. Kt lun v s tha mn cng vic ........................................................................... 63 5.2. Kin ngh i vi ngi s dng lao ng ............................................................... 65 5.2.1. Thu nhp ............................................................................................................ 66 5.2.2. c im cng vic............................................................................................ 67 5.2.3. Cp trn.............................................................................................................. 69 5.2.4. o to thng tin .............................................................................................. 70 5.2.5. Phc li .............................................................................................................. 71 5.2.6. Lu khc ......................................................................................................... 72 5.3. Hn ch ca nghin cu ny v kin ngh i vi nghin cu tng lai.................. 72 Ti liu tham kho ............................................................................................................... 75
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Danh mc ph lc ................................................................................................................ 79
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Danh mc cc k hiu, ch vit tt

TP.HCM: Thnh ph H Ch Minh.
Danh mc cc bng, biu

Bng 2-1 Cc ch s cu thnh cc nhn t nh hng s tha mn cng vic ..................26 Bng 3-1 Cc thang o c s dng trong bng cu hi nghin cu ................................31
Danh mc cc hnh v, th
Hnh 2.1 Cc cp bc ca nhu cu Maslow ...........................................................................8 Hnh 2.2 Thuyt ERG ca Alderfer .......................................................................................9 Hnh 2.3 Thuyt hai nhn t ca Herzberg..........................................................................11 Hnh 2.4 Thuyt k vng ca Victor Vroom .......................................................................13 Hnh 2.5 M hnh c im cng vic ca Hackman & Oldham........................................14 Hnh 2.6 M hnh hi quy tuyn tnh ban u .....................................................................26 Hnh 4.1 Mu phn chia theo gii tnh ................................................................................41 Hnh 4.2 Mu phn chia theo tui...................................................................................41 Hnh 4.3 Mu phn chia theo thi gian cng tc .................................................................42 Hnh 4.4 Mu phn chia theo trnh .................................................................................42 Hnh 4.5 Mu phn chia theo chc danh cng vic.............................................................43 Hnh 4.6 Mu phn chia theo loi hnh doanh nghip .........................................................43 Hnh 4.7 M hnh hi quy tuyn tnh c iu chnh ...................................................56
Chng 1 M u
CHNG 1: M U
1.1. t vn
Cng vi s pht trin ca nn kinh t Vit Nam trong nhng nm gn y, nhu cu v ngun nhn lc cng ngy cng gia tng. Doanh nghip ngy cng ch trng hn vn xy dng ngun nhn lc, nht l tuyn chn ng ngi cho cng ty mnh. Tuy nhin, chn c ng ngi mnh cn l cha , doanh nghip cn phi bit cch gi chn nhn vin ca mnh nht l nhng nhn vin nng ct, gi vai tr ch cht trong cng ty. Vi s thiu ht ngun nhn lc c nng lc nh hin nay, vic gi chn nhn vin gii tr thnh vn c cc ch doanh nghip ht sc quan tm. S n nh trong i ng nhn vin s gip doanh nghip tit kim c thi gian v chi ph (tuyn dng, o to, v.v.), gim cc sai st (do nhn vin mi gy ra khi cha quen vi cng vic mi), to nim tin v tinh thn on kt trong ni b doanh nghip. T nhn vin s xem doanh nghip l ni l tng cho h pht huy nng lc ca mnh cng nh gn b lu di vi doanh nghip. Cui cng quan trng hn ht, s n nh ny s gip doanh nghip hot ng hiu qu hn, to c s tin cy ca khch hng v cht lng sn phm v dch v ca doanh nghip. Vy lm th no xy dng c i ng nhn vin n nh cho cng ty mnh? Nhiu nghin cu trong v ngoi nc cho rng cn to ra s tha mn cng vic cho ngi lao ng. Khi c c s tha mn cng vic, nhn vin s c ng lc lm vic tch cc hn, t dn n hiu sut v hiu qu cng vic cao hn. y cng l iu m ch doanh nghip mong mun t c t nhn vin mnh. Theo Luddy (2005), nhn vin khng c s tha mn s dn n nng sut lao ng ca h thp, nh hng n sc khe c v th cht ln tinh thn. Nhn vin c s tha mn trong cng vic s t i ch lm v t ngh vic hn.
Chng 1 M u
Nghin cu ny c thc hin nhm mc ch tm hiu, nh gi hin trng s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin vn phng TP.HCM hin nay, ng thi tm ra cc nhn t nh hng n s tha mn ny. Vi d liu thu c t cuc kho st v thng qua x l, phn tch d liu thng k, nghin cu ny hy vng cung cp cho cc nh qun l doanh nghip cc nhn su sc hn v cc nhn t c th mang li s tha mn cng vic cho nhn vin. T gip h c cc nh hng, chnh sch ph hp trong vic s dng lao ng, nhm gi chn nhng nhn vin ph hp m nh qun l mong mun h gn b lu di vi cng ty.
1.2. Mc tiu nghin cu

ti c thc hin nhm mc ch xc nh cc nhn t nh hng n s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin vn phng ti TP.HCM vi cc mc tiu c bn sau: - Th nht, tm hiu s tha mn cng vic ni chung v s tha mn theo tng nhn t, kha cnh ca s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin vn phng ti TP.HCM. - Th hai, xy dng v kim nh cc thang o tng nhn t nh hng n s tha mn cng vic v thang o s tha mn cng vic chung. - Th ba, so snh s tha mn cng vic gia nhn vin vn phng c s khc nhau v gii tnh, tui, thi gian cng tc, trnh hc vn, v tr cng vic v loi hnh doanh nghip h ang cng tc. - Th t, xc nh mnh ca cc nhn t nh hng n s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin vn phng ti TP.HCM.
1.3. i tng v phm vi nghin cu

i tng nghin cu l s tha mn cng vic v cc nhn t nh hng n s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin. Thng qua vic thu thp thng tin cp mt t nhng ngi c kho st bng bng cu hi s xc nh c s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin tng nhn t ca cng vic nh s tha mn i vi thu nhp,
Chng 1 M u
o to thng tin, cp trn, ng nghip, c im cng vic, iu kin lm vic v phc li cng ty. Cc kha cnh c th ca tng nhn t c th hin bi cc ch s (bin quan st) cng c xem xt v kim nh. Cui cng, thng qua phn tch thng k s nh hng ca tng nhn t i vi s tha mn cng vic ni chung s c xem xt v xc nh. Phm vi nghin cu c gii hn nhn vin vn phng, tc khng bao gm tt c cc loi nhn vin. Nhn vin vn phng l nhng ngi lm vic trong vn phng ca mt doanh nghip hoc mt cng ty, t chc no (Oxford Advance Learners Dictionary). Nhn vin vn phng y bao gm c nhn vin cp di ln nhn vin cp cao, nhng khng bao gm nhng ngi lm ch doanh nghip. V mt a l, ti ch kho st khi nhn vin vn phng TP.HCM, khng kho st nhn vin lm vic cc tnh thnh khc. ti ch nghin cu v s tha mn cng vic khng nghin cu v d nh i cng ty lm vic ca nhn vin. Thi gian thc hin cuc kho st l cui nm 2008 v u nm 2009.
1.4. Phng php nghin cu

ti s dng phng php nghin cu nh lng tm hiu, xc nh s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin. Thang o Likert nm mc c s dng o lng gi tr cc bin s. V y l nghin cu khm ph, cch thc ly mu l thit k chn mu phi xc sut vi hnh thc chn mu thun tin. Bng cu hi t tr li s c s dng lm cng c thu thp thng tin, d liu cn thit phc v cho phn tch nh lng ni trn. Bng cu hi c gi n ngi c kho st thng qua th in t (email) vi ng dn kt ni n bng cu hi c thit k trn mng. Bng cu hi chnh thc c th tm thy phn Ph lc ca lun vn ny.
Chng 1 M u
Lun vn s dng thng k suy din phn tch kt qu thu thp c t mu. Cronbachs alpha c dng la chn v cng c thnh phn ca ca thang o, phn tch nhn t EFA c dng xc nh cc nhn t n cha ng sau cc bin s c quan st. So snh trung bnh ca cc tng th con chia theo c im khc nhau ca tng th cho php suy lun s ging v khc nhau gia cc tp tng th con c quan tm. Cui cng phn tch hi quy tuyn tnh c s dng xc nh cc nhn t thc s c nh hng n s tha mn cng vic cng nh h s ca cc nhn t ny trong phng trnh hi quy tuyn tnh.
1.5. ngha ti
ti c mt s ngha sau: Th nht, kt qu nghin cu s cho ngi c c c ci nhn tng qut v s tha mn cng vic cc nhn t, kha cnh khc nhau v s tha mn cng vic ni chung ca khi nhn vin vn phng ti TP.HCM. Nghin cu cng s so snh s tha mn cng vic c phn chia theo gii tnh, tui, trnh hc vn, v tr cng vic v thuc cc loi hnh doanh nghip khc nhau. Th hai, nghin cu ny gip ta nhn bit c cc thang o dng o lng s tha mn cng vic v cc nhn t nh hng n s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin vn phng, t cc nh qun l ca doanh nghip, cng ty v t chc s xy dng cho t chc mnh chnh sch ph hp nhm ci thin s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin vn phng trong t chc ca mnh. Th ba, y l nghin cu khm ph, lm c s cc nghin cu su hn v s tha mn cng vic ca ngi lao ng ni chung v nhn vin vn phng ni ring Vit Nam.
Chng 1 M u
1.6. Cu trc ca lun vn

Lun vn c chia lm nm chng. Chng 1 - M u s gii thiu c s hnh thnh ti, mc tiu nghin cu, i tng v phm vi nghin cu, phng php nghin cu v ngha ca ti. Chng 2 - C s l thuyt s gii thiu l thuyt, hc thuyt lm nn tng cho vic nghin cu s tha mn cng vic, tm tt cc nghin cu thc tin v s tha mn cng vic trong mt s lnh vc mt s quc gia v khu vc c th. Chng ny cng s gii thiu m hnh nghin cu c xy dng ban u t c s l thuyt. Chng 3 - Phng php nghin cu s gii thiu v vic xy dng thang o, cch chn mu, cng c thu thp d liu, qu trnh thu thp thng tin c tin hnh nh th no v cc k thut phn tch d liu thng k c s dng trong ti ny. Chng 4 - Kt qu nghin cu s phn tch, din gii cc d liu thu c t cuc kho st bao gm cc kt qu kim nh tin cy v ph hp thang o v cc kt qu thng k suy din. Cui cng, Chng 5 - Kt lun v kin ngh s a ra mt s kt lun t kt qu thu c bao gm kt lun v s tha mn cng vic, mt s kin ngh i vi ngi s dng lao ng v mt s hn ch v kin ngh cho cc nghin cu tng lai.
Chng 2: C s l thuyt
CHNG 2: C S L THUYT
2.1. Gii thiu
Chng ny trc ht s gii thiu khi nim v s tha mn cng vic cng nh cc hc thuyt lin quan n s tha mn cng vic, ng vin trong cng vic bao gm cc hc thuyt ni ting nh Thuyt nhu cu cp bc ca Maslow, Thuyt EGR ca Alderfer, Thuyt thnh tu ca McClelland, Thuyt hai nhn t ca Herzberg, Thuyt k vng ca Vroom, Thuyt cng bng ca Adam v M hnh c im cng vic ca Hackman v Oldham. Chng ny cng s cp n cc nguyn nhn dn n s tha mn cng vic. Sau l phn tm tt mt s nghin cu lin quan n s tha mn cng vic. Kt thc chng ny l phn xy dng m hnh nghin cu ban u v a cc cc ch s nh gi c dng o lng s tha mn cng vic theo cc nhn t v s tha mn cng vic ni chung.
2.2. L thuyt v s tha mn cng vic

2.2.1. Khi nim
C kh nhiu cc nh ngha v s tha mn cng vic. T in bch khoa ton th wikipedia.com th cho rng s tha mn cng vic l s hi lng ca mt c nhn i vi cng vic ca anh ta hay c ta. Trong khi , t in Oxford Advance Learners Dictionary th nh ngha s tha mn l vic p ng mt nhu cu hay mong mun no v v vy c th hiu s tha mn cng vic l vic nhn vin c p ng nhu cu hay mong mun ca h khi lm vic. Mt trong cc nh ngha u tin v s tha mn cng vic v c trch dn nhiu nht c th k n l nh ngha ca Robert Hoppock (1935, trch dn bi Scott v ng s, 1960). Tc gi cho rng, vic o lng s tha mn cng vic bng hai cch: (a) o lng s tha mn cng vic ni chung v (b) o lng s tha mn
Chng 2: C s l thuyt
cng vic cc kha cnh khc nhau lin quan n cng vic. ng cng cho rng s tha mn cng vic ni chung khng phi ch n thun l tng cng s tha mn ca cc kha cnh khc nhau, m s tha mn cng vic ni chung c th c xem nh mt bin ring. Theo Spector (1997) s tha mn cng vic n gin l vic ngi ta cm thy thch cng vic ca h v cc kha cnh cng vic ca h nh th no. V n l s nh gi chung, nn n l mt bin v thi . Cn Ellickson v Logsdon (2001) th cho rng s tha mn cng vic c nh ngha chung l mc ngi nhn vin yu thch cng vic ca h, l thi da trn s nhn thc ca ngi nhn vin (tch cc hay tiu cc) v cng vic hoc mi trng lm vic ca h. Ni n gin hn, mi trng lm vic cng p ng c cc nhu cu, gi tr v tnh cch ca ngi lao ng th tha mn cng vic cng cao. Schemerhon (1993, c trch dn bi Luddy, 2005) nh ngha s tha mn cng vic nh l s phn ng v mt tnh cm v cm xc i vi cc kha cnh khc nhau ca cng vic ca nhn vin. Tc gi nhn mnh cc nguyn nhn ca s tha mn cng vic bao gm v tr cng vic, s gim st ca cp trn, mi quan h vi ng nghip, ni dung cng vic, s i ng, v cc phn thng gm thng tin, iu kin vt cht ca mi trng lm vic, cng nh c cu ca t chc. Theo Kreitner v Kinicki (2007), s tha mn cng vic ch yu phn nh mc mt c nhn yu thch cng vic ca mnh. chnh l tnh cm hay cm xc ca ngi nhn vin i vi cng vic ca mnh. Nh vy, c rt nhiu cc nh ngha khc nhau v s tha mn cng vic nhng chng ta c th rt ra c rng mt ngi c xem l c s tha mn cng vic th ngi s c cm gic thoi mi, d chu i vi cng vic ca mnh. Lin quan n nguyn nhn no dn n s tha mn cng vic th mi nh nghin cu u c cch nhn, l gii ring qua cc cng trnh nghin cu ca h. Phn tip theo
Chng 2: C s l thuyt
s cp n cc l thuyt cng vi cc nghin cu thc tin lin quan n s tha mn cng vic.
2.2.2. L thuyt v s tha mn cng vic

Nghin cu s tha mn cng vic thng c cc nh nghin cu gn lin vi cc l thuyt v ng vin v s tha mn cng vic. Sau y l tm tt mt s l thuyt ng lu . 2.2.2.1. Thuyt nhu cu cp bc ca Maslow (1943) Ni n s tha mn ni chung ngi ta thng nhc n l thuyt nhu cu cp bc ca Maslow (1943). Theo ng nhu cu ca con ngi c chia lm nm cp bc tng dn: sinh l, an ton, x hi, t trng v t th hin. Sau khi mt nhu cu no c tha mn th nhu cu cp bc cao hn k tip s xut hin. T l thuyt ny, ta c th thy nh qun l cn phi bit c nhn vin ca mnh ang cp bc nhu cu no t ng vin nhn vin ca mnh bng cch p ng cc nhu cu c nhn ca h.
T th hin T trng X hi An ton Sinh l
Hnh 2.1 Cc cp bc ca nhu cu Maslow
Ngun: Organizational Behavior [21]
y l l thuyt v nhu cu ca con ngi v n c xem xt v ng dng trong nghin cu ny v ch khi no cc nhu cu ca nhn vin c p ng th h mi c th c s tha mn trong cng vic. Cc nhu cu trong l thuyt ny u c cp di dng cc bin khc nhau. V d nh s tha mn v nhu cu sinh l v an
Chng 2: C s l thuyt
ton c th c th hin cc bin o lng s tha mn v thu nhp v phc li cng ty. Tng t, s tha mn v nhu cu x hi v t trng c th hin cc bin th hin s tha mn v mi quan h vi cp trn v vi ng nghip cng nh bin th hin quyn t ch nht nh trong thc hin cng vic. 2.2.2.2. Thuyt ERG ca Alderfer (1969) Nhn chung l thuyt ny ging nh thuyt nhu cu cp bc ca Maslow, tuy nhin c mt s khc bit nh sau: th nht, s lng nhu cu c rt gn cn ba thay v nm, l nhu cu tn ti (existence need), nhu cu lin i (relatedness need) v nhu cu pht trin (growth need); th hai, khc vi Maslow, Alderfer cho rng, c th c nhiu nhu cu xut hin trong cng mt thi im (Maslow cho rng ch c mt nhu cu xut hin mt thi im nht nh); th ba, l yu t b p gia cc nhu cu, mt nhu cu khng c p ng c th c b p bi nhu cu khc (Kreitner & Kinicki, 2007) .V d: mt nhn vin khng c p ng nhu cu v thu nhp nhng c th c b p bi mi trng lm vic tt, cng vic ph hp, c hi c o to thng tin, v.v.) trong khi Maslow th khng tha nhn iu .
Nhu cu lin i
Nhu cu tn ti Tha mn/ tin trin Tht vng/ quay ngc Tha mn/ tng cng
Hnh 2.2 Thuyt ERG ca Alderfer
Nhu cu pht trin
(Ngun: www.valuebasedmanagement.net) [41]
Vic m hnh hi quy tuyn a bin trong nghin cu ny c xy dng trong bin ph thuc (s tha mn cng vic) v nhiu bin c lp khc nhau (s tha
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mn ca cc nhu cu khc nhau) chng t con ngi cng lc c nhiu nhu cu ch khng phi l mt. 2.2.2.3. Thuyt thnh tu ca McClelland (1988) L thuyt ca McClelland tp trung vo ba loi nhu cu ca con ngi: nhu cu v thnh tu, nhu cu v quyn lc v nhu cu v lin minh. Chng c nh ngha nh sau (Robbins, 2002): - Nhu cu v thnh tu l s c gng xut sc, t c thnh tu i vi b chun mc no , n lc thnh cng. - Nhu cu v quyn lc l nhu cu khin ngi khc c x theo cch h mong mun. - Nhu cu v lin minh l mong mun c c cc mi quan h thn thin v gn gi vi ngi khc. Nhu cu thnh tu ca McClelland c th hin trong nghin cu ny di dng c im cng vic. Cng vic cn c thit k sao cho nhn vin t c thnh tu h mong mun. Cn nhu cu lin minh c th hin mi quan h vi cp trn v ng nghip. Cui cng, nhu cu quyn lc c th hin c hi c thng tin. 2.2.2.4. Thuyt hai nhn t ca Herzberg (1959) Thuyt ny chia cc nhn t lm hai loi: cc nhn t ng vin v cc nhn t duy tr. Cc nhn t ng vin gm thnh tu, s cng nhn ca ngi khc, bn cht cng vic, trch nhim cng vic, s thng tin v s tin b, v trin vng ca s pht trin. Nu nhn vin c p ng s mang li s tha mn trong cng vic cho h, ngc li nhn vin s khng c s tha mn. Cc nhn t duy tr gm chnh sch cng ty, s gim st ca cp trn, lng bng, mi quan h vi cp trn v ng nghip, iu kin lm vic, i sng c nhn, v tr cng vic v s m bo ca cng vic. Nu c p ng s khng c s bt mn trong cng vic,
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ngc li s dn n s bt mn. (Efere, 2005). Nh vy, Herzberg tch bit tng i hai nhm nhn t ny v cho rng ch c nhng nhn t ng vin mi c th mang li s tha mn cho nhn vin v nu khng lm tt cc nhn t duy tr s dn n s bt mn ca nhn vin. Nhiu nghin cu a ra kt qu khng ng h s phn chia hai nhm nhn t nh trn ca Herberg cng nh bc b vic cho rng cc nhn t duy tr khng mang li s tha mn trong cng vic. (Kreitner & Kinicki, 2007). Thc t cho thy rng cc nhn t thuc hai nhm trn u c nh hng t nhiu n s tha mn trong vic. Tuy nhin, thng qua l thuyt ca Hezberg ta cng c th thy c tm quan trng ca nhn t ng vin trong vic mang li s tha mn trong cng vic cng nh tc ng ca cc nhn t duy tr trong vic dn n s bt mn ca nhn vin.
Nhn vin bt mn v khng c ng lc
Nhn t ng vin
Nhn vin khng cn bt mn nhng khng c ng lc
Nhn t duy tr
Nhn vin khng cn bt mn v c ng lc
Hnh 2.3 Thuyt hai nhn t ca Herzberg
(Ngun: : www.valuebasedmanagement.net) [41]
2.2.2.5. Thuyt cng bng ca Adam (1963) J. Stacey Adams cho rng nhn vin c xu hng nh gi s cng bng bng cch so snh cng sc h b ra so vi nhng th h nhn c cng nh so snh t l ca h vi t l ca nhng ng nghip trong cng ty. Nu kt qu ca s so snh l s ngang bng nhau tc cng bng th h s tip tc duy tr n lc v hiu sut lm vic ca mnh. Nu th lao nhn c vt qu mong i ca h, h s c xu hng gia tng cng sc ca h trong cng vic, ngc li nu th lao h nhn c thp hn so vi ng gp ca h, h s c xu hng gim bt n lc
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hoc tm cc gii php khc nh vng mt trong gi lm vic hoc thi vic (Pattanayak, 2005). L thuyt ny cng c th c xem xt gc ti ca lun vn ny. Mt nhn vin khng th c c s tha mn nu h nhn ra rng mnh b i x khng bng t vn lng bng, c hi o to thng tin n s h tr t cp trn. 2.2.2.6. Thuyt k vng ca Vroom (1964) Vroom cho rng hnh vi v ng c lm vic ca con ngi khng nht thit c quyt nh bi hin thc m n c quyt nh bi nhn thc ca con ngi v nhng k vng ca h trong tng lai. Khc vi Maslow v Herzberg, Vroom khng tp trung vo nhu cu ca con ngi m tp trung vo kt qu. L thuyt ny xoay quanh ba khi nim c bn (Kreitner & Kinicki, 2007) hay ba mi quan h (Robbins, 2002 ): Expectancy (k vng): l nim tin rng n lc s dn n kt qu tt. Khi nim ny c th hin thng qua mi quan h gia n lc (effort) v kt qu (performance). Instrumentality (tnh cht cng c): l nim tin rng kt qu tt s dn n phn thng xng ng. Khi nim ny c th hin qua mi quan h gia kt qu (performance) v phn thng (outcome/rewards). Valence (ha tr): l mc quan trng ca phn thng i vi ngi thc hin cng vic. Khi nim ny c th hin thng qua mi quan h gia phn thng (rewards) v mc tiu c nhn (personal goals). Vroom cho rng ngi nhn vin ch c ng vin khi nhn thc ca h v c ba khi nim hay ba mi quan h trn l tch cc. Ni cc khc l khi h tin rng n lc ca h s cho ra kt qu tt hn, kt qu s dn n phn thng xng ng v phn thng c ngha v ph hp vi mc tiu c nhn ca h.
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K vng N lc
Tnh cht cng c Kt qu Phn thng
Ha tr Mc tiu
Hnh 2.4 Thuyt k vng ca Victor Vroom
(Ngun: c iu chnh t hnh v ca Robbins, 2002) [27]
V l thuyt ny c da trn s nhn thc ca ngi lao ng nn c th xy ra trng hp l cng lm mt cng ty v cng mt v tr nh nhau nhng mt ngi c ng lc lm vic cn ngi kia th khng do nhn thc ca h v cc khi nim trn l khc nhau. ng dng l thuyt ny vo ti nghin cu ca lun vn ny, ta thy rng mun ngi lao ng c ng lc hng ti mc tiu no (d nhin mc tiu ny gn lin vi mc tiu ca t chc) th ta phi to nhn thc ngi lao ng rng n lc ca h s mang li nhng phn thng nh h mong mun. Mun c c nhn thc trc ht ta phi to c s tha mn trong cng vic hin ti ca h, khin h tha mn vi iu kin mi trng lm vic hin ti, tha mn vi s h tr ca cp trn, ca ng nghip, t khin h tin tng hn vo n lc ca h s dn n kt qu v phn thng nh h mong mun. S tha mn v thng pht cng minh cng s gip h tin rng nhng kt qu h t c chc chn s nhn c s ghi nhn cng nh s tng thng ca cng ty. 2.2.2.7. M hnh c im cng vic ca Hackman & Oldham (1974) Hackman v Oldham (1974) xy dng m hnh ny nhm xc nh cch thit k cng vic sao cho ngi lao ng c c ng lc lm vic ngay t bn trong h cng nh to c s tha mn cng vic ni chung v to c hiu qu cng vic tt nht. xy dng c thit k cng vic nh th, theo hai nh nghin cu ny, cng vic trc ht phi s dng nhiu k nng khc nhau, ngi nhn vin phi nm r cng vic t u n cui v cng vic phi c tm quan trng nht nh. Ba iu ny s mng li ngha trong cng vic cho ngi lao ng cng nh mang li s th v cho h. K n, cng vic phi cho php nhn vin thc hin mt s quyn
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nht nh nhm to cho nhn vin cm nhn c trch nhim v kt qu cng vic ca mnh. Cui cng, cng vic phi m bo c tnh phn hi t cp trn, ghi nhn thnh tu ca nhn vin cng nh nhng gp , ph bnh nhm gip nhn vin lm vic tt hn ln sau. N gip nhn vin bit c kt qu thc s ca cng vic mnh lm. M hnh ny c ngha ng dng i vi ti nghin cu ny, cc bin c im cng vic s c a vo nh gi xem nhn t bn cht cng vic nh hng n mc tha mn cng vic ni chung ca nhn vin vn phng nh th no.
Kha cnh cng vic ct li Trng thi tm l cn thit Kt qu mang li cho c nhn v cng vic
- K nng khc nhau. - Hiu cng vic. - Tm quan trng
Tri nghim s th v trong cng vic - ng lc lm vic ni ti cao - Hiu sut cng vic cao - S tha mn cng vic cao - Ngh vic v thi vic thp
- Quyn quyt nh
Tri nghim trch nhim i vi kt qu cng vic Nhn thc v kt qu thc s ca cng vic Nhu cu pht trin ca nhn vin
- Phn hi
Hnh 2.5 M hnh c im cng vic ca Hackman & Oldham
(Ngun: Hackman & Oldham, 1974 ) [17]
2.2.2.8. Cc nguyn nhn dn n s tha mn trong cng vic Theo Kreitner & Kinicki (2007) v Alam & Kamal (2006) c nm nguyn nhn dn n tha mn cng vic. Th nht l s p ng v cc nhu cu. Cc nhu cu ny
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khng ch dng li cc nhu cu hon thnh tt cng vic m phi bao gm c cc nhu cu c nhn v gia nh ca nhn vin. Nhn t th hai dn n s tha mn cng vic l mc gia nhng mong i ca nhn vin v nhng g h c c t cng ty. Khi mong i vt xa thc t nhn c, nhn vin s c cm gic bt mn. Ngc li nu nhn vin nhn c nhiu th vt xa mong i ca h th s dn n s tha mn rt cao. Nguyn nhn th ba ca s tha mn trong cng vic n t vic nhn thc ca c nhn v gi tr cng vic. Nh vy, mt nhn vin s tha mn khi cng vic mang li cho anh ta mt gi tr quan trng mang tnh c nhn no . tng cng s tha mn cho nhn vin, nh qun l cn xy dng mi trng lm vic tt vi ch ng v cng nhn s ng gp ca nhn vin. S cng bng l nhn t th t dn n s tha mn. Nhn vin s so snh cng sc h b ra v thnh tu h t c vi cng sc v thnh tu ca ngi khc. Nu h cm thy mnh c i x cng bng th h s c c s tha mn. Nhn t di truyn c xem l nhn t cui cng nh hng n s tha mn. Nu nh bn nhn t trn ngi s dng lao ng c th tc ng t nhiu n chng th i vi nhn t ny, h hu nh khng th tc ng c. Do c im di truyn hay do c tnh ca mi con ngi khc nhau m cng mt nng lc v s i ng nh nhau nhng hai ngi vi c tnh khc nhau s c mc tha mn khc nhau. T cc hc thuyt trn, ta thy rng cc nh nghin cu khc nhau c ci nhn khc nhau v cc nhn t mang li s tha mn cng vic. Tuy nhin, qua cc hc thuyt trn, ta thy c im chung ca cc tc gi t cc hc thuyt ny. Tt c h u cho rng mang li s tha mn cng vic th nh qun l cn phi mang li s tha mn nhu cu no ca ngi nhn vin. i vi Maslow v Alderfer th nhu cu l nhu cu c sng, n no mc m, c an ton, c giao kt bn b, c tn trng v t th hin mnh, v.v. S phn chia nhm v cp bc ca cc nhu
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cu ca hai ng l khc nhau nhng cc loi nhu cu l tng ng nhau. McClelland th nhc nh chng ta v nhu cu v thnh tu v quyn lc ca con ngi, nhng th m nhiu ngi n lc ht sc t c n. Herzberg th a ra hai nhm nhn t l nhm loi b s bt mn v nhm mang n s tha mn nhng mc tiu cui cng cng l tha mn nhu cu ca ngi lao ng. Vroom th li cho rng ng lc ca ngi lao ng ph thuc vo nhn thc ca h i vi n lc, kt qu v phn thng nhng cui cng th ci m ngi nhn vin quan tm cng l phn thng c ph hp vi mc tiu (nhu cu) ca h hay khng. Adam th nhn mnh n nhu cu i hi v s i x cng bng ca ngi qun l i vi ngi nhn vin cp di. Cn Hackman v Oldham th cho rng nhn vin i hi cng vic ca h cn c thit k mt cch khoa hc hp l mi c th c c s tha mn trong cng vic.
2.3. Cc nghin cu lin quan n s tha mn cng vic

