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Chng 8* Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh

CHNG 8 L THUYT CHUNG V CHN ON


8.1. KHI NIM CHN ON TRNG THI K THUT 8.1.1. nh ngha:
L cng tc k thut nhm xc nh trng thi k thut ca cm my d bo tui th lm vic tip tc m khng phi tho my.

8.1.2. Cc loi thng s dng trong chn on:


Mt tng thnh bao gm nhiu cm chi tit v mt cm bao gm nhiu chi tit to thnh. Cht lng lm vic ca tng thnh s do cht lng ca cc cm, cc chi tit quyt nh. Cc thng s kt cu l tp hp cc thng s k thut th hin c im kt cu ca cm chi tit hay chi tit. Cht lng cc cm, cc chi tit do cc thng s kt cu quyt nh: Hnh dng, kch thc. V tr tng quan. bng b mt. Cht lng lp ghp. Trng thi tt hay xu ca cm chi tit th hin bng cc c trng cho tnh trng hot ng ca n, cc c trng ny c gi l thng s ra v c xc nh bng vic kim tra o c. V d: cng sut, thnh phn kh thi, nhit nc, du, p sut du bi trn, lng mt kim loi trong du bi trn, ting n, ting g, rung ng, tnh trng lp, qung ng phanh... Mi mt cm my u c nhng thng s ra gii hn l nhng gi tr m khi nu tip tc vn hnh s khng m bo tnh kinh t k thut hoc khng cho php. Khi i chiu kt qu kim tra vi cc gi tr gii hn, cho php xc nh, d bo c tnh trng ca cm my. Cc thng s ra gii hn do nh ch to qui nh hoc xc nh bng thng k kinh nghim trn loi cm my . Ch cn mt thng s ra t gi tr gii hn bt buc phi ngng my xc nh nguyn nhn v tm cch khc phc.

8.1.3. Cc iu kin mt thng s ra c dng lm thng s chn on


C ba iu kin: iu kin ng tnh: Thng s ra c dng lm thng s chn on khi n tng ng (t l thun) vi mt thng s kt cu no . V d: hm lng mt kim loi trong du bi trn t l thun vi hao mn cc chi tit ca cm my nn tho mn iu kin ng tnh. iu kin m rng vng bin i: 94

Chng 8* Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh

Thng s ra c dng lm thng s chn on khi s thay i ca n ln hn nhiu so vi s thay i ca thng s kt cu m n i din. V d: - Hm lng mt kim loi s thay i nhiu, trong khi hao mn thay i t nn n c dng lm thng s chn on hao mn. - Cng sut ng c Ne thay i t khi c hao mn nn khng c dng lm thng s chn on hao mn. iu kin d o v thun tin o c. Mt thng s c dng lm thng s chn on khi n phi ng thi tho mn ba iu kin trn.

8.2. L THUYT C BN V CHN ON 8.2.1. Khi nim tin cy


Khi nim v tin cy rt phc tp, v n ph thuc rt nhiu vo tham s ngu nhin, ch c th p dng l thuyt xc sut mi c th phn tch mi tng quan ca chng nh hng ca chng n tin cy trong s dng. Khi nim c bn ca l thuyt tin cy l khi nim s c, thi im pht sinh s c l bin c ngu nhin. Cc s c ny pht sinh ng vi nhng xe a vo s dng vi cng iu kin sau nhng qung ng hot ng khc nhau v c xc nh bng phn tn. S c c chia thnh s c tc thi (t xut) hoc s c tim tin (din bin t t theo thi gian s dng). i vi t, trong cc cm my, tng thnh th h hng v s c din ra mt cch t t do qu trnh thay i ca cc thng s kt cu.
S

Tham s cu trc

S' 1 S"

Sn l' l1 Thi gian ph 2 l l"

Hnh trnh

Hnh 8.1 th trnh by khi nim s c

V d xt mt thng s kt cu S no , (hnh 8.1) ty theo iu kin s dng thng s ny s thay i theo cc ng cong khc nhau (ng gch gch), gi tr trung bnh ca s thay i biu din bng ng nt lin. Nu tm thng s kt cu S sau mt qung ng l th tr s s nm trong vng S - S v s phn b tun theo qui lut Gauss (ng 1). Ta gi gi tr gii hn ca thng s kt cu l Sn th hnh trnh pht sinh s c s l l - l, s phn b cng theo qui lut Gauss (ng 2). Hnh trnh khng pht sinh s c s l l vi khuch tn l (-l1,+l2). c im c bn ca bn xe t t khi s dng n khi bt u xut hin s c u tin l xc sut ca s lm vic tt trong qung hnh trnh cng tc hoc trong iu kin vn hnh c th no , c ngha l bn c xc nh nh xc sut trong hnh

