Phn tch dng v cc tc ng h hng

Ngy: 19/09/2011 Mc: Qun l Bo tr 5 phn hi

1. Lch s FMEA

tng v FMEA (Failure Modes and Effects Analysis Phn tch cc dng v tc ng h hng) xut hin hng trm nm trc v c chnh thc ha ln u tin trong ngnh cng nghip hng khng v tr qua chng trnh Apollo vo nm 1960.

c p dng ln u tin trong ngnh t vo nm 1970. c a vo b tiu chun qun l cht lng QS-9000 vo nm 1994. Hin nay FMEA c p dng v cng nhn nhiu ngnh cng nghip khc.

2. FMEA l g?

FMEA l mt k thut tin cy :

Gip nh ngha, xc nh, dnh u tin, v loi b nhng h hng tim nng ca h thng, thit k, hoc lp qui trnh sn xut trc khi n tay khch hng. Mc tiu l loi b cc dng h hng v gim thiu nhng ri ro. a ra cu trc cho mt tiu chun chc nng cho ca mt thit k hoc mt qui trnh. Gip cho vic i thoi, giao dch gia cc phng ban c d dng. L mt phng php k thut dng nh gi, kim tra sn phm hoc qui trnh.

L mt cng c gip ngn nga mt cch c bn v phng trnh tc ng ca h hng.

3. Cc thut ng v FMEA

1. Cc dng h hng (Failure Mode): (c th l s tht bi ca mt chc nng) l mt on m t ngn tnh trng ca mt b phn, h thng hoc qui trnh sn xut c th h hng thc hin nhng chc nng ca n. 2. Cc dng h hngTc ng (Efective): S m t tm quan trng hoc ca mt h thng hoc b phn h hng. Mt dng h hng in hnh c th do nhiu tc ng. 3. Mc tc ng (Severity-S): (Tnh nghim trng ca tc ng) Tc ng l mc tc ng bng s vo i tng khch hng. - Khi nhiu tc ng cng tn ti trong mt dng h hng, bt u vi nhng tc ng xu nht trn bng cng vic tnh ton ri ro. 4. Cc dng h hngNguyn nhn (Cause): M t s thiu st ca vic thit k hoc qui trnh (nguyn nhn ton cc hoc nguyn nhn gc r) dn n cc dng h hng. Phi xem xt nhng nguyn nhn tim n gy nn h hng. Hu ht cc dng h hng u c nhiu hn mt nguyn nhn. 5. Tn sut xy ra s c (Occurrence rate-O): l mt con s c lng v tn s hoc s h hng tch ly (da trn kinh nghim) s xy ra (trong tng thit k) cho mt nguyn nhn c a ra lin quan n vng i thit k. 6. Dng h hngKim sot: My mc, phng php, kim tra, qui trnh, hoc iu khin gip ngn chn cc nguyn nhn gy ra cc dng h hng hoc pht hin ra dng h hng hoc nguyn nhn xy ra. Kim sot trong khu thit k s ngn chn hoc pht hin dng h hng k thut c kh nng xy ra. 7. Mc pht hin (Detection-D): l xc sut pht hin ra mt nguyn nhn c th ca dng h hng ngn chn cc my mc, b phn c cht lng xu ri khi nh my hoc n tay khch hng cui. Gi s rng nguyn nhn h hng xy ra, nh gi kh nng vic kim sot tm ra ch hng trong thit k. 8. H s ri ro u tin (RPN-Risk Priority Numbers): l tch ca mc tc ng, tn sut xy ra, v mc pht hin. Ri ro = RPN = S x O x D. Thng thng RPN c phn loi t cao n thp xem xt cc bc trong k hoch hnh ng (Lu , RPN c th gy hiu lm nn phi tm li m hnh) 9. K hoch hnh ng: Suy ngh mt cch thu o v pht trin tt FMEA vi m hnh ri ro cao th khng c php km theo nhng hnh ng c t hoc khng c gi tr. - K hoch hnh ng phi c thc hin mt cch nghim tc. - Nu l i, c th lng ph nhiu thi gian qu gi ca bn. - Da vo phn tch FMEA, cc chin lc nhm gim nhng ri ro uc tp trung vo: + Gim mc tc ng.

+ Gim tn sut xy ra. + Gim tn sut pht hin.