Cc hc thuyt lin quan n s tha mn cng vic nu trn c cc nh nghin cu sau ny xem xt, ng dng v tin hnh nghin cu xc nh v kim nh cc nhn t no thc s nh hng n s tha mn cng vic ca ngi lao ng. Sau y chng ta hy im qua mt s nghin cu ny. Cc nh nghin cu Smith, Kendall v Hulin (1969) ca trng i hc Cornell xy dng cc ch s m t cng vic (JDI) nh gi mc tha mn cng vic ca mt ngi thng qua cc nhn t l bn cht cng vic, tin lng, thng tin, ng nghip, v s gim st ca cp trn. Cn cc nh nghin cu Weiss v ng nghip (1967) ca trng i hc Minnesota th a ra cc tiu ch o lng s tha mn cng vic thng qua Bng cu hi tha mn Minnesota (MSQ) trong c cc cu hi v kh nng s dng nng lc bn thn, thnh tu, tin b, thm quyn, chnh sch cng ty, i ng, ng nghip, sng to, s c lp, gi tr o c, s tha nhn, trch nhim, s m bo, a v x hi, s gim st ca cp trn, iu kin lm vic, v.v... C th thy JDI v MSQ l cc ch s v tiu ch nh gi
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s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin c s dng nhiu trong cc nghin cu v s tha mn cng vic. Boeve (2007) tin hnh cuc nghin cu s tha mn cng vic ca cc ging vin khoa o to tr l bc s cc trng y ti M trn c s s dng l thuyt hai nhn t ca Herzberg v ch s m t cng vic ca Smith, Kendall & Hulin. Theo , nhn t s tha mn cng vic c chia lm hai nhm: nhm nhn t ni ti gm bn cht cng vic v c hi pht trin thng tin v nhm nhn t bn ngoi gm lng, s h tr ca cp trn v mi quan h vi ng nghip. Mc ch ca nghin cu ny l kim nh tnh ng n ca c hai l thuyt trn. Trong nghin cu ny ca Boeve, cc thng k mang tnh nh lng c p dng nh h s alpha ca Cronbach, h s tng quan Spearman v hi quy tuyn tnh. Kt qu phn tch tng quan ca nm nhn t trong JDI i vi s tha mn cng vic ni chung cho thy nhn t bn cht cng vic, mi quan h vi ng nghip v c hi pht trin l c tng quan mnh nht vi s tha mn cng vic trong khi s h tr ca cp trn v lng bng c tng quan yu i vi s tha mn cng vic ca cc ging vin. Phn tch hi quy cho thy ngoi bn nhn t l bn cht cng vic, mi quan h vi ng nghip, c hi pht trin v s h tr ca cp trn, thi gian cng tc ti khoa cng nh hng n s tha mn ca ging vin (cng gn b lu di vi khoa cng cm thy tha mn cng vic). iu ny cng l gii s tha mn cng vic trong nghin cu ny li ln hn s tha mn ca tng nhn t ca JDI. R rng ngoi cc nhn t c cp trong JDI cn c cc nhn t khc nh hng n s tha mn trong cng vic v thi gian cng tc l mt trong cc nhn t . Thi gian cng tc c nh hng n s tha mn cng vic trong trng hp ny l do tnh c th ca cng vic ti khoa ging dy ny. Trong cc nhn t nh hng c xt trong nghin cu ny th bn cht cng vic l nhn t nh hng mnh nht n s tha mn cng vic ni chung. Qua nghin cu ca mnh, Boeve cng kim nh tnh ng n ca l thuyt ca Herzberg v ch s m t cng vic JDI.
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Luddy (2005) s dng ch s m t cng vic JDI tm hiu s tha mn cng vic ca ngi lao ng Vin y t cng cng Western Cape, Nam Phi. Luddy kho st s tha mn nm kha cnh tha mn trong cng vic, l thu nhp, thng tin, s gim st ca cp trn, ng nghip v bn cht cng vic. Kt qu cho thy rng ngi lao ng Vin y t cng cng Western Cape hi lng vi ng nghip ca h hn ht, k n l bn cht cng vic v s gim st ca cp trn. C hi thng tin v tin lng l hai nhn t m ngi lao ng y cm thy bt mn. Ngoi ra, chng loi ngh nghip, chng tc, gii tnh, trnh hc vn, thm nin cng tc, tui, thu nhp v v tr cng vic cng c nh hng ng k n s tha mn cng vic. Mc d kt qu nghin cu ny ca Luddy cho rng c nm nhn t bn cht cng vic, s i ng, s gim st ca cp trn, thng tin v ng nghip u c lin quan n s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin (vi s lng mu l 203), ng cho rng cc nghin cu tng lai cn c thc hin xa hn nhm khng nh mi quan h ny. Mt c im ng lu trong nghin cu ny ca Luddy l ng c gng chia cc nhn t nh hng n s tha mn cng vic thnh hai nhm nhn t. Nhm th nht l cc nhn t c nhn gm chng tc, gii tnh, trnh hc vn, thm nin cng tc, tui tc v tnh trng hn nhn. Nhm nhn t th hai ng gi l nhn t t chc gm bn cht cng vic, s i ng/ tin lng, s gim st ca cp trn, c hi thng tin v v tr cng vic. (Cheng-Kuang Hsu, 1977) s dng ch s m t cng vic JDI ca Smith v ng nghip tin hnh nghin cu s tha mn cng vic ca cng nhn nh my dt i Loan. Kt qu cho thy rng cc ch s JDI phn nh c s tha mn cng vic ca cng nhn ti y. Trong chn nhn t c nhn th c bn nhn t (gii tnh, tui, trnh hc vn v kin ca gia nh v cng vic) c mi quan h nht nh vi s tha mn cng vic. Trong tm nhn t t chc th c n su nhn t (bn cht cng vic, v tr cng tc, chnh sch cng ty, s cng nhn ca t
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chc, cm gic v thi gian rnh vic v nh mun b vic) nh hng nhiu n s tha mn cng vic. Nghin cu ca Hsu cng a ra mt s kt qu c ch i vi cc nh qun l nhn s i vi ngnh dt i Loan. i vi cc nhn t c nhn nh gii tnh th n hi lng nht i vi lng ca mnh trong khi nam li hi lng nht v c im cng vic v mi quan h vi cc ng nghip. tui 21-25 l tui c tha mn cng vic cao nht. Ngi cha kt hn tha mn v lng, thng tin v mi quan h vi cp trn nhiu hn trong khi ngi kt hn th hi lng vi cng vic v ng nghip nhiu hn. Cng nhn n t nng thn th hi lng nhiu hn so vi cng nhn n t thnh th. i vi nhn t t chc nh bn cht cng vic th kt qu nghin cu ny cho thy cng nhn c mc tha mn khc nhau i vi cc c tnh cng vic khc nhau. V tr cng tc cng nh hng n mc tha mn, cng nhn v tr cng cao th s tha mn cng cao, v.v. Worrell (2004) s dng phin bn MSQ c iu chnh nm 1977 (bng cu hi ngn - 20 cu hi) tin hnh nghin cu ca mnh v s tha mn cng vic ca chuyn vin tm l trng hc. Kt qu nghin cu ca ng ch ra rng 90% cc bc s tm l trng hc M tha mn hoc rt tha mn vi cng vic ca h. Nghin cu cng cho thy rng s tha mn ni chung ny tng dn theo thi gian so vi nm 1982 v 1992. Ngi tr li bng cu hi nghin cu cng c nh tip tc gn b vi v tr cng tc ca h t nht nm nm. C hi thng tin tip tc l nhn t to ra s bt mn nhng n li khng phi l nhn t quan trng nh hng n s bt mn ca chuyn vin tm l trng hc. H vn cn bt mn vi cc chnh sch v qui trnh thc hin cng vic. nh tip tc gn b vi cng vic v giy chng nhn ngh nghip l hai nhn t thc s nh hng n s tha mn cng vic. Sweeney (2000) nghin cu v tm hiu s tha mn cng vic ca cc chuyn vin chng trnh h tr nhn vin ca Hip hi cc chuyn gia h tr nhn vin
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M. Nghin cu s dng bng cu hi MSQ ca Weiss thu thp thng tin v kho st s tha mn ca cc chuyn vin ny. Nhn chung cc chuyn vin u hi lng vi cng vic ca mnh. Cc chuyn vin lm vic bn ngoi tc cc t chc h cung cp dch v th tha mn vi cng vic nhiu hn so vi cc chuyn vin lm vic ti hip hi. Cc nhn t nh tui tc, gii tnh, chng tc, cng vic c lin quan n nng nghip hay khng, s chng nhn ca nh nc u khng c nh hng ng k n s tha mn cng vic ca h. Sweeney cng a ra mt s kin ngh nh m thm cc knh thng tin phc v cho vn thng tin ngh nghip v chnh sch ca t chc, s mt cng bng gii tnh l ro cn ca s tha mn cng vic v bng thc s l hc v cn thit cho nhng chuyn vin ny. Schjoedt (2005) thc hin nghin cu cc nhn t gy nn s tha mn cng vic ca cc ch doanh nghip nh trn c s cc nghin cu trc cho thy cc ch doanh nghip u rt hi lng vi cng vic ca h. Nh nghin cu ny s dng cng lc ba m hnh: Job Characteristics Model (JCM) ca Hackman & Oldman (1980), Big Five ca Goldberg, v Person-Environment Fit (P-E fit) ca Chatman v Spokan. Trong , m hnh JCM cho rng s tha mn cng vic ph thuc v vic thit k cng vic, m hnh Big Five cho rng mc tha mn cng vic ph thuc rt nhiu vo bn tnh ca chnh con ngi, cn m hnh P-E fit th cho rng ngi lao ng ch t c s tha mn khi h thc s ha hp vi mi trng mnh ang cng tc. Kt qu nghin cu ca Schjoedt cho thy m hnh P-E fit l ph hp nht trong vic gii s tha mn cng vic ca cc ch doanh nghip nh M. Vit Nam, TS. Trn Kim Dung (2005) thc hin nghin cu o lng mc tha mn cng vic trong iu kin ca Vit Nam bng cch s dng Ch s m t cng vic (JDI) ca Smith v ng nghip. Tuy nhin, ngoi nm nhn t c ngh trong JDI, tc gi a thm hai nhn t na l phc li cng ty v iu kin lm vic ph hp vi tnh hnh c th ca Vit Nam. Mc tiu chnh ca nghin
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cu ny nhm kim nh gi tr cc thang o JDI cng nh l xc nh cc nhn t nh hng nh th no n mc tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin Vit Nam. Thang o Likert by mc , phn tch nhn t (EFA) v phn tch nhn t khng nh (CFA) c s dng. Mt nhc im ca nghin cu ny l c im ca mu nghin cu, i tng tr li bng cu hi nghin cu l nhn vin ang thc hin cc kha hc bui ti ti trng i hc Kinh t TP.HCM. H c nh gi l nhng ngi c nh hng hc hnh ln nh hng v tng li nhiu hn, h cng c nh gi l ngi c nhu cu phi vt cht cao hn nhu cu vt cht. Kt qu cng cho thy nhn t bn cht cng vic v c hi c o to thng tin c nh gi l quan trng nht i vi s tha mn cng vic ca i tng kho st. Do vy kt qu nghin cu c th phn nh cha ng thi ca ton b nhn vin ti TP. HCM cng nh ti Vit Nam. Nh vy, im qua cc nghin cu v s tha mn cng vic cc lnh vc cng nh cc quc gia khc nhau, ta c th thy Ch s m t cng vic JDI c cc nh nghin cu s dng kh ph bin trong vic tm hiu mc tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin cc lnh vc, quc gia khc nhau. Hu ht cc nghin cu u kim nh c rng cc nhn t trong JDI phn nh c s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin, hoc nc ny hoc nc khc, hoc lnh vc ny hoc lnh vc. khc. iu ny cng ni ln rng, s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin c th s ph thuc vo nm nhn t chnh l s tha mn i vi thu nhp, thng tin, cp trn, ng nghip v bn cht cng vic. y cng l nn tng cho vic xy dng m hnh nghin cu cho ti ny.
2.4. M hnh nghin cu v ch s nh gi cc nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic

T c s cc hc thuyt v cc nghin cu lin quan, ti nghin cu ny tin hnh xy dng m hnh hi quy tuyn tnh ban u vi bin ph thuc l s tha mn cng vic, cn bin c lp l cc bin sau:
Chng 2: C s l thuyt
22
+ Thu nhp + o to v thng tin + Cp trn + ng nghip + c im cng vic + iu kin lm vic + Phc li cng ty Nm bin c lp u tin c ly t Ch s m t cng vic JDI mc d tn gi khng ging hon ton nhng ni dung kh tng ng. Vic c tn li cho cc nhn t (bin) ny da trn kh nng bao qut ni dung ca n. Ring hai bin c lp sau c thm vo trn c s xem xt tnh hnh c th ca nhn vin Vit Nam cng nh mt s cc nghin cu c lin quan cp n s nh hng ca iu kin lm vic v phc li ca cng ty ln s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin Vit Nam. Cc nhn t hay bin c ly t ch s JDI v cc nghin cu trc y, nhng ni dung ca cc nhn t ny cng nh nhng kha cnh (ch s) no cu thnh nn n s c xem xt da trn cc nh ngha ca chnh nhn t v cc nghin cu lin quan. y cng l c s xy dng cc bin quan st di dng cc cu hi trong bng cu hi nghin cu ca ti ny.
2.4.1. nh ngha cc nhn t

nh ngha cc nhn t sau y (tr c im cng vic) c ly t t in Oxford Advance Learners Dictionary (2000) v Oxford Dictionary of Business English (1998). Thu nhp (Income): l s tin m c nhn, t chc, khu vc, quc gia, v.v. c c t vic lm, t vic u t, t vic kinh doanh, v.v. Trong ng ngha ca ti nghin cu ny th thu nhp l s tin m c nhn c c t vic lm cng cho mt doanh nghip, t chc no , thu nhp ny khng bao gm cc khon thu nhp khi h lm cng vic khc (khng lin quan n doanh nghip, t chc h ang lm thu). Theo , khon thu nhp ny s bao gm cc khon lng c bn, cc khon
Chng 2: C s l thuyt
23
tr cp (nu c), cc loi thng bao gm c thng nh k v thng khng nh k, hoa hng (nu c) v li ch bng tin khc pht sinh trc tip t cng vic chnh hin ti. Ring cc khon bo him x hi, bo him y t v cc loi bo him khc m cng ty ng cho nhn vin c qui vo phc li cng ty nn khng c a vo nhn t thu nhp. o to v thng tin o to (Training): l qu trnh hc hi nhng k nng cn thit thc hin mt cng vic c th. Thng tin (Promotion): l vic di chuyn ln v tr hoc cng vic quan trng hn trong mt cng ty. o to trong ti ny c nhm chung vi thng tin do o to thng nhm mc ch cui cng l thng tin hoc nng cao kh nng, hiu qu lm vic ca nhn vin. o to c Schmidt (2007) nh gi cao tm quan trng ca n trong cng ty. Kt qu nghin cu ca ng cho thy s tha mn i vi o to trong cng vic c quan h r rt vi s tha mn cng vic ni chung. Trong ti ny, ta s kho st mc tha mn v o to trong cng vic ca nhn vin cc kha cnh nh o to c k nng hon thnh tt cng vic, o to c nng cao kin thc v k nng lm vic, cc chng trnh o to ca cng ty ang p dng. Cp trn (Supurior): l ngi v tr cao hn trong mt cng ty hay t chc. Trong ng ngha ca ti ny th cp trn l ngi qun l trc tip nhn vin cp di. S tha mn cng vic mang li t nhng yu t mi quan h gia cp trn vi nhn vin cp di ca mnh bao gm s d giao tip vi cp trn (Ehlers, 2003), s h tr khi cn thit (Wesley & Muthuswamy, 2008) v s quan tm ca cp trn (Bellingham, 2004), s bo v nhn vin khi cn thit (Linden & Maslyn, 1998, c trch bi Dionne, 2000), nng lc ca cp trn, s t do thc hin cng vic
Chng 2: C s l thuyt
24
ca cp di (Weiss et al,1967), ), s ghi nhn s ng gp ca nhn vin, s i x cng bng i vi cp di (Warren, 2008). ng nghip (Colleague): l ngi bn lm vic cng vi nhau. Trong ng ngha ca ti ny th ng nghip l ngi cng lm trong mt doanh nghip vi bn, l ngi m bn thng xuyn trao i, chia s vi nhau v cng vic. i vi phn ln cc cng vic th thi gian mi nhn vin lm vic vi ng nghip ca mnh l nhiu hn so vi thi gian lm vic vi cp trn. Do vy, cng nh mi quan h vi cp trn, mi quan h ca nhn vin vi ng nghip cng nh hng n s tha mn trong cng vic. Tng t mi quan h vi cp trn, nhn vin cn c c s h tr gip ca ng nghip khi cn thit, tm thy s thoi mi thn thin khi lm vic vi ng nghip (Hill, 2008). ng thi, nhn vin phi tm thy ng nghip ca mnh tn tm vi cng vic t c kt qu tt nht (Bellingham, 2004). Cui cng, ng nghip cn phi l ngi ng tin cy (Chami & Fullenkamp 2002). c im cng vic (Job characteristics): theo nh m hnh c im cng vic ca R. Hackman v G. Oldman (1974) th mt cng vic s mang n nhn vin s tha mn chung v to c hiu qu cng vic tt nu thit k cng vic tha mn cc c im sau: s dng cc k nng khc nhau, nhn vin nm r u ui cng vic v cng vic c tm quan trng nht nh i vi hot ng sn xut kinh doanh ni chung ca doanh nghip; cng vic cho php nhn vin thc hin mt s quyn nht nh hon tt cng vic ca mnh v nhn vin s chu trch nhim i vi cc quyt nh ca mnh; cng vic phi c c ch phn hi nh gi ca cp trn i vi nhng g nhn vin lm rt kinh nghim cho ln sau. Ngoi ra, c c s tha mn ngi nhn vin rt cn c lm cng vic ph hp vi nng lc ca h (Weiss et al., 1967; Bellingham, 2004). iu kin lm vic (Working Condition): l tnh trng ca ni m ngi lao ng lm vic. i vi ti nghin cu ny iu kin lm vic l cc nhn t nh hng
Chng 2: C s l thuyt
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n sc khe v s tin li ca ngi lao ng khi lm vic, bao gm thi gian lm vic ph hp (Skalli v ng nghip 2007), s an ton thoi mi ni lm vic (Durst, 1997), c trang thit b cn thit cho cng vic (Bellingham, 2004) v thi gian b ra cho vic i li t nh n cng ty (Isacsson, 2008). Phc li (Benefit): l nhng li ch m mt ngi c c t cng ty ca mnh ngoi khon tin m ngi kim c. Theo Artz (2008) phc li c vai tr quan trng trong vic xc nh mc tha mn cng vic. Theo ng, phc li nh hng n s tha mn cng vic. Th nht, phc li l b phn cu thnh nn phn th lao m cng ty tr cho ngi nhn vin, m phn th lao ny nh hng n s tha mn cng vic. Th hai, phc li i lc c tc dng thay th tin lng. Vit Nam, cc phc li m ngi nhn vin quan tm nht bao gm bo him x hi, bo him y t, c ngh php theo lut nh, c ngh bnh v vic ring khi c nhu cu, c cng on bo v li ch hp php ca nhn vin, c i du lch hng nm, c lm n nh lu di ti cng ty (khng s mt vic), c cng ty h tr mua nh, c quyn mua c phn cng ty vi gi u i, v.v. iu kin lm vic v phc li l hai nhn t c thm vo cng vi nm nhn t ca JDI ca Smith v ng tc gi trn c s xem xt tnh hnh c th ca Vit Nam v cc nghin cu c lin quan v nh hng ca hai nhn t ny i vi s tha mn cng vic.
2.4.2. M hnh nghin cu

Vi c s l thuyt nh trn, ta c th tm tt m hnh nghin cu ban u nh sau:
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Thu nhp o to v thng tin Cp trn ng nghip c im cng vic iu kin lm vic Phc li
Hnh 2.6 M hnh hi quy tuyn tnh ban u
S tha mn cng vic
2.4.3. Ch s nh gi cc nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic

T cc nh ngha v cc nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic trn, cc ch s nh gi cho tng nhn t c xy dng nh Bng 2-1 bn di. Bng 2-1 Cc ch s cu thnh cc nhn t nh hng s tha mn cng vic
Nhn t Thu nhp Ch s cu thnh Lng Thng Tr cp S phn phi thu nhp cng bng o to cho nhn vin k nng cn thit cho cng vic To iu kin cho nhn vin hc tp Chng trnh o to ca cng ty C hi thng tin cho ngi c nng lc Giao tip vi cp trn S h tr ng vin ca cp trn S quan tm ca cp trn Cp trn ghi nhn s ng gp ca nhn vin Cp trn bo v nhn vin trc ngi khc Nng lc ca cp trn S y quyn ca cp trn Cp trn i x cng bng vi nhn vin S h tr ca ng nghip S thn thin ha ng ca ng nghip S tn tm trong cng vic ca ng nghip ng nghip ng tin cy
o to thng tin
Cp trn
ng nghip
Chng 2: C s l thuyt
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Nhn t
c im cng vic
iu kin lm vic
Phc li cng ty
Ch s cu thnh Cng vic s dng nhiu k nng Hiu r cng vic Tm quan trng ca cng vic Quyn quyt nh trong cng vic S phn hi v gp ca cp trn Cng vic ph hp vi nng lc Thi gian lm vic Lm thm gi Phng tin, my mc thit b cho cng vic y Ni lm vic an ton thoi mi Thi gian i li t nh n c quan Bo him x hi, bo him y t Ngh php, ngh bnh Du lch ngh dng H tr ca cng on S m bo ca cng vic Phc li khc
2.5. Tm tt
T cc l thuyt v s tha mn cng vic, cc nghin cu lin quan n s tha mn cng vic m hnh hi qui tuyn tnh ban u c xy dng vi bin ph thuc l s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin vn phng ti TP.HCM cn by bin c lp ln lt l s tha mn i vi thu nhp, s tha mn i vi o to thng tin, s tha mn i vi cp trn, s tha mn i vi ng nghip, s tha mn i vi c im cng vic, s tha mn i vi iu kin lm vic v s tha mn i vi phc li cng ty. T cc nh ngha v cc nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic cng vi cc nghin cu lin quan, ta cng xy dng c tng cng 37 ch s (kha cnh/ bin quan st) cu thnh o lng s tha mn tng nhn t nh hng n s tha mn cng vic.
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CHNG 3: PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

Tip theo hai chng trc, chng ny s gii thiu v phng php nghin cu vi hai phn l thit k nghin cu v k thut phn tch d liu thng k. Phn thit k nghin cu s gii thiu v cch xy dng thang o, cch thc chn mu, cng c thu thp thng tin kho st v qu trnh tin hnh thu thp thng tin. Phn k thut phn tch d liu thng k s gii thiu cch thc kim nh tin cy ca thang o bng xc nh cronbachs alpha, phn tch nhn t, thng k suy din vi kim nh s bng nhau ca cc tng th con v phn tch hi quy tuyn tnh.
3.1. Thit k nghin cu

Trong phn thit k nghin cu ny ta s cp n thang o c s dng, tin cy v ph hp ca thang o, cch thc chn mu, cng c dng thu thp thng tin, qui trnh thu thp v x l thng tin. Sau khi xc nh c m hnh nghin cu cng nh cc bin quan st ca cc nhn t, bc tip theo l la chn thang o cho cc bin. Thang o c s dng trong nghin cu ny l thang o Likert nm mc cho tt c cc bin quan st, bin c lp ln bin ph thuc. Cng vic tip theo l xc nh mu cho nghin cu ny. Phng php chn mu phi xc sut thun tin c s dng vi quy m mu l khong 200 nh c trnh by phn Chn mu ca chng ny. Bc tip theo l la chn cng c thu thp thng tin cn nghin cu. Bng cu hi t tr li c s dng thu thp thng tin. Ni dung cc cu hi trong bng cu hi c trnh by phn Cng c thu thp thng tin Bng cu hi ca chng ny.
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Sau khi xy dng c bng cu hi, xc nh c s lng mu cn thu thp, bng cu hi c gi i thu thp thng tin. Thng tin thu thp c s c x l cho ra kt qu di dng cc s liu thng k. Thng k suy din s c s dng th hin kt qu nghin cu. Sau y, chng ta s xem xt chi tit cch la chn thang o, chn mu, chn cng c thu thp thng tin v qu trnh thu thp thng tin v x l s liu thng k.
3.1.1. Thang o
ti ny nghin cu v s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin vn phng, y l mt dng nghin cu thi ca con ngi v mt kha cnh no trong cuc sng. xem xt nh gi c thi ca ngi tr li, trong trng hp ny l s tha mn cng vic th ngi nghin cu c th la chn hai dng cu hi trong bng cu hi ca mnh. Dng cu hi u tin l cu hi dng m, ngha l ngi tr li c th ty theo kin ca mnh m tr li v cm nhn ca h v s tha mn cng vic ca h. Dng cu hi th hai l dng cu hi ng, ngha l ngi thit k bng cu hi s a ra lun nhng la chn tr li vi cc tuyn b v thi ca ngi tr li nh hon ton ng , ng , khng chc, khng ng , hon ton khng ng . V d thay v hi cu hi di dng v m Anh/ ch cm thy lng ca mnh nhn c t cng ty nh th no? th ta c th hi cu hi di dng ng Mc lng ca anh/ch hin nay l ph hp vi nng lc v ng gp ca anh/ ch i vi cng ty km theo nm la chn tr li l: hon ton ng , ng , khng kin, khng ng v hon ton khng ng . Vi dng cu hi u tin, chng ta s nhn c cc cu tr li khc nhau v hu nh l mi ngi tr li mt cch. iu ny khin ta khng kim sot c cu tr li ca h v cng kh c th lng ha hay rt ra c mt kt lun chung v vn mc lng ca h. Vi dng cu hi th hai v vi cu tr li c sn, khi nhn c cu tr li chng ta s thy c r hn v nh gi ca ngi tr li i vi mc lng ca h hin nay.
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Nh vy s dng cu hi ng trong nghin cu thi ni chung l thun li hn. Ngoi ra, v mt trong nhng mc tiu ca ti ny l tm hiu, xc nh mc tha mn cng vic nn vic s dng cu hi dng ng vi cc la chn tr li dng thang o Likert l ph hp nht. Vi cu tr li ca ngi tr li di dng thang o ny, ta s thy c s tha mn cng vic ca ngi nhn vin tng kha cnh, tng nhn t trong cng vic mc tha mn hay khng tha mn v mc nhiu hay t (i vi Likert nm v by mc ). ng thi, v thang o Likert l thang o khong nn ta c th s dng s liu thu thp c x l, phn tch nh lng xc nh mi quan h tng quan, quan h tuyn tnh gia cc bin ni chung, cng nh gia cc bin c lp v bin ph thuc. Tuy nhin m bo tnh ph hp ca thang o, theo Kumar (2005) cn gii quyt hai vn sau: - Ai l ngi quyt nh thang o no c s dng o lng ci cn o? - Lm th no bit c mt cng c no ph hp dng c ci cn o? Cu tr li cho cu hi th nht chnh l cc nh nghin cu chuyn gia trong lnh vc lin quan. i vi ti ny l cc nh nghin cu v s tha mn cng vic. l Smith, Kendall v Hullin, nhng ngi dng thang o Likert o lng s tha mn cng vic ca ngi lao ng nm nhn t gm bn cht cng vic, tin lng, thng tin, ng nghip, v s gim st ca cp trn. ti nghin cu ny v c bn cng s dng thang o Likert o lng s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin. Tuy nhin, mt s nhn t c thay i cht t v tn gi cng nh ni dung. Nhn t tin lng c i thnh thu nhp, nhn t thng tin c i thnh o to thng tin. Vic ly tn mi trn nhm m rng v bao qut ha cc nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic. Ngoi ra, trn c s nghin cu ca cc chuyn gia v cc nh nghin cu khc trong lnh vc ny v xem xt tnh hnh c th Vit Nam, hai nhn t khc cng theo thang o Likert l iu kin lm vic v phc li cng ty c thm vo xem xt v kim nh tnh ph hp ca n.
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Cu hi th hai rt quan trng, c hai phng php to dng nn tnh ph hp ca mt cng c nghin cu, l dng lp lun logic v dng bng chng thng k. R rng dng phng php th hai th thuyt phc hn. Trong thc t t cc nghin cu lin quan n s tha mn cng vic th thang o Likert c cc nh nghin cu s dng rng ri v tha nhn tnh ph hp ca n. V tin cy ca cng c o lng, h s alpha ca Cronbach s c s dng kim nh tin cy ca cc bin (cu hi) c s dng trong bng cu hi. Ngoi ra, phn tch nhn t cng c tin hnh kim nh tnh n kha cnh ca cc cu hi trong nhm thuc tng kha cnh (nhn t). Bng 3-1 Cc thang o c s dng trong bng cu hi nghin cu
Nhn t Thng tin c nhn H tn Email Gii tnh Thng tin phn loi nhn Nm sinh vin Thi gian bt u lm vic Trnh hc vn V tr cng vic Loi hnh doanh nghip Thng tin v s tha mn tng kha cnh chi tit trong cng vic Cc ch s nh gi v thu nhp Cc ch s nh gi v o to thng tin nh gi chi tit v mc Cc ch s nh gi v cp trn tha mn tng kha Cc ch s nh gi v ng nghip cnh ca cng vic Cc ch s nh gi v c im cng vic Cc ch s nh gi v iu kin lm vic Cc ch s nh gi v phc li cng ty Thng tin v s tha mn ca tng nhn t Hi lng v thu nhp Hi lng v o to thng tin Hi lng v cp trn nh gi chung v mc Hi lng v ng nghip tha mn cng vic Hi lng v c im cng vic Hi lng v iu kin lm vic Hi lng v phc li cng ty nh danh nh danh nh danh T l T l Cp bc Cp bc nh danh Bin Thang o
Likert 5 mc
Likert 5 mc
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3.1.2. Chn mu
3.1.2.1. Tng th Tng th ca kho st ny l ton b nhn vin vn phng lm vic ti TP.HCM. Nh nh ngha phn m u ca ti, nhn vin vn phng trong nghin cu ny s bao gm ton b nhng ngi lm vic n lng, tc khng phi lm ch doanh nghip, hu ht thi gian lm vic ca h l trong vn phng, ni cng tc c th l cc t chc, cng ty, chi nhnh, vn phng i din, phng giao dch, v.v. t ti TP.HCM. Nh vy, tng th ca kho st ny l tt c nhng ngi tha ba c im l nhn vin vn phng, lm cng n lng v ni lm vic l TP.HCM. 3.1.2.2. Phng php chn mu t c cc mc tiu nghin cu ra phn m u ca ti, thit k chn phi xc sut vi hnh thc chn mu ngu nhin thun li c s dng v c xem l hp l tin hnh nghin cu ti ny. L do la chn phng php chn mu ny v ngi tr li d tip cn, h sn sng tr li bng cu hi nghin cu cng nh t tn km v thi gian v chi ph thu thp thng tin cn nghin cu. Theo Cooper v Schindler (1998), l do quan trng khin ngi ta s dng phng php chn mu phi xc sut l tnh tit kim v chi ph v thi gian. V mt ny th phng php chn mu phi xc sut vt tri so vi chn mu xc sut. Ngoi ra, hai tc gi cng nhc nh rng chn mu xc sut khng phi lc no cng m bo tnh chnh xc v trong mt s trng hp chn mu xc sut l khng th thc hin c. Tuy nhin hai tc gi ny cng khng nh nhc im ln nht ca phng php chn mu phi xc sut l s ch quan thin v trong qu trnh chn mu v s lm mo m bin dng kt qu nghin cu. Gio s Tin s Nguyn Th Cnh (2007) cho rng chn mu phi xc sut l d phc tho v thc hin nhng n c th cho kt qu sai lch bt chp s phn on ca chng ta, do ngu nhin nn c th chng khng i din cho tng th.
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V y l nghin cu khm ph cng vi phn tch nh trn, phng php chn mu phi xc sut vi hnh thc chn mu thun tin l ph hp nht. Cc bng cu hi nghin cu s c gi trc tip n bn b, ngi quen tr li ng thi cng nh nhng ngi ny gi cho bn b ca h tr li thm cho n khi t c s lng mu cn thit. 3.1.2.3. Kch thc mu Kch thc mu s ph thuc vo vic ta mun g t nhng d liu thu thp c v mi quan h ta mun thit lp l g (Kumar, 2005). Vn nghin cu cng a dng phc tp th mu nghin cu cng ln. Mt nguyn tc chung khc na l mu cng ln th chnh xc ca cc kt qu nghin cu cng cao. Tuy nhin trn thc t th vic la chn kch thc mu cn ph thuc vo mt yu t ht sc quan trng l nng lc ti chnh v thi gian m nh nghin cu c th c c. i vi ti ny, do cc gii hn v ti chnh v thi gian, kch thc mu s c xc nh mc ti thiu cn thit nhng vn p ng c nhu cu ca cuc nghin cu. Kch thc mu d kin ban u l 200. Vic xc nh kch thc mu bao nhiu l ph hp vn cn nhiu tranh ci vi nhiu quan im khc nhau. MacCallum v ng tc gi (1999) tm tt cc quan im ca cc nh nghin cu trc v con s tuyt i mu ti thiu cn thit cho phn tch nhn t. Trong , Gorsuch (1983) v Kline (1979) ngh con s l 100 cn Guilford (1954) cho rng con s l 200. Comrey v Lee (1992) th khng a ra mt con s c nh m a ra cc con s khc nhau vi cc nhn nh tng ng: 100 = t, 200 = kh, 300 = tt, 500 = rt tt, 1000 hoc hn = tuyt vi. Mt s nh nghin cu khc khng a ra con s c th v s mu cn thit m a ra t l gia s mu cn thit v s tham s cn c lng. i vi phn tch nhn t, kch thc mu s ph thuc vo s lng bin c a trong phn tch nhn t. Gorsuch (1983, c trch bi MacClallum v ng tc gi 1999) cho rng s lng
34
mu cn gp 5 ln so vi s lng bin. Trong khi Hong Trng & Chu Nguyn Mng Ngc (2005) cho rng t l l 4 hay 5. Trong ti ny c tt c 37 tham s (bin quan st) cn tin hnh phn tch nhn t, v vy s mu ti thiu cn thit l 37 x 5 = 185. Nh vy, s lng mu 200 l chp nhn c i vi ti nghin cu ny.
3.1.3. Cng c thu thp thng tin - Bng cu hi

Bng cu hi t tr li c s dng thu thp thng tin cn nghin cu trong ti ny. Vic s dng bng cu hi thu thp thng tin cn nghin cu c nhng li ch sau (Ranjit Kumar, 2005): - Tit kim chi ph, thi gian v ngun nhn lc; - m bo c tnh n danh cao v ngi nghin cu v i tng kho st khng cn phi gp mt nhau. Ngoi ra, cng d thy rng vi cng c bng cu hi nghin cu chng ta c th c c nhng thng tin cn thit t s lng ln ngi tr li mt cch nhanh chng v hiu qu. Tuy nhin theo Bless v ng tc gi (2006) th bng cu hi t tr li c mt s hn ch nh sau: - Trnh hc vn v s hiu bit ca ngi tr li i vi cc thut ng s dng trong bng cu hi l khng bit trc c; - T l tr li i vi cc bng cu hi l kh thp; Sau khi xem xt nhu cu thu thp thng tin, nhng im mnh v im yu ca cng c ny cng nh cng c thu thp thng tin m cc nghin cu lin quan s dng, bng cu hi t tr li c thit k v s dng thu thp thng tin cn
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thit. Bng cu hi ny cha ng mt s thng tin cn thit cho nghin cu nh sau: - Thng tin phn loi ngi tr li nh h tn, a ch th in t, gii tnh, nm sinh, thi gian bt u cng tc ti cng ty hin ti, trnh hc vn, chc danh/ v tr cng vic, loi hnh doanh nghip ang cng tc. - Thng tin v s tha mn cng vic cc kha cnh c th c biu hin di dng cc cu hi phn nh ch s nh gi tng nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic gm thu nhp, o to v thng tin, cp trn, ng nghip, c im tnh cht cng vic, iu kin lm vic v chnh sch phc li. - Thng tin v s tha mn cng vic ni chung. Cc giai on thit k bng cu hi. Bc 1: Da vo c s l thuyt v cc nghin cu lin quan trc y to nn bng cu hi ban u. Bc 2: Bng cu hi ban u c tham kho kin ca gio vin hng dn v mt s i tng kho st iu chnh li cho ph hp v d hiu. Bc 3: Bng cu hi c hon chnh v kho st th trc khi gi i kho st chnh thc.
3.1.4. Qu trnh thu thp thng tin

Phn mm Forms Google Docs c s dng thit k bng cu hi trn mng. Bng cu hi ny c gi trc tip hoc gin tip qua bn b n i tng kho st.
36
Nhm m bo i tng kho st l ph hp i vi nghin cu ny, trong th in t gi i v trn bng cu hi nghin c u c nhn mnh n cc c im ca i tng kho st loi cc i tng khng ph hp. Nhm o bo tnh bo mt ca ngi tr li, trn bng cu hi th hin cam kt ch s dng thng tin cho mc ch nghin cu ca ti cng vi cam kt bo mt thng tin cho ngi tr li. Ngoi ra, thng tin v h tn ca ngi tr li l ty chn, c th cung cp hoc khng. Thng tin c dng truy tm ngun gc ngi tr li l a ch th in t. a ch th in t ny cng c s dng gi kt qu cuc kho st ny n nhng ngi tr li c nhu cu mun bit kt qu ca cuc kho st. Ngoi ra, cng nghin cu gii thiu v ti cng c nh km theo bng cu hi phc v cho nhng ngi c nhu cu hiu r hn v ti cng nh ci khi nim c s dng trong bng cu hi. Th in t gi cho i tng tr li, bng cu hi trn mng c th tm thy phn Ph lc ca lun vn ny. Ngi tr li sau khi hon tt phn tr li bng cu hi trn Forms Google Docs ch cn nhn nt Gi l thng tin tr li s c lu tr trn mng. Sau khi s ngi tr li (kch thc mu) cn thit, bng cu hi c ng li v vic thu thp thng tin kt thc. Cui cng, d liu thng tin thu thp c c lu vo tp tin v phn mm x l s liu thng k SPSS c s dng x l v phn tch s liu.
3.2. K thut phn tch d liu thng k

thc hin cng vic thng k v phn tch cc d liu thu thp c, phn mm SPSS 15.0 c s dng kim nh tin cy ca thang o ln thc hin cc thng k suy din.
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3.2.1. Kim nh tin cy ca thang o

Mt trong nhng mc tiu ca ti ny l xy dng v kim nh tin cy ca cc thang o ca tng nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic cng nh thang o s tha mn cng vic ni chung. Hai cng c xc nh h s Cronbachs Alpha v phn tch nhn t s gip chng ta thc hin mc tiu ny. Cronbachs alpha s kim tra tin cy ca cc bin dng o lng tng nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic. Nhng bin khng m bo tin cy s b loi khi thang o v s khng xut hin phn phn tch nhn t. Sau khi loi cc bin khng m bo tin cy, cc bin gi li s c xem xt tnh ph hp thng qua phn tch nhn t EFA. Phn tch nhn t s tr li cu hi liu cc bin (ch s) dng nh gi s tha mn cng vic c kt dnh cao khng v chng c th gom gn li thnh mt s nhn t t hn xem xt khng.
3.2.2. Kim nh s bng nhau ca gi tr trung bnh ca cc tng th con

Trong ti ny cc thng k suy din sau y s c s dng: - Kim nh xem gi tr gi trung bnh ca mu v s tha mn cng vic chung c th suy rng ra tng th hay khng. - Kim nh s ging nhau v trung bnh ca cc tng th con: C hay khng s khc nhau v s tha mn cng vic gia cc nhm nhn vin chia theo gii tnh, tui, trnh , thi gian cng tc, v tr cng vic v loi hnh doanh nghip. kim nh s bng nhau ca s tha mn cng vic ca cc tng th con chia theo c im nht nh cc kim nh tham s v phi tham s c s dng. C th kim nh s bng nhau v s tha mn cng vic gia nam v n phng php kim nh Independent samples T-Test v kim nh Mann-Whitney c s dng. Tng t, kim nh s bng nhau v s tha mn cng vic gia cc tng th con chia theo tui, thi gian cng tc, trnh , v tr chc danh v loi
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hnh doanh nghip, phng php kim nh ANOVA v Kruskal-Wallis c s dng. Ngoi ra, Levene Test cng c thc hin trc nhm kim nh tnh phn phi chun ca phng sai ca cc tng th con trc khi tin hnh kim nh s bng nhau ca gi tr trung bnh.
3.2.3. H s tng quan v phn tch hi quy tuyn tnh

Trc ht h s tng quan gia s tha mn cng vic chung vi cc nhn t ca s tha mn s c xem xt. Tip n, phn tch hi quy tuyn tnh a bin bng phng php bnh phng nh nht thng thng (Ordinal Least Squares OLS) cng c thc hin, trong bin ph thuc l s tha mn cng vic ni chung, bin c lp d kin s l s tha mn i vi thu nhp, o to thng tin, cp trn, ng nghip, c im cng vic, iu kin lm vic, v phc li cng ty. Phng php la chn bin Enter c tin hnh. H s xc nh R2 iu chnh c dng xc nh ph hp ca m hnh, kim nh F dng khng nh kh nng m rng m hnh ny p dng cho tng th cng nh kim nh t bc b gi thuyt cc h s hi quy ca tng th bng 0. Cui cng, nhm m bo tin cy ca phng trnh hi quy c xy dng cui cng l ph hp, mt lot cc d tm s vi phm ca gi nh cn thit trong hi quy tuyn tnh cng c thc hin. Cc gi nh c kim nh trong phn ny gm lin h tuyn tnh (dng biu phn tn Scatterplot), phng sai ca phn d khng i (dng h s tng quan hng Spearman), phn phi chun ca phn d (dng Histogram v Q-Q plot), tnh c lp ca phn d (dng i lng thng k Durbin-Watson), hin tng a cng tuyn (tnh chp nhn Tolerance v h s phng i VIF).
Chng 4: Kt qu nghin cu
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CHNG 4: KT QU NGHIN CU
Tip theo chng Phng php nghin cu, chng ny s gii thiu v cc kt qu nghin cu thng qua vic x l, phn tch d liu thu thp c. Nh trnh by chng trc, kt qu nghin cu c gii thiu chng ny s gm ba phn l m t mu, phn tch tin cy v ph hp ca thang o v thng k suy din. Tuy nhin, trc khi c th x l cc d liu bng phn mm ng dng th cc d liu thu thp cn c lc li, lm sch v m ha.
4.1. Loi cc bng tr li khng ph hp, lm sch v m ha d liu

4.1.1. Loi cc bng tr li khng ph hp
Thi im bt u gi bng cu hi v nhn bng tr li c bt u t ngy 05 thng 12 nm 2008 v kt thc vo ngy 10 thng 02 nm 2009. Sau khi ng bng cu hi trn mng, trc khi c i x l v phn tch, cc d liu c lc v cc tr li khng ph hp b loi. n ht ngy nhn tr li bng cu hi, c 210 tr li c mm Forms Google Docs ghi nhn. Tuy nhin, bng mt thng ta cng c th loi b mt s tr li khng ph hp. Tr li th 2 v 3 trng nhau vi cng 1 ngi tr li v cng kt qu tr li nh nhau, do tr li th 2 b xa. Tng t tr li th 146 v 147 trng nhau ch chn tr li th 147. Tr li th 145, phn tr li cc cu hi u tin hon ton khng chnh xc v khng th hin thin ch tr li bng cu hi ny nn tr li ny b loi. i vi tr li th 157, sau khi tr li, ngi tr li c thng bo li ngi l ch doanh nghip, nn tr li ny cng b loi. Cui cng tr li th 140 cng b loi do s tr li khng hp l. Nh vy sao khi lc cc tr li, ch cn li 205 tr li hp l a c vo x l v phn tch.
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4.1.2. Lm sch d liu

