Cng ng chu u EC **************************

Ti liu HACCP

FLAIR
Food Linked Agro Industrial Research

Hng dn s dng HACCP

(Hot ng hp tc No7)

Nhng thng tin trong ti liu ny c bin son mt cch cn thn, tuy nhin s khng chi trch nhim v nhng sai hng, thit hi mc phi khi p dng n.

C th sao chp, in n, ch bn in t mt phn hay ton b ti liu ny 1

Ph lc
Li ni u. Gii thiu. - Mc ch v phm vi ca hng dn ny. - Cc nguyn l. - HACCP v cc h thng qun l cht lng. - Nhng li ch ch yu. - p dng HACCP cho cc doanh nghip va v nh (SMEs). - Nhng thut ng. p dng. - Qui trnh HACCP. 1. nh r phm vi ngin cu. 2. Chn i HACCP. 2.1. Thnh phn ca i. 2.2. o to ban u. 2.3. Ngun nhn lc. 3. Tp hp cc s liu v sn phm. 3.3. Thng tin cn thit. 4. Nhn bit mc ch s dng ca sn phm. 5. V s . 6. Sa li s . 7. Danh sch cc mi him nguy v cc bin php phng nga. 7.1. Nhng mi him nguy no? 7.2. Cc bin php phng nga. 8. Quyt nh nhng im kim sot quan trng (CCPs). 9. Xy dng nhng gii hn nguy him cho mi im kim sot quan trng. 9.1. nh r cc gii hn nguy him. 9.2. Cc thng s no ? 9.3. Ai l ngi thit lp cc gii hn nguy him ? 10.Thit lp h thng gim st cc gii hn nguy him. 10.1. Gim st ci g ? 10.2. Gim st nh th no ? 10.3. Ai l ngi gim st ? 10.4. Khi no th gim st ? 11. Xy dng k hoch sa cha, khc phc. 12. Xy dng cc vn bn. 12.1. Ti sao phi xy dng cc vn bn ? 2 Trang 4 5

10 11 11

12 15 15 16 17 18 21

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12.2. Cc vn bn no phi xy dng ? 12.3. Xy dng cc vn bn nh th no ? 13. Kim tra. 13.1. Ti sao phi kim tra ? 13.2. Kim tra nh th no ? 13.3. Ai l ngi kim tra ? 13.4. Khi no th kim tra ? 14. Xem xt. 14.1. Ti sao phi xem xt ? 14.2. Khi no th xem xt ? Thut ng.

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23 24

Li ni u
Hng dn ny l kt qu ca hot ng phi hp No7 "An ton thc phm da trn s p dng h thng phn tch him nguy v kim sot im ti hn" , mt phn ca chng trnh nghin cu v nng nghip v cng nghip thc phm (FLAIR), c cng ng chu u (EC) t chc v bo tr. Hng dn ny c ngi tiu dng, cc nh khoa hc, cc chuyn gia t 9 quc gia hp tc, trin khai, vi hy vng lm tng an ton ca sn phm thc phm thng qua vic p dng h thng HACCP. Theo quan im ca chng ti, HACCP c li cho: - Ngi tiu dng. - Cc doanh nghip va v nh (SMEs). - Pht trin c hi lm n bn trong v bn ngoi cng ng.

Gii thiu
Phn tch him nguy v kim sot im ti hn (HACCP) HACCP l mt h thng phng nga trong kim sot thc phm nhm m bo an ton ca thc phm. HACCP l mt h thng cc vn bn, cc quan im kim tra nhn bit cc mi him nguy, cc bin php phng nga, cc im kim sot quan trng v xy dng mt h thng gim st. Cc nguyn l ca HACCP c thng nht trn ton th gii v c th p dng trong tt c cc nghnh sn xut thc phm v ung, trong vic phn phi v bn sn phm. Chng c th c p dng cho cc sn phm ang tiu th trn th trng cng nh cho cc sn phm mi.

Mc ch v phm vi ca hng dn ny Mc ch ca hng dn ny l cung cp mt cng c n gin, thc t p dng cc phng php ca h HACCP v thc y mt s m bo v an ton thc phm trn ton chu u. Nhng yu cu v an ton thc phm c nhn bit rt r rng v c thng nht chung v c bn trn ton th gii. Tri li cht lng thc phm c khuynh hng c c th ho cho tng cng ty v iu nm ngoi phm vi ca ti liu ny.

Cc nguyn l HACCP l mt h thng nhn bit cc mi him nguy (v d mi vn v vi sinh vt, cc tnh cht vt l, ho hc nh hng n s an ton ca thc phm) v cc bin php c th kim sot chng. H thng ny c 7 nguyn l c bn: Nguyn l 1: Nhn bit cc mi him nguy tim tng lin quan n qu trnh sn xut thc phm trong tt c cc giai on t nui trng, ch bin, sn xut v phn phi n cc a im tiu th. nh gi kh nng xut hin cc mi him nguy v nhn bit cc bin php phng nga kim sot chng.