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Chng 8* Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh

trnh khng h pht sinh ra mt h hng, mt s c no c tr s ln hn tr s cho trc no . Xc sut ca hnh trnh hot ng tt ca phng tin cho ti khi pht sinh s c u tin c biu th bng biu thc:
p(l ) = p( L > l )

l- l hnh trnh hot ng ca phng tin. Hnh trnh khng pht sinh s c ngu nhin L l hnh trnh hot ng cho ti khi c biu hin h hng. V d vi mt tng thnh no vi mt hnh trnh xc nh khi p(l)=0,8 c ngha l ch c 80% tng thnh gi c khng h hng trong khong hnh trnh . Xc sut p(l) c gi l hm tin cy v c cc tnh cht sau: 0p(l) 1 sau mt thi gian s dng do thng s kt cu thay i, bn gim i. p(l=0) = 1, khi bt u s dng phng tin cn tt. p(l) = 0, khi s dng qu lu (l tin ti ), tng thnh h hng hon ton, ht tin cy. p(l) l hm gim u theo thi gian s dng hay qung ng (tr trng hp xy ra tai nn hoc khi khng chp hnh ng cc qui nh bo dng k thut). hm tin cy c th c th biu din bng cng thc ton hc nh sau:
i= li

p(l) = 1

n
i=1

No

(8.1)

N0 - l s lng t, tng thnh hot ng khng xy ra s c trong gii hn hnh trnh qui nh. ni - s tng thnh b h hng trong khong hnh trnh li. l - hnh trnh lm vic khng c xy ra s c. i - s th t qung kho st. i vi cc cm tng thnh ca t cn tip tc c s dng sau khi c sa cha ht cc h hng th tin cy ca n c nh gi bng khong hnh trnh hot ng gia hai ln pht sinh s c, khi xc nh ngi ta thng ly tr s hnh trnh trung bnh gia hai ln s c Lcp theo s liu thng k ca tng loi xe. Cn khng nh rng tng cm, tng thnh ring bit th c tin cy khc nhau. Hnh trnh trung bnh gia hai ln s c c th tnh ton theo cng thc sau:
Lcp = L N

n
i =1

i= N

(8.2)

N- Tng s i tng c kho st. ni - S lng cc h hng ca i tng th i pht sinh ra trong hnh trnh L.

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Chng 8* Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh

8.2.2. L thuyt c bn v chn on


Chn on l mt qu trnh lgc nhn v phn tch cc tin truyn n ngi tin hnh chn on t cc thit b s dng chn on tm ra cc h hng ca i tng (xe, tng thnh my, hp s, gm v.v). Trng thi k thut ca t, ca tng thnh cng nh triu chng h hng ca chng kh phc tp, trong khi lng thng tin li khng y lm. V vy vic chn cc tham s chn on (triu chng chn on) c trng cho trng thi k thut ca i tng phi c tin hnh trn c s s lng tin tc nhn c i vi tng triu chng c th. Trong chn on thng s dng l thuyt thng tin x l kt qu. Trong qu trnh s dng, trng thi k thut ca xe t thay i dn kh bit trc c. Tin hnh chn on xc nh trng thi k thut ca t da trn c s s liu thng k xc sut ca cc trng thi k thut . Th d, trng thi k thut ca bng n pha t c th hai trng thi: tt (sng), khng tt (khng sng). Ta gi thit rng, xc sut ca trng thi k thut tt l rt ln - 0,9, cn xc sut ca h hng - 0,1. Bng n nh mt h thng vt l c rt t bt nh - hu nh lc no cng u thy bng n trng thi k thut tt. Mt th d khc, b ch ha kh do c th c nhiu h hng nh mc tc cc gicl, mn cc c cu truyn ng, cc h hng khc v.v nn c th ri vo nhiu trng thi k thut khc nhau. bt nh ca mt h vt l ( di dng i tng chn on l t, tng thnh, cm v.v) trong l thuyt thng tin c th hin bng entrpi.
Entrpi ( X ) = pi log 2 pi ,
i =1 i =m

(8.3)

trong : m - s trng thi k thut ca i tng X; pi - xc sut ca i tng X ng vi trng thi i. Trong l thuyt thng tin entrpi o bng n v nh nguyn v s dng lgart c s 2. n v o entrpi l bt. Bt l entrpi mt lit s nh nguyn nu nh n c ng xc sut c th bng 0 hoc bng 1, ngha l:
1bt = log 2 1 1 = log 2 =1 pi 0,5

Ngy nay ta cha th cung cp mt cch y tr s xc sut ca cc trng thi k thut khc nhau ca tt c cc tng thnh my. V vy n gin bi ton trc tin l cho ng xc sut tt c cc trng thi k thut ca i tng chn on. Khi cng thc (8.3) c dng nh sau:
( X ) = log 2 m

Trong trng hp ny entrpi l ln nht. Th d i vi mt i tng no c 4 trng thi k thut (m = 4) th entrpi bng 2 bt. Nu nh xc sut ca 4 trng thi k thut c tr s khc nhau, th d 0,5; 0,3; 0,1; 0,1 th entrpi ca n lun lun bng 1,68 bt. bng 8.1 l tr s entrpi ca i tng c cc trng thi k thut khc nhau.

