Bao Cao Xu Ly So Tin Hieu

Bo co thc tp X l s tn hiu GVHD: Nguyn HuKhnh
LI NI U
X l tn hiu s (DSP: Digital Signal Processing ) l mn hc cp
n php x l cc dy s c c cc thng tin cn thit nh phn tch,
tng hp m ha, bin i tn hiu sang dng mi ph hp vi h thng. So
vi x l tn hiu tng t, x l s tn hiu c nhiu u im nh :
- chnh xc cao, sao chp trung thc, tin cy.
- Tnh bn vng : Khng chu nhiu nh hng ca nhit hay thi
gian.
- Linh hot v mm do : Thay i phn mm c th thay i tnh
nng ca phn cng.
- Thi gian thit k nhanh, ngy cng hon thin v c tch hp
cao.
Trong mn hc X l s tn hiu do chng em c thc tp v hc
l thuyt v mn ny nn chng em nm c nhng kin thc c bn v x
l s tn hiu, cc php ton v x l tn hiu, trn c s sinh vin c th
t mnh s dng c cc chng trnh MATLAB v t tham kho c
cc ti liu lin quan. Mc d c gng rt nhiu song do hiu bit v kin
thc cn hn ch, kinh nghim thc t cn t v trong qu trnh lm thc tp
v s dng chng trnh em khng th trnh khi nhng sai xt. Mong nhn
c s ch dn ca thy c gio v ng gp kin ca cc bn em rt
kinh nghim trong nhng t thc tp sau.
Kha thc tp ny hon thnh khng nhng gip em c thm kin thc
hn v mn hc ny m cn gip em c mt phng php lm vic mi, ch
ng hn, linh hot hn v c bit hn l phng php lm vic mi. Qu
trnh lm bi bo co ny l mt khong thi gian thc s c ch cho bn
thn em v nhiu mt.
Em xin chn thnh cm n thy Nguyn Hu Khnh hng dn
cho em thc tp b mn thc tp x l s tn hiu.
Trnh by bi: SV Nguyn Hng Vn Trang 1
Gii thiu chung
I. Tng t - S :
- Tn hiu tng t l tn hiu c gi tr thay i lin tc theo thi
gian. Tn hiu s l tn hiu c ly mu v lng t ha.
- Ly mu l qu trnh bin mt tn hiu tng t thnh mt tn hiu
ri rc theo thang thi gian. nh l ly mu (Shannon-Nyquist)
ni rng mun khi phc mt tn hiu bng tn gc lin tc theo
thi gian th bng thng ca tn hiu ban u phi c gii hn v
tn s ly mu phi ln hn hai ln bng thng ca tn hiu ban
u.
- Lng t ha l qu trnh bin mt tn hiu c gi tr lin tc thnh
tn hiu c gi tr ri rc.
II. Bin i tn hiu Analog & Digital :
- Nu tn hiu dng lin tc, khi mun truyn tn hiu i th
s phi lm vi 1 s lng ln cc mu. Trong khi nu chuyn
sang dng ri rc ri truyn i th ta ch cn truyn i vi 1 s
lng nh cc mu m vn m bo y thng tin v tn
hiu.Nh vy tn hiu s d truyn pht v cc thit b s thng
gn nh d ch to.Trong thc t ta gp rt nhiu trng hp
chuyn qua li gia tn hiu tng t (Analog) v tn hiu s
(Digital)

Hnh 1
- Phn trn l tn hiu Analog (c dng sng hnh sin), l 1 min lin
tc, c rt rt nhiu gi tr (trc thng ng l bin tn hiu, v l
lin tc nn c v s gi tr)
- Phn di l tn hiu Digital (c dng cc xung vung) ch c 2 gi
tr : 0 v 1
- Qu trnh bin mt tn hiu sang s v ngc li bao gm cc qu
trnh : Ly mu(SAMPLING), Lng t ha (Quantize), M ho,
Gii m
- Vi mc ch chuyn i tn hiu tng t ca th gii thc sang
tn hiu s ngi ta dng mch in gi l ADC (Analog-to-
Digital Converter). chuyn i ngc li ta dng mch DAC
(Digital -to- Analog Converter)
III. ngha thc tin :
Mt s ng dng :
Qu trnh ghi v c a CD.Trong qu trnh ghi a CD, lung tn hiu dng s
c a vo u vo ca tia lazer (chui cc bt 1 v 0, , v d nh l
100110111010 .),gp bt 0 th tia lazer bn 1 l vo b mt ca a,
cn bt 1 th khng bn.
Khi c a CD th qu trnh ngc li, mt thn (len) ca u c a s
pht ra tia lazer chiu vo mt a CD. Khi gp l trn mt CD, tia lazer
khng b phn x li, u c hiu l bt 0. Ch no cn nguyn
(khng b l), tia lazer b phn x ngc li, mt thn nhn c tia phn
x , u c a hiu l bt 1.
R rng, vi h thng tng t, cc my mc phi c thit k phn
bit rt nhiu mc tn hiu. Trong khi , vi h thng s, my mc ch
cn phn bit 2 mc. Vi 2 mc l rt d ch to
Khi chng ta qut mt bc nh bng my qut th my qut thc hin vi ADC
chuyn nhng thng tin tng t c cung cp bi bc nh thnh
nhng thng tin dng s v truyn nhng thng tin vo PC .
Khi ghi ging ni hoc s dng gii php VoIP , chng ta ang s dng ADC
chuyn ging ni thc dng tng t sang nhng thng tin dng
s truyn i .
Nhng thng tin dng s khng ch gii hn bn trong my vi tnh m cn
thm nhp vo tn mi ng nghch trong cuc sng hng ngy ca
chng ta . Khi ghi m thanh vo a CD trong cc Studio th ADC
chuyn i m thanh thnh dng s v ghi vo a CD . ...