4. Mt s tiu chun FMEA

Qun i: MIL-HDBK-338 v MIL-HDBK-338B. Nh SX t: c th s dng SAE J1739 FMEAs, hoc s dng tiu chun ca Nhm hnh ng ngnh cng nghip t (AIAG FMEA), Daimler Chrysler, Ford, hoc phng php lun ca GM FMEA. Cc ngnh cng nghip khc: thng s dng mt trong nhng tiu chun ca FMEA hoc cc tiu chun khc nh: IEC 60812 hoc BS 5760, i khi c bin i p ng yu cu ring cho tng ngnh.

5. FMEA c th lm g?

Nhn ra nhng thit k v qui trnh lin quan n cc dng h hng trc khi chng xy ra. Xc nh nh hng/ tc ng ca dng h hng. a ra nhng nguyn nhn v xc xut xy ra ca dng h hng. Xc nh bin php hn ch tc ng ca n. Xc nh s lng v u tin phng trnh nhng ri ro lin quan n cc dng h hng. Trin khai v lp ti liu k hoch hnh ng phng nga v gim thiu ri ro.

6. Khi no th thc hin FMEA?

Khi trin khai thc hin mt qui trnh hoc dch v mi. Khi xem xt li mt qui trnh. Khi xut cc kin xem xt li mt qui trnh c da vo nhng bo co v nhng vic xy ra bt ng trong qui trnh ny.

7. Cc loi FMEA?

C nhiu loi FMEA, mt s c s dng nhiu hn cc loi khc. FMEA nn c thc hin bt c khi no h hng gy thit hi hoc tn thng n ngi s dng. Cc loi FMEA bao gm:

H thng tp trung vo ton b nhng chc nng h thng. Thit k tp trung vo cng vic thit k. Qui trnh tp trung vo qui trnh ch to v lp rp. Dch v tp trung vo chc nng dch v. Phn mm tp trung vo chc nng phn mm.

8. Cc bc thc hin FMEA

1. Chn mt qui trnh hoc dch v. 2. nh ngha qui trnh v phm vi p dng FMEA.

3. a ra s qui trnh (s khi) v cc th tc tng ng. 4. Vit ra mt s th tc m t qui trnh. 5. Thnh lp nhm FMEA. 6. Xc nh chuyn gia qui trnh: Ngi c o to v FMEA. Ngi qun l cng vic v bit r v qui trnh. Ngi s hu qui trnh. Ngi c kin thc v:

Nhu cu khch hng. Yu cu cht lng. Kin thc khc c lin quan trong qui trnh.

7. Lp k hoch thc hin FMEA Tng thi gian cn thit ph thuc vo phc tp ca qui trnh. 8. Gi cc ti liu (s khi, quy trnh, ) n nhng thnh vin ca nhm. 9. Thc hin FMEA Hun luyn, o to nhm FMEA. Thc hin.
9. Vai tr ca nhm FMEA

Bng cng vic FMEA

10. Cho im FMEA

H s ri ro u tin (RPN-Risk Priority Numbers): l tch ca mc tc ng, tn sut xy ra, v mc pht hin. Ri ro = RPN = S x O x D. Trong : Mc nghim trng (S) cho im nh bng di:

Tn sut xy ra (O)

Kh nng pht hin h hng (D)

Vc tnh RPN gip nh gi ri ro i vi nhng h hng tim nng, n yu t. Bit c nhng iu ny s gip: - Ti u ha tin cy, m bo hiu qu cng tc bo tr. - Ch dn nh gi v ci tin thit k. - Ch dn thit k h thng khng hoc t b h hng. - Ch dn thit k h thng vn hnh t yu cu. - Ch dn nhng nh cung cp thit b, ph tng.
11. Li ch ca FMEA

Cc mi nguy hi gy ra bi nhng h hng c xc dnh bng FMEA, t c nhng bin php khc phc ph hp. FMEA b sung cho phn tch cy h hng v cc phng php chn on khc.

12. Cc ti liu v FMEA

Ti liu ting vit: ti ti y: PHN

MODES AND EFFECTS

TCH TC NG V HNH THC SAI LI (FAILURE

ANALYSIS FMEA)(pdf)

FMEA, Phn Tch Cch Thc Sinh Ra Sai St, Hu Qu v Nguy Kch (.htm)
Form mu v cc v d ti http://fmeainfocentre.com

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