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Chng 8* Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh

Bng 8.1 S trng thi k thut m Entrpi (X), bt 1 1,585 2,0 2,322 2,585 2,807 3,0 3,17

Nh vy l nh chn on ta bit c mt phn no trng thi k thut, do bt nh (v trng thi k thut ca t) s gim i. Nh vy cng hiu bit nhiu, nm chc trng thi k thut ca phng tin ang s dng th entrpi cng gim i. Khi trng thi k thut ca i tng hon ton xc nh th entrpi ca n s c tr s bng 0. Do trong trng hp ny s lng tin tc v i tng X bng entrpi ca n.
U x = ( X ) = log 2 m .

Nu mt i tng no (my, hp s v.v) c trng thi k thut c th cng xy ra mt lc v xc sut ca trng thi ny bng xc sut ca trng thi khc (cc trng thi k thut c ng xc sut) th phn tin tc Uxi xut pht t mt ngun no cng bng:
U xi = log 2 p i = log 2 m ,
1 m

trong : pi - xc sut tnh trng th i ca i tng X trong trng hp ny pi = (v cc trng thi k thut c cng mt tr s xc sut).

Phn tin tc s tng ln ty theo gim ca tr s xc sut ca trng thi k thut ca i tng. Gia entrpi ca i tng v hm tin cy ca i tng c mt quan h xc nh. Th d, ta kho st mt cm n gin sau: Trong bt k thi im no ph hp vi hnh trnh ca t L hm tin cy p(l) c biu th bng xc sut ca trng thi tt ca cm my. Gi thit rng p(l) = 0,85 th xc sut v trng thi khng tt ca cm my s bng 1 - p(l) = 0,15. Nh vy i vi hai trng thi k thut ca cm my c th xy ra ta c th xc nh c entrpi ca cm theo cng thc (8.3). Ta ly p1 = p(l): ng vi trng thi k thut tt; p2 = 1 - p(l): ng vi trng thi k thut xu. V trong trng hp ny m = 2 nn entrpi ca cm bng
( X ) = p( l ) log 2 p( l ) [1 p( l )]log 2 [1 p( l )]

(8.4)

cng thc (8.5) l mi quan h gia hm tin cy ca cm my khi c m =2 vi entrpi ca cm ny. Quan h gia entrpi vi tin cy gii thiu hnh 8.2.

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Chng 8* Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh

Chn on trng thi k thut ca i tng Thu nhn v phn tch s liu h thng v c tnh h hng

Xc nh mc sai lch so vi tiu chun

Phn tch c im v nguyn nhn sai lch

Xc nh xc sut ca s lm vic tt

Nhng ngh hp l ha v k thut bo dng

Nhng ngh v ci tin, hp l ha gia c cc chi tit ca tng thnh my

Kim tra k thut

Nhng kt lun v chn on

Nhng d on

Hnh 8.2. Quan h gia entrpi ca cm (X) vi hm tin cy Nu trong mt tng thnh c n cm, mi cm c m = 2 th entrpi ca tng thnh ny l:

(X ) = log2 [p i (l )]
i =1

i =n

p i (l )

[1 p i (l )]1p (l )
i

(8.5)

Nh vy ta c hai h thng lin quan: h thng trng thi k thut (H) - khng tt v h thng triu chng ca trng thi k thut (C). Trong qu trnh tin hnh chn on ta cn c vo cc triu chng C, ngha l da trn h thng trng thi C. Nhng tin tc m ta nhn c lc s lm gim entrpi ca h thng H. Ta k hiu nhng tin tc nhn c do kt qu quan st trn h thng C, bng ch U vi ch s C H. Nh vy ln ca tin tc l:
U CH = (H ) (H / C ),

trong : (H/C) - tng entrpi ca h thng H tng ng vi h thng C. ln no c trng ln bt nh ca h thng H trong khi h thng C hon ton xc nh. Sau khi c kt qu chn on th tr s entrpi cn li bng (H/C). Nhng gi tr thc cht ca cng vic chn on nm phn tin tc (triu chng Ci) chng t h thng H nm trong mt trng thi k thut c th - ngha l c nhng h hng Hj . Phn tin tc c k hiu bng UCiH v c tnh bng cng thc sau y:
U C i H = P(H j / C i )log 2
m j =1

P(H j / C i ) P(H j )

(8.6)

tnh ton trc tip phn tin tc nhn c t h thng Ci d dng, ta thay tr s xc sut c iu kin P(Hj/Ci) bng tr s xc sut khng c iu kin P[HHj)(CCi)] v k hiu bng Pij th cng thc (8.6) c dng:
U C i H =
m