Nguyn l 2: Xc nh cc v tr/qui trnh/cng on c th c kim sot loi b cc mi him nguy hoc lm gim kh nng xut hin ca chng - (im kim sot quan trng _ CCP). Mt "cng on" ngha l mi giai on trong sn xut thc phm bao gm cc hot ng nng nghip, thu mua nguyn liu, phn loi, ch bin, bao gi, vn chuyn v bn cho ngi tiu dng. Nguyn l 3: Thit lp cc gii hn nguy him, v cc gii hn phi ph hp m bo rng mi CCP u nm di s kim sot. Nguyn l 4: Thit lp mt h thng gim st m bo cc im kim sot quan trng c kim sot bi mt lch trnh kim tra v theo di. Nguyn l 5: Cc hot ng khc phc c a ra khi s kim sot ch ra rng mt im kim sot quan trng khng nm di s kim sot. Nguyn l 6: Thit lp cc qui trnh kim tra bao gm cc bi kim tra v cc th tc kim tra chng t rng h thng HACCP lm vic c hiu qu. Nguyn l 7: Thit lp cc ti liu lin quan n tt c cc qui trnh, thit lp cc h s ph hp vi cc nguyn l ny v s p dng ca chng. Mt qui trnh logic gm 14 bc s c a ra phn sau.

HACCP v cc h thng qun l cht lng HACCP l mt h thng trnh by mt cch c th v vn an ton thc phm. Cc h qun l cht lng khc bao hm mt phm vi rng ln hn. HACCP c th ho nhp mt cch d dng trong cc h qun l cht lng ca cc cng ty thc phm. N a ra phng php c th trin khai mt k hoch m bo an ton. Cc nguyn l ca HACCP c th c p dng trong chnh sch/k hoch cht lng, trong s pht trin qui trnh v sn phm mi, trong kim sot nguyn liu v cc thnh phn, trong kim sot qui trnh, trong phn phi v s dng, trong kim tra v o to, cng nh trong vic m bo an ton thc phm. HACCP th

hin tt c cc vn lin quan n an ton thc phm khng bao hm nhng kha cnh rng hn ca qun l cht lng.

Nhng li ch ch yu Nhng li ch ch yu: - C kh nng p dng trong ton b dy chuyn thc phm. - Tng tin cy v an ton thc phm. - Kim sot mt cch hiu qu v kinh t nhng mi him nguy lin quan n cc bnh ly qua ng n ung. - Mt s chuyn i quan trng t vic kim sot cht lng trc y sang m bo cht lng bng phng nga. - a ra mt quan im chung v an ton thc phm. - D dng tham gia vo th trng thng mi bn trong v bn ngoi Lin Hip Chu u. - Chun b y cc chng c bng vn bn gip cho vic kim sot cc qu trnh. - L bng chng ca vic tun theo cc qui nh v an ton cht lng. - Chun b y cc bin php phng nga nhng sai hng trong qun l an ton thc phm, iu quyt nh n s tn ti ca cng ty.

P dng HACCP cho cc doanh nghip va v nh Cc nguyn l ca HACCP c kh nng p dng cho tt c cc ngnh cng nghip thc phm v ung, k c cc doanh nghip va v nh. Cc doanh nghip va v nh gp phi mt vi vn c th trong vic p dng HACCP. Di y s tho lun v vn ny v a ra cch khc phc. - S thiu hiu bit v HACCP. Mt doanh nghip va v nh c th t c nhng hiu bit vng vng v HACCP khi nghin cu ti liu ny v tham gia cc kho o to c th. - Thiu k thut chuyn mn. Hy vng rng cc doanh nghip va v nh khng trnh v k thut chuyn mn (c bit cc k thut v vi sinh vt, ho hc, cng ngh, bao gi) sn sng tham gia nghin cu HACCP. u thiu s thnh tho v chuyn mn, cc chuyn gia khuyn nn tm hiu thm t: - Cc qui nh, cc hng dn trong cng nghip, cc hng dn thc hnh sn xut tt. - Cc ti liu xut bn. 7