- Bt k lc no chng ta cng cn phi chuyn i li thnh dng
tn hiu tng t , mch in ny gi l DAC (Digital-to-
Analog Converter ) . Khi chng ta nghe nhc bng Audio CD
th CD Player s c nhng thng tin s trn a CD thng qua
mch DAC chuyn sang tn hiu dng tng t tai
chng ta c th nghe c .
- Nh vy ti sao chng ta li cn tn hiu dng s . Mt
nguyn nhn c u tin hng u s dng tn hiu s thay
th tn hiu tng t chnh l nhiu .
- Trong tn hiu tng t th nhiu chnh l mt phn trong n .
V d khi dng thit b ghi m bng t , chng ta c th nghe
thy bt c nhng th g m thanh dng tng t m khng
phn bit c u l m thanh thc s cn ghi hay l nhiu do
bi bn , do hng hc ...
- Trong h thng s ch c th hiu hai s : 0 hoc 1 , ngoi ra
mi th khc u b loi b . l ti sao chng ta khng nghe
thy nhng nhiu khng mong mun khi nghe Audio CD thm
tr chng ta nghe trc hng ngn ln .
- Mt iu thun li ca h thng s ch kh nng nn d liu .
Nhng tn hiu dng s c th dc nn nh chng ta c th
hiu dng WinZip nn file mc ch lm cho khch thc
ca n gim i tit kim khong khng lu tr hoc tit kim
gii thng .
Bi M u
I. Mc ch:
- Thc hnh x l tn hiu s chuyn ngnh nhm gip cho sinh vin:
+ Lm quen vi phn mm ton hc Matlab gii cc bi ton kh
v m phng cc hnh v mt cch thit thc nht .
+ Rn luyn k nng thc hnh cng nh kh nng t duy v tng
hp kin thc.
+ Tm hiu r hn tnh nng cn thit phi c cng c ny .
+ Rn luyn tinh thn t ch, t gic v tinh thn trch nhim trong
cng vic.
II. Nhim v ca sinh vin:
- Tip cn v s dng thnh tho phn mm phc v cho qu trnh
thc tp.
- Cn nm bt r cc vn c lin quan bit vn dng chng
vo thc tp mt cch tt nht.
- Sinh vin cn xem li bi v chun b bi trc khi i thc tp.
- Nghim chnh chp hnh cc ni quy cng nh nhng quy nh
ca phng thc tp v cc quy nh m thy c hng dn thc tp
ra.
III. Thc hnh:
A. Gii thiu v phn mm MALAB:
- L mt cng c tnh ton ton hc
- Dng v th theo nhiu cch khc nhau
- L mt ngn ng lp trnh
- Lm vic vi tp d liu c bit: ma trn, vector, hnh nh
- Cch khi ng v thot :
+ Double click vo biu tng ca Matlab
+ Thot khi Matlab s dng lnh exit hoc quit
- c im:
+ Ca s lnh (Command Window) xut hin
+ >>: Du nhc ca chng trnh Matlab
+ Kt qu trong Matlab c a ra trc tip trn mn hnh
lnh hoc to ra mt ca s hnh
B. Thc tp :
Trong phn thc tp ny chng ta s i lm 7 bi tp trn phn
mm MATLAB c th nh sau:
BI 1: LM QUEN VI MATLAB
I.C S L THUYT:
MATLAB l mt cng c tnh ton ton hc. MATLAB c th
c s dng tnh ton,n cng cho php ta v cc biu , th theo
nhiu cch khc nhau.Ging nh mt chng trnh phn mm, chng ta
c th to thc thi v lu mt dy cc lnh my tnh c th chy t
ng. Cui cng, MATLAB cng c th c coi nh l mt ngn ng
lp trnh, l mt mi trng dung lp trnh hay tnh ton. MATLAB
c thit k lm vic vi nhng tp d liu c bit chng hn nh
ma trn, vector, hnh nh.
Trong khi chy chng trnh MATLAB, ty theo yu cu ca ngi
s dng,MATLAB s to ra mt hoc nhiu ca s trn mn hnh. Ca
s quan trng nht l ca s lnh(Command Window), y l ni chng
ta giao tip (tng tc) vi MATLAB v cng l ni chng ta nhp vo
cc lnh v MATLAB s cho ra kt qu. Du >> l du nhc ca chng
trnh MATLAB. Khi MATLAB hot ng con tr chut s xut hin sau
du nhc, lc ny MATLAB ang ch ngi s dng nhp lnh vo. Sau
khi nhp lnh v nhn Enter, MATLAB p ng li bng cch in ra cc
dng kt qu trong ca s hnh (Figure Window). thot khi chng
trnh MATLAB chng ta s dng lnh exit hoc quit.
II. MC CH.
Gip sinh vin lm quen vi Matlap thng qua cc chng trnh thc
hin cc php tnh c bn nh cng, tr, nhn, chia.Bit cch s dng cc
hm v th trong khng gian 2D v 3D
III. THC HNH:
1. M mt hm m-file v thc hin cc yu cu.
a.Cc lnh thc hin cc php ton vi ma trn.
Trong Matlap, tt c cc i tng u c xem l mt ma trn hay cn
c gi l mt mng. Mt ch s c xem nh l mt ma trn 11 v ma trn
chr c mt hng hay mt ct c gi l mt vector.
Vector hng v vector ct l nhng trng hp c bit ca ma trn. Ma trn
nm l mt mng gm c n hng v m ct. nh ngha mt ma trn trong Matlap
tng t nh nh ngha mt vector. Cc thnh phn ca hng c phn bit vi
nhau bi du , hoc khong trng, cn cc hng c phn bit vi nhau bi
du ;.
Cc lnh c s dng khi thao tac trn ma trn c cho trong bng sau:
Lnh Kt qu
n=rank(A) S chiu ca ma trn A
x=det(A) nh thc ca ma trn A
x=size(A) Kch thc ca ma tn A
x=trace(A) Tng cc thnh phn trn ng cho ca A
x=norm(v) Chiu di Euclide ca vector v
C=A+B Tng hai ma trn
C=A-B Hiu hai ma trn
C=A*B Tch hai ma trn
C=A.*B Tch tng phn tng ng ca hai ma trn
C=A^k Ly tha ca ma trn
C=A.^k Ly tha tng thnh phn ca ma trn
C=A Ma trn chuyn v AT
C=A./B Chia tng thnh phn tng ng ca hai ma trn
C=inv(A) Nghch o ca ma trn A
X=A\B Gii phng rnh AX=B
X=B\A Gii phng trnh XA=B
x=linspace(a,b,n) Vector x c n thnh phn phn b u trong khong
[a,b]
x=logspace(a,b,n) Vector x c n thnh phn bt u 10a v kt thc vi
10b
A=eye(n) Ma trn ng nht
A=zeros(n,m) Ma trn all-0
A=ones(n,m) Ma trn all-1
A=diag(v) Ma trn zeros vi ng cho la cc thnh phn ca
vector v
X=tril(A) Trch ma trn tam gic di
X=triu(A) Trch ma trn tam gic trn
A=rand(n,m) Ma trn A vi cc thnh phn l phn b ng nht
gia (0,1)
v=max(A) Nu A l mt vector th v l gi tr ln nht ca A
Nu A l ma trn th v l mt vector vi cc thnh phn l
gi tr ln nht trn mi ct ca A
v=min(A) Nh trn vi gi tr nh nht
v=sum(A) Nh trn vi tng
b. Vit chng trnh thc hin cc lnh sau:
To hai ma trn c chiu di nm.
Cng, tr, nhn, chia hai ma trn va to ( a ra kt qu).
Trch ra ng cho ca hai ma trn ban u. Sau ghp li thnh mt ma
trn mi.
Trch hai dng u ca ma trn 1 v hai dng cui ca ma trn th hai. Sau
ghp chng li thnh mt ma trn mi.
Trch ct cui ca ma trn th nht v ct u ca ma trn th hai. Sau
ghp vi ma trn 1 to ra mt ma trn mi.
Chng trnh:
A=[1 3 5;2 4 6;5 7 9] %tao ma tran A co chieu dai 3x3
B=[4 5 2;6 9 3;8 6 9] %tao ma tran B co chieu dai 3x3
C=A+B %tong hai ma tran A va B
C=A-B %hieu hai ma tran A va B
C=A*B %tich hai ma tran A va B
C=A/B %hieu hai ma tran A va B
D=diag(A) %trich ra duong cheo cua ma tran A
E=diag(B) %trich ra duong cheo cua ma tran B
F=[D E] %ghep hai duong cheo vua trich thanh ma tran moi
D=A(1:2,:) %trich ra hai dong dau cua ma tran A
E=B(2:3,:) %trich ra hai dong cuoi cua ma tran B
F=[D;E] %ghep hai ma tran con vua trich thanh ma tran moi
D=A(:,3) %trich ra cot cuoi cua ma tran A
E=B(:,1) %trich ra cot dau cua ma tran B
F=[A D E] %ghep hai cot vua trich voi ma tran A
Kt qu chng trnh khi thc hin cc dng lnh trn:
Ma trn A:
A =
1 3 5
2 4 6
5 7 9
Ma trn B:
B =
4 5 2
6 9 3
8 6 9
Ma trn C: tng hai ma trn A v B
C =
5 8 7
8 13 9
13 13 18
Ma trn C: hiu hai ma trn A v B
C =
-3 -2 3
-4 -5 3
-3 1 0
Ma trn C: tich hai ma trn A v B
C =
62 62 56
80 82 70
134 142 112
Ma trn C: hiu hai ma trn A v B
C =

-6.9000 3.5667 0.9000
-7.0000 3.6667 1.0000
-7.3000 3.9667 1.3000
Ma trn D v E ln lt l ma trn ng cho ca ma trn A v B
D =
1
4
9
E =
4
9
9
Ma trn F: ma trn to thnh t hai ma trn ng cho D v E
F =
1 4
4 9
9 9
Ma trn D: trch ra t hai dng u ca ma trn A v ma trn E: trch ra t
hai dng cui ca ma trn B
D =
1 3 5
2 4 6
E =
6 9 3
8 6 9
Ma trn F: ma trn to thnh t hai ma trn D v E trn
F =
1 3 5
2 4 6
6 9 3
8 6 9
Ma trn D v E ln lt l ma trn trch ra t ct cui ca ma trn A v ct
u ca ma trn B
D =
5
6
9

E =
4
6
8
Ma trn F: ghp hai ct va trch (D v E) vi ma trn A
F =
1 3 5 5 4
2 4 6 6 6
5 7 9 9 8
Nhn xt:
- Cc ton t s dng trong chng tnh u l nhng ton t thng dng (+, -,
*, /)
- Thao tc thc hin d dng.
2. ha.
Matlap c th c s dng th hin cc kt qu di dng th, mi
bin s cha tt c cc gi tr ca mt i s trong lnh v th.
Nhng th n gin: Vi lnh plot chung ta d dng v c nhng th
n gin. cho vector y, lnh plot(y) s xc nh nhng im [ 1,y(1)], [2,y(2)],
[3,y(3)],,[n,y(n)] v ni cc im nylaij bng nhng ng thng. Lnh
plot(x,y) thc hin mt cng vic tng t nh vy vi nhng im [x(1),y(1)],
[x(2),y(2)],,[x(n),y(n)].
Nhng lnh loglog, semilogx, v semilogy c chc nng tng t nh lnh
plot, ngoi tr mt hoc hai trc th ca chunga c xc nh theo
logarithm.
v hai th trn hai ca s khc nhau, ta s dng lnh figure to ra
mt ca s mi trc khi thc hin lnh v d th th hai. Chng ta cng c th
chuyn n cc ca s khc nhau bng lnh figure(n), lnh ny s a ca s
No.n ln trn mn hnh.
Lnh plot mc nh s v th bng nhng ng nt lin mu en. Ta c
th thay i kiu cng nh mu sc ca nt v.
K hiu Mu K hiu Kiu v
r Red ., o nh du cc im bng du ., o
g Green * anh du cc im bng du *
b Blue x,+ nh du cc im bng du x, +
y Yellow - V bng ng nt in
m Magenta -- V bng ng nt t di
c Cyan : V bng ng nt t ngn
k black -. V bng ng nt t chm gch
Tiu ca th, ng k v nhn cho cc trc c xc nh bi cc lnh:
title, grid (loi b ng k bng lnh gridd off), xlabel, ylabel.
Mt s hm c s dng trong v th:
+ Hm hold on dng v nhiu th trong cng mt ca s hnh, sau lnh
ny tt c cc th s c v ln cng mt ca s cho n khi c lnh hold
off.
+ xc nh c th chiu di ca mi trc ta s dng lnh
axis([a,b,c,d]): a v b l gi tr nh nht v ln nht ca trc honh, c v d l
gi tr ln nht ca trc tung.
+ to ra nhiu ca s con trong cng mt ca s ta s dng lnh
subplot(x,y,z): ca s c chia ra lm x hng, y ct, th ca hm nm
th z.
Cc thuc tnh khc ca th 2D: Matlap c mt s hm c thit k c bit
s dng vi nhng hnh 2D. v d nh cc hm: fill, polar, bar, barh, pie,
hist, errorbar hay stem.
th 3D: lnh plot3 c s dng v th 3D, lnh ny tng ng
vi lnh plot trong 2D.
B mt th c to nn nh hm meshgrid.
Lnh close all c s dng onga tt c cc ca s hnh, ng tng
ca s ta dng lnh close.
Trong khng gian 2D.
M mt hm m-file v v th ca cc hm sau ( v trn cng mt ca s).
f(x)=-x.sin(x) % hm f(x)
f(x)=-xcosx-sinx % o hm ca f(x)
f
12
(x)=diff(f(x)/x(2)-x(1)) % o hm xp x
f
22
=(f
12
-f(1:999))/norm(f
12
) % sai s lin quan
Chng trnh:
x=linspace(-10,10,1000);
fx=-x.*sin(x); %Ham f(x)
fy=-x.*cos(x)-sin(x); %Dao ham cua f(x)
f12=diff(fx/x(2)-x(1)); %Dao ham xap xi
f22=(f12-fy(1:999))/norm(f12); %Sai so lien quan
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(x,fx) %Ve ham f(x)
title('ham f(x)');
grid; %tao duong ke
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(x,fy) %Ve ham f(y) la dao ham cua f(x)
title('dao ham cua f(x)');
grid;
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(x(1:999),f12) %Ve hm f12 l hm dao ham xap xi
title('dao ham xap xi');
grid;
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(x(1:999),f22) %Ve ham sai so lien quan f22
title('sai so len quan');
grid;
Kt qu sau khi chy chng trnh ta c th ca cc hm trn c dng nh
sau:
+ th chng trnh:

Chng trnh nhm m phng cch s dng hm v th plot, hm
to nhn cho th title, hm to ng k grid, hm to nhiu ca s con
trong cng mt c s: subplot. Qua chng trnh m phng ta bit c
cch thc thc hin ca chng trnh cng nh chc nng ca tng cu lnh
trong chng trnh. ch nh mu v kiu ng ca nt v ta dng lnh
plot(x,y,r--) vi thng s th 3 thc hin chc nng ny.
Trong khng gian 3D.
M mt hm m-file v v th ca cc hm sau (v trn tng ca s)
a) z
1
=f(x,y)=sinx.siny, vi x,y=[0,].
Chng trnh:
x=linspace(0,pi,100);%x xac dinh trong khoang [0,pi],so diem can lay la 100
y=linspace(0,pi,100);%y xac dinh trong khoang [0,pi],so diem can lay la 100
[x,y]=meshgrid(x,y); %tao be mat cho do thi
z=sin(x).*sin(y); %ham z=f(x,y)
plot3(x,y,z) %ve ham z trong khong gian 3D
grid;

th ca hm c dng nh sau:
b) z
2
=f(x,y)=x-x
3
+y
2
+1, vois x,y=[-3,3].
Chng trnh:
x=linspace(-3,3,100);
y=x;
[x,y]=meshgrid(x,y);
z=x-x.^3+y.^2+1;
plot3(x,y,z)
grid;
c) z
3
=f(x,y)= , vi x,y=[-8,8].
Chng trnh:
x=-8:0.5:8; %x lay tu 0 den 10, buoc nhay la 0.5
y=-8:0.5:8; %x lay tu 0 den 10, buoc nhay la 0.5
[x,y]=meshgrid(x,y);
z=sin(sqrt(x.^2+y.^2))./sqrt((x.^2+y.^2).*x);
mesh(x,y,z)
grid;
- T cc chng trnh trn ta thy v hnh thc cc lnh s dng trong
hm 3D ging vi 2D, tuy nhin vi vic s dng hm plot3 trong
hm 3D n s m rng thm cho mt trc ta th 3. Trong khng
gian 2D ta c th ch nh mu v kiu ng ca nt v th trong
khng gian 3D mu sc ca th c thc hin bi lnh mesh
thay cho lnh plot3.
Nhn xt chung: Qua bi thc hnh trn gip ta lm quen vi MATLAB.
Qua cho ta thy chng trnh MATLAB l mt chng trnh rt c ch v
tin dng khi gii quyt nhng bi ton trong x l s tn hiu
BI 2:M PHNG V TO TN HIU
I.Tm tt l thuyt:
Mt tn hiu thi gian ri rc c biu din nh mt dy s hay cn gi
l mt dy mu, c k hiu l {x[n]}; trong i s l nhng s nguyn
chy t - n +, c trng cho thi gian. Gi tr ca dy mu ti thi
im n l x[n]. V th, tin li, tn hiu thi gian ri rc bt k thng
c k hiu l x[n].
Tn hiu thi gian ri rc c th l mt dy mu c chiu di v hn
hoc hu hn. Dy c chiu di hu hn l dy c gi tr khc khng
trong mt khong thi gian hu hn t thi im N
1
n N
2
.
N
1
n N
2
. Vi N
2
N
1
. Dy c chiu di N= N
2
- N
1
+ 1
mu.
Dy tha mn iu kin: x[n]=x [n+kN] c gi l dy tun hon vi
chu k c bn N l mt s nguyn dng v k l mt s bt k.
Nng lng ca dy x[n] c xc nh bng cng thc:
=
2
| [ ] |
n
x n
Nng lng ca dy trong mt khong xc nh t -KnK c xc

nh bng biu thc:
=
2
| [n] |
k
n
x
Cng sut trung bnh ca mt dy khng tun hon x[n] c xc nh

bng cng thc
2
1 1
lim lim | [ ] |
1 1
K
K av
k K
n K
p x n
K K

+ +

Cng sut trung bnh ca mt dy khng tun hon x [n] c cho bi
cng thc:
Dy xung n v c k hiu bng [n] v c xc nh t biu
thc:
Dy nhy bc n v k hiu u[n] c xc nh t biu thc:
Dy sine phc c biu th bng h thc: x[n]=|A|||
n
e
j n
o
e
+
Dy sine thc c bin l hng s c biu th bng:
X[n]=Acos( o
n +
)
Trong A,
o
v
l nhng s thc c gi l bin v tn s gc
v pha ban u ca dy hm s sine x[n],cn
2
o
o
f

l tn s
Dy sin phc v dy sine thc l nhng dy tun hon vi chu k N
nu:
2
o
N r
Trong N l s nguyn dng cn r l mt s bt k. Gi tr N nh
nht tha mn iu kin nh trn l chu k c bn ca dy x[n]
Tch hai dy d liu x[n] v h[n] c cng chiu di n s thu c dy
d liu y[n] c cng chiu di N v c thc hin bng h thc:
y[n]=x[n].h[n]
Cng hai dy d liu x[n]vi h[n] c cng chiu di N s thu c d
liu y[n] c cng chiu di N v c thc hin bi h thc : y[n]=
x[n]+h[n]
Nhn dy x[n] vi hng s a c thc hin bi h thc: y[n]=ax[n]
Ngc thi gian hay cn gi l i chiu tn hiu ca mt dy c
chiu di v hn v c thc hin nh biu thc: y[n]=x[-n]
Lm tr dy x[n] c chiu di v hn v c thc hin nh biu thc:
y[n]=x[n-M] Trong m l s nguyn dng. Dy cng chnh l
php dch chuyn dy x[n] v pha phi trc thi gian M mu v c
k hiu l
M
z
. Trong trng hp M=1 th c gi l tr n v v k

hiu
1
z
.Nu M ly du m th c gi l sm, tng ng vi vic

dich dy v pha tri M mu trn trc thi gian.
II.MC CH :
Qua bi thc hnh gip sinh vin m phng v to c cc tn hiu,
hiu c cc tn hiu nh dy xung nhy bc n v,xung n v,dy sine
thc sine phc
III.THC HNH :
1 Dy xung n v
a)To dy xung n v
[n]
c chiu di N mu
N=10;
x=[1 zeros(1,N-1)];
stem(x)
+Hot ng ca chng trnh:
au tien khai bao mot day xung co N=10 mau.
Dong tiep theo se khi tao mot ma tran 1x10. Phan
t th nhat cua ma tran co bien o b ng 1, cac
phan t con lai bang 0. Lenh stem(x[n]) cho phep
ve o th vi dang ng lay mau cua day xung
n v tren.
Kt qu chy trong chng trnh:
Nhn xt: Theo l thuyt
[n]=1 khi n=0 v
[n]=0 vi cc gi tr cn
li. Da vo th ta thy rng khi n=1 th
[n]=1 v bng khng vi cc

gi tr khc. iu ny tri vi l thuyt, l do l khi N=10 mu s m t 0
9 nhng chng trnh Matlab m t 1
10 nn ti thi im x(0)=1 kt qu
ta thu c c s sai khc so vi l thuyt. Do th kt qu ny hon ton
ph hp
kt qu thu c c nghim ng. Hn ch ca on chng

trnh ny l ch biu din mt hm dy xung n v c chiu di gii hn
n=[0:9]. Vy kt qu ch ng trong phm vi nht nh.
b. To dy xung n v [n] c chiu di N b tr mu (M<N)
N=10;
M=4;
x=[zeros(1,M) 1 zeros(1,N-M-1)];
stem(x)
+ Mo ta hoat ong cua chng trnh tren:
au tien ta khai bao so lng mau cua day xung
n v N=10 va so lng mau lay tre M=4. Tiep theo
ta khi tao mot ma tran x co 1 hang vi cac phan
t t 1
M co gia tr bang 0. Phan t tiep theo sau

o co gia tr bang 1. Cac phan t tiep theo cho
en phan t N-M-1 co gia tr bang 0. Lenh
stem(x[n]) cho phep ve o th vi dang ng lay
mau cua day xung n v tren.
Kt qu chy chng trnh:
Nhan xet : Da vao o th ta thay khi n co gia tr
t 1
4 th x[n]=0, en khi n=5 th x[n] bang 1, cac

phan t con lai co gia tr bang 0. Ta thy do chng
trnh phin dch tun t trc sau nn hm zeros(1,M-1) ly
gi tr u tin khi n=6 ( k tip n=5 c x[n]=1). Kt qu thu
c l dy xung n v b tr 4 mu so vi d xung n v ban
u.Vy kt qu thu c hp vi l thuyt
c) To dy nhy bc n v u[n] di N mu
N=10;
u=[ones(1,N)];
stem(u)
+ M t hot ng ca chng trnh trn:
u tin ta khai bo s lng mu ca dy xung N=10. Sau ta khi to
ma trn u c mt hang vi cc phn t t 1
N c gi tr bng 1, cc phn t
c N<0 c gi tr bng 0. Lnh stem(u) cho php v th vi dng ng
ly mu ca dy xung n v trn.
Kt qu chy on chng trnh trn:
Nhn xt: Kt qu thu c t th ta thy rng khi N nm trong khong
t 1 n 10 th u[n]=1. Khi ta dng hm axis([0 1 -20 20]) ta s thy r hn
cc gi tr ngoi [1;10] s bng 0. Vy kt qu thu c l dy nhy bc n
v
d.To dy nhy bc n v u[n] di N mu b tr M mu (M<N)
N=10;
M=4;
u=[zeros(1,M) ones(1,N-M)];
stem(u)
+ M t hot ng ca chng trnh trn:
u tin ta khai bo s lng mu ca dy nhy bc n v N=10 v s
mu ly tr M=4. Sau ta khi to mt ma trn u ch c mt hang vi cc
phn t c gi tr bng 0 . Lnh stem(u) cho php v th vi dng ng
ly mu ca dy xung n v trn.
+ th ca chng trnh trn:
Nhn xt: Da vo th ta thy so vi dy ban u th sau 4 mu dy u
mi ln 1. Vy dy ny b tr 4 mu so vi dy ban u.
e.Chng trnh trnh pht dy xung
% To mt vector t -10 n 20;
n=-10:20;
x=[zeros(1,10) 1 zeros(1,20)];
stem(x,n);
xlabel('chi so thoi gian')
ylabel('bien do')
title('day xung don vi')
axis([-10 20 0 1])
+M t hot ng ca chng trnh trn:
u tin ta khai bo khong ly mu ca dy xung. Tip n ta khai bo mt
ma trn ch c mt hang vi cc phn t t 1 n 10 c gi tr bng 0, phn
t ny c gi tr bng 0. Lnh stem(x) cho php v th vi dng ng
ca dy xung n v trn. Cc lnh xlabel v ylabel dng t tn trc
honh v trc tung ca th. Lnh title cho php t trn th. Lnh axis
dng t khong gi tr ca trc honh v trc tung ca th, hai i s
u l khong gi tr ca trc honh, hai gi tr cui l khong gi tr ca
trc tung.
+ th ca chng trnh trn:
Nhn xt : y l dy xung n v nhng khong xt ln hn bi trn (axis),
kt qu thu c ging nh dy b tr i 10 mu.
2 .Biu din tn hiu sin phc v sin thc :
Dy sin phc m t bng phg trnh:
x=|A|
0 0 0 0
( )
0 0
| | cos( ) | | sin( )
n j n n n
e A e n j A e n