Pij

j =1 P

(C i )

log 2

; P(C i )P(H j )

Pij

(8.7)

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Chng 8* Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh

P(H j / C i ) =

P(C i )

Pij

trong : Pij - xc sut khng c iu kin. Nh vy h thng H s nm trong trng thi Hj, ngha l H Hj, cn h thng C nm trong trng thi Ci, ngha l C Ci; P(Hj) - xc sut ca h hng xut hin Hj hoc xc sut h thng H trong trng thi k thut Hj; P(Ci) - xc sut ca triu chng r rng Ci, ngha l xc sut ca h thng C trong trng thi Ci. Gi thit rng tt c cc h hng c cng xc sut cn cc triu chng c trng cho cc h hng c cng xc sut th nu mt cm c ba h hng (m = 3) xc sut ca mt trong ba h hng P(Hj) = 1/3. Nu cho mt h hng c th no c trng bi ba triu chng (nj = 3) th xc sut khng iu kin ca mt trong cc triu chng bng:
Pij = 1 1 1 P(H j ) v Pij = = 9 33 9 nj

Nh vy l trong trng hp cc h hng c cng xc sut ta c th vit:


P(H j ) = 1 ; m

Pij =

m 1 1 m 1 ; P(C i ) = Pij = . mn j m j =1 n j j =1

Do cng thc (8.7) vit di dng sau:

U C i H =
j

1 nj
m j =1 1 nj

log2

m nj
m j =1 1 nj

(8.8)

Gi thit rng h thng H c ba trng thi k thut H1, H2, H3 v cc h hng c c trng bng bn t hp triu chng khc nhau C1, C2, C3, C4. Ta thnh lp ma trn chn on C nh bng 8.2. Bng 8.2 chng) Ci(triu Hj (trng thi k thut) H1 1 1 1 0 H2 1 0 1 0 H3 0 1 1 1

C1 C2 C3 C4

T bng trn ta thy: trng thi k thut H1 c triu chng n1 = 3; trng thi k thut H2 c triu chng n2 = 2; trng thi k thut H3 c triu chng n3 = 3. Da trn c s ma trn chn on ta lp c ma trn xc sut v tin tc (bng 8.3). UCiH l tr s phn tin tc tnh theo cng thc (8.8) ng vi tng triu chng. Bng 8.3 100

Chng 8* Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh

Ci C1 C2 C3 C4 P(Hj) 1/9 1/9 1/9 0 1/3

Pij H1 1/6 0 1/6 0 1/3 H2 0 1/9 1/9 1/9 1/3 H3 Ci)

P( 5/18 4/18 7/18 2/18 1,0

UCiH 0,614 0,585 0,028 1,585

Kt qu thu c hon ton ph hp vi l thuyt thng tin l: tin tc nh nht nhn c t tr s xc sut ln nht. Nh ta thy (bng 8.3) gi tr thng tin ln nht c triu chng C4, tr s ny hon ton ph hp vi entrpi ca i tng v bng:
(H ) = log 2 m = log 2 3 = 1,585bt

Tr s thng tin nh nht ng vi triu chng C3. Thc t chng t rng vi triu chng c thng tin nh nh vy s khng cho ta tin tc xc nh mt h hng c th ca i tng. Khi lng thng tin ca triu chng C3 ch bng 1,77% so vi ton b thng tin UH bng 1,583 bt. Triu chng C1 v C2 c tr s thng tin gn bng nhau. Triu chng C3 l mt triu chng tng trng tng hp. N chng t rng trong b phn my ny c c ba h hng H1, H2, H3 cng xy ra mt lc. Nhng khi xut hin triu chng C3 th b phn my ny n lc phi thay mi.

8.3. CC PHNG PHP CHN ON CH YU 8.3.1. Cc phng php chn on n gin


Cc phng php chn on n gin c thc hin bi cc chuyn gia c nhiu kinh nghim, thng qua cc gic quan cm nhn ca con ngi hay thng qua cc dng c o n gin. 8.3.1.1. Thng qua cm nhn ca cc gic quan con ngi Cc thng tin thu c qua cm nhn ca con ngi thng di dng ngn ng ( dng m): tt, xu, nhiu, t, va, t c kh nng cho bng tr s c th. Cc kt lun cho ra khng c th nh: hng, khng hng; c, khng c a. Nghe m thanh trong vng con ngi cm nhn c Tin hnh nghe m thanh cn phi t c cc ni dung sau: V tr ni pht ra m thanh. Cng v c im ring bit m thanh. Tn s m thanh. phn bit cc trng thi k thut, yu cu phi nm chc m thanh chun khi i tng chn on cn trng thi tt. Cc yu t v: cng , tn s m thanh c cm nhn bi h thnh gic trc tip hay qua ng nghe chuyn dng. Cc sai lnh so vi m thanh chun thng qua kinh nghim ch quan ca chuyn gia l c s nh gi cht lng. 101