- Cc dch v t vn. Nhng thng tin ny c cc chuyn gia vit da trn cc nguyn l chung. Cc doanh nghip c khuyn khch s dng cc thng tin ny nhng phi nh gi, p dng theo hon cnh c th ca h. Cc doanh nghip mun m bo tnh hiu qu ca k hoch HACCP th nn tham kho kin t bn ngoi. - Thiu nhng ngun lc v k thut. thc hin k hoch HACCP cn phi s dng cc ngun lc v k thut v thit b khc nhau. S nghin cu HACCP s quyt nh cc thit b c mua v. Cc thit b phi ph hp, s dng n gin v nhanh chng. thc hin k hoch HACCP khng nht thit phi c cc phng tin th nghim. - S tp trung chc nng. Trong cc doanh nghip nhiu trch nhim c th c tp trung trong tay mt hoc hai ngi, dn n nhng kh khn trong vic tp hp i HACCP v nghin cu k hoch HACCP. Vic nghin cu HACCP yu cu mt i HACCP c k lut cao gm cc c nhn vi nhng k nng c th, c th mt s ngi trong doanh nghip nm bt c cc k nng ny. Do mt ngi c th m nhim nhiu vai tr vi iu kin l cc thng tin chnh xc c chun b y v i HACCP c kh nng s dng cc thng tin ny nhn bit chnh xc cc mi him nguy v kim sot chng. S tp trung trch nhim ny c th gy kh khn trong vic kt hp cng vic HACCP vi cng vic hng ngy ca nhn vin trong doanh nghip. Nhng HACCP phi c thc hin do s sp t thi gian biu trong c cu hin thi ca cng ty cng nh trong vic huy ng thm nhng ngun lc sn c. Cho d s tm hiu v HACCP l do cc nhn vin trong doanh nghip hay nh s tr gip ca cc chuyn gia t vn th tt c cc thng tin lin quan n qu trnh nghin cu c th (v d nh danh sch nguyn liu, s qu trnh, m t sn phm, thi gian, nhit ca qu trnh) s c chun b trc khi bt u nghin cu. Cc doanh nghip c th nhn thc c cc kh khn ny nhng h khng c nn lng trong vic nghin cu HACCP.

Li ch Vic nghin cu HACCP trong cc doanh nghip s gp phn: - Thc hin mt cch tt nht kh nng k thut hin c bn trong cng nh bn ngoi doanh nghip. - Rt kinh nghim t nhng nghin cu ban u nhng nghin cu tip theo c d dng hn. - Tit kim chi ph do hn ch c nhng gip t bn ngoi. - S p dng HACCP nhm mc ch tng hiu qu ca cc chi ph trong: 8

+ Nghin cu cc vn c th. + Nhn bit cc lnh vc u tin. + Tit kim thi gian.

Nhng thut ng cn thit - im kim sot quan trng (CCP): Mt v tr, mt cng on hoc mt qui trnh m qu trnh kim sot c p dng v mi him nguy nh hng n an ton thc phm c c ngn nga, loi b hoc lm gim n mc c th chp nhn c. - HACCP: Phn tch mi him nguy v kim sot im ti hn l mt quan im h thng nhn bit cc mi him nguy, nh gi v kim sot chng. - K hoch HACCP: Vn bn c vit da trn cc nguyn l ca HACCP v m t cc th tc tin hnh gim st m bo cc qu trnh c kim sot. - H thng HACCP: L kt qu thc hin k hoch HACCP. - Mi him nguy: Nhng vn v vi sinh vt, v ho hc, vt l c th lm cho thc phm mt an ton trong s dng.

P dng h thng HACCP

Qui trnh p dng Giai on 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Qui trnh HACCP Xc nh phm vi nghin cu. Chn i HACCP Tp hp cc s liu v sn phm. Nhn bit mc ch s dng ca sn phm. S hot ng. iu chnh li s . Danh sch cc mi him nguy v cc bin php phng nga. Quyt nh nhng im kim sot quan trng. Xy dng cc gii hn nguy him cho cc im kim sot quan trng. Xy dng h thng gim st cc im kim sot quan trng. Xy dng k hoch khc phc sai li. Xy dng h thng vn bn. Kim tra. Xem xt.

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1. Xc nh phm vi nghin cu. - Gii hn nghin cu mt sn phm/qu trnh c th. - Xc nh cc dng nguy him bao gm (vi sinh vt, ho hc, vt l). - nh ra cc phn cn c nghin cu trong dy chuyn thc phm. 2. Chn i HACCP. Trc khi tin hnh nghin cu, ngi qun l phi thng bo cho nhng nhn vin s tham gia vo hot ng ny. C cng ty v cc nhn vin tham gia nghin cu HACCP phi c giao trch nhim thc thi cng vic. 2.1. Thnh phn ca i HACCP. Vic nghin cu HACCP do mt nhm nh thc hin (nhiu nht l 6 ngi), nhng ngi ny c chn t cc khu nh sn xut, bao gi, ph trch thi b. Nhng tiu chun la chn: - Da vo trch nhim ca h. - Kin thc, kinh nghim ca h v cng ty. - Kin thc, kinh nghim ca h v cc qu trnh, cc mi him nguy trong phm vi nghin cu HACCP. Trong tng giai on nghin cu, i HACCP c th c b xung t cc phng ban khc v d: Phng Marketing, Phng Nghin cu v Pht trin, Phng Ti chnh, Phng Bo v... i cn c mt ngi iu hnh, mt th k k thut. Nu cn thit cc chuyn gia t vn c th gip cc k nng hoc cc ti liu c th. i HACCP s khng c xy dng theo c cu ca cng ty. Vai tr ca ngi iu hnh: - m bo rng i HACCP p ng c yu cu v vic nghin cu HACCP. - ngh nhng thay i trong i, nu cn thit. - iu phi cng vic ca i. - m bo thc hin cng vic theo ng k hoch. - Phn cng cng vic v trch nhim. - m bo rng quan im h thng c thc hin. - m bo rng phm vi nghin cu l ph hp. - Trong cc cuc hp cc thnh vin ca i c t do trnh by kin ca mnh. - Loi b nhng bt ng gia cc thnh vin ca i hoc gia nhng phng ban ca h. - Thng bo nhng quyt nh ca i.