Theo yu cu ca nghin cu ch cn nm sinh ca ngi tr li. Tuy nhin, c 2 tr li ghi c ngy thng nm sinh. thng nht v d x l s liu, ngy thng s b b i, ch gi li nm sinh. V thi gian bt u cng tc ti cng ty hin ti, c 9 trng hp ch ghi nm bt u cng tc m khng ghi thng theo nh yu cu. Cc trng hp ny s c gii quyt bng cch s dng thng 6 (thng gia ca nm) l thng bt u lm vic trong nm tng ng.
4.1.3. M ha d liu
Tui ca ngi tr li c phn thnh nhm tui thun li cho vic x l. Trong , tui c chia lm 4 nhm tui: 22 n 24 tui (nhm 1), 25 n 29 tui (nhm 2), 30 n 34 tui (nhm 3) v trn 35 tui (nhm 4). Thi gian cng tc cng c chia li lm 3 nhm: di 1 nm (nhm 1) , t trn 1 n 3 nm (nhm 2) v trn 3 nm (nhm 3).
4.2. M t mu
4.2.1. Kt cu mu theo cc c im
Trc ht chng ta s xem xt mu nghin cu ca chng ta c phn b nh th no khi c chia theo gii tnh, tui, thi gian cng tc, trnh hc vn, chc danh v loi hnh doanh nghip. V gii tnh ca mu, c tng cng 79 i tng l nam tng ng vi 38.5% v 126 i tng l n tng ng vi 61.5%. V i tng kho st ca chng ta l nhn vin vn phng nn t l chnh lch nh trn l chp nhn c. Trn thc t chng ta c th thy c i tng nhn vin vn phng c t l n nhiu hn nam.
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Nam 38.1%
N 61.9%
Hnh 4.1 Mu phn chia theo gii tnh
C cu tui ca mu c phn b nh sau: ngi nh nht tham gia kho st l 22 tui v ngi ln nht l 51 tui. tui trung bnh ca mu l 28.77 (mean) v ngi tr li 29 tui l nhiu nht (mode). Nu phn chia tui theo nhm nh trnh by theo phn m ha th ta c th thy nhm tui t 25 n 29 tui chim nhiu nht vi 114 ngi (55.6%), k n l nhm t 30 n 34 tui c 50 ngi (24.4%), t nht l nhm tui t 35 tui tr ln ch c 14 ngi (6.8%).
120 100 S ngi 80 60 40 20 0 27 tui 22-24 tui 25-29 tui 30-34 114 50 14 tui 35 tr ln
tui
Hnh 4.2 Mu phn chia theo tui
Xt v thi gian cng tc th c ba nhm u c t l tng i ng u: di 1 nm 60 ngi, t 1 n 3 nm 81 ngi v trn 3 nm l 64 ngi. T l phn trm
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tng ng l 29.3%, 39.5% v 31.2%. iu ny cng cho thy t l ngi tham gia kho st ny c thi gian cng tc di 1 nm l kh cao.
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 S ngi
81 60 64
Di 1 nm
T 1-3 nm Thi gian cng tc
Trn 3 nm
Hnh 4.3 Mu phn chia theo thi gian cng tc
Trnh hc vn ca mu ch yu tp trung v ngi c trnh i hc vi 158 ngi. Trnh sau i hc cng c 26 ngi. Trnh cao ng c 15 ngi v t trung hc tr xung ch c 6 ngi. Chia theo v tr, chc danh th nhn vin tc nghip c t l cao nht 60.0% tng ng 123 ngi trong khi v tr qun l cp cao ch 2.0% (4 ngi).
160 140 120 S ngi 100 80 60 40 20 0 6 T trung hc tr xung 15 Cao ng i hc 26 Sau i hc 158
Trnh
Hnh 4.4 Mu phn chia theo trnh
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140 120 100 S ngi 80 60 40 20 0 1 2 3 Chc danh

1. Nhn vin tc nghip 2. Trng nhm/ trng i 3. Trng ph phng/ k ton trng 4. Gim c/ Ph gim c/ Tng gim c/ Ph tng gim c
123
33
45 4 4
Hnh 4.5 Mu phn chia theo chc danh cng vic
Cui cng, xt theo loi hnh doanh nghip mu nghin cu c s ngi lm cho cng ty c phn v doanh nghip nc ngoi bng nhau l 60 ngi, cng ty trch nhim hu hn c 40 ngi, cng ty nh nc c 22 ngi, cn li l nhng ngi lm cho doanh nghip t nhn, cng ty lin doanh, v loi hnh doanh nghip khc.
Lin doanh Khc 2% 5% Nh nc 11%
Doanh nghip nc ngoi 29%
C phn 29%
Doanh nghip t nhn 4%
Trch nhim hu hn 20%
Hnh 4.6 Mu phn chia theo loi hnh doanh nghip
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4.2.2. S tha mn cng vic ca mu

Trong tt c cc cu hi phn nh thi ca i tng kho st i vi tng kha cnh chi tit cng nh by nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic v s tha mn cng vic ni chung u c nhng ngi tr li hon ton khng ng v tr li hon ton ng tng ng vi vic hon ton khng tha mn v hon ton tha mn i vi tng kha cnh, nhn t . Trong , hai cu hi v chnh sch bo him x hi v bo him y t c s tha mn cao nht vi im trung bnh l 4.27. Kha cnh c s tha mn thp nht l cc phc li khc (h tr mua nh, c quyn mua c phn cng ty vi gi u i, c chia c tc, v.v.) ch t 2.31 im. S tha mn cng vic theo cc nhn t dao ng t 2.96 n 3.61 im c hiu l nh gi chung th mu nghin cu c s tha mn vi cng vic hin ti nhng mc tha mn l khng cao (vi thang o Likert 5 mc th im 3.00 l im trung bnh).
4.3. Phn tch tin cy v ph hp ca thang o

Nh trnh by chng c s l thuyt, by nhn t c a vo nghin cu v s tha mn cng vic l s tha mn i vi thu nhp, o to thng tin, cp trn, ng nghip, c im cng vic, iu kin lm vic v phc li cng ty. Tuy nhin, cc kha cnh c th (cc ch s) nh gi s tha mn tng nhn t c th hin qua cc cu hi nghin cu th li c ly t nh ngha ca tng nhn t v tng hp t cc nghin cu trc y v s tha mn cng vic. Do , vic kim nh tin cy ca cc thang o ny i vi cc nhn t m chng cu thnh l ht sc cn thit. tin cy ca thang o (cc bin) c kim nh thng qua hai cng c l h s Cronbachs alpha v phn tch nhn t. H s Cronbachs alpha c s dng trc nhm loi cc bin khng ph hp. Theo Hong Trng v Chu Th Mng Nguyt (2005) th nhiu nh nghin cu ng rng khi Cronbachs alpha t 0.8 n gn 1 th thang o lng l tt, t 0.7 n gn 0.8 l s dng c. i vi nghin cu
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ny, nhm m bo tin cy ca thang o ch nhng nhn t no c Cronbachs alpha ln hn 0.7 th mi c xem l thang o c tin cy v c gi li. Ngoi ra, mi quan h tng quan bin tng cng c xem xt, ch nhng bin no c h s ln hn 0.4 mi c gi li. Sau phn tch tin cy Cronbachs s l phn tch nhn t. Theo Hair et al. (1998, c trch bi Garson, n.d) th h s ti nhn t trn 0.6 c xem l cao v di 0.4 l thp. i vi nghin cu ny nhng bin no c h s ti nhn t nh hn 0.5 s b loi m bo tnh hon chnh (validity) ca thang o. Phng php trch (extraction method) c s dng l phn tch nhn t chnh (principal component analysis) v phng php quay quanh trc ta (orthogonal rotation method) l Varimax with Kaiser Normalization (chun Kaiser).
4.3.1. H s Cronbachs alpha

H s Cronbachs alpha c tnh theo cng thc sau:
2 N Y N 1 i =12 i = N 1 X
(4.1)
Trong : N: l s bin a vo phn tch.

2 Y
i
: phng sai ca bin quan st th i.
2 X : phng sai ca bin tng.
Chng ta s ln lt xem xt h s Cronbachs alpha ca thang o tng nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic v h s alpha i vi s tha mn cng vic chung. 4.3.1.1. Thang o tng nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic Kt qu phn tch Cronbach alpha i vi cc nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic c tm tt nh sau:
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Thang o nhn t s tha mn i vi thu nhp c h s Cronbachs alpha chp nhn c l 0.77. Ta thy nu b i bt c bin no trong nhn t ny th h s alpha u gim. Ngoi ra vi h s tng quan bin tng u ln hn 0.4 nn tt c cc bin u c gi li v chng m bo tin cy ca thang o. Thang o nhn t s tha mn i vi o to thng tin c h s Cronbachs alpha kh cao l 0.833 v cc h s tng quan bin tng u ln hn 0.6. iu ny cho thy cc bin trong thang o kh gn kt vi nhau v l cc bin o lng tt cho nhn t s tha mn i vi o to thng tin. Thang o nhn t s tha mn i vi cp trn c nhiu bin nht so vi cc nhn t khc v cng l nhn t c h s Cronbachs alpha cao nht t 0.903 vi cc h s tng quan bin tng kh cao ngoi tr bin u tin giao tip vi cp trn c h s tng quan bin tng ch t 0.559. Bin ny cng l bin m nu ta b bin ny i th h s Cronbachs alpha cng s gi nguyn. Tuy nhin v n cng khng lm gim h s Cronbachs alpha nn vn tip tc c gi li. Thang o nhn t s tha mn i vi ng nghip c h s alpha cao th hai trong by nhn t, t 0.879 v cc h s tng quan bin tng ca tng bin u kh cao v ng u. y l nhn t c cc bin o lng c tng quan ng u vi bin tng nht. Tt c cc bin u c gi li. Thang o nhn t s tha mn i vi c im cng vic c h s Cronbach alpha gn bng 0.8 vi cc h s tng quan bin tng kh thp nhng u ln hn 0.4. Nu loi b bt k bin no ra khi nhn t th h s alpha u s gim nn khng c bin no b loi nhn t ny. Thang o nhn t s tha mn i vi iu kin lm vic l nhn t c h s alpha kh thp 0.544 di mc chp nhn ca nghin cu ny. Ngoi ra, ta cng thy c h s tng quan bin tng ca tt c cc bin u rt thp, cao nht cng ch t 0.477 v thp nht ch c 0.098. iu ny cho thy mc tin cy ca cc bin
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ny trong vic o lng cng mt khi nim l rt thp. Ngoi ra, nu ta c b i mt bin no th h s Cronbachs alpha cng s khng ln 0.7 theo nh gii hn t ra ca nghin cu ny. Chng hn, nu b i bin cui cng thi gian i li th h s alpha cng ch t 0.649. Vi kt qu nh vy, ta c c s a n kt lun l thang o nhn t ny khng m bo tin cy v n s b loi khi cc phn phn tch tip theo. Thang o nhn t cui cng l s tha mn i vi phc li cng ty c h s Cronbachs alpha l 0.730 chp nhn c. Ta cng nhn ra c mt bin khng s mt vic c h s tng quan bin tng kh thp ch t 0.391, l c s ta loi n ra khi nhn t phc li cng ty. Tuy nhin ta s kim tra li vic loi b ny c ph hp khng phn phn tch nhn t. Nh vy, thng qua cng c phn tch h s Cronbachs alpha, ta s gi li cc bin ca cc nhn t s tha mn i vi thu nhp, o to thng tin, cp trn, ng nghip v c im cng vic. i vi nhn t s tha mn i vi iu kin lm vic, do cc bin trong thang o c tin cy thp, c loi bt bin no th cng khng ci thin c nhiu cho thang o ny nn tt c cc bin ca nhn t ny s b loi phn phn tch nhn t tip theo. Ring i vi nhn t phc li, ng ra bin khng s mt vic s b loi khi nhn t ny nhng vic loi n cng khng ci thin c h s alpha ca nhn t m cn lm gim h s alpha ny nn vic loi n hay khng s c quyt nh phn tch tip theo. 4.3.1.2. Thang o s tha mn cng vic ni chung H s Cronbachs alpha ca thang o ny kh cao 0.862 cng vi h s tng quan bin tng u ln hn 0.4 (ngoi tr nhn t hi lng vi ng nghip ch t 0.393) cho thy cc nhn t c lin h kh cht ch v phn nh c cng mt khi nim, l s tha mn cng vic ni chung. Tuy nhin, ta cng thy rng nu b i bin hi lng vi ng nghip th h s alpha s tng ln t 0.868. y l c s
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ta loi bin ny ra khi thang o. Tnh ng n ca vic loi b ny cng s c khng nh phn phn tch nhn t.
4.3.2. Phn tch nhn t

Phn tch nhn t thng c dng trong qu trnh xy dng thang o lng cc kha cnh khc nhau ca khi nim nghin cu, kim tra tnh n kha cnh ca thang o lng (Hong Trng & Chu Nguyn Mng Ngc, 2005). Nh vy, phn tch nhn t va gip ta rt gn tp hp nhiu bin thnh mt s bin tng i t ng thi kim tra kt dnh hay tin cy ca cc bin trong cng mt thang o. Trong ti nghin cu ny, phn tch nhn t s gip ta xem xt kh nng rt gn s lng 32 bin quan st (5 bin iu kin lm vic b loi phn phn tch h s Cronbachs alpha) xung cn mt s t cc nhn t (bin) dng o lng s tha mn cng vic. N cng gip ta kim nh li ln na cc ch s nh gi (bin) trong tng nhn t c thc s ng tin cy v c kt dnh nh chng th hin phn xc nh h s Cronbachs alpha hay khng? Tng t n cng gip ta kim tra xem by nhn t m chng ta xy dng ban u c thc s o lng cng khi nim s tha mn cng vic v c kt dnh cao hay khng. 4.3.2.1. Cc kha cnh ca tng nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic. Sau khi cc bin ca nhn t iu kin lm vic b loi khi thang o, phn tch nhn t c tin hnh. Nh vy, t s bin quan st ban u l 37 bin, nay ta ch cn li 32 bin. Mong i ca chng trc khi tin hnh phn tch nhn t ny l 32 bin ny s c rt gn thnh 6 nhn t l s tha mn i vi thu nhp, o to thng tin, cp trn, ng nghip, c im cng vic v phc li cng ty. Cng nh cc phng php phn tch thng k khc, trc khi tin hnh phn tch nhn t, ta cng cn kim tra xem vic dng phng php ny c ph hp hay khng. Vic kim tra ny s c thc hin bi vic tnh h s KMO and Bartletts Test. Tr s ca KMO trong trng hp ny kh ln t 0.877 v Sig. ca Bartletts
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Test nh hn 1/1000 cho thy 32 bin ny c tng quan vi nhau v hon ton ph hp vi phn tch nhn t. Bartletts Test dng kim nh gi thuyt Ho l cc bin khng c tng quan vi nhau trong tng th cn KMO dng kim tra xem vi kch thc mu ta c c c ph hp vi phn tch nhn t hay khng. Theo Hong Trng & Chu Nguyn Mng Ngc (2005), gi tr KMO nm gia 0.5 n 1 c ngha l phn tch nhn t l thch hp. Phng php trch trong phn tch nhn t ca nghin cu ny l phn tch nhn t chnh (Principal component analysis) vi gi tr trch Eigenvalue ln hn 1. iu ny c ngha l ch nhng nhn t c trch ra c gi tr Eigenvalue ln hn 1 mi c gi li trong m hnh phn tch. Bng kt qu phn tch nhn tch cho thy c tt c 32 nhn t nhng ch c by nhn t c Eigenevalue ln hn 1. By nhn t ny s c gi li tip tc phn tch. Ta cng thy c vi by nhn t ny s gii thch c 64.42% bin thin ca d liu (phn trm ca phng sai). T l ny l kh cao trong phn tch nhn t. Nhn vo h s ti nhn t ma trn nhn t (component matrix) ta kh c th thy c nhng bin no gii thch nhn t no, do vy ta cn phi xoay cc nhn t. Phng php xoay c chn y l Varimax procedure, xoay nguyn gc cc nhn t ti thiu ha s lng bin c h s ln ti cng mt nhn t, v vy s tng cng kh nng gii thch cc nhn t. Sau khi xoay ta cng s loi b cc bin c h s ti nhn t nh hn 0.5. Ch nhng bin c h s ti ln hn 0.5 mi c s dng gii thch mt nhn t no . Sau khi xoay cc nhn t s tp trung ca cc bin theo tng nhn t hin r rng. Trong nhn t u tin l ton b cc bin thuc nhn t s tha mn i vi cp trn. Nhn t th hai l ton b cc bin thuc nhn t s tha mn i vi ng nghip. Nhn t th ba l cc bin thuc nhn t s tha mn i vi c im cng vic, ngoi tr bin nhn c phn hi t cp trn. Bin ny c h s ti nhn t ln hn 0.5 nhn t th nht, do n s c a vo nhn t ny. Nhn t th
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t l ton b cc bin thuc nhn t s tha mn i vi o to thng tin. Nhn t th nm l ton b cc bin thuc nhn t s tha mn i vi thu nhp. i vi cc bin thuc nhn t s tha mn i vi phc li cng ty, ta thy rng bin khng s mt vic c h s ti nhn t nh hn 0.5 tt c by nhn t c trch ra. phn phn tch h s Cronbachs alpha chng ta do d khng loi bin ny th phn phn tch nhn t ny, ta c c s hn loi bin ny ra khi thang o. Nm bin cn li ca nhn t phc li cng ty c s phn ha thnh hai nhn t r rt. Ta tm t tn cho nhn t th su l phc li c bn v nhn t th by l phc li cng thm. Sau khi loi bin khng s mt vic ra khi phn tch nhn t, kt qu cng cho ra by nhn t nh trn, nhng lc ny cc h s ti nhn t sau khi xoay c ci thin so vi lc cn c bin khng s mt vic. Kh nng gii thch ca by nhn t ny c ci thin ln 65.471%. Kt qu cui cng sau khi loi cc bin khng ph hp phn phn tch nhn t, ta cn li 31 bin trong thang o v c chia lm by nhn t vi tn gi tng ng vi su nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic ta xy dng ban u (nhn t iu kin lm vic b loi v nhn t phc li c chia lm hai). By nhn t gm s tha mn i vi thu nhp, o to thng tin, cp trn, ng nghip, c im cng vic, phc li c bn v phc li cng thm. Phn tch nhn t cng gip ta xc nh c h s nhn ca cc bin i vi tng nhn t nh sau: Fi = Wi1 X1 + Wi2 X2 + Wi3 X3 + . + Wi31 X31 (4.2) Trong : Fi : nhn t th i c gii thch bi 31 bin quan st. Wik: nhn s ca bin th k khi gii thch nhn t th i. Xk: bin th k.
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4.3.2.2. Cc nhn t nh hng s tha mn cng vic m bo tin cy v kt dnh ca cc nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic chng ta a ra phn c s l thuyt, chng ta cng s phi tin hnh phn tch nhn t i vi cc nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic. Mong i ca chng ta l cc nhn t ny s cng nhau to thnh mt nhn t (phm tr) c Eigenevalue ln hn 1, l s tha mn cng vic ni chung c tng hp t cc nhn t trn. iu cng c ngha l by nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic c kt dnh cao v cng th hin 1 phm tr s tha mn cng vic. Kt qu phn tch nhn t i vi cc nhn t ny cho thy ng l cc nhn t ny cng phn nh mt phm tr, m da vo c s l thuyt, ta c th khng nh l s tha mn cng vic. Tuy nhin, ta thy rng nhn t hi lng vi ng nghip c h s ti nhn t rt thp nh hn 0.5 nn b loi khi sau phn phn tch nhn t ny. iu ny ht sc trng khp vi kt qu phn tch Cronbachs alpha trn i vi thang o s tha mn cng vic trn. Nh vy, sau phn phn tch nhn t ny, ta s chn ra c 6 nhn t nh hng n s tha mn cng vic, l s tha mn i vi thu nhp, o to thng tin, cp trn, c im cng vic, iu kin lm vic v phc li cng ty.
4.4. Kim nh s tha mn cng vic ca cc tng th con

4.4.1. S tha mn cng vic chung ca nhn vin vn phng TP.HCM
Nh kim nh phn h s Cronbachs alpha cng nh phn tch nhn t, s tha mn cng vic chung s c th hin thng qua cc nhn t l s tha mn i vi thu nhp, o to thng tin, cp trn, c im cng vic, iu kin lm vic v phc li cng ty. Do , gi tr s tha mn cng vic chung s c tnh bng cch trung bnh cng ca cc gi tr nhn t ny. Tnh ton cho kt qu v s tha mn cng vic d liu t mu ta c s tha mn cng vic chung c gi tr trung bnh l 3.3275.
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Nhng gi tr ny l gi tr ca mu, nn ta phi kim nh xem s c phi s tha mn cng vic chung ca ton b tng th, tc s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin vn phng TP.HCM cng c gi tr trung bnh t mc 3.33? lm iu ny chng ta s s dng phng php One-sample T-Test. Kt qu cho thy, ta khng th bc b gi thuyt Ho: s tha mn cng vic ca tng th c gi tr 3.33 trong thang o Likert nm mc . Nu ta bc b gi thuyt ny th xc sut mc sai lm ln n 96.1%.
4.4.2. S tha mn cng vic gia nam v n

kim nh xem s tha mn cng vic gia nam v n c khc nhau khng, kim nh theo phng php Independent samples T-Test v phng php phi tham s 2-samples Mann-Whitney Test c s dng. Hai phng php ny u cho ra kt lun ging nhau. Vi phng php Independent-samples T-Test, kim nh Levene Test c tin hnh trc vi kt qu sig. bng 0.283 cho thy phng sai ca trung bnh s tha mn cng vic c phn phi chun nn sig. ca T-test c tnh l 0.171. iu ny cho thy vi tin cy 95%, th ta s kt lun l khng c s khc bit v s tha mn cng vic gia nam v n nhn vin vn phng ti TP.HCM. m bo cho kt lun trn, kim nh phi tham s Mann-Whitney cng c tin hnh. Kt qu kim nh ny c sig. bng 0.295 cng cho ra kt lun nh Independent-samples T-Test, tc gia nhn vin nam v n khng c s khc nhau v mc tha mn cng vic. Nh vy, hai phng php kim nh u cho rng kt lun ging nhau.
4.4.3. S tha mn cng vic theo tui

Phng php kim nh ANOVA v kim nh phi tham s Kruskal-Wallis c p dng kim nh xem c hay khng s khc nhau v s tha mn cng vic gia cc tui khc nhau. Trc khi tin hnh kim nh s tha mn cng vic
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theo tui, tui ca nhn vin c m ha li v c chia lm bn nhm nh trnh by phn M ha ca chng ny. Levene test cng c tin hnh trc kim nh xem phng sai ca s tha mn cng vic ca tng nhm tui c phn phi chun hay khng. Kt qu sig. bng 0.448 ngha l cc phng sai ny c phn phi chun. iu ny s gip tng kh nng chnh xc ca kim nh ANOVA hn v v mt trc quan ta d dng thy rng vic so snh cc tng th c gi tr trung bnh bng nhau nhng phn tn (c th qua phng sai) li hon ton khc nhau l khp khing. Vi sig. l 0.149 v tin cy 95% chng ta khng c s bc b gi thuyt khng c s khc nhau v s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin thuc cc nhm tui khc nhau. Kt qu kim nh bng phng php phi tham s Kruskal-Wallis cng cho ra kt qu tng t vi chi bnh phng bng 4.867 v sig. bng 0.182. Nh vy, hai phng php kim nh cng cho ra kt lun rng khng c s cho rng s tha mn cng vic gia cc nhn vin vn phng thuc bn nhm tui khc nhau (22-24, 25-29, 30-34 v 35 tui tr ln) l khc nhau.
4.4.4. S tha mn cng vic theo thi gian cng tc