Chng 8* Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh

Vi cc b phn n gin, c hnh th nh gn ca i tng chn on c th nhanh chng kt lun: ch h hng, mc h hng. Vi cc cm phc tp, hnh th a dng (chng hn nh cm ng c) c th chn on ng, phi tin hnh nhiu ln cc v tr khc nhau. b. Dng cm nhn mu sc i vi t c th dng cm nhn mu sc chn on tnh trng k thut ca ng c. Thng qua cm nhn mu sc kh x, bugi (ng c xng), mu sc du nhn bi trn ng c. c. Dng cm nhn mi Khi t hot ng cc mi c th cm nhn c l: mi chy t sn phm du nhn, nhin liu, vt liu ma st. Cc mi c trng d nhn bit l: Mi kht do du nhn r r b chy xung quanh ng c, do du bi trn b chy thot ra theo ng kh x, cc trng hp ny ni ln cht lng bao kn b suy gim, du nhn b lt vo bung chy. Mi nhin liu chy khng ht thi ra theo ng kh x hoc mi nhin liu thot ra theo cc thng p ca bung trc khuu. Mi ca chng mang theo mi c trng ca nhin liu nguyn thy. Khi lng mi tng c th nhn bit r rng th tnh trng k thut ca ng c b xu nghim trng. Mi kht t trng t vt liu ma st nh tm ma st ly hp, m phanh. Khi xut hin mi kht ny chng t ly hp b trt qu mc, m phanh b t nng ti trng thi nguy him. Mi kht c trng t vt liu cch in. Khi xut hin mi kht, tc l c hin tng b t chy qu mc ti cc im ni ca mch in, t cc tip im c vt liu cch in nh: tng in, cc cun dy in tr, cc ng dy Mi kht c trng t vt liu bng cao su hay nha cch in. Nh tnh c trng ca mi kht c th phn on tnh trng h hng hin ti ca cc b phn t. d. Dng cm nhn nhit S thay i nhit cc vng khc nhau trn ng c l khc nhau. Kh nng trc tip s, nm cc vt c nhit cao l khng c th, hn na s cm nhn thay i nhit trong mt gii hn nh cng khng m bo chnh xc, do vy trn t t s dng phng php ny chn on. Trong mt s hn hu cc trng hp c th dng cm nhn v nhit nc lm mt hay du bi trn ng c. a s cm nhn nhit thc hin trn cc cm ca h thng truyn lc: cc hp s chnh, hp phn phi, cu xe, c cu liCc b phn ny cho php lm vic ti a ti (75 800C). Nhit cao hn gi tr ny to cm gic qu nng l do ma st bn trong qu ln (do thiu du hay h hng khc). e. Kim tra bng cm gic lc hay mmen Trong phn ny ch cp n vic xc nh trng thi ca i tng chn on thng qua cm nhn ca con ngi. iu ny thc hin bng vic phn bit nng nh ca dch chuyn cc c cu iu khin, cc b phn chuyn ng t do nh: 102

Chng 8* Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh

Pht hin r dc ca hai bnh xe nm trn trc ca n, kh nng quay trn bnh xe trong khong r bnh xe trn h thng truyn lc. Kh nng di chuyn t do trong hnh trnh t do ca cc c cu iu khin nh: bn p phanh, bn p ly hp, cn s, vnh li. Pht hin r theo cc phng ca bnh xe dn hng khi nng bnh xe ln khi mt ng. chng ca cc ai cao su bn ngoi nh: dy ai bm nc, bm hi, bm ga my lnh, my pht in Pht hin r ca cc mi lin kt, c bit cc khp cu, khp tr trong h thng treo, h thng li. Trn hnh 8.3.a m t v tr kim tra r khp cu bng cch nm tay, lc nh v cm nhn r trong khp. Trn hnh 8.3.b m t v tr kim tra r vnh li bng cch nm tay, xoay nh v cm nhn gc xoay t do vnh li.

Hnh 8.3. Dng cm gic lc kim tra r

8.3.1.2. Xc nh thng s chn on qua dng c o n gin Trong cc iu kin s dng thng thng, xc nh gi tr ca thng s chn on c th dng cc loi dng c o n gin. a. i vi ng c a.1. Nghe ting g bng ng nghe v u d m thanh Khc phc mt phn cc nh hng ting n chung do ng c pht ra, c th dng ng nghe v u d m thanh. Cc dng c n gin, mc chnh xc ph thuc vo ngi kim tra. Mt s dng ca chng trnh by trn hnh 8.4.