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- L ngi i din cho i trc cc nh qun l. - Lm cho mi ngi quen vi vic nghin cu HACCP v nhn thc v cc hot ng ca cng ty. Trch nhim ca th k k thut bao gm: - T chc cc cuc hp. - Ghi li cc kin trong cc cuc hp. - Ghi li cc quyt nh ca cc cuc hp. 2.2. o to ban u. i HACCP phi c o to v cc nguyn l HACCP v vic p dng chng m bo rng: - Nhm HACCP s lm vic tp trung v s dng cc thut ng chung. (Xem phn thut ng). - Tt c cc thnh vin u hiu r v cc mc ch cng vic. 2.3. Nhng ngun lc. S lng cc cuc hp ph thuc vo phm vi nghin cu v tnh phc tp ca cng vic. m bo tnh hiu qu, cc cuc hp s c gii hn v thi gian (v d 2 - 3 gi) v theo mt lch trnh c th c lp sn, nhng phi m bo thi gian di gia cc cuc hp t c cc thng tin cn thit (v d 2 tun mt ln). Cn phi nhanh chng c c cc kt qu (v d 6 thng n 1 nm) duy tr s nhit tnh trong i HACCP v th hin cc li ch ca HACCP. Cn nh gi v chng t nhng cam kt, iu rt quan trng i vi cc cp lnh o h c th huy ng nhng ngun lc cn thit cho vic nghin cu HACCP. Nhng ngun lc bao gm: - Thi gian cho cc cuc hp ca i HACCP. - Chi ph cho vic o to ban u. - Cc ti liu cn thit cho cc cuc hp. - nh gi nhng phn tch trong phng th nghim. - nh gi cc ngun thng tin t: + Cc trng i hc. + Cc trung tm k thut nghin cu cng v t. + Cc c quan chc nng ca chnh ph. + Cc ti liu khoa hc v k thut. + Cc ti liu c bn.

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3. Tng hp cc ti liu v sn phm. Mt bng tng qut v thnh phn, iu kin ch bin, c im sn phm cui cng, cng vi nhng hng dn s dng s gip i HACCP c c nhng hiu bit y v sn phm t cc thnh phn ban u. 3.1. Cc thng tin cn thit. Nguyn liu (Bng 1). - Ch r cc loi thnh phn, tnh cht ca bao b v.v, a ra cc thng tin v ni cung cp, phng php vn chuyn, bao gi v.v. - Thnh phn (%) trong sn phm cui cng. - c im ho l (pH, hot ca nc, nht, nhit ,...). - Hm lng vi khun. - iu kin ct gi trc khi s dng. - Nhng iu kin chun b cho qu trnh ch bin. Tp hp cc s liu v nguyn liu Bng 1 (Tham kho) Ngy Tn M t. Phng php vn chuyn v bao gi. Thnh phn trong sn phm cui cng. Cc c im ho l pH Hot nc nht Cc i lng khc Tng tr Cc iu kin chun b ch bin Sn phm cui cng (Bng 2). 13 Gi tr Ngi ph chun

- Cc c tnh chung (thnh phn, dung tch, cu trc, v.v.). - Cc c tnh ho l (pH, c tnh ho l, mc v cch bo qun, iu ho khng kh, to bo qun v.v.). - Thnh phn vi sinh vt. - Bao gi. - Cc chi tit c ghi trn bao b, v d: + Thi hn s dng. + Hng dn bo qun v s dng. Cc iu kin bo qun v phn phi*. Tp hp cc s liu ca sn phm Bng 2 (Tham kho) Ngy: Ngi ph chun:

Tn: c tnh chung: Thnh phn: Dung lng: Cu to: c im pH Hot nc (aw) to v.v.

Gi tr

Chi tit ghi trn bao b: Thnh phn. Hn s dng Hng dn: - Bao gi. - S dng. iu kin bo qun tnh. iu kin phn phi.