Kim nh v s bng nhau ca phng sai bng Levene Test cng c thc hin trc khi phn tch ANOVA i vi s tha mn cng vic gia cc nhm nhn vin c thi gian gn b vi cng ty khc nhau. Sig. ca Levene Test l 0.372 cho thy phng sai ca cc nhm l bng nhau. Kt qu sig. ca ANOVA bng 0.031 cho thy vi tin cy 95% th c s khc bit v s tha mn cng vic gia nhng nhm nhn vin c thi gian lm vic khc nhau. Vy th nhn vin c thi gian cng tc bao lu th c s khc bit v s tha mn cng vic so vi nhm khc? Nhn vo bng thng k gi tr trung bnh s tha mn cng vic gia cc nhm c thi gian cng tc khc nhau, ta nhn thy rng s tha mn cng vic ca nhng ngi c thi gian cng tc di 1 nm v t 1-3 nm l
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gn bng nhau t khong 3.4, ring ch c nhm nhn vin c thi gian cng tc trn 3 nm l c s tha mn cng vic thp hn ng k so vi hai nhm trn, t im trung bnh ch c 3.13. Do , ta s tin hnh so snh s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin c thi gian cng tc trn 3 nm so vi nhng nhn vin c thi gian cng tc di 1 nm v t 1-3 nm, xem c thc s tn ti s khc bit ny. Kim nh Dunnett Test s gip ta thc hin vic ny. Kt qu cho thy vi tin cy 95% th ng l c s khc bit v s tha mn cng vic gia nhn vin c thi gian cng tc trn 3 nm so vi nhn vin c thi gian lm vic t 1 3 nm. Nu tin cy 90% th ta c th kt lun rng nhn vin c thi gian cng tc trn 3 nm c s tha mn cng vic khc so vi cc nhn vin thuc hai nhm cn li. Nh vy, dng nh thi gian cng tc cng lu th s tha mn cng vic cng gim xung. Kim nh bng phng php Kruskal-Wallis cng cho kt qu tng t. Vi tin cy 95% v sig. ca Kruskal Wallis Test bng 0.033, ta c th kt lun c s khc bit v s tha mn cng vic gia nhng ngi c thi gian cng tc khc nhau. Tuy nhin phng php kim nh phi tham s ny khng gip ta kt lun c c th nhn vin c thi gian cng tc bao lu th c s khc bit c ngha thng k v s tha mn cng vic i vi ngi thuc nhm khc.
4.4.5. S tha mn cng vic theo trnh , chc danh v loi hnh doanh nghip
Cch kim nh s tha mn cng vic gia cc nhm chia theo trnh hc vn, theo v tr chc danh v theo loi hnh doanh nghip cng ging nh trn, hai phng php kim nh ANOVA v Kruskal-Wallis cng c s dng. Kim nh s tha mn cng vic i vi cc nhm nhn vin c trnh hc vn khc nhau vi tin cy 95% cho thy khng c c s khng nh c s khc nhau v s tha mn cng vic gia cc nhm ny mc d nhn vo gi tr trung
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bnh t mu ta c th on rng dng nh nhn vin c trnh t trung hc tr xung c s tha mn cao hn so vi nhn vin thuc cc nhm trnh khc. Tng t, kim nh i vi s tha mn cng vic theo v tr chc danh vi tin cy 95% cng cho thy khng c s kt lun rng v tr chc danh cng vic c nh hng n s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin. Cui cng, kt qu kim nh i vi s tha mn cng vic theo loi hnh doanh nghip vi tin cy 95% cng cho kt qu khng c s kt lun rng nhn vin vn phng TP.HCM lm vic cc doanh nghip thuc cc loi hnh khc nhau c s tha mn cng vic khc nhau.
4.5. Phn tch hi quy tuyn tnh

phn trc bng h s Cronbachs alpha v phn tch nhn t ta xc nh c su nhn t nh hng n s tha mn cng vic. l, s tha mn i vi thu nhp, o to thng tin, cp trn, c im cng vic, phc li c bn v phc li cng thm. Trong bn nhn t u gn nh c ly t cc bin ca cc nhn t tng ng c xy dng ban u ngoi tr c mt bin nhn t c im cng vic c chuyn sang nhn t s tha mn i vi cp trn. Cn hai nhn t cui cng c tch ra t nhn t s tha mn i vi phc li cng ty theo nh phn phn tch nhn t. Nhn t s tha mn i vi iu kin lm vic b loi phn xc nh h s Cronbachs alpha do cc bin trong nhn t ny khng ph hp cho thang o. Cn nhn t s tha mn i vi ng nghip b loi phn phn tch nhn t. Do vy, cng vi s tha mn i vi ng nghip, s tha mn i vi iu kin lm vic cng s khng c xem xt m hnh hi quy tuyn tnh. M hnh mi c iu chnh li trong nghin cu ny nh sau y.
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Thu nhp o to v thng tin Cp trn c im cng vic Phc li c bn Phc li cng thm
Hnh 4.7 M hnh hi quy tuyn tnh c iu chnh
S tha mn cng vic
Phn tch hi quy tuyn tnh s gip chng ta bit c cng nh hng ca cc bin c lp ln bin ph thuc. Phng php hi quy c s dng y l phng php bnh phng b nht thng thng OLS vi bin ph thuc l s tha mn cng vic cn bin c lp l cc bin th hin m hnh iu chnh trn. Gi tr ca s tha mn cng vic c tnh theo cch trnh by phn 4.4.1. Cn gi tr ca cc bin c lp (s tha mn i vi thu nhp, o to thng tin, cp trn, c im cng vic, phc li c bn, phc li tng thm) s c tnh bng gi tr trung bnh ca cc bin thnh phn ca tng nhn t c xc nh sau phn phn tch nhn t. Ta c phng trnh hi quy tuyn tnh nh sau: Yi = o + 1 X1i + 2 X2i + .........+ 6 X6i + ei (4.3) Trong : Yi : gi tr s tha mn cng vic ca quan st th i. Xpi : bin c lp th p i vi quan st th i. k : h s hi qui ring phn ca bin th k. ei : sai s ca phng trnh hi quy. 4.5.1.1. Ma trn h s tng quan gia cc bin Bc u tin khi phn tch hi quy tuyn tnh ta s xem xt cc mi quan h tng quan tuyn tnh gia bin ph thuc v tng bin c lp, cng nh gia cc bin
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c lp vi nhau. Nu h s tng quan gia bin ph thuc v cc bin c lp ln chng t gia chng c quan h vi nhau v phn tch hi quy tuyn tnh c th ph hp. Mc khc nu gia cc bin c lp cng c tng quan ln vi nhau th cng l du hiu cho bit gia chng c th xy ra hin tng a cng tuyn trong m hnh hi quy tuyn tnh ta ang xt. Kt qu bng h s tng quan cho thy bin ph thuc c mi quan h tng quan tuyn tnh vi c su bin c lp, trong h s tng quan gia s tha mn cng vic v s tha mn vi cp trn v thu nhp l ln nht, h s tng quan gia bin ph thuc vi s tha mn i vi phc li c bn l thp nht, ch t 0.384. Kim nh t-test v mi quan h gia bin ph thuc vi tng bin c lp cho thy c su bin c lp trong m hnh hi quy u c quan h tuyn tnh vi bin ph thuc. Tuy nhin gia cc bin c lp cng c tng quan vi nhau mc d h s tng quan gia chng khng ln lm. Nhng ta cng khng phi qu bn tm v phn kim nh a cng tuyn bn di s xc nh xem gia cc bin c gi li trong m hnh hi quy tuyn tnh c xy ra hin tng a cng tuyn hay khng. 4.5.1.2. Xy dng phng trnh hi quy tuyn tnh. Bc tip theo ta tin hnh xy dng phng trnh hi quy tuyn tnh. Da vo c s l thuyt v kt qu phn tch h s tng quan Pearson trn, ta s a tt c cc bin c lp trong m hnh hi quy iu chnh bng phng php a vo cng mt lc (Enter). Phn mm x l s liu cho ra phng trnh hi quy tuyn tnh nh sau: Y = -0.148+ 0.312X1+ 0.081 X2 + 0.237X3 + 0.286X4 + 0.034X5 + 0.074X6 + e (4.4) Trong : Y : s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin X1 : s tha mn i vi thu nhp. X2 : s tha mn i vi o to thng tin. X3 : s tha mn i vi cp trn. X4 : s tha mn i vi c im cng vic.
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X5 : s tha mn i vi phc li c bn. X6 : s tha mn i vi phc li cng thm. e : sai s c lng. 4.5.1.3. nh gi ph hp ca m hnh v kim nh cc gi thuyt nh gi ph hp ca m hnh ta s dng cc cng c nh tnh h s xc nh R2, kim nh F v kim nh t. Trc tin, h s xc nh ca m hnh trn l 0.661, th hin su bin c lp trong m hnh gii thch c 66.1% bin thin ca bin ph thuc s tha mn cng vic. Vi gi tr ny th ph hp ca m hnh l kh cao. Tip theo l cn kim nh gi thuyt m hnh (phn tch phng sai) ca tng th. trn sau khi nh gi gi tr R2 ta bit c m hnh hi quy tuyn tnh xy dng l ph hp vi mu. Tuy nhin c th suy din m hnh ny thnh m hnh ca tng th ta cn phi tin hnh kim nh F thng qua phn tch phng sai. Ta c sig. ca F < 1/1000 nn ta c th bc b gi thuyt h s xc nh ca tng th R2pop = 0. iu ny c ngha l c t nht mt bin c lp no nh hng n bin ph thuc. Cui cng, m bo cc bin c lp u thc s c nh hng n bin ph thuc, ta tin hnh kim nh t. Vi gi thuyt Ho l h s hi quy ca cc bin c lp k = 0 v vi tin cy 95% th ta ch khng th bc b gi thuyt Ho i vi 5 , i vi cc k khc ta u c th bc b gi thuyt Ho. iu ny c ngha l ngoi tr nhn t s tha mn i vi phc li c bn, cc nhn t khc trong phng trnh u c nh hng n s tha mn cng vic. Tuy nhin, y chng ta tm chp nhn s tha mn i vi phc li c bn c nh hng n s tha mn cng vic. Vic gi li bin ny s c gii thch chng 5 ca lun vn ny. 4.5.1.4. Gii thch tm quan trng ca cc bin trong m hnh Phng trnh hi quy tuyn tnh trn gip ta rt ra kt lun t mu nghin cu rng s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin vn phng TP.HCM ph thuc vo su nhn
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t chnh, l s tha mn i vi thu nhp, o to thng tin, cp trn, c im cng vic, phc li c bn v phc li cng thm. Do tt c cc bin c lp u c o lng bng thang o mc Likert (cng mt n v tnh) nn t phng trnh hi quy ny ta cng thy c tm quan trng ca tng nhn t i vi s tha mn cng vic. Trong , s tha mn v thu nhp c nh hng mnh nht, k n l s tha mn i vi c im cng vic v s tha mn i vi cp trn. S tha mn i vi o to thng tin, phc li c bn v phc li cng thm c nh hng thp nht. Nu s tha mn vi thu nhp tng ln mt bc s gip cho s tha mn cng vic tng ln trung bnh 0.316 bc. Tng t, s tng ln mt bc ca s tha mn i vi o to thng tin, cp trn, c im cng vic, phc li c bn v phc li cng thm s lm gia tng s tha mn cng vic ln trung bnh 0.081, 0.237, 0.286, 0.034, 0.074. khng nh kt lun trn, ta s xem xt h s tng quan tng phn v h s tng quan ring ca bn bin c lp trn. Kt qu hon ton ph hp vi kt lun trn vi s tha mn i vi thu nhp v c im cng vic c vai tr quan trng nht v s tha mn vi o to thng tin v phc li cng thm c vai tr t quan trng nht i vi s tha mn cng vic c xy dng trong m hnh. 4.5.1.5. D tm s vi phm cc gi nh cn thit trong hi quy tuyn tnh M hnh hi quy tuyn tnh bng phng php OSL c thc hin vi mt s gi nh v m hnh ch thc s c ngha khi cc gi nh ny c m bo. Do vy, m bo cho tin cy ca m hnh, chng ta cn phi thc hin mt lot cc d tm s vi phm cc gi nh cn thit trong hi quy tuyn tnh. Gi nh u tin l gi nh lin h tuyn tnh. Phng php c s dng l biu phn tn Scatterplot vi gi tr phn d chun ha trn trc tung v gi tr d on chun ha trn trc honh. Nhn vo biu ta thy phn d khng thay i theo mt trt t no i vi gi tr d on. Vy gi thuyt v lin h tuyn tnh khng b vi phm.
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Gi nh tip theo cn xem xt l phng sai ca phn d khng i. thc hin kim nh ny, chng ta s tnh h s tng quan hng Spearman ca gi tr tuyt i phn d v cc bin c lp. Gi tr sig. ca cc h s tng quan vi tin cy 95% cho thy ta khng c s bc b gi thuyt Ho l gi tr tuyt i ca phn d c lp vi cc bin c lp. Nh vy, gi nh v phng sai ca sai s khng i khng b vi phm. d tm s vi phm gi nh phn phi chun ca phn d ta s dng hai cng c v ca phn mm SPSS l biu Histogram v th Q-Q plot. Nhn vo biu Histogram ta thy phn d c phn phi chun vi gi tr trung bnh gn bng 0 v lch chun ca n gn bng 1 (=0.985). Nhn vo th Q-Q plot biu din cc im quan st thc t tp trung kh st ng cho nhng gi tr k vng, c ngha l d liu phn d c phn phi chun. Gi nh tip theo v tnh c lp ca phn d cng cn c kim nh. Ta dng i lng thng k Durbin-Watson (d) kim nh. i lng d ny c gi tr t 0 n 4. Tra bng thng k Durbin-Watson vi s mu quan st bng 205 v s bin c lp l 6 ta c du = 1.831. Nh vy, i lng d nm trong khong (du, 4 du) hay (1.831, 2.169) th ta c th kt lun cc phn d l c lp vi nhau. Vi d liu thng k ta c c d = 2.017 v nh vy cc tnh c lp ca phn d c bo m. Cui cng, ta s xem xt s vi phm a cng tuyn ca m hnh. phn phn tch h s tng quan trn, ta thy rng gia bin ph thuc c quan h tng quan kh r vi cc bin c lp nhng ta cng thy c gia cc bin c lp cng c tng quan vi nhau. iu ny s to ra kh nng a cng tuyn ca m hnh. V vy, ta phi d tm hin tng a cng tuyn bng cch tnh chp nhn ca bin (Tolerance) v h s phng i phng sai (Variance inflation factor VIF). chp nhn trong trng hp ny ca bn bin trong m hnh kh cao, u ln hn
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0.5 trong khi h s VIF kh thp u di 2. H s VIF nh hn 10 l ta c th bc b gi thuyt m hnh b a cng tuyn. Nh vy m hnh hi quy tuyn tnh c xy dng theo phng trnh (4.4) khng vi phm cc gi nh cn thit trong hi quy tuyn tnh.
4.6. Tm tt kt qu nghin cu
Chng ny gii thiu cc kt qu nghin cu c c t vic x l v phn tch s liu thu thp c. Trc tin, d liu c sn lc, lm sch v m ha trc khi c th cho tin hnh x l v cho ra kt qu thng k suy din. Phn m t mu gip chng ta c ci nhn tng qut v mu nghin cu theo gii tnh, tui, thi gian cng tc, trnh hc vn, chc danh v tr cng vic v loi hnh doanh nghip. Phn ny cng cho thy nhn vin vn phng TP.HCM trong mu nhn chung l tha mn vi cng vic vi gi tr trung bnh ca cc nhn t u ln hn 3.00. Ta cng thy c s tha mn ca nhn vin i vi tng kha cnh trong cng vic. Vic xc nh h s Cronbachs alpha v phn tch nhn t gip ta khng nh c su nhn t t thang o ban u c tin cy trong vic o lng s tha mn cng vic. l s tha mn i vi thu nhp, o to thng tin, cp trn, c im cng vic, phc li c bn v phc li cng thm. Phn thng k suy din bt u bng cc kim nh v gi tr trung bnh v s tha mn cng vic ca tng th cng nh kim nh s khc nhau v s tha mn cng vic gia nhng nhn vin thuc cc tng th con khc nhau. Cc cng c kim nh gi thuyt v trung bnh tng th nh Independent-samples T-Test v phn tch ANOVA cng nh cc kim nh phi tham s Mann-Whitney v Kruskal-Wallis c s dng. Kt qu cho thy khng c s khc bit v tha mn cng vic gia nhn vin khc gii, khc tui, trnh , v tr cng vic v loi hnh doanh nghip. Tuy nhin cng vi tin cy 95%, nhng ngi lm vic t 3 nm tr ln
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c s tha mn cng vic thp hn so vi nhng ngi c thi gian lm vic t 1 3 nm. Nu ta chp nhn tin cy 90% th c th kt lun rng nhng nhn vin c thi gian cng tc t 3 nm tr ln c s tha mn thp hn so vi nhng nhn vin c thi gian cng tc ngn hn. Cui cng, phn tch hi quy tuyn tnh c tin hnh vi phng php bnh phng b nht thng thng OSL gip ta c c phng trnh hi quy tuyn tnh cng nh cng nh hng ca cc nhn t i vi s tha mn cng vic. Kt qu phn tch hi quy cho thy c ba nhn t c cng nh hng mnh n s tha mn cng vic l s tha mn i vi thu nhp, cp trn v c im cng vic. Ba nhn t cn li cng c nh hng n s tha mn cng vic nhng vi cng nh hn nhiu.
Chng 5: Kt lun v kin ngh
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CHNG 5: KT LUN V KIN NGH

Trong chng ny, trc ht t kt qu nghin cu chng ta s a ra kt lun v s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin vn phng TP.HCM. Tip n l cc kin ngh i vi ngi s dng lao ng ti TP.HCM. Cui chng ny s l mt s gii hn ca nghin cu ny v cc xut cho cc nghin cu trong tng lai.
5.1. Kt lun v s tha mn cng vic

Nh vy t kt qu nghin cu ny ta thy c s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin vn phng ti TP.HCM l khng cao lm, ch t 3.33, lch chun 0.73 vi thang o Likert nm mc . Kt qu ny cng kh gn vi kt qu nghin cu ca Trn Kim Dung (2005) vi tr gi 4.674 vi thang o Likert by mc . Khi s tha mn c xt di tng nhn t ring bit th nhn vin vn phng tha mn cao nht i vi iu kin lm vic. Tip n l tha mn i vi ng nghip, c im cng vic, cp trn, phc li cng ty v thu nhp. Nhn t c s tha mn thp nht l o to thng tin. Khi xt s tha mn theo tng kha cnh (bin quan st) c th th hai kha cnh v bo him x hi, bo him y t v ngh bnh, ngh php c mc tha mn cao nht trong khi kha cnh phc li khc c mc tha mn thp nht. Kt qu ny cho thy cn nhiu iu ngi s dng lao ng c th lm ci thin s tha mn i ca nhn vin vi thu nhp v o to thng tin. Kt qu phn tch thng k cho thy vi tin cy 95% khng c s khc nhau v s tha mn cng vic gia nhn vin nam v n, gia nhng nhn vin thuc cc tui khc nhau, gia nhng nhn vin c trnh hc vn khc nhau, gia nhng nhn vin c chc danh v tr cng vic khc nhau v gia nhng nhn vin lm vic nhng cng ty thuc loi hnh doanh nghip khc nhau. Tuy nhin, nhn vin c thi gian cng tc t 3 nm tr ln c s tha mn cng vic thp hn nhng
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nhn vin c thi gian cng tc ngn hn. y l iu ngi s dng lao ng cn lu . Bng nghin cu l thuyt ta xy dng cc nhn t nh hng n s tha mn cng vic gm s tha mn i vi thu nhp, o to thng tin, cp trn, ng nghip, c im cng vic, iu kin lm vic v phc li cng ty. T cc nh ngha v cc nghin cu lin quan ta xy dng c tng cng 37 kha cnh c th (bin quan st) dng lm thang o o lng s tha mn i vi cc nhn t k trn. Tuy nhin kim nh tin cy ca cc nhn t cng nh cc thang o ni trn, h s Cronbachs Alpha v phn tch nhn t c s dng. Kt qu cui cng gip ta xc nh c su nhn t (27 bin) c a vo phn tch hi quy tuyn tnh l s tha mn i vi thu nhp, o to thng tin, cp trn, c im cng vic, phc li c bn v phc li cng thm. Nh vy, nhn t s tha mn i vi ng nghip b loi do khng m bo tin cy khi c xem l nhn t nh hng n s tha mn cng vic. Ring nhn t s tha mn i vi iu kin lm vic c nh hng n s tha mn cng vic nhng do cc bin thnh phn ca n c xy dng ban u trong nghin cu ny khng vt qua c kim nh h s Cronbachs Alpha nn cng khng c a vo trong phn tch hi quy. Phn tch hi quy tuyn tnh bi bng phng php bnh phng b nht gip ta xc nh cng ca su nhn t nh hng n s tha mn cng vic l s tha mn i vi thu nhp, c im cng vic, cp trn, o to thng tin, phc li c bn v phc li cng thm. Trong , s tha mn i vi thu nhp c tc ng ln nht. K n l s tha mn i vi c im cng vic v cp trn. S tha mn i vi o to thng tin, phc li c bn v phc li cng thm c cng nh hng nh hn nhiu.
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Nh cp phn nh gi ph hp ca m hnh chng 4, kim nh ttest ca h s hi quy ca bin phc li c bn cho thy vi d liu mu khng bng chng bc b gi thuyt nhn t s tha mn i vi phc li c bn v s tha mn cng vic khng c quan h tuyn tnh vi nhau. iu ny i ngc li vi kt qu tnh ton h s tng quan Pearson. Kt qu thng k cho thy, gi tr trung bnh ca hai bin thnh phn ca phc li c bn l kh cao t 4.27 (hu ht cc nhn vin u c tha mn i vi phc li c bn), cao nht so vi cc bin khc c a vo nghin cu trong lun vn ny. Chnh iu ny lm cho phc li c bn c v khng nh hng n s tha mn cng vic. Da vo c s l thuyt v thc tin ca s tha mn cng vic Vit Nam, ta thy rng, phc li c bn, trong lun vn ny l bo him x hi, bo him y t, ngh bnh ngh php, cng c nh hng n s tha mn cng vic ni chung ca nhn vin. Thc t, nu nhn vin khng c tha mn v phc li c bn th s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin s gim xung. Do , vic gi li nhn t ny trong m hnh l ph hp v gip phn nh ng hn tc ng ca cc nhn t ln s tha mn cng vic.
5.2. Kin ngh i vi ngi s dng lao ng

i vi nhng ngi s dng lao ng TP.HCM, nghin cu ny cu c mt s ngha nht nh. Trc ht, vi mc tha mn cng vic trung bnh 3.33 l tng i thp nn ngi s dng lao ng cn phi thc hin nhiu bin php nhm tng s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin mnh. Khi c s tha mn cng vic cao nhn vin s lm vic hiu qu hn v gn b lu di vi cng ty hn. Vi kt qu phn tch hi quy cho thy cc nhn t nh hng s tha mn cng vic bao gm s tha mn i vi thu nhp, c im cng vic, cp trn, o to thng tin, phc li c bn v phc li cng thm. Cng nh hng ca cc nhn t ny c th hin qua h s hi quy ca cc bin trong phng trnh gip ngi s dng lao ng thy c mnh
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nn tc ng vo nhn t no ci thin nhanh hn s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin.
5.2.1. Thu nhp

i vi s tha mn i vi thu nhp ca nhn vin, v y l nhn t nh hng mnh nht hay c ngha quan trng nht trong vic ci thin s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin nn ngi s dng lao ng phi ht sc lu , nht l khi gi tr tha mn ca nhn t ny ang mc thp hn mc tha mn cng vic v ng v tr kh khim tn so vi cc nhn t khc. Th t u tin m doanh nghip cn lm trong nhn t ny l to s cng bng hn trong vic phn phi thu nhp, xy dng chnh sch tng thng, tr cp hp l v c gng tng lng cho nhn vin. m bo vic phn phi thu nhp c cng bng, trc ht doanh nghip cn phi tham kho, xem xt, so snh thu nhp ca nhn vin mnh vi nhn vin cc doanh nghip khc cng ngnh, nh gi ng v tr v vai tr ca tng nhn vin trong t chc xc nh mc thu nhp ph hp cho tng nhn vin. Ngoi ra, v s cng bng y ph thuc rt nhiu vo nhn thc ca ngi lao ng nn doanh nghip phi tm cch gip nhn vin nhn thc rng h c tr thu nhp mt cch cng bng. lm vic ny, doanh nghip cn c bng m t cng vic cho tng v tr c th, gip tng nhn vin thy c v tr, vai tr v ng gp ca mnh cng nh ca thnh vin khc trong cng ty. C nh vy nhn vin mi cm thy mnh c tr thu nhp cng bng (t nht l trong ni b doanh nghip). Cui cng, doanh nghip cng phi lu trnh vic u i thu nhp (cng khai) i vi nhng ngi thn thch, h hng trong doanh nghip v iu ny cng nh hng n cm nhn v s cng bng ca ngi lao ng. Mc ch ca thng l nhm tr thu nhp cho ngi lm vic tt khuyn khch h lm vic tt hn. c c mt phn thng no th ngi nhn vin phi t c mt thnh tch nht nh trong cng vic, chng hn t c doanh thu trong kinh doanh hay t c nng sut trong sn xut. nhn vin c c s tha
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mn i vi cc khon thng, doanh nghip phi xy dng cho mnh chnh sch thng r rng v ton din ngay t ban u vi cc mc thng c th cho tng thnh tch c th. n lc xt thng doanh nghip phi da v nhng g ra m thng. Thnh tch kinh doanh t c thng l kt qu ca tp th nhng trong thng c nhng c nhn xut chng nn bn cnh phn thng tp th doanh nghip cn phi s dng cc phn thng dnh ring cho c nhn c bit xut sc. Ngoi ra, bn cnh nhng phn thng vt cht th phn thng tinh thn nh nhng li tn dng, ng vin cng c vai tr ht sc quan trng. Doanh nghip phi trnh thng trn lan bnh qun thng thy cc doanh nghip nh nc v n t c tc dng to s tha mn hay ng vin ngi lao ng lm vic tt hn m c xem nh l mt khon lng khc v khon thng ny khng ph thuc vo hiu sut lm vic ca h. Tr cp i vi nhn vin vn phng thng ch yu bao gm cc khon nh tr cp cm tra, tr cp i li (chi ph i li t nh n cng ty v ngc li v chi ph gi xe) v ph in thoi. Ty thuc vo tnh hnh c th ca doanh nghip mnh m doanh nghip cn phi s dng cc tr cp ny mt cch hp l v khon thu nhp ny khng nhng mang li mt phn thu nhp cho nhn vin m cn gip h cm nhn c s quan tm ca doanh nghip i vi h.
5.2.2. c im cng vic