+ +
+ + +
Dy sin thc :x= 0
| | cos( ), A +
vi A, 0
,
l nhng s thc c gi l bin
, tn s gc v pha ban u ,
0
0
2
f

l tn s.
%chuong trinh bieu dien tin hieu sin phuc(phan thuc a phan ao)
%tin hieu sin phuc :x=2expn[-1/12+j(pi/6)]
t=-(1/12)+(pi/6).*j;
k=2;
n=0:40;
x=k.*exp(t*n);
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(n,real(x))
xlabel('time')
ylabel('Bien do')
title('Phan thuc')
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(n,imag(x))
xlabel('time')
ylabel('bien do')
title('phan ao')
+ Mo ta hoat ong cua chng trnh tren:
au tien ta khai bao va gan cac gia tr cua x[n]
vi cac he so t, k, n. Lenh subplot co 3 oi so
dung e chia o th. V du subplot(2,1,1) co nhiem
vu chia o th lam 2 hang, 1 cot va ve o th
th nhat. Lenh stem(n,real(x)) cho phep ve o th
vi dang ng lay mau va ch ve phan thc cua
day x[n]. Lenh stem(n,imag(x)) cho phep ve o th
vi dang ng lay mau va ch ve phan ao cua
day x[n]. Cac lenh khac co nhiem vu rieng nh a
giai thch phan tren.
o th cua chng trnh tren:
Nhn Xt :
Nu phn tch x[n] ta c [n]=2e^(n*(-1/12))(cosn(pi/6) +sinn(pi/6)),
phn thc l phn c h s nhn vi cos[n(pi/6)], phn o l phn c h s
nhn vi sin[n(pi/6)]. Vy khi n tng dn th c phn thc v phn o u c
bin gim dn ( do c phn h s vi m m) v pha ban u ca c phn
thc v phn o cng khc nhau. T th ta thy kt qu ph hp vi l
thuyt.
3. Cc tn hiu thi gian ri rc sin thc :
to tn hiu sin thc ,trong MATLAB s dng cc hm sin v cos.
% chng trnh biu din tn hiu thi gian ri rc sin thc
%Tn hiu x=1,5sin(0,2
n)
n=0:40;
f=0.1;
phase=0;
A=1.5;
arg=2.*pi.*f.*n-phase;
x=A.*sin(arg);
stem(n,x);
axis([0 40 -2 2]);
grid;
title('Day tin hieu sin')
xlabel('Chi so time n ')
ylabel('Bien do')
Mo ta hoat ong cua chng trnh tren:
au tien ta khai bao cac gia tr cua day xung x[n]
nh tan so, pha, bien o. Sau o dung lenh stem(x)
e ve o th vi dang ng lay mau ri rac.
Lenh grid co tac dung chia o vuong trong o th,
khong co lenh nay cung khong co van e g. Cac
lenh con lai a giai thch cac phan tren.

Nhn xt: ay la tn hieu hnh sin tuan hoan vi chu k
T=10, bien o cc ai A=1,5. ay la tn hieu co pha
ban au nen khi n thay oi th pha ban au thay oi,
do o ma tn hieu khong b tat dan theo thi gian.
4. Cc tn hiu ngu nhin thi gian ri rc :
Tn hiu ngu nhin thi gian ri rc c chiu di n mu, phn b u n
trong khong [0,1] c to bi lnh trong MATLAB l:
x=rand(1,N)
To mt tn hiu ngu nhin dng Gauss c gi tr trung bnh bng khng
v phng sai bng n v ,dng lnh
x=randn(1,N) ;% x=rand(1,n)
n=50
x=randn(1,n)
stem(x)
Mo ta hoat ong cua chng trnh tren: Ham
x=rand(1,n) la ma tran x vi cac thanh phan la
phan bo ong nhat trong khoang (0,1). ay gia
tr cua x c lay ngau nhien, do o o th ta quan
sat nhng thi iem khac nhau th khac nhau va
m i l n ch y ch ng trnh ta s c m t th khc v i ban
u.
o th cua chng trnh tren:
Nhan xet: Da vao o th ta thay tn hieu lay
mau c phan bo eu an trong khoang (0,1).
To mt tn hiu ngu nhin dng Gauss co gia tr trung bnh
bng 0 va phng sai bng n v bang chng trnh sau:
n=10;
x=randn(1,n);
stem(x)
Mo ta hoat ong cua chng trnh tren: Ham
x=randn(1,n) la ma tran x vi cac thanh phan la
phan bo chuan trong khoang (0,1). ay gia tr
cua x c lay ngau nhien, do o o th ta quan
sat nhng thi iem khac nhau th khac nhau.
o th cua chng trnh tren
Nhan xet: Da vao o th ta thay rang cac gia
tr cua tn hieu ngau nhien dang Gauss co gia tr
trung bnh bang 0 va phng sai bang n v.
p dng
3.1 Biu din tn hiu sin thc c tn s 0,9 v 1,1.
%Chng trnh
n=0:40;
f1=0.9;
f2=1.1
phase=0;
A=1.5;
arg=2.*pi.*f1.*n-phase;
x1=A.*sin(arg);
subplot(2,1,1)
stem(n,x1);
axis([0 40 -2 2]);
grid;
title('Day tin hieu sin tan so f1')
xlabel('Chi so thoi gian')
ylabel('Bien do')
arg=2.*pi.*f2.*n-phase;
x2=A.*sin(arg);
subplot(2,1,2)
stem(n,x2);
axis([0 40 -2 2]);
grid;
title('Day tin hieu sin tan so f2')
ylabel('Bien do')
Nhn xt: Ta thy pha tc thi ca x1 l w1=2pi0.9n, cn pha tc
thi ca x2 l w2=2pi1.1n. Vy w1+w2=4pi. Vy x1 v x2 ngc pha nhau.
Khi tn hiu th 1 min m ca hm sin th tn hiu th 2 li
min dng ca tn hiu hnh sin v ngc li. Vy kt qu ph hp vi l
thuyt. Da vao 2 o th tren ta thay rang ay la
hai tn hieu hnh sin tuan hoan vi 2 chu k khac nhau
do co tan so khac nhau. Do o o th cung khac
nhau. Xet ve mat gia tr cua cac tr so tn hieu
sin thc th hai day nay va day trong chng trnh 2.3
co s khac biet, nhng xet ve nguyen tac hoat
ong th cac day nay hoat ong tng oi giong
nhau.
3.2.a. Biu din tn hiu sin thc c chiu di 50 mu ,tn s 0.08,bin
2,5 v c dch pha 90
%Chng trnh
n=0:50;
f=0.08;
phase=90;
A=2.5;
arg=2.*pi.*f.*n-phase;
x=A.*sin(arg)
stem(n,x);
axis([0 50 -3 3]);
grid;
title('Day tin hieu sin tan so f')
ylabel('Bien do')
Kt qu:
Nhn xt : ay la tn hieu sin thc tuan hoan vi chu k
T=12.5, bien o cc ai la 2.5 vi o dch pha la 90
o.
b. Thay lnh stem thnh lnh plot v lnh stairs
% Dng lnh plot
% Dng lnh stairs
3.3 Biu din mt tn hiu dng ly tha thc x=0,2.1, 2
n
%Chng trnh
n=0:40;
m=(0:0.02:40);
x=0.2.*1.2.^n;
stem(n,x)
+Biu din bng lnh stem
Biu din bng lnh plot
Biu din bng lnh stairs
- Nhn xt: Ba lenh stem, plot, stairs eu c dung
e ve o th nhng lenh stem la lenh ve o
th vi dang ng lay mau (ri rac), lenh
plot la lenh ve o th vi dang ng trn
lien tuc, lenh stairs la lenh ve o th vi
dang ng bac thang.
- Nhn xt chung: Qua bi thc tp ny ta nm c cch biu din
cc dy xung, cc hm s m, sin, cos v biu din c chng trn
th. Chng trnh m phng chnh xc v qua ta rt ra c
cc c tnh ca chng.