Hnh 8.4. Mt s dng c nghe m thanh

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Chng 8* Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh

a.2. S dng ng h o p sut ng h o p sut kh nn: trng thi mi mn gii hn ca piston xi lanh sc mng p sut cui k nn pc gim khong (15 20%). S gim p sut pc cho php kt lun v tnh trng mi mn ca nhm chi tit rt quan trng trong ng c: piston xi lanh sc mng, cht lng bao kn ca khu vc bung chy. ng h o p sut chn khng trn ng np ng h o p sut chn khng trn ng np dng o chn khng trn ng np sau b ch ha kh hay ti bung cha chn khng trn ng c hin i. Cc loi t ngy nay c mt l chuyn dng c ht ca ng c, do vy vi ng c nhiu xi lanh thc cht l xc nh chn khng trn ng np ca ng c. Nh gi tr p sut chn khng o c c th nh gi cht lng bao kn ca bung chy. Cc ng h dng ny thng cho bng ch s milimet thy ngn hay inch thy ngn. Mc d thng s p sut ny khng c kh nng chuyn i trong tnh ton thnh cng sut ng c nh vic o pc, nhng thun li hn nhiu khi cn chn on tnh trng k thut ca bung t, n l phng php d dng khi chm sc v sa cha ng c t ti cc gara. Loi ng h o p sut chn khng thng c s dng c tr s ln nht l: 30 inch Hg (750mm Hg) ng h o p sut du bi trn Vic xc nh p sut du bi trn trn ng du chnh ca thn my cho php xc nh c tnh trng k thut ca bc thanh truyn, bc c trc khuu. Khi p sut du gim c kh nng khe h ca bc, c trc b mn qu ln, bm du mn hay tc mt phn ng du. p sut du bi trn trn ng du chnh thay i ph thuc vo s vng quay ng c, cht lng h thng bi trn: bm du, li lc trong y du, bu lc th, tinh. Khi kim tra c th dng ngay ng h ca bng iu khin. Nu ng h ca bng iu khin khng m bo chnh xc cn thit, th lp thm ng h o p sut trn thn my, ni c ng du chnh. ng h kim tra cn c gi tr ln nht n 800KPa, chnh xc ca ng ho o mc 10kPa. ng h o p sut nhin liu diesel ng h o p sut nhin liu diesel dng o p sut nhin liu thp p (t bm chuyn nhin liu n bm cao p). Loi ng h o p sut thp c gi tr o p sut ln nht n 400kPa v c lp sau bm chuyn. Loi ng h o p sut cao ca h thng nhin liu thuc loi chuyn dng. a.3. o s vng quay ng c a s cc trng hp vic xc nh s vng quay ng c cn thit b sung thng tin chn on cho trng thi o cc gi tr mmen, cng sut (mmen s vng quay xc nh, cng sut s vng quay xc nh). Cc ng h o c th dng thng dng vi ch s v chnh xc ph hp: Vi ng c diesel ch s ti (5000 6000) vng/pht 104

Chng 8* Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh

Vi ng c xng ch s ti (10000 12000) vng/pht Mt loi ng h o chuyn dng l ng h o s vng quay t tn hiu p sut cao ca nhin liu ng c diesel, hay bng cm ng in t cp trn ng dy cao p ra bugi. b. i vi h thng truyn lc b.1. S dng cc loi thc o o khong cch: o hnh trnh t do, hnh trnh lm vic ca bn p phanh. o qung ng tng tc, qung ng phanh. o gc: Dng kim tra r ca cc c cu quay: r ca trc cc ng, r ca bnh xe. Cc gc ny gi l cc gc quay t do. Gc quay t do biu th tng hp mn ca c cu trong qu trnh lm vic nh: bnh rng, trc, ng thi nu ln cht lng ca cm nh cc ng, hp s, cu, h thng li Cc thng s ny em so vi thng s chun (trng thi ban u, hay trng thi cho php) v suy din tm ra h hng, nh gi cht lng ca c cu hoc cm. b.2. o bng lc k Nhiu trng hp khi xc nh hnh trnh t do, cn thit phi cn lc k, chng hn trn t c ti trng ln cc gi tr gc quay t do trn bnh xe phi dng lc k xc nh chnh xc, trn h thng c cng ha, cm gic nng nh khi b cng ha lm vic khng nhng ch thng qua thng s hnh trnh m cn cn o lc tc dng trn c cu iu khin. c. i vi h thng in Cc thit b thng dng l: ng h o in (vn nng k) dng o cng dng in, in p trn mch (mt chiu, xoay chiu), in tr thun ng h o cch in (mogommet). ng h o in p c qui (ampe k km). Cc loi dng ny ny thuc dng c dng ph bin ti cc trm, ga ra v c th s dng o bit kh nng thng mch, in p v cng trn cc bo mch chnh trong h thng, cun dy, linh kin in. Vi dng in hnh trnh by trn hnh 8.5.