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4. Nhn bit mc ch s dng ca sn phm. Nhn bit mc ch s dng ca nhng khch hng bnh thng, k c nhng ngi bn l, nhng ngi bn hng n, nhng ngi bn hng ti cc trung tm dch v v.v, h l nhng ngi s s dng sn phm ny v quyt nh s cm nhn ca qun chng. Nu sn phm khng ph hp vi mt b phn ngi tiu dng th cn phi thay i kiu dng bao b hoc thay i qu trnh sn xut, ch bin mang li s ph hp. 5. Xy dng cc s . M t qu trnh t nhng thnh phn ban u, qu trnh ch bin n s phn phi, bn l v a n ngi tiu dng ph hp vi phm vi nghin cu. Mt s vn tt c gii thiu sau y. y ch l v d v mt qu trnh v n khng a ra ton b cc chi tit cn thit. Mi mt bc ca qu trnh cn phi c xem xt mt cch chi tit v c tham kho cc s liu t cc qu trnh c lin quan. Cc s liu l: - Tt c cc thnh phn v bao b c s dng (cc s liu v sinh hc, ho hc,vt l). - S mt bng v cch b tr thit b. - S ni tip tt c cc bc ca qu trnh (bao gm c nguyn liu cho thm vo). - Thi gian/nhit ca nguyn liu, bn thnh phm, thnh phm. - iu kin i vi cc cht lng v cht rn. - Cc vng lp ca sn phm v vng lp ca cng vic. - Cc c im thit k ca thit b (bao gm c khong trng t thit b). - Cc qui trnh lm sch v v sinh. - V sinh mi trng. - Kh nng nhim bn ca nhng ng ct ngang. - Nhng khu vc tch ring. - Thc hnh v sinh c nhn. - Cc iu kin bo qun v phn phi. - Hng dn s dng. V d qu trnh chin thc n c th bao gm: - Thi gian, tc i ca sn phm (iu khin t ng). - Nhit ca du v nhit trung tm ca sn phm (iu khin t ng). - Kch thc ca ming thc n. - Chu k thay du.

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Tm tt s : Sn xut tht tm bnh m.

Mua du

Mua mnh vn bnh m Tip nhn + Bo qun kh Phn loi v lm sch

Nc

Mua bt

Mua tht ming

Tip nhn + Bo qun

Tip nhn + Bo qun kh Phn loi v lm sch Phi trn vi nc

Tip nhn + Bo qun lnh

Tm bt Tm vi cc mu bnh m Kim tra trng lng

Thng cn + Lc

Chin Lm lnh

Bao b

Bao gi Nhn Bo qun Phn phi + bn l Ngi tiu dng 16

6. Sa li s . i chiu s vi cc hot ng c th. Xem xt qu trnh ti cc thi im khc nhau. m bo rng s l c hiu lc trong tt c cc chu trnh cng vic. Tt c cc thnh vin t nhiu lnh vc khc nhau trong i HACCP phi c k n trong s . Sa li s cho ph hp vi yu cu. 7. Danh sch cc mi him nguy v cc bin php phng nga. 7.1. Nhng mi him nguy no ? Phi lp mt danh sch cc mi him nguy c th lin quan n an ton ca sn phm (sinh hc, ho hc, vt l). Da trn thnh phn ca sn phm, qu trnh, nhng ch dn cho ngi tiu dng, v.v.(lin quan n cc bc 3,4,5 v 6 k trn), nhn bit mt cch xc ng cc mi him nguy. V d: - Vi khun gy i, thiu thc n trong cc sn phm n lin. - Cc tc nhn lm sch cn st li. - Nhng mnh thu tinh trong sn phm. Cc yu t ny khi c nhn bit n c th l nguyn nhn gy ra cc mi him nguy. mi bc trn s cn xem xt kh nng gii thiu cc mi him nguy, s tng ln hoc tn ti cc mi him nguy di s nghin cu qu trnh sn xut. a ra mt bo co v dy chuyn thit b, mi trng, con ngi v.v. 7.2. Cc bin php phng nga. Cc bin php phng nga l cc hot ng c kh nng loi tr cc mi him nguy hoc lm gim s xut hin ca chng n mc c th chp nhn c.i khi c nhiu bin php phng nga (v d pH v nhit thp i vi sn phm ng hp c acid cao) kim sot mt mi him nguy c th (v d clostridium botulinum). Trong cc trng hp khc, mt vi mi him nguy (v d nhng mm gy bnh truyn nhim) c th c kim sot bi mt bin php phng nga c th (v d qu trnh nu). Danh sch cc bin php phng nga hin c, p dng cho mi mi him nguy, trong mi bc s s dng bng sau:

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Giai on*

Mi him nguy

Cc bin php phng nga

* Bao gm cc thng s k thut ph hp. 8. Quyt nh cc im kim sot quan trng (CCPs). Mc ch ca qu trnh ny l quyt nh cc v tr, cc cng on hoc cc qui trnh trong qu trnh m s kim sot c th c p dng v mi him nguy nh hng n an ton thc phm c th c ngn nga, loi tr hoc lm gim n mc c th chp nhn c. S lng ca CCPs ph thuc vo s phc tp v bn cht ca sn phm/qu trnh v phm vi nghin cu. S dng quyt nh theo cu trc cy s loi b c cc CCPs trng lp khng cn thit nhng phi m bo c an ton ca sn phm. Quyt nh theo cu trc cy phi c s dng vi s phn on chung ca c i theo cch thc sau: Tr li mi cu hi ti im ni tip gia mi bc ca qu trnh theo mi him nguy c nhn bit. Cu hi 1: Hin ti c cc bin php phng nga hay khng ? Nu hin ti c cc bin php phng nga th tip n cu hi 2. Hin ti khng c cc bin php phng nga th nhm phi quyt nh bin php phng nga nu nh cng on ny cn phi kim sot m bo an ton cho sn phm. Tr li cu hi 3 v 4 c th gip ch cho quyt nh ny. Nu qu trnh kim sot l cn thit th nhm HACCP phi ngh iu chnh li cc cng on, qu trnh hoc sn phm t c s kim sot. Trn c s tip tc qu trnh phn tch. Trc khi tin hnh cuc hp tip theo th phi thng nht v nhng ngh a ra v m bo nhng ngh s uc thc hin. Cu hi 2: C phi mt cng on c th c thit k loi b hoc lm gim s xut hin ca mt mi him nguy n mc c th chp nhn c hay khng ? Nhm HACCP phi a ra cc s liu k thut cn thit (v d nh pH, aw , mc bo qun) tr li cu hi ny. Nu nhm HACCP tr li l c th cng on ca qu trnh c xem xt nh l mt im kim sot quan trng v nhm HACCP phi nhp bit chnh xc ci g l nghim trng (v d mt cng on, mt thnh phn, mt hot 18

ng hoc mt th tc).Nu nhm HACCP tin rng cu tr li ca cu hi 2 l khng th h phi tip tc xem xt cu hi 3. Cu hi 3: C phi s nhim xut hin t mi him nguy c nhn bit vt qu gii hn cho php, hoc tng ln n mc khng th chp nhn c ? Nhm HACCP phi xem xt mi thnh phn nguyn liu c s dng, hoc xem xt ngay mi trng ch bin (con ngi, thit b, cng rnh v.v.) c th l nhng nguyn nhn gy ra tnh trng nhim sn phm. Nhm HACCP phi tr li l c tr phi h tin chc cu tr li l khng. Khi xem xt kh nng tng ln ca mc nguy him, nhm HACCP phi a ra mt thng bo rng, trong mt cng on ring bit th khng cho php mi him nguy tng ln n mc khng th chp nhn c, nhng trong mt s bc ca qu trnh th mi him nguy c th vt qu gii hn cho php.Do nhm HACCP phi xem xt hiu qu chung ca cc bc tip theo khi tr li cu hi ny. Nu cu tr li l khng th khng c CCP. Nu cu tr li l c th chuyn sang cu hi 4. Cu hi 4: Bc tip theo c th loi b mi him nguy hoc lm gim kh nng xut hin n mc c th chp nhn c hay khng ? Nu cu tr li ca cu hi 3 l c th nhm phi tip tc kim tra cc bc cn li trong s v quyt nh nu mi bc tip theo c th loi b mi him nguy hoc lm gim s xut hin ca n n mc c th chp nhn c. Cu hi 3& 4 c thit k lm theo trnh t. Nu cu tr li cu hi 4 l khng th CCP c nhn bit v nhm phi quyt nh mt cch chnh xc ci g l quan trng (v d thnh phn, cng on, cc thao tc hoc cc qui trnh). Nu nhm tin rng cu tr li ca cu hi 4 l c th s xem xt khng tm c CCP v nhm phi bt u lm vic theo cu trc cy mt ln na bc tip theo ca qu trnh.

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Cu trc cy quyt nh im kim sot quan trng (Tr li cc cu hi im ni tip ca cc qu trnh theo cc mi him nguy c nhn bit) Cu hi 1: Hin ti c cc bin php phng nga hay khng ?

Khng

iu chnh li cc cng on, cc qu trnh hoc sn phm. C Dng li*

Cng on ny c c kim sot m bo an ton hay khng ? Khng Khng c CCP

Cu hi 2: C phi mt cng on c th c thit k loi b hoc lm gim kh nng xut hin ca mi him nguy n mc c th chp nhn c ? Khng Cu hi 3: C phi s nhim t mi him nguy c nhn bit vt qu gii hn cho php hoc tng ln n mc khng th chp nhn c ? C Khng Khng c CCP Dng li* C

Cu hi 4: Bc tip theo c kh nng loi b mi him nguy c nhn bit hoc lm gim kh nng xut hin ca n n mc c th chp nhn c ?

C Khng c CCP
*

Khng Dng li*

im kim sot quan trng

Tip tc lm theo trnh t ny i vi cc mi him nguy c nhn bit.