BI 3: H THNG LTI.
I.Tm tt l thuyt.
H thng thi gian ri rc thc hin php nh x tn hiu li vo vi
cc gi tr x[n] thnh tn hiu ri rc li ra vi nhng tnh cht mong
mun bng cch p dng nhng thut ton cho trc. Bi thc hnh ny
tin hnh m phng mt s h thng ri rc tuyn tnh v bt bin vi
thi gian n gin v nghin cu cc tnh cht ca chng trn lnh vc
thi gian. Cc h thng ny c c trng bi p ng xung h[n] v
c m hnh ha trn hnh 3.1.
x[n] y[n]
h[n]
Hnh 3.1
Quan h vo ra ca h thng LTI c xc nh bi tng nhn chp
sau:
y[n] = h[i]x[n-i] = x[i]h[n-i] (3.1)
V c k hiu bng: y[n] = x[n]*h[n]
Hai h thng LTI c p ng xung ln lt l h
1
[n] v h
2
[n] ghp ni
tip vi nhau nh hnh 3.2, th h thng tng th c p ng xung:
h[n] = h
1
[n]*h
2
[n] (3.3)
Nu hai h thng ghp ni tip nhau sao cho:
h
1
[n]*h
2
[n] = [n] (3.4)
th h thng LTI c p ng xung h
2
[n] c gi l nghch o ca h thng
LTI c p ng xung h
1
[n] v ngc li.
x[n] y[n] x[n] y[n]
h
1
[n] h
2
[n] h[n]
hnh 3.2
Mt h thng LTI c gi l n nh theo ngha BIBO ( Bounded
Input, Bounded output) nu p ng xung ca n tha mn iu kin:
|h[k]| < (3.5)
Mt h thng LTI c gi l nhn qu khi v ch khi p ng xung
ca n tha mn iu kin: h[n] = 0 khi n < 0.
Quan he vao/ra cua mot he thong LTI con c
bieu th bang phng trnh sai phan he so hang
so dang:

N
k
M
m
m k
m n x b k n y a
0 0
] [ ] [
(3.7)
Trong o x[n] la tn hieu loi vao, y[n] la tn hieu
loi ra. Cac he so
k
a
va
m
b
la nhng hang so. Bac
cua he thongla max(N,M), ay cung chnh la bac
cua phng trnh sai phan ac trng cho he thong
thi gian ri rac o.
Gia s he thong la nhan qua, th phng trnh
sai phan he so hang so c viet lai nh sau:
] [ ] [ ] [
0 1 0 0
k n y
a
a
m n x
a
b
n y
M
m
N
k
k m

vi
0
a
(3.8)
Nh vay loi ra y[n] tai thi iem n co the c
tnh t phng trnh sai phan tren oi vi tat
ca cac n khi biet x[n] va cac ieu kien ban
au
] 1 [
0
n y
,
] 2 [
0
n y
, .........,
] [
0
N n y
.
He thong thi gian ri rac c mo ta bang
phng trnh sai phan (3.8) co ap ng xung vo han
nen no c goi la he thong IIR.
He thong co ap ng xung hu han c goi la
he thong FIR neu phng trnh sai phan (3.8) co
k
a
=0 va k>0. Vay he thong FIR nhan qua co phng
trnh sai phan:

M
m
m
m n x
a
b
n y
0 0
] [ ] [
(3.9)
He thong thi gian ri rac c goi la tuyen tnh
neu ap ng len mot tong bang tong cac ap
ng, cach khac neu
] [
1
n y
va
] [
2
n y
la cac ap
ng len cac tn hieu loi vao
] [
1
n x
va
] [
2
n x
th oi
vi loi vao tong:
x[n]=a
] [
1
n x
+b
] [
2
n x

(3.10)
se co ap ng la: y[n]=a
] [
1
n y
+b
] [
2
n y

(3.11)
Phng trnh (3.11) ung oi vi cac hang so a
va b bat k va oi vi tat ca cac gia tr kha d
cua cac tn hieu loi vao
] [
1
n x
va
] [
2
n x
. Neu phng
trnh (3.11) khong nghiem ung oi vi t nhat mot
gia tr khac khong cua a hoac b, hoac cua
] [
1
n x

hoac cua
] [
2
n x
th he thong la phi tuyen.
He thong c goi la bat bien oi vi thi gian
neu
] [
1
n y
la ap ng oi vi tn hieu loi vao
] [
1
n x
, th ap ng oi vi phien ban tre cua tn
hieu loi vao : x[n]=
] [
0 1
n n x

(3.12)
se la y[n]= ] [
0 1
n n y
(3.13)
ay
0
n
la so nguyen dng hoac am.
Neu he thc tren khong thoa man th he thong
c goi la thay oi oi vi thi gian.
He thong 1 va thoa man tnh chat tuyen tnh va
bat bien oi vi thi gian th c goi la he thong
LTI.
Trong MATLAP, e mo phong cac he thong thi
gian ri rac LTI nhan qua co phng trnh sai phan
(3.7), co the dung lenh filter.
Y=filter(num,den,x)
(3.14)
Trong o: x la vect loi vao, num=[
0
b

1
b

2
b
...
N
b
];
den=[
0
a

1
a

2
a
...
N
a
] la cac vect he so cua he
thong; y la vect tn hieu loi ra, cung la nghiem
cua phng trnh sai phan oi vi loi vao x vi cac
ieu kien ban au bang o, co ngha la:
y[-1]=y[-2]=...=y[-N]=0
Tn hieu loi ra y[n] cua he thong LTI co ap ng
xung n v h[n] vi loi vao x[n] cung c xac
nh bang lenh conv(h,x).
ap ng xung n v h[n] cua mot he thong c
xac nh bang lenh h=impz(num,den,N+1)
II. Thc hnh :
2.1. Cc h thng tuyn tnh v phi tuyn
Nghin cu tnh cht tuyn tnh ca h thng
y [n] 0.4y[n-1] + 0.75y[n-2]= 2.2403x[n] +2.4908x[n-1] +2.2403x[n-2]
Chng trnh di y dng m phng h thng ny vi 3 tn hiu vo l
1
x
[n], 2
x
[n],
[ ] [ ] [ ]
1 2
x n ax n bx n +
.
Vi 1
x
=cos(0,2
n), 2
x
=cos(0,8
n),
[ ] [ ] [ ]
1 2
2 3 x n x n x n
%He thong tuyen timh va phi tuyen
n=0:40;
n0=10;
a=0.3;
b=-2;
xn=a*cos(2*pi*0.1*n)+b*cos(2*pi*0.4*n);
xn0=[zeros(1,n0) xn];
num=[2.2403 2.4908 2.2403];
den=[1 -0.4 0.7];
yn=filter(num,den,xn);
yn0=filter(num,den,xn0);
dn=yn-yn0((1+n0 ):(41+n0));
subplot(3,1,1)
stem(n,yn)
title('Tin hieu loi ra y[n]')
subplot(3,1,2)
stem(n,yn0(1:41))
title('Tin hieu loi ra tre n0 mau')
subplot(3,1,3)
stem(n,dn)
title('Tin hieu')
tm p ng xung li rav s dng cc hm v . Ta c th ca tn hiu
li ra
[ ]
1
y n
,
[ ]
2
y n
,
y n 1
]
nh sau:
Ta thy th ca y[n] v y1[n] gn nh ging nhau sai s d l rt nhH
thng trn l tuyn tnh v ta c
[ ] [ ]
1 2
, y n y n
l cc p ng xung ln cc tn
hiu li vo
[ ] [ ]
1 2
, x n x n
th i vi li vo tng
[ ] [ ] [ ]
1 2
x n ax n bx n +
ta c p
ng xung tng ng l :
[ ]
1 2
[ ] [ ] y n ay n by n +
2.2. Xc nh p ng xung n v ca h thng LTI
Trong MATAB chng ta s dng lnh h=impz(num,den,N) tnh p ng
xung ca h thng thi gian ri rc LTI. Chng trnh sau cho php tnh v v
p ng xung ca h thng c phong trnh sai phn sau:
[ ] 0, 4 [ 1] 0, 75 [ 2] 2, 2403 [ ] 2, 4098 [ 1] 2, 2403 [ 2] y n y n y n x n x n x n + + +
%Chuong trinh tinh va ve dap ung xung
n=40;
num=[2.2403 2.4908 2.2403];
den=[1 -0.4 0.75];
h=impz(num,den,n);
stem(h);
title('Dap ung xung cua he thong');
Mo ta qua trnh hoat ong cua chng trnh:
au tien ta khai bao cac gia tr cua he thong nh
so mau lay N, vect cua t so num va vect cua
mau so den. Ham impz cho phep tnh ap ng xung
n v h[n] cua he thong. Lenh stem(h) cho phep ve
o th vi dang ng lay mau ri rac cua he
thong tren. Dong lenh h=impz(num,den,N) la dong
lenh quan trong nhat oi vi bai xac nh ap ng
xung n v cua he thong.
th p ng xung h thng:
Nhan xet : Da vao o th ta thay khi so lng lay
mau cang ln th ap ng xung n v cang dan ve
0 nen he thong nay co tnh on nh. Khi xung n v
dch chuyen i mot khoang thi gian xac nh th
ap ng xung n v se dch mot khoang tng t.
Hay noi cach khac ap ng xung n v la ri rac
thi gian cua ham tng t Dirac
) (n
va c xac
nh nh sau:
) (n

2.3.Cc h thng bt bin vi thi gian
Nu
1
y n 1
]
l p ng xung ln h thng li vo
1
x n 1
]
th p ng ca h
thng vi tn hiu vo
[ ] [ ]
1 o
x n x n n
s l
[ ] [ ]
1 0
y n y n n
( o
n
l s nguyn
dng hoc m)
H thc trn ng vi tn hiu vo
1
x n 1
]
bt k . Nu h thc khng c
tho mn i vi t nht mt dy li vo th h thng c gi l thay i
vi thi gian.
Xem xt tnh cht bt bin vi thi gian ca h thng thi gian ri rc c
phng trnh sai phn dng:
0 1
[ ] [ ] [ ]
M M
m k
m k
y n b x n m a y n k

Chng trnh sau m phng h thng c phng trnh sai phn:

[ ] 2, 2403 [ ] 2, 4908 [ 1] 2, 2403 [ 2] 0, 4 [ 1] 0, 75 [ 2] y n x n x n x n y n y n + + + +

Mc ch chng trnh ny l tm tn hiu li ra y[n] i vi hai tn hiu li
vo
x n 1
]
v o
x n n 1
]
v hiu ca hai tn hiu