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Chng 8* Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh

Hnh 8.5. Mt s dng c o in thng dng

Trong nhng iu kin kh khn v trang thit b o c, cng tc chn on c th tin hnh theo phng php i chng. Trong phng php ny cn c mu chun, khi cn xc nh cht lng ca i tng chn on, chng ta em cc gi tr xc nh c so vi mu chun v nh gi. Mu chun cn xc nh l mu cng chun loi, c trng thi k thut ngng ban u, hay ngng gii hn s dng ca i tng chn on. Cng vic ny c tin hnh nh khi nh gi cht lng du nhn bi trn, nh gi cng sut ng c theo th nghim leo dc

8.3.2. T chn on
8.3.2.1. Khi nim v t chn on T chn on l mt cng ngh tin tin trong lnh vc ch to v sn xut t. Khi cc h thng v c cu ca t hot ng c s tham gia ca cc my tnh chuyn dng (ECU) th kh nng t chn on c m ra mt cch thun li. Ngi v t c th giao tip vi cc thng tin chn on (s lng thng tin ny ty thuc vo kh nng ca my tnh chuyn dng) qua cc h thng thng bo, do vy cc s c hay triu chng h hng c thng bo kp thi, khng cn ch n nh k chn on. Nh vy, mc ch chnh ca t chn on l m bo ngn nga tch cc cc s c xy ra. Trn t hin nay c th gp cc cc h thng t chn on: h thng nh la, h thng nhin liu, ng c, hp s t ng, h thng phanh, h thng treo, h thng iu ha nhit , 8.3.2.2. Nguyn l hnh thnh h thng t chn on Nguyn l hnh thnh h thng t chn on da trn c s cc h thng t ng iu chnh. Trn cc h thng t ng iu chnh c cc thnh phn c bn: cm bin o tn hiu, b iu khin trung tm (ECU), c cu chp hnh. Cc b phn ny lm vic theo nguyn tc iu khin mch kn (lin tc). Yu cu c bn ca thit b t chn on bao gm: cm bin o cc gi tr thng s chn on tc thi, b x l v lu tr thng tin, tn hiu thng bo. Nh vy, ghp ni hai s tng qut l: cm bin o c dng chung, b x l v lu tr thng tin ghp lin vi ECU. Tn hiu thng bo c t ring. Hai s ca h thng t ng iu chnh c t chn on c m t trn hnh

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Chng 8* Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh

Do nhng hn ch v gi thnh, khng gian trn t do vy cc b phn t chn on khng phi l h thng hon thin so vi thit b chn on chuyn dng, song s c mt ca n l mt yu t tch cc trong s dng. u vit c bn ca h thng t chn on trn t l: Nh vic s dng cc tn hiu t cc cm bin ca h thng t ng iu chnh trn xe, cc thng tin thng xuyn c cp nht v x l, bi vy chng d dng pht hin ngay cc s c v thng bo kp thi, ngay c khi xe ang hot ng. - Vic s dng kt hp cc b phn nh trn to kh nng hot ng ca h thng chn on rng hn thit b chn on c lp, n c kh nng bo h hng, hy b chc nng hot ng ca h thng trong xe, thm ch hy b kh nng lm vic ca t, nhm hn ch ti a h hng tip sau, m bo an ton chuyn ng. Nhng mt khc thit b cng khng cng knh, m bo tnh kinh t cao trong khai thc

a. H thng iu chnh t ng

b. H thng iu chnh t ng c t chn on

Hnh 8.6. S nguyn l hnh thnh h thng t chn on

T chn on l mt bin php phng nga tch cc m khng cn ch ti nh k chn on. Ngn chn kp thi cc h hng, s c hoc kh nng c th mt an ton chuyn ng n ti a. Hn ch c bn hin nay l gi thnh cn cao, cho nn s lng cc t nh trn cha nhiu, mt khc h thng t chn on khng s dng vi mc ch nh gi k thut tng th. 8.3.2.3. Mt s s nguyn l h thng t ng iu khin c t chn on Vic s dng nhiu h thng t ng iu khin trn t to nn nhiu kh khn trong chn on v c th lm gim tin cy ca h thng. Nhng thi quen v kinh nghim khng th ph hp vic s dng thit b chn on chuyn dng hay tng hp cng khng m bo chnh xc v tnh thch ng khng cao, v vy h thng c t chn on ngy cng m rng. Ty thuc vo mc s dng cc b phn t iu chnh m c cc thng tin t chn on khc nhau. Cc h thng t ng iu khin thng t hp kt cu v cng dng chung nhiu cm bin (CB), khi ECU c nhiu mnh ghp to nn nhng hp iu khin in t phc tp. Phn tch cc cm t hp ny c th thy c cc s nguyn l ca h thng t ng iu khin c t chn on nh phn di y:

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Chng 8* Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh

a. S in hnh ca h thng iu khin t ng chuyn s (EAT) EAT c hnh thnh trn c s ca b bin m men thy lc (BMM), hp s hnh tinh, h thng iu khin thy lc in t. Trong trng hp ny h thng t chn on c hiu qu r nt v chnh xc ca thng tin. Ngoi cc thng tin bo s c trn mn hnh cn c cc thng s chuyn i ci sn ti ch ang hot ng, nh cc phn mm chuyn i. S in hnh ca h thng iu khin t ng chuyn s (EAT) m t trn hnh 8.7.