Nhn t nh hng mnh n s tha mn cng vic l s tha mn i vi c im cng vic. Nhn vo s tha mn ca nhn vin i vi nhn t ny mc 3.84 cao hn mc tha mn cng vic nhng cng cn nhiu khng ch nh qun l cn ci thin. V vy, doanh nghip cn giao cho nhn vin mnh lm nhng cng vic ph hp vi nng lc v th mnh ca h, phi gip h hiu r v cng vic h ang lm, phi cho h thy c tm quan trng ca cng vic h ang thc hin
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cng nh cho php h c quyn quyt nh mt s cng vic nm trong nng lc ca h. nhn vin c lm nhng cng vic ph hp vi nng lc v th mnh ca h doanh nghip cn thc hin vic chn ng ngi ngay t giai on tuyn dng nhn vin. ng tin tuyn dng cn m t y , r rng v tr cng vic ang cn ngi, cng nh nhng k nng cn thit cho v tr . Trong qu trnh phng vn cn m t chi tit v tr cng vic cho ngi xin vic cng nhiu cng tt. Phn bi kim tra nng lc, kinh nghim phi bm st yu cu ca v tr cng vic cn tuyn. Trong trng hp trong thi gian th vic pht hin nhn vin khng ph hp vi v tr cng vic th phi mnh dn t chi ngi v tm ngi khc ph hp hn. Nu cm thy ngi l ngi ph hp vi v tr khc ang trng trong doanh nghip th c th thng lng li vi ngi lao ng. Sau mt thi gian cng tc ti doanh nghip, nhn vin c th c nhu cu hon i cng vic sang v tr khc, lc ny doanh nghip cng cn tn trng mong mun ny ca nhn vin v phi tin hnh hon i v tr cng vic nu c v tr cng vic ph hp vi nhn vin . Nhn vin khng th c s tha mn cao nu h cha thc s hiu r c bn cht cng vic ca h v mi quan h gia cng vic h ang lm v cng vic ca cc ng nghip. Khi nhn vin mi vo m nhn cng vic, doanh nghip cn phi dnh lng thi gian nht nh gii thiu v hot ng chung ca ton doanh nghip, hot ng ca tng phng ban v quan trng nht l cng vic ngi nhn vin phi lm, mi quan h ca cng vic ny vi cng vic ca phng ban khc cng nh tm quan trng ca cng vic ny. Gii qun l phi qun trit v truyn t cho nhn vin ca mnh nhn thc rng mi mt v tr cng vic trong doanh nghip u c tm quan trng nht nh i vi hot ng chung ca doanh nghip.
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5.2.3. Cp trn
S tha mn i vi cp trn l mt trong ba nhn t nh hng mnh n s tha mn cng vic. Vi gi tr trung bnh bng 3.46 khng cao hn nhiu so vi s tha mn cng vic v cng nm mc kh khim tn so vi thang o 5 mc nn doanh nghip cng cn phi ci thin nhn t ny. Kt qu thng k t mu cho thy, cp trn cn quan tm n nhn vin ca mnh nhiu hn, cng nh phi bo v h trc nhng ngi khc khi cn thit, cng vi vic ghi nhn ng gp ca h v i x cng bng vi h. Nhn vin TP.HCM nhn chung nh gi cao nng lc ca cp trn ca mnh nhng vi gi tr trung bnh 3.73 th vn cn nhiu iu cp trn c th ci thin i vi nng lc ca mnh v to nim tin nhiu hn cho nhn vin cp di. nhn vin cm nhn c s quan tm ca cp trn, trc ht cp trn cn hiu r hn v nhn vin ca mnh. Vic tm hiu ny c th thc hin vo khong thi gian ngoi gi lm vic nh nhng bui giao lu hp mt, tic tng hoc cng c th thc hin ngay trong gi lm vic trong nhng lc rnh vic. Cp trn cn trao i thng thn, tm hiu v s thch, im mnh, im yu ca nhn vin trong cng vic cng nh trong cuc sng i t. Ch khi hiu r nhn vin ca mnh th cp trn mi c th th hin s quan tm ca mnh i vi nhn vin cp di mt cch ph hp. Kt qu l s quan tm ny chc chn s nhn c s trn trng ca nhn vin nhn c s quan tm . Song song vi vic thc s quan tm n nhn vin ca mnh, cp trn cng cn phi ghi nhn ng gp ca nhn vin cp di khi h t c cc mc tiu ra. Nhng li ng vin v tn dng s khng bao gi d tha khi cp trn mun cp di ca mnh lm vic tt hn. Cp trn cng khng c thin v trong i x gia cc nhn vin cp di ch v l do c nhn hay v nhn vin no hay a dua mnh.
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Nhn vin cp di ch thc s phc cp trn ca mnh khi cp trn thc s c ti nng lnh o v kin thc chuyn mn gii. Do vy, nh qun l/ lnh o cn phi khng ngng hc hi nng cao c hai nng lc lnh o v kin thc chuyn mn. Khi cn thit phi th hin cho nhn vin cp di thy c ti nng ca mnh.
5.2.4. o to thng tin

i vi s tha mn i vi o to thng tin, y l nhn t nh hng khng nhiu n s tha mn cng vic nhng li c s tha mn thp nht trong cc nhn t c nh hng n s tha mn cng vic, ch t l 2.98, tc mc khng tha mn. V vy rt cn c doanh nghip lu . Vi gi tr di mc tha mn, nhn vin cho rng h cha c o to y cc k nng cn thit thc hin cng vic ca mnh (gi tr thang o t 2.66) v cc chng trnh o to ca cng ty nhn chung l cha tt (gi tr thang o t 2.85). Vn cng ty to iu kin cho nhn vin hc tp nng cao kin thc v k nng lm vic, v to c hi thng tin cho ngi c nng lc cng ang mc tha mn thp hn so vi s tha mn cng vic ni chung. Do mi doanh nghip c c im ring cng nh c h thng vn hnh ni b khc nhau nn khi mt ngi nhn vin mi d l sinh vin mi ra trng hay ngi kinh nghim lm vic th cng rt cn t nhiu s o to t doanh nghip c th thc hin tt cng vic ca mnh. Vic o to ny c th c thc hin bi chnh ngi qun l phng ban hoc mt nhn vin tho vic trong phng. Vic o to cng cn thit khi cng ty c s thay i v h thng qun l phn mm hay p dng mt quy trnh sn xut mi. Doanh nghip phi quan tm nhiu hn n cc chng trnh o to ca mnh. o to khng ch tp trung vo o to kin thc chuyn mn cng vic m cn phi bao gm o to v k nng qun l, giao tip, thng lng, gii quyt vn , qun l thi gian, v.v. N khng ch gip nhn vin hon thnh tt nhim v hin
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ti m cn gip h lm tt hn cng nh trang b cho h nhng kin thc cn thit cho s thng tin. a s nhn vin u mong mun mnh c thng chc hoc t nht nng cao nng lc lm vic ca mnh sau mt thi gian nht nh. Ty vo tnh hnh ti chnh v nhn s ca doanh nghip mnh, doanh nghip cn hin thc ha cc chnh sch o to ca bng cch t chc cc bui, cc lp o to ngn hn cho mt nhm nhn vin, hay cng c th h tr hc ph mt phn hay ton phn cho nhn vin chn hc cc lp o to kin thc phc v cho cng vic. Cui cng, doanh nghip phi chng minh cho ton th nhn vin thy nhng ngi c nng lc v n lc trong cng vic s c to iu kin thng tin. Khi c v tr qun l trng hay mi trong doanh nghip cn u tin xem xt nhng ngi n lc ng gp cho doanh nghip hn l tuyn ngi qun l mi t bn ngoi.
5.2.5. Phc li
Bn cnh vic tip tc duy tr cc phc li c bn (ang c s tha mn cao), ngi s dng cn lu ci thin phc li cng thm cho nhn vin, nhn t c s tha mn thp nht trong su nhn t c nh hng n s tha mn cng vic, ch t 2.96. Doanh nghip c th cho nhn vin c mua c phiu cng ty u i, c h tr mua nh , v.v. cng vi vic nng cao hiu qu hot ng cng on trong doanh nghip nhm bo v nhiu hn li ch ca ngi lao ng. Ty theo loi hnh hot ng kinh doanh c th m doanh nghip c th mang n cho nhn vin cc khon phc li cng thm khc nhau nhm to s gn b lu di ca h i vi doanh nghip. V d doanh nghip l ngn hng c th to iu kin cho nhn vin ca mnh c vay vn u i, doanh nghip kinh doanh bt ng sn c th cho doanh nghip ca mnh c mua t ai, nh vi gi u i hay v tr bt ng sn thun li, doanh nghip sn xut hng m phm c th cho php nhn vin ca mnh s dng min ph vi s lng sn phm nht nh trong mt thng, v.v.
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Trong cc phc li cng thm trn, doanh nghip no cng c th s dng mt cng c l c phn ca doanh nghip. C phn ny cho php nhn vin nm gi n c chia c tc nht nh hng nm cng nh to thm ng lc lm vic tt hn v khi nm gi c phn th bn thn nhn vin l mt c ng trong doanh nghip. Ty trng hp c th m doanh nghip c th cho tng (vi iu kin rng buc nht nh) hay to iu kin cho nhn vin mua vi gi u i.
5.2.6. Lu khc
Qua nghin cu ny ta thy rng nhn t s tha mn i vi iu kin lm vic d khng c a vo phn tch hi quy nhng phn phn tch nhn t cho thy nhn t ny c quan h rt mnh vi s tha mn cng vic c th hin qua h s ti nhn t ln hn so vi tt c cc nhn t khc. Rt tic l cc ch s (bin thnh phn) ra ban u khng ph hp o lng nhn t ny. Do vy, doanh nghip cn tip tc ci thin iu kin lm vic cho nhn vin cng nh tm hiu v xc nh cc kha cnh (ch s nh gi) no thuc nhn t iu kin lm vic ny. Ngoi ra, t kt qu kim nh s tha mn cng vic gia nhng vin c thi gian cng tc khc nhau, doanh nghip cng phi lu rng nhn vin vn phng c thi gian cng tc lu nm (t 3 nm tr ln) thng c s tha mn cng vic gim i so vi nhn vin c thi gian cng tc ngn hn. Do vy, doanh nghip cn c nhng bin php nhm ngn chn tnh trng gim st s tha mn cng vic ny bng cch to iu kin cho h c m nhn cng vic mi (c im cng vic), thc hin vic lng tng theo thm nin cng tc (thu nhp), to c hi cho h c o to thng tin, v.v.
5.3. Hn ch ca nghin cu ny v kin ngh i vi nghin cu tng lai

Nghin cu v s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin vn phng TP.HCM, trung tm kinh t ln nht c nc vi s lng mu khong 200 l kh nh. Tuy nhin do nhng gii hn v ngun ti lc v nhn lc nn nghin cu ny ch c th t
73
c s lng mu nh vy. Do , rt cn c cc nghin cu vi s lng mu ln hn cho ti ny v kch thc mu cng ln th chnh xc ca nghin cu cng cao. Ngoi ra, vic m rng gii hn phm vi a l ra ton lnh th Vit Nam cng cn thit, trong nhn vin vn phng cc thnh ph ln khc nh H Ni, Hi Phng, Nng v Cn Th cng cn c bao gm trong cuc kho st. Mt gii hn khc ca ti nghin cu ny l i tng kho st b gii hn bi kh nng s dng vi tnh cng nh internet. Bng cu hi t tr li c thit k trn mng internet di s h tr ca phn mm Google Docs Forms v ng dn ca n gi i qua ng th in t. iu ny c ngha l nhng nhn vin vn phng cha bit ti internet, hoc khng thun tin trong vic truy cp internet s b hn ch kh nng tham gia vo cuc kho st ny (nht l nhng nhn vin vn phng ln tui). Do vy, m bo tin cy ca mu quan st, nghin cu cn c thc hin ng thi bng cng c Google Docs v bng bng cu hi in ra giy v gi bng th cho i tng tr li. Nhng cng lu rng xc sut nhn li c bng tr li bng ng bu in thng l khng cao v cch thc ny s lm gia tng chi ph in n cng nh chi ph gi i gi li bng cu hi. Kt qu phn tch nhn t cho thy nhn t iu kin lm vic thc s c nh hng n s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin vn phng TP.HCM nhng kt qu phn kim nh tin cy ca thang o, h s Cronbachs alpha, li cho kt qu l cc kha cnh (bin quan st) ca nhn t ny c xy dng ban u khng t c tin cy. Do vy, cn c cc nghin cu tm hiu v xc nh nhng ch s (kha cnh) no c kh nng phn nh c thang o nhn t s tha mn i vi iu kin lm vic ny. Nghin cu ny c gii hn bi i tng l nhn vin vn phng v phm vi a l l TP.HCM nhng chng ta vn c th s dng kt qu ca nghin cu ny lm ti liu cho cc nghin cu v s tha mn cng vic v sau Vit Nam ni chung, cng nh s tha mn cng vic tng lnh vc, ngnh ngh, loi hnh
74
doanh nghip khc nhau. Nh tn ti, nghin cu ny nhm nghin cu s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin khi vn phng ni chung. V vy, rt cn c cc nghin cu v s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin ca nhng ngnh ngh c th nh nhn vin ngnh ngn hng, nhn vin ngnh logistics, v.v. cng nh nghin cu s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin khi doanh nghip nh nc, doanh nghip t nhn hay doanh nghip c vn u t nc ngoi. Nh cp phn t vn ca nghin cu ny, mc tiu cui cng ca doanh nghip l lm sao cho nhn vin ca mnh lm vic hiu qu v gn b lu di vi cng ty. To s tha mn cng vic cho nhn vin c l ch l mt trong nhng cch t c iu ny v ch nghin cu v s tha mn cng vic l cha . Cn c cc nghin cu v cc nhn t nh hng n hiu qu lm vic (job performance) ca nhn vin cng nh cc nhn t nh hng n nh ngh vic (intention to quit). Khi , cc nhn t c xy dng m hnh ban u c th s ng vai tr quan trng khc i trong mi quan h tng quan i vi hai yu t ny, ng thi khi s tha mn cng vic s c xem xt nh l mt nhn t tc ng n hiu qu cng vic v nh ngh vic ca nhn vin.
75
Ti liu tham kho Ting Vit 1. 2. Nguyn Th Cnh (2007), Gio trnh Phng php & phng php lun nghin cu khoa hc kinh t, Nh xut bn i hc Quc gia TP.HCM. Trn Kim Dung (2005), o lng mc tha mn i vi cng vic trong iu kin ca Vit Nam, Tp ch Pht trin Khoa hc Cng ngh, i hc Quc Gia TP.HCM. 3. Hong Trng & Chu Nguyn Mng Ngc (2005), Phn tch d liu nghin cu vi SPSS, Nh xut bn Thng k. Ting Anh - English 4. Alam, S.M. Ikhtiar & Kamal, Mostafa (2006), Job Satisfaction of Female Workers in Different Garments Factories in Dhaka City: An Intertemporal Comparison, Daffodil International University Journal of Bussiness and Economics, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2006, p. 87-99. 5. 6. 7. Artz, Benjamin (2008), Fringe benefit and Job satisfaction, University of Wisconsin White water, USA Bellingham, R. (2004), Job Satisfaction Survey, Wellness Council of America. Bless, C., Higson-Smith, C., & Kagee, A. (2006), Fundamentals of Social Research Methods: An African Perspective, Juta and Company Limited, 4th Edition. 8. 9. 10. Boeve, W. D (2007), A National Study of Job Satisfaction factors among faculty in physician assistant education, Eastern Michigan University Chami, R. & Fullenkamp, C. (2002), Trust as a means of Improving Corporate Governance and Efficiency, International Monetary Fund Institute. Cooper, D. R. & Schindler, P. S. (1998), Business Research Methodolygy, McGrawHill Book Co Singapore, Sixth Edition.
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11. 12.
Dionne, L. (2000), Leader-member Exchange (LMX): Level of negotiating latitude and job satisfaction, Universit de Moncton, Shippagan Durst, S. L. & DeSantis, V. S. (1997), The determinants of job satisfaction among federal, state and local government employee, State and Local Government Review, Vol. 29, No. 1 (Winter 1997), p. 7-16.
13. 14. 15.
Efere, P (2005), Motivation and Job Satisfaction, Trans-Atlantic College, London. Ehlers, L. N. (2003), The relationship of communication satisfaction, job satisfaction and self-reported absenteeism, Miami University. Ellickson, M.C. & Logsdon, K. (2002), "Determinants of job satisfaction of municipal government employees", State and Government Review, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp.173-84.
16.
Garson, G. David (n.d.). "Factor Analysis", from Statnotes: Topics in Multivariate Analysis. Retrieved 24/02/2009 from http://faculty.chass.ncsu.edu/garson/PA765/factor.htm.
17.
Hackman, J. R & Oldham, G. R. (1974), The Job Diagnosis Survey: An Instrument for the Diagnosis of Jobs and the Evaluation of Job Redesign Project, Technical Report No. 4, Department of Administrative Sciences, Yale University, USA.
18. 19. 20.
Hill, Steve (2008), What Make a Good Work Colleague, EzineArticle.com Hornby, A. S. (2000), Oxford Advance Learners Dictionary, 6th Edition, Oxford University Press. Isacsson, G., Karlstrom, A. & Swardh, J. (2008), The value of time from subjective data on life satisfaction and job satisfaction: An emperical assessment, National Road and Transportations Research Institute, Sweden.
21. 22.
Kreitner, R & Kinicki, A (2007), Organizational Behavior, 7th Edition, McGraw Hill Irwin. Kumar, R. (2005), Research Methodology A step by sterp guide for Befinners, 2nd Edition, Sage Publication Limited.
77
23.
Luddy, Nezaam (2005), Job Satisfaction amongst Employees at a Public Health Institution in the Western Cape, University of Western Cape, South Africa.
24. 25. 26. 27. 28.
MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4, 84-99. Maslow, A. H. (1943), A Theory of Human Motivation, Psychological Review, 50, pp. 370-396. Pattanayak, B (2005), Human Resource Management, Third Edition, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd, India. Robbins, Stephen P. (2002), Organizational Behavior, Pearson Education International, 10th Edition. Schjoedt, Leon (2005), Examining the causes of job satisfaction for small business executives: A test of the situational, dispositional, and interactional job satisfaction models, College of Business, Illinois State University.
29.
Schmidt, S. (2007), The Relationship between Satisfaction with Workplace Training and Overall Job Satisfaction, Human Resource Development Quaterly, Vol. 18, No. 4., Winter 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
30. 31.
Scott, T. et al (1960), Minnesota Studies in Vocational Rehabilation: A Definition of Work Adjustment, University of Minnesota, USA. Skalli, A., Theodossiou, I. & Vasileiou, E. (2007), Jobs as Lancaster Goods: Facets of job satisfaction and overall job satisfaction, Center for European Labour Market Research.
32. 33. 34.
Smith, P.C., Kendall, L. M. and Hulin, C. L. (1969), The measurement of satisfaction in work and retirement, Chicago: Rand McNally. Spector, P. E. (1997). Job Satisfaction. Application, assessment, causes, and. consequences. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, Inc. Sweeney, A. (2000), Job Satisfaction Among Employee Assistance Program Professionals in United States, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA.
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35. 36. 37. 38.
Tuck, Allene (1998), Oxford Dictionary of Business English, 8th Edition, Oxford University Press. Warren, E. (2008), The relationship between communication, supervision and job satisfaction, The University of North Carolina at Asheville. Weiss et al (1967), Manual for the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionaire, The University of Minnesota Press. Wesley, J. R. & Muthuswamy, P. R. (2008), Work Role Characteristics as determinants of job satisfaction: An Empirical Analysis, XIMB Journal of Management., p. 65 74.
39. 40. 41.
Worrell, T. G. (2004), School psychologists job satisfaction: Ten years later, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_satisfaction http://www.valuebasedmanagement.net/methods_alderfer_erg_theory.html
Ting Hoa 42. 1977 8 43 1977
Ph lc 1
79
Danh mc ph lc
Ph lc A: Kt qu phn tch thng k t phn mm SPSS 15.0 ........................................ 80 Ph lc A.1: Thng k m t s tha mn cng vic ca mu........................................ 80 Ph lc A.2: Phn tch tin cy Cronbachs Alpha (Reliability).................................. 82 Ph lc A.3: Phn tch nhn t ........................................................................................ 90 Ph lc A.4: Kt qu kim nh T-Test, ANOVA v phi tham s ................................ 106 Ph lc A.5: Phn tch hi quy tuyn tnh (Phng php chn bin Enter).................. 116 Ph lc B: Th in t gi cho i tng kho st .......................................................... 122 Ph lc C: Bng cu hi chnh thc gi i kho st.......................................................... 123
Ph lc 1
80
CHNG A: DUMMY
Ph lc A: Kt qu phn tch thng k t phn mm SPSS 15.0

Ph lc A.1: Thng k m t s tha mn cng vic ca mu
Bng A-1. Descriptive Statistics
N Su thoa man trung binh d/v thu nhap Su thoa man trung binh d/v dao tao thang tien Su thoa man trung binh d/v cap tren Su thoa man trung binh d/v dac diem cong viec Su thoa man trung binh d/v phuc loi co ban Su thoa man trung binh d/v phuc loi cong them Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung Valid N (listwise) 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 Range 4.00 4.00 3.78 3.00 4.00 4.00 3.86 Minimum 1.00 1.00 1.22 2.00 1.00 1.00 1.14 Maximum 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 Mean 3.0451 2.9793 3.4623 3.8410 4.2707 2.9642 3.3275 Std. Deviation .83143 .94933 .78943 .66087 .82760 1.07902 .73079

N Valid Muc luong Thuong Tro cap Phan phoi thu nhap cong bang Ky nang cho cong viec Dieu kien hoc tap Chuong trinh dao tao Co hoi thang tien Giao tiep voi cap tren Cap tren dong vien ho tro Cap tren quan tam Cap tren ghi nhan dong gop Cap tren bao ve nhan vien Cap tren co nang luc Cap tren uy quyen Cap tren cong bang Dong nghiep ho tro Dong nghiep than thien 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 Missing 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mean 3.27 2.93 3.08 2.90 2.85 3.22 2.66 3.19 3.63 3.39 3.24 3.26 3.25 3.73 3.76 3.42 3.63 3.78 Std. Deviation .925 1.116 1.154 1.113 1.213 1.111 1.213 1.109 1.080 1.082 1.024 1.037 1.017 1.099 .968 1.107 .979 .963 Minimum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Maximum 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Range 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Ph lc 1
81
N Valid Dong nghiep tan tam voi cong viec Dong nghiep dang tin cay Su dung ky nang khac nhau Hieu ro cong viec Cong viec quan trong Quyen quyet dinh trong cong viec Nhan duoc phan hoi tu cap tren Cong viec phu hop voi nang luc Thoi gian lam viec Lam them gio Phuong tien lam viec Noi lam viec an toan thoai mai Thoi gian di lai Bao hiem xa hoi, y te Nghi phep nghi benh Du lich nghi duong Cong doan Khong lo mat viec Phuc loi khac Hai long voi thu nhap Hai long voi dao tao thang tien Hai long voi cap tren Hai long voi dong nghiep Hai long voi dac diem cong viec Hai long voi dieu kien lam viec Hai long voi phuc loi Hai long voi cong viec 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 Missing 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mean 3.50 3.36 3.79 4.17 3.86 3.84 3.47 3.55 3.87 3.75 4.01 4.02 3.13 4.27 4.27 3.69 2.89 3.78 2.31 3.17 2.96 3.39 3.60 3.46 3.61 3.30 3.40
Std. Deviation .905 .905 .987 .875 .864 .894 .958 .952 1.040 1.194 .921 .934 1.419 1.025 .909 1.425 1.424 1.106 1.276 .957 1.033 1.040 .906 .936 .941 1.041 .889
Range 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Minimum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Maximum 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Ph lc 1
82
Ph lc A.2: Phn tch tin cy Cronbachs Alpha (Reliability)

Scale: Su thoa man doi voi thu nhap
Bng A-3. Case Processing Summary
N Valid 205 a Excluded 0 Total 205 a . Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure. Cases % 100.0 .0 100.0
Bng A-4. Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's Alpha .770 N of Items 4
Bng A-5. Item Statistics

Mean Muc luong Thuong Tro cap Phan phoi thu nhap cong bang 3.27 2.93 3.08 2.90 Std. Deviation .925 1.116 1.154 1.113 N 205 205 205 205
Bng A-6. Item-Total Statistics

Scale Mean if Item Deleted Muc luong Thuong Tro cap Phan phoi thu nhap cong bang 8.91 9.25 9.10 9.28 Scale Variance if Item Deleted 7.692 6.210 6.373 6.518 Corrected Item-Total Correlation .489 .649 .576 .581 Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted .756 .672 .714 .710
Bng A-7. Scale Statistics

Mean 12.18 Variance 11.060 Std. Deviation 3.326 N of Items 4
Ph lc 1
83
Scale: Su thoa man doi voi dao tao thang tien



Mean Ky nang cho cong viec Dieu kien hoc tap Chuong trinh dao tao Co hoi thang tien 2.85 3.22 2.66 3.19 Std. Deviation 1.213 1.111 1.213 1.109 N 205 205 205 205

Scale Mean if Item Deleted Ky nang cho cong viec Dieu kien hoc tap Chuong trinh dao tao Co hoi thang tien 9.07 8.69 9.26 8.73 Scale Variance if Item Deleted 8.436 8.694 8.075 9.040 Corrected Item-Total Correlation .640 .686 .707 .622 Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted .800 .780 .769 .807

Ph lc 1
84
Scale: Su thoa man doi voi cap tren



Mean Giao tiep voi cap tren Cap tren dong vien ho tro Cap tren quan tam Cap tren ghi nhan dong gop Cap tren bao ve nhan vien Cap tren co nang luc Cap tren uy quyen Cap tren cong bang 3.63 3.39 3.24 3.26 3.25 3.73 3.76 3.42 Std. Deviation 1.080 1.082 1.024 1.037 1.017 1.099 .968 1.107 N 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205

Scale Mean if Item Deleted Giao tiep voi cap tren Cap tren dong vien ho tro Cap tren quan tam Cap tren ghi nhan dong gop Cap tren bao ve nhan vien Cap tren co nang luc Cap tren uy quyen Cap tren cong bang 24.06 24.30 24.44 24.43 24.43 23.96 23.93 24.27 Scale Variance if Item Deleted 34.055 31.288 31.640 32.981 32.561 32.640 34.205 33.080 Corrected Item-Total Correlation .559 .810 .832 .689 .747 .671 .629 .625 Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted .903 .880 .879 .891 .886 .893 .896 .897