%Chng trnh
n=0:40;
n0=10;
a=0.3;
b=-2;
xn=a*cos(2*pi*0.1*n)+b*cos(2*pi*0.4*n);
num=[2.2403 2.4908 2.2403];
den=[1 -0.4 0.7];
dn=yn-yn0((1+n0 ):(41+n0));
subplot(3,1,1)
stem(n,yn)
title('Tin hieu loi ra y[n]')
subplot(3,1,2)
stem(n,yn0(1:41))
title('Tin hieu loi ra tre n0 mau')
subplot(3,1,3)
stem(n,dn)
title('Tin hieu')
Mo ta qua trnh hoat ong cua chng trnh
tren: au tien ta khai bao cac thong so c
ban cua he thong va cua chng trnh nh
khoang lay mau n, cac gia tr a, b,
0
n
... Dong
lenh
0
n
x
=[zeros(1,n0) xn] la dong lenh quan trong
nhat trong chng trnh nay v muon biet mot
he thong co bat bien oi vi thi gian hay
khong ta phai lay phien ban tre cua tn hieu
loi vao. Ngoai cac dong lenh co chc nang
mo phong cac he thong thi gian ri rac
chung ta con khai bao an dn la tn hieu hieu
cua hai loi ra tren e tien cho viec quan sat
va nhan xet tren o th. Tn hieu sai s c
gan bang cach lay tn hieu loi ra khong tre
ban au luc mi va lay mau tr i tn hieu
loi ra sau khi b tre
0
n
mau.
Ta c th ca chng trnh:
- Quan st tn hiu li ra o
y n n 1
]
tr i 10 mu so vi tn hiu li ra
y n 1
]
.
- S lin h: mt h thng m khi c s dch chuyn v thi gian ca tn hiu
ri rc li vo s gy ra s dch chuyn tng ng ca tn hiu ri rc li ra.
Hay mt h thng c gi l bt bin vi thi gian nu:
[ ] [ ]
1 o
x n x n n [ ] [ ]
1 0
y n y n n
o
n
- H thng trn l bt bin vi thi gian v khi so snh tn hiu li ra
y n 1
]

v tn hiu ra tr o
n
mu (
o
n
y n 1
]
) ta thy:

o
n
y n 1
]
= o
y n n 1
]
l ng vi l thuyt.
2.4. Ghp ni tip h thng LTI
Trong thc t thng ghp ni tip cc h thng LTI nhn qu bc nht
(thng l bc 2) vi nhau to c cc h thng bc cao. Chng hn ta
ghp ni tip hai h thng bc hai c phng trnh sai phn sau:

2 2 2 1 1 1
[ ] 0, 7 [ 1] 0,85 [ 2] 0, 2 [ ] 0, 5 [ 1] 0, 3 [ 2] y n y n y n y n y n y n + + +
(1)
v
1 1 1
[ ] 0, 9 [ 1] 0,8 [ 2] 0, 3 [ ] 0, 3[ 1] 0, 4 [ 2] y n y n y n x n n x n + + +
(2)
thu c h thng bc 4 c phng trnh sai phn sau:
[ ] 1,6 [ 1] 2,28 [ 2] 1,325 [ 3] 0,68 [ 4] y n y n y n y n y n + + + +
0, 06 [ ] 0,19 [ 1] 0, 27 [ 2] 0, 26 [ 3] 0,12 [ 4] x n x n x n x n x n + +
(3)
Chng trnh sau m phng h thng bc 4 vi phng trnh sai phn
sau (3) v h thng ni tip hai h thng bc hai (1) v (2). Trong chng
trnh ny, tn hiu x[n] l tn hiu li vo ca h thng bc 4 c tn hiu ra l
y[n]. Sau p dng li vo x[n] ny cho h thng bc 2 vi phng trnh
sai phn(1) lm tn hiu ra
1
y n 1
]
. Tip n dng
1
y n 1
]
lm tn hiu li
vo cho h thng bc hai c phng trnh sai phn (2) tm li ra
2
y n 1
]
.
Cui cng ly hiu s gia tn hiu li ra y[n] vi
2
y n 1
]
xc nh sai s
thc hin.
%Chuong trinh
x=[1 zeros(1,40)]; %Tao tin hieu vao x[n]
n=0:40;
%cac he so cua he thong bac 4
den=[1 1.6 2.28 1.325 0.68];
num=[0.06 -0.19 0.27 -0.26 0.12];
%Tin hieu loi ra cua he thong bac 4
y=filter(num,den,x);
%Cac he so cua 2 he thong bac 2
num1=[0.3 -0.2 0.4];
den1=[1 0.9 0.8];
num2=[0.2 -0.5 0.3];
den2=[1 0.7 0.85];
%Tin hieu ra y1[n]
y1=filter(num1,den1,x);
%tin hieu ra y2[n]
y2=filter(num2,den2,y1);
%Hieu d[n]=y[n]-y2[n]
d=y-y2;
%ve cac tin hieu
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(n,y);
ylabel('bien do')
title('tin hieu ra cua he thong bac 4')
grid;
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(n,y2);
ylabel('bien do')
title('loi ra cua he thong noi tiep')
grid;
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(n,d);
xlabel('chi so thoi gian n');
ylabel('bien do');
title('tin hieu sai so');grid;
th cc dy li ra y[n] v
2
y n 1
]
nh sau:
Nhan xet: Da vao o th ta nhan thay rang tn
hieu ra cua he thong bac 4 y[n] va tn hieu loi ra
cua he thong noi tiep
2
y n 1
]
tng oi giong nhau.
Tn hieu sai so co gia tr rat nho. L do co sai so
ay la cac gia tri num va den cac he thong
khong phai la cac gia tr ung tuyet oi ma cac
gia tr o c lay tng ng.
2.5. Tnh n nh ca h thng LTI
Mt h thng LTI n nh theo ngha BIBO khi v ch khi p ng xung
n v ca n c tng tuyt i. i vi h thng IIR th iu kin cn h
thng ny n nh l p ng xung ca n phi suy gim ti khng kh s
lng mu ln.
Chng trnh sau s dng tnh tng cc gi tr tuyt i ca p ng
xung n v c nh gi theo cng thc :
0
| |
k
k
n
S h n
1
]
(3.15)
Khi k tng v kim tra cc gi tr ca |h[k]| ti mi bc lp. Nu gi tr |
h[k]| nh hn
6
10
th c th coi tng s(k) t (3.15) hi t v rt gn vi S(
)
y h[n] l p ng xung n v ca h thng LTI nhn qu c phng
trnh sai phn :

[ ] [ ] 0,8 [ 1] 1, 5 [ 1] 0, 9 [ 2] y n x n x n y n y n
% Chuong trinh
num=[1 -0.8];
den=[1 1.5 0.9];
N=250;
h=impz(num,den,N+1);
sum=0;
for k=1:N+1;
sum=sum + abs(h(k));
if abs(h(k))<10^(-6)
break
end
end
n=0:N;
stem(n,h);
xlabel('Chi so thoi gian');
ylabel('Bien do');
title('Dap ung xung don vi');
td=abs(h(k))
Qua trnh hoat ong cua chng trnh tren:
Cung giong nh cac bai trc viec khai bao cac
thong so cua chng trnh va cua he thong hien
nhien. Bay gi chung ta se i sau vao phan tch
vong lap for va cac lenh co cha trong vong lenh
nay.
au tien ta khi tao bien sum la tong cac gia tr
tuyet oi cua ap ng xung n v va gan cho bien
nay co gia tr bang 0. Bat au vong lap cho k bat
au chay t 1 en N+1. Luc nay th
sum=sum+abs(h(k)), neu abs(h(k)) nho hn 10^(-6) th
tong cac gia tr tuyet oi cua ap ng xung n v
coi nh hoi tu tai 0 va co the ngng vong lap,
ngc lai th tang gia tr cua k len mot n v va
bat au mot vong lap mi cho en khi k=N+1.
Lenh abs(h(k)) cho phep chung ta lay gia tr tuyet
oi cua ap ng xung n v.
th h thng :
T th trn ta thy h thng n nh v khi s lng ly mu tng
dn ti 250 th p ng xung dn v khng (|h[k]| => 0) ng nh l thuyt.
3. p dng
3.1. Cc h thng tuyn tnh v phi tuyn
M phng h thng:
[ ] 0, 5 [ 1] 0, 25 [ 2] [ ] 2 [ 1] [ 3] y n y n y n x n x n x n + + +

vi 3 tn hiu vo:
1
[ ] cos(0, 5 )
3
x n n

+

2
[ ] sin(0, 2 )
3
x n n

+

1 2
[ ] 2 [ ] [ ] 3 n x n x n x +
Chng trnh tnh v v tn hiu li ra
1
y n 1
]
v
2
y n 1
]
,
y n 1
]
%Chuong trinh ngien cuu tinh chat tuyen tinh va phi tuyen
n=0:40;
a=2;
b=-3;
x1=cos(2.*pi.*0.1.*n);
x2=cos(2.*pi.*0.2.*n);
x=a.*x1+b.*x2;
num=[2.2403 2.4908 2.2403];
den=[1 -0.4 0.75];
y1=filter(num,den,x1);
y2=filter(num,den,x2);
yt=a.*y1+b.*y2;
d=y-yt
subplot(3,1,1); stem(n,y); title('tin hieu loi ra theox')
axis([0 40 -50 50])
subplot(3,1,2); stem(n,yt); title('tin hieu loi ra theoy')
axis([0 40 -50 50])
subplot(3,1,3); stem(n,d); title('tin hieu sai so d')
th biu din tn hiu li ra :
T th trn ta nhn thy h thng trn l tuyn tnh v tn hiu li ra v tn
hiu li vo l khng thay i ngha l p ng ln mt tng bng tng cc
p ng.
3.2. Xc nh p ng xung n v h thng LTI. Tnh n nh ca h
thng
a) H thng c phng trnh sai phn:

[ ] 0, 5 [ 1 0, 25 [ 2] [ ] 2 [ 1] [ 3] y n y n y n x n x n x n + + +
%Chng trnh v p ng xung h thng
N=100;
num=[1 2 0 1];
den=[1 -0.5 0.25];
h=impz(num,den,N);
stem(h)
title('Dap ung xung cua he thong')
figure
% Chuong trinh xet tinh on dinh
num=[1 2 0 1];
den=[1 -0,5 0.25];
N=100;
sum=0;
for k=1:N+1;
if abs(h(k))<10^(-6)
break
end
end
n=0:N;
stem(n,h);
ylabel('Bien do');
td=abs(h(k))
th :
T th trn ta nhn thy h thng l khng n nh.
b) H thng c phng trnh sai phn:
y[n]=x[n]-4x[n-1]+3x[n-2]+1.7y[n-1]-y[n-2]
%Chuong trinh ve dap ung xung he thong
n=100;
num=[1 0 3];
den=[1 4 -1.7 1];
h=impz(num,den,n);
stem(h);
title('Dap ung xung cua he thong');
figure
% Chuong trinh xet tinh on dinh
num=[1 0 3];
den=[1 4 -1.7 1];
N=100;
sum=0;
for k=1:N+1;
if abs(h(k))<10^(-6)
break
end
end
n=0:N;
stem(n,h);
ylabel('Bien do');
td=abs(h(k))
th :