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9. Thit lp cc gii hn nguy him i vi nhng CCP. 9.1. nh ngha v cc gii hn nguy him. Mt gii hn nguy him l mt gi tr m n phn nh ra kh nng c th chp nhn v kh nng khng th chp nhn. 9.2. Cc thng s no ? Cc gii hn nguy him vi mt hoc nhiu thng s phi c t ra cho mi CCP. Cc thng s lin quan n cc bin php phng nga hoc cc cng on v n c th cho thy rng CCP c c kim sot hay khng. V d mt vi thng s o lng chung bao gm to, thi gian, tc chy, m, hot nc (aw), pH, hm lng clo, trng lng. Cc gii hn nguy him phi c xc nh da trn nhng c s xc thc. Cc gi tr c chn phi l kt qu ca cc hot ng c kim sot. Cc gii hn quan trng da trn cc thng s ch yu k trn phi c qui nh r rng, ci g c th chp nhn c, ci g khng th chp nhn c. 9.3. Ai phi thit lp cc gii hn nguy him ? Nhng ngi tham gia xy dng cc gii hn nguy him phi hiu bit v cc qui trnh, cc qui nh hp php, cc tiu chun thng mi cn thit i vi sn phm. 10. Thit lp cc h thng gim st i vi cc CCP. 10.1. Gim st ci g ? S gim st l hot ng tip theo ca qu trnh quan st hoc o lng chng minh rng mt CCP c kim sot v to ra mt h s chnh xc s dng trong vic kim tra sau ny. 10.2. Gim st nh th no ? Cc qui trnh gim st phi c kh nng pht hin ra cc thiu st ti cc CCP. Vic gim st phi cung cp cc thng tin ny khi tin hnh cc hot ng khc phc kim sot qu trnh, trc khi phn loi sn phm. Tic rng iu khng phi lc no cng thc hin c. 21

Cc h thng gim st c th l trc tip v d nh o thi gian, nhit hoc gin tip nh o hm lng mui, pH, hot nc (aw), hm lng cht rn. H thng trc tip c th cho ngay kt qu. H thng gin tip yu cu s gim st c thc hin lin tc trong dy chuyn sn xut v theo di nhng bin i din ra, nhng i khi sau mt khong thi gian rt di mi t c kt qu. Khi c c cc kt qu th c th a ra cc hot ng khc phc. 10.3. Ai l ngi phi gim st ? Mt ngi c c ra nh gi cc s liu ca qu trnh gim st, ngi phi c trnh v quyn hn c th ch ra v thc hin cc hot ng khc phc khi cn thit. 10.4. Khi no th gim st ? Nu qu trnh gim st khng tin hnh lin tc th chu k gim st phi c nh r. 11.Xy dng k hoch tin hnh cc hot ng khc phc. Cc hot ng sa cha l nhng th tc cn phi lm theo khi c s chch hng so vi nhng gii hn nguy him. Cc th tc bao gm: - Hotng c a ra phi m bo rng CCP c a tr v di s kim sot. - Quyn hn i vi cc hot ng khc phc. - Cch gii quyt i vi sn phm khuyt tt. Sau khi c cc hot ng khc phc th CCP mt ln na c a tr v di s kim sot, cn phi xem xt li h thng ngn nga s ti din. 12. Xy dng cc th tc vn bn. 12.1. Ti sao phi c cc th tc vn bn ? H thng vn bn l yu cu thit yu lm cho h HACCP c thc hin c hiu qu. 12.2.Cc vn bn no cn xy dng ?

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Cc vn bn bao gm: - Cc qui trnh m t h HACCP. - Cc s liu s dng phn tch cc mi him nguy. - Cc bo co/bin bn ti cc cuc hp ca i HACCP. - Cc th tc gim st v cc h s. - Cc ti liu v vic nhn bit im kim sot quan trng. - Cc ti liu gim st CCP m nhng ngi lm cng vic gim st k v ghi r ngy thng. - Cc ti liu ghi chp v s chch hng v cc hot ng khc phc. - Cc bo co v cc qu trnh kim tra. 12.3. Xy dng cc vn bn nh th no ? Cc th tc v cc ti liu phi c qun l theo mt qui trnh c bit. Chng phi c: - Ph lc. - C gi tr nh mt h s vnh cu. - Thch hp cho vic sa i v cp nht. - C mt b cc thch hp cho vic kim tra. - Duy tr trong mt thi hn r rng ph thuc vo hn s dng ca sn phm. - C ch k v ghi r ngy thng vo s liu. 13. Kim tra. 13.1. Ti sao phi kim tra ? S kim tra nhm quyt nh xem: - H HACCP c tun theo k hoch HACCP hay khng. - K hoch HACCP ban u c ph hp vi sn phm/qu trnh hin ti v c hiu qu hay khng . Cc th tc kim tra phi thc hin y m bo rng CCPs, cc th tc gim st v cc gii hn nguy him l ph hp v cc hot ng khc phc a ra l cn thit.