Ph lc 1
85
Scale: Su thoa man doi voi dong nghiep

N Valid 205 100.0 a Excluded 0 .0 Total 205 100.0 a . Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure. Cases %


Mean Dong nghiep ho tro Dong nghiep than thien Dong nghiep tan tam voi cong viec Dong nghiep dang tin cay 3.63 3.78 3.50 3.36 Std. Deviation .979 .963 .905 .905 N 205 205 205 205

Scale Mean if Item Deleted Dong nghiep ho tro Dong nghiep than thien Dong nghiep tan tam voi cong viec Dong nghiep dang tin cay 10.64 10.49 10.77 10.92 Scale Variance if Item Deleted 5.830 5.977 6.197 6.214 Corrected Item-Total Correlation .753 .731 .739 .735 Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted .840 .848 .845 .847

Ph lc 1
86
Scale: Su thoa man doi voi dac diem cong viec



Mean Su dung ky nang khac nhau Hieu ro cong viec Cong viec quan trong Quyen quyet dinh trong cong viec Nhan duoc phan hoi tu cap tren Cong viec phu hop voi nang luc 3.79 4.17 3.86 3.84 3.47 3.55 Std. Deviation .987 .875 .864 .894 .958 .952 N 205 205 205 205 205 205

Scale Mean if Item Deleted Su dung ky nang khac nhau Hieu ro cong viec Cong viec quan trong Quyen quyet dinh trong cong viec Nhan duoc phan hoi tu cap tren Cong viec phu hop voi nang luc 18.89 18.51 18.81 18.83 19.20 19.13 Scale Variance if Item Deleted 10.734 11.153 11.613 10.982 10.919 10.782 Corrected Item-Total Correlation .551 .573 .494 .589 .542 .573 Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted .768 .763 .780 .760 .770 .763

Ph lc 1
87
Scale: Su thoa man doi voi dieu kien lam viec



Mean Thoi gian lam viec Lam them gio Phuong tien lam viec Noi lam viec an toan thoai mai Thoi gian di lai 3.87 3.75 4.01 4.02 3.13 Std. Deviation 1.040 1.194 .921 .934 1.419 N 205 205 205 205 205

Scale Mean if Item Deleted Thoi gian lam viec Lam them gio Phuong tien lam viec Noi lam viec an toan thoai mai Thoi gian di lai 14.91 15.03 14.77 14.76 15.65 Scale Variance if Item Deleted 7.790 7.768 7.876 7.702 8.237 Corrected Item-Total Correlation .374 .278 .449 .477 .098 Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted .450 .507 .420 .404 .649

Ph lc 1
88
Scale: Su thoa man doi voi phuc loi



Mean Bao hiem xa hoi, y te Nghi phep nghi benh Du lich nghi duong Cong doan Khong lo mat viec Phuc loi khac 4.27 4.27 3.69 2.89 3.78 2.31 Std. Deviation 1.025 .909 1.425 1.424 1.106 1.276 N 205 205 205 205 205 205

Scale Mean if Item Deleted Bao hiem xa hoi, y te Nghi phep nghi benh Du lich nghi duong Cong doan Khong lo mat viec Phuc loi khac 16.94 16.94 17.52 18.32 17.43 18.90 Scale Variance if Item Deleted 17.320 18.422 14.212 14.443 17.561 16.475 Corrected Item-Total Correlation .474 .405 .574 .549 .391 .416 Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted .692 .710 .656 .665 .712 .707

Ph lc 1
89
Scale: Su thoa man cong viec



Mean Hai long voi thu nhap Hai long voi dao tao thang tien Hai long voi cap tren Hai long voi dong nghiep Hai long voi dac diem cong viec Hai long voi dieu kien lam viec Hai long voi phuc loi Hai long voi cong viec hien tai 3.17 2.96 3.39 3.60 3.46 3.61 3.30 3.40 Std. Deviation .957 1.033 1.040 .906 .936 .941 1.041 .889 N 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205

Scale Mean if Item Deleted Hai long voi thu nhap Hai long voi dao tao thang tien Hai long voi cap tren Hai long voi dong nghiep Hai long voi dac diem cong viec Hai long voi dieu kien lam viec Hai long voi phuc loi Hai long voi cong viec hien tai 23.72 23.93 23.50 23.29 23.43 23.28 23.59 23.48 Scale Variance if Item Deleted 24.831 22.931 23.104 26.169 24.285 23.574 23.195 23.212 Corrected Item-Total Correlation .512 .670 .645 .393 .592 .675 .633 .773 Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted .856 .838 .841 .868 .847 .838 .843 .828

90 Ph lc 1
Ph lc A.3: Phn tch nhn t

Phn tch nhn t i vi tt c cc bin quan st (ln 1 - 32 bin)
Bng A-43. Correlation Matrixa
Phan phoi thu nhap cong bang Ky nang cho cong viec Giao tiep voi cap tren .171 .197 .237 .229 .268 .307 .232 .385 1.000 .628 .557 .498 .408 .354 .388 Cap tren dong vien ho tro .084 .170 .276 .310 .299 .351 .244 .491 .628 1.000 .794 .591 .632 .616 .553 Cap tren ghi nhan dong gop .253 .389 .474 .494 .316 .349 .238 .453 .498 .591 .744 1.000 .584 .448 .438
Muc luong
Thuong
Tro cap
Dieu kien hoc tap .088 .183 .188 .241 .553 1.000 .603 .559 .307 .351 .387 .349 .344 .226 .214
Chuong trinh dao tao .049 .271 .290 .344 .594 .603 1.000 .557 .232 .244 .257 .238 .285 .181 .160
Co hoi thang tien .127 .253 .321 .393 .473 .559 .557 1.000 .385 .491 .456 .453 .454 .387 .283
Cap tren quan tam .136 .239 .369 .409 .326 .387 .257 .456 .557 .794 1.000 .744 .694 .595 .479
Muc luong 1.000 .565 .346 .294 .094 Thuong .565 1.000 .458 .507 .238 Tro cap .346 .458 1.000 .560 .314 Phan phoi thu nhap cong .294 .507 .560 1.000 .402 bang Ky nang cho cong viec .094 .238 .314 .402 1.000 Dieu kien hoc tap .088 .183 .188 .241 .553 Chuong trinh dao tao .049 .271 .290 .344 .594 Co hoi thang tien .127 .253 .321 .393 .473 Giao tiep voi cap tren .171 .197 .237 .229 .268 Cap tren dong vien ho tro .084 .170 .276 .310 .299 Cap tren quan tam .136 .239 .369 .409 .326 Cap tren ghi nhan dong gop .253 .389 .474 .494 .316 Cap tren bao ve nhan vien .140 .280 .325 .309 .321 Cap tren co nang luc .198 .216 .254 .290 .205 Cap tren uy quyen .155 .242 .233 .305 .169 a . Do gii hn ca trang giy, ch mt phn ca kt qu c th hin bng ny. Correlation
Ph lc 1
91
Bng A-44. KMO and Bartlett's Test

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. Approx. Chi-Square Bartlett's Test of Sphericity df Sig. .877 3342.498 496 .000
Bng A-45. Communalities

Initial Muc luong Thuong Tro cap Phan phoi thu nhap cong bang Ky nang cho cong viec Dieu kien hoc tap Chuong trinh dao tao Co hoi thang tien Giao tiep voi cap tren Cap tren dong vien ho tro Cap tren quan tam Cap tren ghi nhan dong gop Cap tren bao ve nhan vien Cap tren co nang luc Cap tren uy quyen Cap tren cong bang Dong nghiep ho tro Dong nghiep than thien Dong nghiep tan tam voi cong viec Dong nghiep dang tin cay Su dung ky nang khac nhau Hieu ro cong viec Cong viec quan trong Quyen quyet dinh trong cong viec Nhan duoc phan hoi tu cap tren Cong viec phu hop voi nang luc Bao hiem xa hoi, y te Nghi phep nghi benh Du lich nghi duong Cong doan Khong lo mat viec Phuc loi khac Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 Extraction .606 .713 .619 .638 .653 .716 .751 .649 .462 .783 .804 .657 .695 .607 .624 .521 .767 .747 .731 .754 .470 .590 .606 .549 .516 .585 .720 .604 .623 .649 .451 .756
Ph lc 1
92
Bng A-46. Total Variance Explained

Component Initial Eigenvalues Total % of Cumula Variance -tive % Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings Total % of Cumula Variance -tive % 30.036 8.410 7.459 5.694 4.818 4.624 3.379 30.036 38.446 45.905 51.599 56.417 61.041 64.420 Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings Total 5.273 3.241 2.959 2.805 2.495 1.948 1.892 % of Cumula Variance -tive % 16.479 10.128 9.248 8.767 7.796 6.088 5.914 16.479 26.607 35.855 44.622 52.419 58.507 64.420
1 9.611 30.036 30.036 9.611 2 2.691 8.410 38.446 2.691 3 2.387 7.459 45.905 2.387 4 1.822 5.694 51.599 1.822 5 1.542 4.818 56.417 1.542 6 1.480 4.624 61.041 1.480 7 1.081 3.379 64.420 1.081 8 .980 3.062 67.482 9 .936 2.924 70.406 10 .800 2.499 72.905 11 .757 2.366 75.271 12 .680 2.125 77.396 13 .649 2.027 79.423 14 .611 1.909 81.332 15 .545 1.703 83.035 16 .518 1.618 84.653 17 .501 1.565 86.218 18 .436 1.362 87.580 19 .407 1.272 88.852 20 .384 1.202 90.054 21 .376 1.176 91.230 22 .362 1.130 92.359 23 .342 1.070 93.429 24 .321 1.002 94.431 25 .284 .887 95.318 26 .274 .855 96.174 27 .256 .800 96.974 28 .238 .743 97.717 29 .222 .695 98.412 30 .200 .624 99.036 31 .184 .574 99.610 32 .125 .390 100.000 Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
Ph lc 1
93
Bng A-47. Component Matrixa

Component 1 Muc luong Thuong .472 Tro cap .537 Phan phoi thu nhap cong bang .565 Ky nang cho cong viec .530 Dieu kien hoc tap .564 Chuong trinh dao tao .488 Co hoi thang tien .647 Giao tiep voi cap tren .586 Cap tren dong vien ho tro .713 Cap tren quan tam .751 Cap tren ghi nhan dong gop .738 Cap tren bao ve nhan vien .717 Cap tren co nang luc .632 Cap tren uy quyen .664 Cap tren cong bang .638 Dong nghiep ho tro .508 Dong nghiep than thien Dong nghiep tan tam voi cong viec .551 Dong nghiep dang tin cay .473 Su dung ky nang khac nhau .572 Hieu ro cong viec .512 Cong viec quan trong Quyen quyet dinh trong cong viec .562 Nhan duoc phan hoi tu cap tren .664 Cong viec phu hop voi nang luc Bao hiem xa hoi, y te Nghi phep nghi benh Du lich nghi duong Cong doan Khong lo mat viec Phuc loi khac Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. a . 7 components extracted 2 3 4 .580 .573 5 6 7
-.538 -.488
-.501 -.529
.494
.470
.589
Ph lc 1
94
Bng A-48. Rotated Component Matrixa

Component 1 2 3 4 5 .750 .791 .631 .653 .740 .772 .816 .656 6 7 Muc luong Thuong Tro cap Phan phoi thu nhap cong bang Ky nang cho cong viec Dieu kien hoc tap Chuong trinh dao tao Co hoi thang tien Giao tiep voi cap tren .546 Cap tren dong vien ho tro .843 Cap tren quan tam .849 Cap tren ghi nhan dong gop .664 Cap tren bao ve nhan vien .780 Cap tren co nang luc .748 Cap tren uy quyen .573 Cap tren cong bang .651 Dong nghiep ho tro .831 Dong nghiep than thien .826 Dong nghiep tan tam voi cong viec .802 Dong nghiep dang tin cay .819 Su dung ky nang khac nhau Hieu ro cong viec Cong viec quan trong Quyen quyet dinh trong cong viec Nhan duoc phan hoi tu cap tren .539 Cong viec phu hop voi nang luc Bao hiem xa hoi, y te Nghi phep nghi benh Du lich nghi duong Cong doan Khong lo mat viec Phuc loi khac Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. a . Rotation converged in 6 iterations.
.491
.473 .674 .736 .590 .722 .780 .700 .607 .723 .780
Ph lc 1
95
Bng A-49. Component Transformation Matrix

Component 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 .652 .044 -.539 -.470 .206 -.122 2 .351 -.622 .563 -.021 .252 -.330 3 .368 -.435 -.260 .505 -.370 .451 .113 4 .362 .302 .362 -.211 -.740 -.116 -.203 5 .286 .399 -.069 .690 .189 -.463 -.166 6 .241 .201 .255 -.016 .385 .616 -.555 7 .216 .362 .353 .051 .158 .255 .778
.073 -.005 7 Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.
Bng A-50. Component Score Coefficient Matrix

Component 1 Muc luong Thuong Tro cap Phan phoi thu nhap cong bang Ky nang cho cong viec Dieu kien hoc tap Chuong trinh dao tao Co hoi thang tien Giao tiep voi cap tren Cap tren dong vien ho tro Cap tren quan tam Cap tren ghi nhan dong gop Cap tren bao ve nhan vien Cap tren co nang luc Cap tren uy quyen Cap tren cong bang Dong nghiep ho tro Dong nghiep than thien Dong nghiep tan tam voi cong viec Dong nghiep dang tin cay Su dung ky nang khac nhau Hieu ro cong viec Cong viec quan trong Quyen quyet dinh trong cong viec Nhan duoc phan hoi tu cap tren Cong viec phu hop voi nang luc Bao hiem xa hoi, y te Nghi phep nghi benh Du lich nghi duong -.053 -.077 -.017 -.002 -.059 -.052 -.071 .030 .112 .232 .230 .141 .205 .209 .101 .159 .003 -.057 -.029 -.042 -.003 -.068 -.098 .003 .098 -.025 -.043 -.018 -.019 2 -.012 .001 .014 .027 -.018 -.057 -.012 -.020 -.056 -.053 -.035 .000 -.026 -.020 -.018 .004 .309 .300 .290 .302 .054 -.033 -.085 -.005 .038 -.055 -.092 .051 .000 3 .036 .032 -.077 -.107 -.038 .067 -.036 -.020 -.011 -.066 -.103 -.077 -.050 -.036 .138 -.017 -.111 -.032 -.048 -.007 .154 .281 .344 .207 .066 .314 .001 -.045 -.009 4 -.059 -.022 -.042 .055 .334 .359 .376 .285 .041 .007 -.014 -.036 -.029 -.086 -.102 -.054 -.020 -.051 -.017 -.022 .044 -.016 .038 -.009 -.066 -.055 -.033 -.046 -.072 5 .385 .372 .272 .292 .019 -.102 -.004 -.016 -.062 -.101 -.031 .096 -.041 -.029 -.024 .010 -.006 -.020 .044 .026 -.046 -.047 .038 -.004 -.027 -.032 .033 -.029 -.095 6 -.068 -.032 .124 .028 .022 -.022 -.090 -.049 .146 .007 -.014 .002 -.089 -.064 .027 -.088 .040 .059 -.051 -.148 -.095 .150 -.111 .052 -.053 -.060 .483 .438 .172 7 -.088 -.015 -.010 -.094 -.083 -.035 .007 -.114 -.097 -.045 -.019 -.009 .054 .021 -.019 .025 -.081 .002 -.010 .045 .027 -.050 .048 -.121 .056 .045 -.055 -.112 .334
Ph lc 1
96
Component 1 2 3 .017 .185 -.021 4 -.011 .032 -.098 5 -.114 -.037 .064 6 -.039 .149 -.223 7 .455 .154 .530 Cong doan -.023 .003 Khong lo mat viec -.120 -.043 Phuc loi khac .020 -.035 Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. Component Scores.
Bng A-51. Component Score Covariance Matrix

Component 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 1.000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 2 .000 1.000 .000 .000 .000 .000 3 .000 .000 1.000 .000 .000 .000 .000 4 .000 .000 .000 1.000 .000 .000 .000 5 .000 .000 .000 .000 1.000 .000 .000 6 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 1.000 .000 7 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 1.000
.000 .000 7 Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. Component Scores.
Ph lc 1
97
Phn tch nhn t i vi cc bin quan st (ln 2 - 31 bin: bin khng s mt vic b loi b)
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. Approx. Chi-Square Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Df Sig. .876 3256.521 465 .000

Initial Muc luong Thuong Tro cap Phan phoi thu nhap cong bang Ky nang cho cong viec Dieu kien hoc tap Chuong trinh dao tao Co hoi thang tien Giao tiep voi cap tren Cap tren dong vien ho tro Cap tren quan tam Cap tren ghi nhan dong gop Cap tren bao ve nhan vien Cap tren co nang luc Cap tren uy quyen Cap tren cong bang Dong nghiep ho tro Dong nghiep than thien Dong nghiep tan tam voi cong viec Dong nghiep dang tin cay Su dung ky nang khac nhau Hieu ro cong viec Cong viec quan trong Quyen quyet dinh trong cong viec Nhan duoc phan hoi tu cap tren Cong viec phu hop voi nang luc Bao hiem xa hoi, y te Nghi phep nghi benh Du lich nghi duong Cong doan Phuc loi khac Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 Extraction .606 .712 .624 .643 .651 .725 .752 .646 .469 .793 .814 .668 .690 .592 .621 .528 .765 .747 .729 .760 .486 .591 .588 .556 .519 .615 .726 .626 .671 .625 .761
Ph lc 1
98

Component Initial Eigenvalues Total % of CumuVariance lative % Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings Total % of CumuVariance lative % 30.453 8.675 7.587 5.793 4.968 4.509 3.486 30.453 39.128 46.716 52.508 57.476 61.986 65.471 Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings Total 5.198 3.223 2.936 2.794 2.486 1.863 1.796 % of CumuVariance lative % 16.768 10.395 9.470 9.012 8.020 6.011 5.795 16.768 27.163 36.633 45.646 53.665 59.677 65.471
1 9.441 30.453 30.453 9.441 2 2.689 8.675 39.128 2.689 3 2.352 7.587 46.716 2.352 4 1.796 5.793 52.508 1.796 5 1.540 4.968 57.476 1.540 6 1.398 4.509 61.986 1.398 7 1.081 3.486 65.471 1.081 8 .955 3.081 68.552 9 .816 2.631 71.183 10 .761 2.456 73.639 11 .748 2.414 76.053 12 .657 2.119 78.172 13 .624 2.012 80.184 14 .595 1.921 82.105 15 .538 1.736 83.841 16 .512 1.652 85.493 17 .461 1.488 86.981 18 .434 1.401 88.382 19 .393 1.269 89.651 20 .379 1.224 90.875 21 .363 1.170 92.045 22 .343 1.106 93.151 23 .322 1.039 94.190 24 .290 .937 95.127 25 .275 .888 96.015 26 .257 .829 96.844 27 .245 .789 97.634 28 .225 .724 98.358 29 .200 .646 99.004 30 .184 .593 99.597 31 .125 .403 100.000 Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
Ph lc 1
99

Component 1 Muc luong Thuong Tro cap .539 Phan phoi thu nhap cong bang .565 Ky nang cho cong viec .526 Dieu kien hoc tap .561 Chuong trinh dao tao Co hoi thang tien .652 Giao tiep voi cap tren .582 Cap tren dong vien ho tro .719 Cap tren quan tam .757 Cap tren ghi nhan dong gop .739 Cap tren bao ve nhan vien .725 Cap tren co nang luc .642 Cap tren uy quyen .665 Cap tren cong bang .641 Dong nghiep ho tro .510 Dong nghiep than thien Dong nghiep tan tam voi cong viec .553 Dong nghiep dang tin cay Su dung ky nang khac nhau .575 Hieu ro cong viec .507 Cong viec quan trong Quyen quyet dinh trong cong viec .563 Nhan duoc phan hoi tu cap tren .669 Cong viec phu hop voi nang luc Bao hiem xa hoi, y te Nghi phep nghi benh Du lich nghi duong Cong doan Phuc loi khac Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. a . 7 components extracted. 2 3 4 .612 .604 5 6 7
-.527 -.505
-.512 -.537
.592
Ph lc 1
100

Component 1 2 3 4 5 .751 .794 .623 .656 .741 .777 .818 .659 6 7 Muc luong Thuong Tro cap Phan phoi thu nhap cong bang Ky nang cho cong viec Dieu kien hoc tap Chuong trinh dao tao Co hoi thang tien Giao tiep voi cap tren .577 Cap tren dong vien ho tro .852 Cap tren quan tam .857 Cap tren ghi nhan dong gop .677 Cap tren bao ve nhan vien .769 Cap tren co nang luc .724 Cap tren uy quyen .569 Cap tren cong bang .655 Dong nghiep ho tro .830 Dong nghiep than thien .830 Dong nghiep tan tam voi cong viec .799 Dong nghiep dang tin cay .823 Su dung ky nang khac nhau Hieu ro cong viec Cong viec quan trong Quyen quyet dinh trong cong viec Nhan duoc phan hoi tu cap tren .518 Cong viec phu hop voi nang luc Bao hiem xa hoi, y te Nghi phep nghi benh Du lich nghi duong Cong doan Phuc loi khac Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. a . Rotation converged in 6 iterations.
.507 .675 .720 .608 .754 .784 .718 .624 .702 .788
Ph lc 1
101
Bng A-57. Component Transformation Matrix

Component 1 2 3 .370 -.445 -.336 .402 -.305 .526 .140 4 .363 .296 .387 -.191 -.746 .007 -.195 5 .286 .399 -.068 .756 .111 -.374 -.174 6 .228 .190 .238 -.055 .466 .603 -.521 7 .205 .345 .331 .039 .192 .229 .799 1 .657 .352 2 .076 -.627 3 -.488 .573 4 -.472 .053 5 .204 .207 6 -.242 -.329 7 .044 -.014 Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.

Component 1 Muc luong Thuong Tro cap Phan phoi thu nhap cong bang Ky nang cho cong viec Dieu kien hoc tap Chuong trinh dao tao Co hoi thang tien Giao tiep voi cap tren Cap tren dong vien ho tro Cap tren quan tam Cap tren ghi nhan dong gop Cap tren bao ve nhan vien Cap tren co nang luc Cap tren uy quyen Cap tren cong bang Dong nghiep ho tro Dong nghiep than thien Dong nghiep tan tam voi cong viec Dong nghiep dang tin cay Su dung ky nang khac nhau Hieu ro cong viec Cong viec quan trong Quyen quyet dinh trong cong viec Nhan duoc phan hoi tu cap tren Cong viec phu hop voi nang luc Bao hiem xa hoi, y te Nghi phep nghi benh Du lich nghi duong Cong doan Phuc loi khac -.052 -.077 -.028 .007 -.056 -.063 -.075 .022 .134 .244 .242 .154 .203 .199 .100 .167 .006 -.054 -.031 -.037 -.024 -.084 -.109 -.010 .085 -.051 -.053 -.032 -.048 -.034 .003 2 -.012 .002 .006 .032 -.016 -.062 -.015 -.027 -.041 -.047 -.029 .008 -.029 -.029 -.016 .007 .309 .304 .288 .307 .043 -.037 -.084 -.011 .031 -.067 -.095 .042 -.012 .006 -.038 3 .033 .029 -.056 -.116 -.042 .079 -.031 -.005 -.044 -.077 -.113 -.092 -.039 -.012 .138 -.024 -.109 -.036 -.040 -.016 .180 .292 .343 .221 .085 .342 .014 -.018 .029 .022 -.005 4 -.061 -.022 -.040 .052 .334 .362 .376 .283 .043 .004 -.018 -.039 -.032 -.089 -.100 -.058 -.023 -.049 -.019 -.024 .047 -.005 .046 -.005 -.065 -.049 -.024 -.040 -.060 .000 -.091 5 .385 .374 .263 .294 .021 -.105 -.006 -.023 -.045 -.097 -.028 .101 -.046 -.040 -.021 .011 -.008 -.017 .040 .030 -.054 -.043 .045 -.006 -.034 -.039 .032 -.037 -.106 -.110 .060 6 -.069 -.031 .140 .019 .019 -.012 -.086 -.042 .126 -.006 -.027 -.011 -.088 -.055 .026 -.099 .037 .058 -.048 -.156 -.076 .167 -.103 .063 -.041 -.037 .499 .457 .208 -.022 -.200 7 -.086 -.014 .008 -.100 -.086 -.026 .012 -.101 -.133 -.057 -.028 -.022 .064 .043 -.021 .022 -.080 -.005 -.004 .037 .050 -.046 .047 -.111 .074 .071 -.048 -.093 .362 .454 .545
Ph lc 1
102
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. Component Scores.