T th thu c ta nhn thy h thng khng n nh
3.3. Cc h thng bt bin vi thi gian
Xt h thng c phng trnh sai phn :
y[n]-0.5y[n-1]+0.25y[n-2]=x[n]+2x[n-1]+x[n-3]
Chng trnh v tn hiu li ra
y n 1
]
v o
y n n 1
]
vi o
n
=5, tn hiu vo l
[ ] 3cos(0, 5 ) 2sin(0, 2 )
3
x n n n
+ +
%Chuong trinh
n=1:40;
n0=5;
a=3;
b=2;
xn=a.*cos(0.5.*pi*n+pi./3)+b*sin(0.2.*pi*n);
num=[1 2 0 1];
den=[1 -0.5 0.25];
dn=yn-yn0(1:40);
subplot(3,1,1)
stem(n,yn);
axis([0 40 -50 50]);
title('tin hieu loi ra y[n]')
subplot(3,1,2)
stem(n,yn0(1:40));
axis([0 40 -50 50]);
title('tin hieu loi ra tre n0 mau');
subplot(3,1,3)
stem(n,dn);
title('tin hieu hieu')
axis([0 40 -50 50]);
th :
Nhan xet: So vi tn hieu loi ra y[n] tren th tn
hieu loi ra o th di b tre 10 mau. Sau 10
mau tre th tn hieu loi ra di giong vi tn hieu
loi ra tren khi va mi bat au lay mau nen tn
hieu hieu luon co gia tr bang 0. Do o ta co the
noi he thong nay bat bien vi thi gian
3.4 Ghep noi tiep cac he thong LTI:
Viet chng trnh tnh va ve cac tn hieu loi ra
] [
1
n y

va thoa man phng trnh sai phan sau:
] 2 [ 77 . 0 ] 1 [ 27 . 0 ] [ 5 . 0 ] [
1
+ + n x n x n x n y
va

] 2 [ 46 . 0 ] 1 [ 53 . 0 ] 2 [ 45 . 0 ] 1 [ 5 . 0 ] [ 45 . 0 ] [
2
+ + + n y n y n x n x n x n y
vi
cac tn hieu loi vao:
x[n]=cos(20n/256)+cos(200n/256), vi 0 .
Ta tnh c he thong co phng trnh sai phan nh
sau:
y[n]-0.53y[n-1]+0.46y[n-2]=
0.225x[n]+0.3715x[n-1]+0.7065x[n-2]+0.5065x[n-
3]+0.3465x[n-4]
% Chng trnh:
x=[1 zeros(1,40)]; % tao tin hieu vao x[n]
n=0:40; % cac he so cua he thong bac 4
den=[1 -0.53 0.46];
num=[0.225 0.3715 0.7065 0.5065 0.3465];
%tinh tin hieu loi ra cua he thong bac 4
%cac he so cua hai he thong bac2
num1=[0.5 0.27 0.77];
den1=[1];
num2=[0.45 0.5 0.45];
den2=[1 -0.53 0.46];
% tin hieu ra y1[n]
y1=filter(num1,den1,x);
%tin hieu ra y2[n]
y2=filter(num2,den2,y1);
%hieu d[n]=y[n]-y2[n]
d=y-y2;
%ve cac tin hieu
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(n,y);
ylabel('bien do')
title('tin hieu ra cua he thong bac4');
grid;
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(n,y2);
ylabel('bien do')
title('loi ra cua he thong noi tiep');
grid;
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(n,d);
xlabel('chi so thoi gian n');
ylabel('bien do');
title('tin hieu sai so');
grid;
+o th cua chng trnh tren:
Nhan xet: tn hieu loi ra cua he thong bac 4 va
loi ra cua he thong noi tiep la giong nhau. Tn hieu
sai so t va khong ang ke.
Ket luan chung:
- H thng LTI l nhn qu nu v ch nu p ng xung cng l nhn
qu.
- H thng n nh khi tn hiu vo hu hn th ng ra hu hn.
- h thng n nh th tng gi tr tuyt i ca p ng xung ti tt
c cc thi im l hu hn.
BI 4: PH TN S CA TN HIU
BIN I FOURIER THI GIAN RI RC
I.C S L THUYT
1.1.Bin i Fourier thi gian ri rc:
Bin i Fourie thi gian ri rc (DTFT) X(
j
e

) ca tn hiu thi gian
ri rc x[n] c inh ngha bng biu thc:
X(
j
e

)=
[ ]
j
n
x n e

Ni chung, X(
j
e

)l mt hm s phc ca bin s thc
, do vy n c th
vit di dng:
X(
j
e

)=
( ) ( )
j j
re im
X e jX e

+
Trong
( ) ( )
re
j j
im
X e v X e

l cc phn thc v phn o ca ( ). ( )
j j
X e X e

cng c th c vit di dng:
( )
( ) | ( ) |
j j j
re
X e X e e

y :(
)=
( )
arctg
( )
j
im
j
re
X e
X e
i lng | ( ) |
j
X e

c gi l hm bin , (
) l hm pha ca tn hiu
thi gian ri rc x[n].trong nhiu ng dng,chng cn c gi l ph bin
v ph pha. C ph bin ln ph pha u l nhng hm s ph thuc
vo bin tn s gc

DTFT (e )
j
X

l hm lien tc tun hon theo
vi chu k 2

i vi dy x[n] thc, th phn thc
j
re
X e

ca DTFT v hm bin
|
j
re
X e

| l nhng hm s chn ca
, trong khi phn o

(e )
j
im
X

v
hm pha
( )
l nhng hm l ca
.
Bin i Fourier thi gian ri rc
(e )
j
X

tn ti nu dy x[n] c tng
tuyt i:
| [ ] |
n
x n
<
1.2.Bin i Fourier thi gian nghch o (IDTFT)

Bin i Fourier thi gian ri rc nghch o x[n] ca
(e )
j
X

c
xc nh bng biu thc:
1
[ ] ( )
2
j
x n X e d
1.3.Cc tnh cht ca DTFT:

a. tnh cht dch thi gian: Nu
(e )
j
X

l DTFT ca dy x[n], th DTFT ca
dy dch v thi gian x[n-m] s l
(e )
j m j
im
e X

b. Dch v tn s: Nu
(e )
j
X

l DTFT ca dy x[n], th DTFT ca dy
0
[ ]
j n
e x n

s l
0
( )
(e )
j
X

c. tnh cht nhn chp: Nu
(e )
j
X

v
(e )
j
H

l DTFT ca dy x[n] v h[n]
th DTFT ca dy x[n]*h[n] s l
(e )
j
X

(e )
j
H

.
d. Tnh cht iu ch: Nu
(e )
j
X

v
(e )
j
H

l DTFT ca cc dy x[n] v
h[n] th DTFT ca dy x[n].h[n] s l
1
( ) ( )
2
j j
X e H e d
e. Tnh cht ngc thi gian: Nu

(e )
j
X

l DTFT ca dy x[n], th DTFT
ca dy ngc thi gian x[-n] s l
(e )
j
X

II.MC CH
Dng matlab m t cc tnh cht ca bin i Fourier thi gian ri
rc,bin i Fourier thi gian nghch o
III. THC HNH:
3.1.Tnh ton DTFT
Mc ch ca phn ny l tnh ton v hin th DTFT
(e )
j
X

ca dy
x[n].
Ni chung, DTFT
(e )
j
X

c dng:
2
0 1 2
2
0 1 2
...
(e )
...
j j jM
j M
j j jN
N
b b e b e b e
X
a a e a e a e

+ + + +
+ + + +
i vi dy nhn qu th MN
Trong MATLAB, DTFT
(e )
j
X

ca dy x[n] c tnh mt cch d
dng trong mt khong gm L im tn s ri rc cho trc k

bng
cch s dng hm freqz. V
(e )
j
X

l hm lin tc ca
, nn cn ly L
ln khi v dng lnh plot s cho mt phin bn hp l ca DTFT.
Trong MATLAB,freqz tnh DTFT L im ca dy { b
0
b
1
b
M
} v
{a
0
a
1
a
N
} v sau lp t s to nn
(e )
k
j
X

, k= 1,2,..L. tnh
nhanh hn L c chn ly tha ca 2 chng hn nh 256 hoc 512.
Chng trnh sau s dng tnh DTFT
(e )
j
X

ca dy x[n] dng:
2
(e )
1 0.6
j
j
j
e
X
e
+
% chng trnh
% tnh DTFT
% tnh cc mu tn s ca DTFT
w=-4*pi:8*pi/511:4*pi;
num=[2 1];
den=[1 -0.6];
h=freqz(num,den,w);
figure
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(w/pi,real(h));
grid;
title('Phan thuc bien doi DTFT cua xn');
xlabel('omega/pi');
ylabel('Bien do');
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(w/pi,imag(h));
grid;
title('Phan ao bien doi cua DTFT cua x[n]');
xlabel('omega/pi');
ylabel('Bien do');
figure;
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(w/pi,abs(h));
grid;
title('Pho bien do cua tin hieu x[n]');
xlabel('omega/pi');
ylabel('Bien do');
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(w/pi,angle(h));
grid;
title('Pho pha cua tin hieu x[n]');
xlabel('omega/pi');
ylabel('Pha bien do bang radians')
kt qu:
Nhn xt: Bin i Fourier thi gian ri rc(DTFT) chuyn vic biu
din tn hiu x[n] trong min bin s c lp n thnh vic biu din tn hiu
(e )
j
X

trong min tn s w. Bi v
(e )
j
X

l mt hm phc vi bin s w
nn trong chng trnh trn ta s dng cc hm xc nh phn thc v
phn o ca
(e )
j
X

l: hm real(h) xc nh phn thc ca
(e )
j
X

v hm
imag(h) xc nh phn o ca
(e )
j
X

. Hm abs(h) l hm ly cc gi tr
tuyt i xc nh ph bin ca tn hiu. Hm angle(h) l hm xc
nh ph pha ca tn hiu. Nhn vo th ta thy
(e )
j
X

l mt hm tun
hon vi chu k l 2
. Do ph pha ca n cng tun hon vi chu k l 2
.
3.2.Tnh cht ca DTFT:
Bin i Fourier thi gian ri rc (DTFT) ca cc dy tha mn cc tnh cht
sau:
3.2.1.Tnh cht dch chuyn thi gian
Nu
(e )
j
H

l DTFT ca h[n] th DTFT ca dy b dch chuyn v
thi gian h[n-n
0
] s l
0
(e )
j n j
e H