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13.2. Kim tra nh th no ? i HACCP phi nhn bit cc th tc kim tra. Qu trnh kim tra phi trao trch nhim cho tng ngi, phi kim tra thng xuyn, phi c cc phng php c th v thm vo l cc th tc, cc bi kim tra s dng trong qu trnh gim st. Cc th tc kim tra bao gm: - Kim tra k hoch HACCP. - Kim tra h thng vn bn. - Xem xt s chch hng v cc hot ng khc phc c a ra. - Kim tra vi sinh vt trong sn phm trung gian v trong sn phm cui cng. - Kim tra s h hng ca sn phm trn th trng v cc vn an ton khc. - Xem xt s s dng sn phm ca ngi tiu dng. 13.3. Ai l ngi kim tra ? S kim tra phi c ngi c trnh ph hp cam kt thc hin v ngi phi c kh nng pht hin nhng bin i hoc cc vn bn trong h thng. 13.4. Khi no tin hnh kim tra ? Khi nghin cu h thng HACCP phi cam kt thc hin qu trnh kim tra thng xuyn theo nh k. S kim tra c th dn n vic xem xt li k hoch HACCP. 14. Xem xt. 14.1. Ti sao phi xem xt ? Mc ch xem xt h HACCP l quyt nh xem k hoch HACCP c cn ph hp hay khng. 14.2. Khi no th xem xt ? S xem xt h HACCP tin hnh nhng ni m c nhng thay i xut hin (v d nhng thay i trn th trng hoc nhng thay i trong qui trnh) hoc nhng ni m nhng thay i c nhn bit trong qu trnh kim tra hoc ti nhng thi im qui nh trc.

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Thut ng
CCP: L mt v tr, mt cng on hoc mt qu trnh m p dng qu trnh kim sot v mi him nguy c loi b, phng nga hoc lm gim n mc c th chp nhn c. Cu trc cy quyt nh im kim sot quan trng: Nhng cu hi c t ra lin tip quyt nh xem c hay khng mt im kim sot l im kim sot quan trng (CCP). S gim st lin tc: S thu thp v ghi li mt cch lin tc cc s liu v d nh nhit . Kim sot: a/ Qun l cc hot ng m bo s tun th theo cc ch tiu xy dng. b/ Tnh trng m cc th tc sa cha c tun th v cc ch tiu t ra l ph hp. im kim sot: Mi v tr, cng on, qui trnh m cc yu t v sinh hc, vt l, ho hc c th c kim sot. Hot ng khc phc: Cc th tc c tin hnh khi xut hin s chch hng so vi nhng gii hn qui nh. Tiu chun: l nhng qui nh m mi s sa i hoc quyt nh phi da vo n. Gii hn nguy him: Mt tiu chun ph hp vi mi bin php phng nga lin quan ti im kim sot quan trng. Mt gi tr m n phn nh ra kh nng c th hay khng th chp nhn. S chch hng: l s khng ph hp so vi cc gii hn nguy him. S : Mt s trnh by c h thng cc bc ni tip nhau bao gm y cc thng s k thut ph hp. HACCP: Khi nim phn tch mi him nguy v kim sot im ti hn l mt quan im h thng nhn bit cc mi him nguy, nh gi v kim sot chng.

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Kim tra HACCP: Mt h thng kim tra c lp quyt nh xem cc hot ng v cc kt qu t c ca h HACCP c ph hp vi k hoch t ra hay khng v k hoch ny c c thc hin mt cch c hiu qu v ph hp vi mc tiu chnh hay khng. Vn bn HACCP: Mt h thng ti liu, m t k hoch HACCP, tin trnh thc hin ca h thng v chng minh s p dng lu di. K hoch HACCP: Mt ti liu c vit da trn cc nguyn l ca h HACCP v n m t cc qui trnh cn phi tun theo m bo s kim sot ca cc cng on hoc cc qui trnh c th. Xem xt k hoch HACCP: i HACCP s xem xt k hoch HACCP theo nh k nhm sa i k hoch HACCP cho n tr nn ph hp. H HACCP: L kt qu ca vic thc hin k hoch HACCP. i HACCP: L mt nhm ngi chi trch nhim pht trin k hoch HACCP. Kim tra HACCP: S dng cc phng php, cc qui trnh, cc bi kim tra cng vi s gim st quyt nh xem h HACCP c tun th theo k hoch HACCP hay khng v/hoc c cn sa i, xem xt li k hoch ny hay khng. Mi him nguy: l cc nguyn nhn tim tng c kh nng gy nguy him, c th l cc nguyn nhn v sinh hc, ho hc, vt l. Gim st: l s quan st hoc o lng nh gi xem mt CCP c nm di s kim sot hay khng v to ra cc vn bn nh tin cy phc v cho s kim tra sau ny. Bin php phng nga: Mi bin php c th c s dng nhn bit v kim sot cc mi him nguy.

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