Hnh 8.7. S khi h thng in ca EAT

b. S in hnh ca h thng in iu khin ABS S in hnh ca h thng in iu khin ABS m t trn hnh 8.8. Cc b iu khin ABS thng c tin cy cao, do vy cm bin bnh xe c th cn c thm cun dy d phng. Khi cm bin b h hng, n bo trn tp l sng, sau t tt, hay gim sng nhm thng bo cho ngi s dng bit s c xy ra v h thng chuyn sang ch lm vic d phng, mun tm hiu k hn cn thit phi xc nh qua m nh sng bo li.

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Chng 8* Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh Hnh 8.8. S khi ca h thng in

8.3.2.4. Cc hnh thc giao tip ngi - xe a. Bng tn hiu n, m thanh (chung hay ci) Dng n gin nht trong giao tip l s dng n, tn hiu m thanh, hoc c hai. Thng thng cc b phn bo hiu ti v tr d thy, d nghe nh trn bng tp l, mu n c mu l bo nguy him, cn mu xanh, vng l bo an ton. Khi cc gi tr o t cm bin cn nm trong ngng s dng th n bo an ton (khng sng). Khi tn hiu vt ngng n bo sng (nguy him). Dng bo hiu bng m thanh xut hin ch khi c s c, m thanh vng nghe thy c tn s cao lin tc hay t qung. Cch giao tip nh trn ch thng bo dng tt, xu, m khng cho bit dng s c, cm c s c. b. Bo m bng bng giy c l Tng t nh vic bo m bng n nhy, trn mt s xe dng bng giy c l. Khi c s c, my t ng y ra mt bng giy c l bo s c. c m s c theo ti liu s dng km theo t. c. Bo bng m nh sng T thp k 90 li y, cc thng s bo dng m nh sng c dng ph bin hn. Cc dng bo ny c gi l m chn on v c to nn trn c s ngn ng ASSEMBLY. Nhp n sng tng ng nh hot ng ca mch c hai ngng ON, OFF v lm vic ko di 0,15 giy mt nhp, lin tc hay t qung ty theo m li cn thng bo. n thng bo thng dng loi n LED mu xanh chi hay mu d thy, t ngay trn ECU, hay bng tp l. Mt vi v d v m chn on trnh by trn hnh 8.9

Hnh 8.9. Cc v d v m chn on

Thng thng cc thng tin giao tip dng ny ch xut hin khi thc hin ng mch bo chn on. Trong trng thi khi ng xe (cha kha in v tr ON), cc h thng cn thit c kim tra (n bo trn tp l sng), sau n bo tt, ton b h thng sn sng lm vic, nu cn n no sng, chng t phn h thng c s c cn tin hnh kim tra su hn. Trn xe NISSAN vic tin hnh bo m chn on su hn ch thc hin c khi ng mch kim tra (n CHECK bo sng). Sau khi sa cha s c cn tin hnh xa m trong b nh ca ECU.

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Chng 8* Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh

Bng cch bo m nh trn s lng thng tin tng ln ng k (c th ti vi chc m khc nhau). Vic c m cn phi theo cc ti liu chuyn mn ca cc hng sn xut xe. d. Giao tip nh mn hnh Giao din nh mn hnh l mt ng dng tin tin trong cng ngh chn on trn xe. Mn hnh thng dng tinh th lng mng, nh gn. Khi cn thit kim tra, mn hnh c ni vi h thng nh b u ni ch, cn li c bo qun chu o trong v bo v. C hai loi mn hnh vi cc phng php iu khin khc nhau: Loi thc hin iu khin bng phm n nh bn phm my tnh thng thng. Loi thc hin iu khin bng phm n, c cc phn t chn bng cm ng nhit trc tip trn mn hnh tinh th lng. C hai loi ny u cho cc MENU ty chn. Mi trnh t, th tc ra vo u c cc nh sn xut ci t sn, rt rt tin li cho ngi s dng khi cn bit v trng k thut ca chng. Nh mn hnh giao tip, cc s c nhanh chng c ch r v cng tc chn on khng cn kh khn v tn km nhiu cng sc.

Hnh 8.10. Mn hnh giao din v u ni ca NISSAN, VOLVO

Trn hnh 8.10 l mt dng mn hnh giao din s dng cc tm phiu in t c th cho php xc nh cc thng s chn on cho mt h thng trn xe. Nh vy, trong mt thit b ngoi vi giao din ny cn c s lng phiu ty thuc vo s lng h thng c t chn on trn xe.

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Chng 8* Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh

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