Component 1 2 3 .000 .000 1.000 .000 .000 .000 .000 4 .000 .000 .000 1.000 .000 .000 .000 5 .000 .000 .000 .000 1.000 .000 .000 6 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 1.000 .000 7 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 1.000 1 1.000 .000 2 .000 1.000 3 .000 .000 4 .000 .000 5 .000 .000 6 .000 .000 7 .000 .000 Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. Component Scores.
Ph lc 1
103
Phn tch nhn t i vi cc nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic

Mean Hai long voi thu nhap Hai long voi dao tao thang tien Hai long voi cap tren Hai long voi dong nghiep Hai long voi dac diem cong viec Hai long voi dieu kien lam viec Hai long voi phuc loi Hai long voi cong viec hien tai 3.17 2.96 3.39 3.60 3.46 3.61 3.30 3.40 Std. Deviation .957 1.033 1.040 .906 .936 .941 1.041 .889 Analysis N 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 205

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. Approx. Chi-Square Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Df Sig. .840 728.573 28 .000

Initial Hai long voi thu nhap Hai long voi dao tao thang tien Hai long voi cap tren Hai long voi dong nghiep Hai long voi dac diem cong viec Hai long voi dieu kien lam viec Hai long voi phuc loi Hai long voi cong viec hien tai Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 Extraction .391 .571 .551 .239 .509 .611 .537 .738
Ph lc 1
104
Bng A-63. Correlation Matrix

Hai long voi dao tao thang tien .478 1.000 .557 .402 .358 .418 .571 .545 Hai long voi dac diem cong viec .355 .358 .437 .283 1.000 .538 .330 .729 Hai long voi dieu kien lam viec .373 .418 .535 .279 .538 1.000 .521 .711
Correlation Hai long voi thu nhap Hai long voi dao tao thang tien Hai long voi cap tren Hai long voi dong nghiep Hai long voi dac diem cong viec Hai long voi dieu kien lam viec Hai long voi phuc loi Hai long voi cong viec
Hai long voi thu nhap 1.000 .478 .313 .131 .355 .373 .479 .483
Hai long voi cap tren .313 .557 1.000 .390 .437 .535 .467 .530
Hai long voi dong nghiep .131 .402 .390 1.000 .283 .279 .276 .277
Hai long voi phuc loi .479 .571 .467 .276 .330 .521 1.000 .523
Hai long voi cong viec .483 .545 .530 .277 .729 .711 .523 1.000

Component Initial Eigenvalues Total % of Variance Cumulative % Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings Total 4.146 % of Variance 51.820 Cumulative % 51.820
1 4.146 51.820 51.820 2 .950 11.877 63.697 3 .880 11.002 74.700 4 .597 7.464 82.164 5 .491 6.140 88.304 6 .408 5.096 93.399 7 .341 4.267 97.667 8 .187 2.333 100.000 Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
Ph lc 1
105

Component 1 Hai long voi thu nhap Hai long voi dao tao thang tien Hai long voi cap tren Hai long voi dong nghiep Hai long voi dac diem cong viec Hai long voi dieu kien lam viec Hai long voi phuc loi Hai long voi cong viec hien tai Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. a . 1 components extracted. .625 .756 .742 .713 .782 .733 .859

a
Dummy category . Only one component was extracted. The solution cannot be rotated.

Component 1 Hai long voi thu nhap .151 Hai long voi dao tao thang tien .182 Hai long voi cap tren .179 Hai long voi dong nghiep .118 Hai long voi dac diem cong viec .172 Hai long voi dieu kien lam viec .189 Hai long voi phuc loi .177 Hai long voi cong viec hien tai .207 Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. Component Scores.

Component 1 1.000 1 Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. Component Scores.
Ph lc 1
106
Ph lc A.4: Kt qu kim nh T-Test, ANOVA v phi tham s

Kim nh gi tr trung bnh ca tng th
T-Test
Bng A-69. One-Sample Statistics

N Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung 205 Mean 3.3275 Std. Deviation .73079 Std. Error Mean .05104
Bng A-70. One-Sample Test

Test Value = 3.33 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower -.1031 Upper .0982
t Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung -.048
df 204
Sig. Mean (2-tailed) Difference .961 -.00247
Kim nh gi tr trung bnh ca cc tng th con (gia nam v n)

T-Test
Bng A-71. Group Statistics

Gioi tinh Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung Nam Nu N 79 126 Mean 3.4159 3.2721 Std. Deviation .67091 .76333 Std. Error Mean .07548 .06800
Ph lc 1
107
Bng A-72. Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means Sig. (2-tailed) 203 181.420 .171 .159 Mean Difference .14380 .14380 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Std. Error Difference Upper Lower .10465 .10160 -.06253 -.05666 .35014 .34427
F Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed 1.160
Sig. .283
t 1.374 1.415
df
NPar Tests: Mann-Whitney Test
Bng A-73. Ranks

Gioi tinh Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung Nam Nu Total N 79 126 205 Mean Rank 108.46 99.58 Sum of Ranks 8568.50 12546.50
Bng A-74. Test Statisticsa

Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung Mann-Whitney U Wilcoxon W Z Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) a . Grouping Variable: Gioi tinh 4545.500 12546.500 -1.046 .295
Ph lc 1
108
Kim nh gi tr trung bnh ca cc tng th con (gia cc tui khc nhau)

Oneway ANOVA
Bng A-75. Descriptives
Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung Std. Deviation .62429 .76259 .70687 .66645 .73079 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Std. Error .12014 .07142 .09997 .17812 .05104 Lower Bound 3.3827 3.1442 3.0734 2.8907 3.2269 Upper Bound 3.8766 3.4272 3.4752 3.6603 3.4282 Minimum 2.71 1.14 1.71 1.71 1.14 Maximum 5.00 5.00 5.00 4.00 5.00
N tuoi 22-24 tuoi 25-29 tuoi 30-34 tuoi 35 tro len Total 27 114 50 14 205
Mean 3.6296 3.2857 3.2743 3.2755 3.3275
Bng A-76. Test of Homogeneity of Variances

Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung Levene Statistic .888 df1 3 df2 201 Sig. .448
Bng A-77. ANOVA

Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung Sum of Squares Between Groups Within Groups Total 2.843 106.105 108.948 Df 3 201 204 Mean Square .948 .528 F 1.795 Sig. .149
NPar Tests: Kruskal-Wallis Test

Bng A-78. Ranks
Do tuoi tuoi 22-24 tuoi 25-29 tuoi 30-34 tuoi 35 tro len Total N 27 114 50 14 205 Mean Rank 126.11 100.06 97.28 102.79
Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung
Bng A-79. Test Statisticsa, b

Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung Chi-Square Df Asymp. Sig. a . Kruskal Wallis Test b . Grouping Variable: Do tuoi 4.867 3 .182
Ph lc 1
109
Kim nh gi tr trung bnh ca cc tng th con (thi gian cng tc khc nhau) Oneway ANOVA
Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung Std. Deviation .78963 .71990 .65505 .73079 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Std. Error .10194 .07999 .08188 .05104 Lower Bound 3.1817 3.2800 2.9681 3.2269 Upper Bound 3.5897 3.5983 3.2953 3.4282 Minimum 1.86 1.14 1.71 1.14 Maximum 5.00 5.00 4.57 5.00
N duoi 1 nam 1-3 nam tren 3 nam Total 60 81 64 205
Mean 3.3857 3.4392 3.1317 3.3275

Bng A-82. ANOVA

Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung Sum of Squares Between Groups Within Groups Total 3.667 105.281 108.948 df 2 202 204 Mean Square 1.833 .521 F 3.518 Sig. .031
Post Hoc Tests

Bng A-83. Multiple Comparisons
Dependent Variable: Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung Dunnett t (2-sided) (I) Thoi gian cong tac (J) Thoi gian cong tac Mean Difference (I-J) 95% Confidence Interval Std. Error Sig. Upper Bound Lower Bound .5427 .5761
duoi 1 nam tren 3 nam .25402 .12973 .093 -.0347 1-3 nam tren 3 nam .30746* .12074 .022 .0388 * . The mean difference is significant at the .05 level. a. Dunnett t-tests treat one group as a control, and compare all other groups against it.
Ph lc 1
110

Bng A-84. Ranks
Thoi gian cong tac Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung duoi 1 nam 1-3 nam tren 3 nam Total N 60 81 64 205 Mean Rank 105.67 113.15 87.66

Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung Chi-Square Df Asymp. Sig. a . Kruskal Wallis Test b . Grouping Variable: Thoi gian cong tac 6.807 2 .033
Ph lc 1
111
Kim nh gi tr trung bnh ca cc tng th con (gia cc trnh khc nhau)

Oneway
Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung Std. Deviation .43721 .65347 .75277 .64214 .73079 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Std. Error .17849 .16872 .05989 .12593 .05104 Lower Bound 3.5174 2.9143 3.2027 2.9879 3.2269 Upper Bound 4.4350 3.6381 3.4393 3.5066 3.4282 Minimum 3.57 2.43 1.14 1.86 1.14 Maximum 4.57 5.00 5.00 4.71 5.00
N Tu trung hoc tro xuong Cao dang Dai hoc Sau dai hoc Total 6 15 158 26 205
Mean 3.9762 3.2762 3.3210 3.2473 3.3275

Bng A-88. ANOVA

Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung Sum of Squares Between Groups Within Groups Total 2.738 106.209 108.948 df 3 201 204 Mean Square .913 .528 F 1.727 Sig. .163

Bng A-89. Ranks
Trinh do hoc van Tu trung hoc tro xuong Cao dang Dai hoc Sau dai hoc Total N 6 15 158 26 205 Mean Rank 158.42 92.87 103.23 94.63

Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung Chi-Square df Asymp. Sig. a . Kruskal Wallis Test b . Grouping Variable: Trinh do hoc van 6.224 3 .101
Ph lc 1
112
Kim nh gi tr trung bnh ca cc tng th con (gia cc v tr chc danh khc nhau)
Oneway
Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung 95% Confidence Interval for Mean N Nhan vien tac nghiep Truong nhom/truong doi Truong pho phong/Ke toan truong/ Truong pho bo phan Giam doc/ Pho Giam doc/ Tong Giam doc/ Pho Tong giam doc Total 123 33 45 Std. Std. Mean Deviation Error 3.3926 3.2121 3.2127 .71020 .81215 .73200 .06404 .14138 .10912 Lower Bound 3.2658 2.9241 2.9928 Upper Bound 3.5193 3.5001 3.4326 Minimum 1.14 1.71 1.71 Maximum 5.00 5.00 5.00
4 205
3.5714 3.3275
.55940 .73079
.27970 .05104
2.6813 3.2269
4.4616 3.4282
3.00 1.14
4.29 5.00

Bng A-93. ANOVA

Ph lc 1
113

Bng A-94. Ranks
Chuc danh vi tri cong viec Nhan vien tac nghiep Truong nhom/truong doi Truong pho phong/Ke toan truong/ Truong pho bo phan Giam doc/ Pho Giam doc/ Tong Giam doc/ Pho Tong giam doc Total N 123 33 45 4 205 Mean Rank 108.28 94.20 93.06 125.25

Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung Chi-Square Df Asymp. Sig. a . Kruskal Wallis Test b . Grouping Variable: Chuc danh vi tri cong viec 3.544 3 .315
Ph lc 1
114
Kim nh gi tr trung bnh ca cc tng th con (gia cc loi hnh doanh nghip khc nhau)
Oneway
Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung Std. Deviati on .75675 .75322 .75765 .49450 .73168 .54586 .24744 .73079 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Std. Error .16134 .09724 .11979 .17483 .09446 .16458 .12372 .05104 Lower Bound 2.7814 2.9792 3.1827 3.1044 3.2777 3.0619 2.6777 3.2269 Upper Bound 3.4524 3.3684 3.6673 3.9313 3.6557 3.7953 3.4652 3.4282 Minimum 1.14 1.71 1.71 2.86 1.71 2.43 2.86 1.14 Maximum 4.29 5.00 5.00 4.00 5.00 4.00 3.43 5.00
N Nha nuoc Co phan Trach nhiem huu han Doanh nghiep tu nhan Doanh nghiep nuoc ngoai Lien doanh Khac Total 22 60 40 8 60 11 4 205
Mean 3.1169 3.1738 3.4250 3.5179 3.4667 3.4286 3.0714 3.3275

Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung Levene Statistic 1.015 df1 6 df2 198 Sig. .417
Bng A-98. ANOVA

Ph lc 1
115

Bng A-99. Ranks
Loai hinh doanh nghiep Nha nuoc Co phan Trach nhiem huu han Doanh nghiep tu nhan Doanh nghiep nuoc ngoai Lien doanh Khac Total N 22 60 40 8 60 11 4 205 Mean Rank 87.77 89.69 111.54 120.44 113.98 112.00 76.75

Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung Chi-Square Df Asymp. Sig. a . Kruskal Wallis Test b . Grouping Variable: Loai hinh doanh nghiep 9.124 6 .167
Ph lc 1
116
Ph lc A.5: Phn tch hi quy tuyn tnh (Phng php chn bin Enter)
Bng A-101. Correlations
Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung Su thoa man trung binh d/v thu nhap Su thoa man trung binh d/v dao tao thang tien Su thoa man trung binh d/v cap tren Su thoa man trung binh d/v dac diem cong viec Su thoa man trung binh d/v phuc loi co ban Su thoa man trung binh d/v phuc loi cong them Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung Su thoa man trung binh d/v thu nhap Su thoa man trung binh d/v dao tao thang tien Su thoa man trung binh d/v cap tren Su thoa man trung binh d/v dac diem cong viec Su thoa man trung binh d/v phuc loi co ban Su thoa man trung binh d/v phuc loi cong them Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung Su thoa man trung binh d/v thu nhap Su thoa man trung binh d/v dao tao thang tien Su thoa man trung binh d/v cap tren Su thoa man trung binh d/v dac diem cong viec Su thoa man trung binh d/v phuc loi co ban Su thoa man trung binh d/v phuc loi cong them 1.000 .644 .509 .663 .572 .384 .425 . .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 Pearson Correlation Su thoa man trung binh d/v thu nhap .644 1.000 .388 .452 .310 .337 .363 .000 . .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 Su thoa man trung binh d/v dao tao thang tien .509 .388 1.000 .477 .335 .307 .411 .000 .000 . .000 .000 .000 .000 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 Su thoa Su thoa man trung man trung binh d/v dac binh d/v cap diem cong viec tren .663 .452 .477 1.000 .558 .359 .344 .000 .000 .000 . .000 .000 .000 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 .572 .310 .335 .558 1.000 .223 .154 .000 .000 .000 .000 . .001 .014 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 Su thoa man trung binh d/v phuc loi co ban .384 .337 .307 .359 .223 1.000 .405 .000 .000 .000 .000 .001 . .000 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 Su thoa man trung binh d/v phuc loi cong them .425 .363 .411 .344 .154 .405 1.000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .014 .000 . 205 205 205 205 205 205 205
Sig. (1-tailed)
Ph lc 1
117
Bng A-102 Descriptive Statistics

Mean Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung Su thoa man trung binh d/v thu nhap Su thoa man trung binh d/v dao tao thang tien Su thoa man trung binh d/v cap tren Su thoa man trung binh d/v dac diem cong viec Su thoa man trung binh d/v phuc loi co ban Su thoa man trung binh d/v phuc loi cong them 3.3275 3.0451 2.9793 3.4623 3.8410 4.2707 2.9642 Std. Deviation .73079 .83143 .94933 .78943 .66087 .82760 1.07902 N 205 205 205 205 205 205 205
Bng A-103 Model Summary(b)

Change Statistics Std. Adjusted Error of R R R the Square F Square Square Estimate Change Change df1 df2 .661 .651 .43165 .661 64.455 6 198 Model
R .813(a)
Sig. F DurbinChange Watson .000 2.017
a Predictors: (Constant), Su thoa man trung binh d/v phuc loi cong them, Su thoa man trung binh d/v dac diem cong viec, Su thoa man trung binh d/v phuc loi co ban, Su thoa man trung binh d/v thu nhap, Su thoa man trung binh d/v dao tao thang tien, Su thoa man trung binh d/v cap tren b Dependent Variable: Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung
Bng A-104. ANOVA (b)

Model Sum of Squares Regression Residual Total 72.056 36.891 108.948 Mean Square 6 198 204 12.009 .186
df
F 64.455
Sig. .000(a)
a Predictors: (Constant), Su thoa man trung binh d/v phuc loi cong them, Su thoa man trung binh d/v dac diem cong viec, Su thoa man trung binh d/v phuc loi co ban, Su thoa man trung binh d/v thu nhap, Su thoa man trung binh d/v dao tao thang tien, Su thoa man trung binh d/v cap tren b Dependent Variable: Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung
Ph lc 1
118
Bng A-105. Coefficientsa

Standar dized Coeffici ents Beta .354 .106 .256 .259 .038 .110 t -.684 7.230 2.102 4.514 5.137 .805 2.235 Sig. .495 .000 .037 .000 .000 .422 .027 Zeroorder .644 .509 .663 .572 .384 .425
Model
Unstandardized Coefficients
Correlations Partial .457 .148 .305 .343 .057 .157 Part .299 .087 .187 .212 .033 .092
Collinearity Statistics Tolerance .712 .677 .530 .674 .762 .712 VIF 1.405 1.477 1.886 1.484 1.312 1.405
Std. Error B (Constant) -.148 .216 Su thoa man trung binh d/v thu nhap .312 .043 Su thoa man trung binh d/v dao tao thang tien .081 .039 1 Su thoa man trung binh d/v cap tren .237 .053 Su thoa man trung binh d/v dac diem cong viec .286 .056 Su thoa man trung binh d/v phuc loi co ban .034 .042 Su thoa man trung binh d/v phuc loi cong them .074 .033 a . Dependent Variable: Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung
Bng A-106. Residuals Statistics
Minimum
Maximum
Mean 3.3275 .00000 .000 .000
Std. Deviation .59432 .42525 1.000 .985
N 205 205 205 205
Predicted Value 1.7478 4.9731 Residual -1.23721 1.32817 Std. Predicted Value -2.658 2.769 Std. Residual -2.866 3.077 a . Dependent Variable: Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung
Ph lc 1
119
Interactive Graph: Scatter Plot
Standardized Residual
2.00000
0.00000
-2.00000
A A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A AAA A AA A A A A A A AA AA A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A AA A A A AA A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A AA A A A A A A AA A AA A A A A A AA AA A A A A A A A AA AA A A A AA A A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A AAA A AA AA A A A AA A A A AA A AA A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
A A
-2.00000
-1.00000
0.00000
1.00000
2.00000
Standardized Predicted Value
Ph lc 1
120
Nonparametric Correlations
Bng A-107. Correlations

Gia tri tuyet doi cua phan du Gia tri tuyet doi cua phan du Su thoa man trung binh d/v thu nhap Su thoa man trung binh d/v dao tao thang tien Spearman's rho Su thoa man trung binh d/v cap tren Su thoa man trung binh d/v dac diem cong viec Su thoa man trung binh d/v phuc loi co ban Su thoa man trung binh d/v phuc loi cong them
**
Su thoa man trung binh d/v thu nhap -.060 .397 205 1.000 . 205 .389(**) .000 205 .438(**) .000 205 .302(**) .000 205 .330(**) .000 205 .348(**) .000 205
Su thoa man trung binh d/v dao tao thang tien .026 .708 205 .389(**) .000 205 1.000 . 205 .464(**) .000 205 .334(**) .000 205 .318(**) .000 205 .416(**) .000 205
Su thoa man trung binh d/v cap tren -.079 .260 205 .438(**) .000 205 .464(**) .000 205 1.000 . 205 .531(**) .000 205 .360(**) .000 205 .340(**) .000 205
Su thoa man trung binh d/v dac diem cong viec .060 .395 205 .302(**) .000 205 .334(**) .000 205 .531(**) .000 205 1.000 . 205 .255(**) .000 205 .134 .056 205
Su thoa man trung binh d/v phuc loi cong them .061 .385 205 .330(**) .000 205 .318(**) .000 205 .360(**) .000 205 .255(**) .000 205 1.000 . 205 .415(**) .000 205
Correlation Coefficient Sig. (2-tailed) N Correlation Coefficient Sig. (2-tailed) N Correlation Coefficient Sig. (2-tailed) N Correlation Coefficient Sig. (2-tailed) N Correlation Coefficient Sig. (2-tailed) N Correlation Coefficient Sig. (2-tailed) N Correlation Coefficient Sig. (2-tailed) N
1.000 . 205 -.060 .397 205 .026 .708 205 -.079 .260 205 .060 .395 205 .061 .385 205 .046 .508 205
. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Ph lc 1
121
Graph: Histogram
40
30
Frequency
20
10
Mean =-8.59E-16 Std. Dev. =0.98518 N =205 0 -2.00000 0.00000 2.00000 4.00000
Standardized Residual
Normal Q-Q Plot of Standardized Residual
Expected Normal Value
-1
-2
-3 -2 0 2 4
Observed Value
Ph lc 2
122
Ph lc B: Th in t gi cho i tng kho st

Van Toan Chau <chauvantoan@gmail.com>
Bng cu hi nghin cu chnh thc

Chu Vn Ton <chauvantoan@gmail.com> to: tm-k15@googlegroups.com Xin cho cc anh ch em lp TM-K15, Trc ht xin chc mng nhng anh/ch no bo v xong lun vn cao hc. Tip n mong cc bn cha lm hoc hoc ang lm th nhanh chn ln hon tt nha. Ton ch mi lm xong cng nghin cu thi v ang tin hnh gi bng cu hi i thu thp thng tin nn nh anh ch tr li gip. ng thi, nu c th, nh anh ch chuyn gip cho bn b ca mnh (tt nht l khng cng 1 cng ty) tr li thm dm. Ngi tr li phi p ng cc yu cu: - LM CNG N LNG (ko l ch doanh nghip) - LM VIC VN PHNG - LM TP.HCM Ch cn click vo ng link bn di v tr li ri gi i l ok: http://spreadsheets.google.com/viewform?key=ptSjb7kTJETTJMqcJKzQXBA&hl=vn Chn thnh cm n cc anh/ch. Ton. 6 December 2008 20:22
Ph lc 3
123
Ph lc C: Bng cu hi chnh thc gi i kho st
Ph lc 3
124
Ph lc 3
125
Ph lc 3
126
Ph lc 3
127
Ph lc 3
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Ph lc 3
129
Ph lc 3
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CÁC NHÂN TỐ ẢNH HƯỞNG ĐẾN SỰ THỎA MÃN CÔNG VIỆC CỦA NHÂN VIÊN KHỐI VĂ

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CÁC NHÂN TỐ ẢNH HƯỞNG ĐẾN SỰ THỎA MÃN CÔNG VIỆC CỦA NHÂN VIÊN KHỐI VĂ

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B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC KINH T TP.

LUN VN THC S KINH T

NGI HNG DN KHOA HC: TS. NGUYN C TR

TP. H Ch Minh Nm 2009

TP.HCM, ngy 14 thng 05 nm 2009 Tc gi lun vn

Danh mc cc k hiu, ch vit tt

Danh mc cc bng, biu

1.2. Mc tiu nghin cu

1.3. i tng v phm vi nghin cu

1.4. Phng php nghin cu

1.6. Cu trc ca lun vn

2.2. L thuyt v s tha mn cng vic

2.2.2. L thuyt v s tha mn cng vic

T th hin T trng X hi An ton Sinh l

Hnh 2.1 Cc cp bc ca nhu cu Maslow

Ngun: Organizational Behavior [21]

Nhu cu pht trin

(Ngun: www.valuebasedmanagement.net) [41]

Nhn vin bt mn v khng c ng lc

Nhn vin khng cn bt mn nhng khng c ng lc

Nhn vin khng cn bt mn v c ng lc

Hnh 2.3 Thuyt hai nhn t ca Herzberg

(Ngun: : www.valuebasedmanagement.net) [41]

Tnh cht cng c Kt qu Phn thng

Hnh 2.4 Thuyt k vng ca Victor Vroom

(Ngun: c iu chnh t hnh v ca Robbins, 2002) [27]

- K nng khc nhau. - Hiu cng vic. - Tm quan trng

Hnh 2.5 M hnh c im cng vic ca Hackman & Oldham

(Ngun: Hackman & Oldham, 1974 ) [17]

2.3. Cc nghin cu lin quan n s tha mn cng vic

2.4. M hnh nghin cu v ch s nh gi cc nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic

2.4.1. nh ngha cc nhn t

2.4.2. M hnh nghin cu

S tha mn cng vic

2.4.3. Ch s nh gi cc nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic

Chng 3: Phng php nghin cu

CHNG 3: PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

3.1. Thit k nghin cu

Chng 3: Phng php nghin cu

Chng 3: Phng php nghin cu

Chng 3: Phng php nghin cu

Chng 3: Phng php nghin cu

Chng 3: Phng php nghin cu

Chng 3: Phng php nghin cu

3.1.3. Cng c thu thp thng tin - Bng cu hi

Chng 3: Phng php nghin cu

3.1.4. Qu trnh thu thp thng tin

Chng 3: Phng php nghin cu

3.2. K thut phn tch d liu thng k

Chng 3: Phng php nghin cu

3.2.1. Kim nh tin cy ca thang o

3.2.2. Kim nh s bng nhau ca gi tr trung bnh ca cc tng th con

Chng 3: Phng php nghin cu

3.2.3. H s tng quan v phn tch hi quy tuyn tnh

4.1. Loi cc bng tr li khng ph hp, lm sch v m ha d liu

4.1.2. Lm sch d liu

Hnh 4.1 Mu phn chia theo gii tnh

Hnh 4.2 Mu phn chia theo tui

T 1-3 nm Thi gian cng tc

Hnh 4.3 Mu phn chia theo thi gian cng tc

Hnh 4.4 Mu phn chia theo trnh

140 120 100 S ngi 80 60 40 20 0 1 2 3 Chc danh

Hnh 4.5 Mu phn chia theo chc danh cng vic

Doanh nghip nc ngoi 29%