.
Chng trnh dng kho st tnh cht ny nh sau:
%Chng trnh
%kho st tnh dch chuyn thi gian ca DTFT:
w=-pi:2*pi/pi/255:pi;
w0=0.4*pi;
D=10;
x=[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ];
h1=freqz(x,1,w);
h2=freqz([zeros(1,D) x],1,w);
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(w/pi,abs(h1))
grid;
title('pho bien do cua day goc')
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(w/pi,abs(h2))
grid;
title(' pho bien do cua day bi dich')
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(w/pi,angle(h1))
grid;
title(' pho pha cua day goc')
subplot(2,2,4)
grid;
title('pho pha cua day bi dich')
kt qu:
Nhn xt: Trn chng trnh trn hm xc nh c tnh cht dch
chuyn v thi gian ca DTFT l h2=freqz([zeros(1,D) x],1,w) . Nhn trn
th ta thy ph bin ca dy gc v dy b dch khng thay i ch c
phn ph pha ca dy gc v dy b dch thay i. iu chng t c
tnh cht dch chuyn v thi gian ca DTFT v thng s c trng cho tnh
cht dch chuyn thi gian ca DTFT trong chng trnh trn l D. Ty theo
ta chn gi tr ca D m s dch chuyn thi gian ca DTFT s khc nhau.
3.2.2.Tnh cht dch v tn s
Nu
(e )
j
H

l DTFT ca h[n] th DTFT ca dy
0
[ ]
j n
e H n
s l
0
( )
(e )
j
H

Chng trnh sau m t tnh cht ny
%Tnh cht dch chuyn tn s
w=-pi:2*pi/255:pi;
wo=0.4*pi;
x1=[1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17];
L=length(x1);
h1=freqz(x1,1,w);
n=0:L-1;
x2=exp(wo*i*n).*x1;
h2=freqz(x2,1,w);
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(w/pi,abs(h1))
grid;
title('pho bien do cua day goc')
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(w/pi,abs(h2))
grid;
title('pho bien do cua day bi dich tan so')
subplot(2,2,3)
grid;
title('pho pha cua day goc')
subplot(2,2,4)
grid;
title('pho pha cua day bi dich tan so')
kt qu:
Nhn xt: Nhn vo th ta thy ph bin ca DTFT thay i. iu
chng t c tnh cht dch chuyn tn s ca DTFT v thng s c trng
cho s dch chuyn v tn s l w0. Ty theo ta chn gi tr ca w0 m s
dich chuyn v tn s ca DTFT s thay i.
2.2.3.Tnh cht iu ch:
Nu
(e )
j
H

v
(e )
j
G

l DTFT ca cc dy h[n] v g[n] th DTFT ca tch
hai dy h[n].g[n] s l
1
( ) ( )
2
j j
X e G e d
Chng trnh sau c s dng kho st tnh cht iu ch:

% Tnh cht iu ch ca DTFT
w=-pi:2*pi/255:pi;
x1=[1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 ];
x2=[1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1];
y=x1.*x2;
h1=freqz(x1,1,w);
h2=freqz(x2,1,w);
h3=freqz(y,1,w);
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(w/pi,abs(h1));
grid;
title('pho bien do cua day x1');
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(w/pi,abs(h2));
grid;
title('pho bien do cua day x2')
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(w/pi,abs(h3));
grid;
title('bien do cua day tich')
xlabel('omega/pi')
kt qu:
Nhn xt:Tnh cht iu ch ca DTFT l khi x1[n].x2[n] s l
1
1( ) 2( )
2
j j
X e X e d
.
Nhn vo th ta thy khi ta nhn hai tn hiu ca hai dy x1 v x2 th dy
tn hiu tch ca hai tn hiu l y. Nh vy, vic iu ch mt chui x[n]
bi mt tn hiu sin c tn s w s dch chuyn ph ca x[n] ln v xung
theo tn s w.
3.2.4.Tnh cht ngc thi gian:
Nu
(e )
j
H

l DTFT ca h[n] th DTFT ca h[-n] s l
(e )
j
H

Chng trnh sau dng m t tnh cht ny
%tnh cht ngc thi gian
w=-pi:2*pi/255:pi;
x=[1 2 3 4];
L=length(x)-1;
h1=freqz(x,1,w);
h2=freqz(x,1,w);
h2=freqz(fliplr(x),1,w);
h3=exp(w*L*i).*h2;
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(w/pi,abs(h1));
grid;
title('pho bien do day goc')
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(w/pi,abs(h3));
grid;
title('pho bien do cua day nguoc time')
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(w/pi,angle(h1));
grid;
xlabel('omega/pi')
subplot(2,2,4)
grid;
title('pho pha cua day nguoc time')
xlabel('omega/pi')
kt qu:
Nhn xt: Nhn vo th ta thy ph bin ca dy gc v dy ngc
thi gian khng thay i trong khi ph pha ca dy gc v dy ngc
thi gian khc nhau v ta thy chng ngc pha nhau. iu chng t
c tnh cht ngc thi gian ca DTFT. Lnh cho php chng trnh trn
c ph pha ngc pha nhau l h3=exp(w*L*i).*h2 . Ta c
h2=freqz(fliplr(x),1,w), h2 l hm nghch o ca hm h1 nh vo hm
fliplr.
IV. P DNG:
4.1.Tnh ton DTFT
Vit chng trnh xc nh phn thc v phn o, ph bin v ph pha
ca :
2 3 4
2 3 4
0, 9 0, 7 0, 5 0, 3
(e )
1 0, 3 0, 5 0, 7 0, 9
j j j j
j
j j j j
e e e e
H
e e e e

+ + +
+ + +
trong vng
0
.
Hy gii thch im nhy trong ph pha
% chng trnh xc nh phn thc v phn o, ph bin v ph
pha ca DTFT l
w=0:pi/1000:pi;
num=[0.9 0.7 -0.5 0.3 1];
den=[1 0.3 -0.5 0.7 0.9];
h=freqz(num,den,w);
figure
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(w/pi,real(h));
grid;
title('Phan thuc bien doi DTFT cua xn');
xlabel('omega/pi');
ylabel('Bien do');
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(w/pi,imag(h));
grid;
title('Phan ao bien doi cua DTFT cua x[n]');
xlabel('omega/pi');
ylabel('Bien do');
figure
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(w/pi,abs(h));
grid;
title('Pho bien do cua tin hieu x[n]');
xlabel('omega/pi');
ylabel('Bien do');
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(w/pi,angle(h));
grid;
title('Pho pha cua tin hieu x[n]');
xlabel('omega/pi');
ylabel('Pha bien do bang radians')
kt qu:
th ca DTFT l
Phn thc v phn o ca DTFT l:
Ph bin ph ph pha ca DTFT
Gii thch im nhy trong ph pha: Nhn vo th ta thy ph pha
ca tn hiu c im nhy l w/pi. Ty theo ta chn cc gi tr khc nhau
ca im nhy m ta c ph pha ca tn hiu s khc nhau. Nh vy ph pha
ca tn hiu ph thuc vo im nhy.
Nhn xt: Nhn vo th ta thy phn thc,phn o, ph bin v ph
pha ca tn hiu x[n],. c c th trn hnh v nh vy ta dng cc
hm xc nh nh: hm real(h) xc nh phn thc, hm imag(h)
xc nh phn o ca x[n], hm abs(h) l hm ly gi tr tuyt i xc
nh c ph bin ca tn hiu, hm angle(h) l hm xc nh ph pha
ca tn hiu x[n] v ta dng lnh plot v th hin th trn mn hnh..
4.2. kho st tnh cht ca DTFT:
Kho st cc tnh cht sau:
Dch chuyn v thi gian vi hai dy c chiu di thay i v hai dch
thi khc nhau
% chng trnh
w=-pi:2*pi/pi/255:pi;
w0=0.4*pi;
D=10;
N=20;
x1=[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ];
x2=[ 1 4 5 8 9 1 23 6 8 1 2];
h1=freqz(x1,1,w);
h2=freqz([zeros(1,D) x1],1,w);
y1=freqz(x2,1,w);
y2=freqz([zeros(1,N) x2],1,w);
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(w/pi,abs(h1))
grid;
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(w/pi,abs(h2))
grid;
title(' pho bien do cua day bi dich')
subplot(2,2,3)
grid;
title(' pho pha cua day x1')
subplot(2,2,4)
grid;
figure
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(w/pi,abs(y1))
grid;
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(w/pi,abs(y2))
grid;
title('pho bien do cua day bi dich')
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(w/pi,angle(y1))
grid;
title('pho pha cua day x2')
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(w/pi,angle(y2))
grid;
Kt qu:
th ca dy c chiu di x1 l:
th ca dy c chiu di x2 l:
Nhn xt:
Nhn vo th ta thy ph bin ca hai dy khng thay i v
ph pha ca hai dy thay i. Thng s c trng cho tnh cht dch thi
gian ca hai dy l D v N. Khi ta thay i cc thng s ny th ph pha ca
hai dy thay i trong khi ph bin ca hai dy khng thay i.
Dch chuyn v tn s vi hai dy c chiu di thay i v hai dch
tn khc nhau
% chng trinh :
w=-pi:2*pi/255:pi;
wo=0.4*pi;
w1=0.8*pi;
x1=[1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17];
y1=[1 5 8 9 6 2 4 3 4];
L=length(x1);
M=length(y1);
h1=freqz(x1,1,w);
n1=0:L-1;
n2=0:M-1;
x2=exp(wo*i*n1).*x1;
h2=freqz(x2,1,w);
t1=freqz(y1,1,w);
y2=exp(w1*i*n2).*y1;
t2=freqz(y2,1,w);
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(w/pi,abs(h1))
grid;
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(w/pi,abs(h2))
grid;
title('pho bien do cua day bi dich tan so')
subplot(2,2,3)
grid;
subplot(2,2,4)
grid;
title('pho pha cua day bi dich tan so')
figure
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(w/pi,abs(t1))
grid;
title('pho bien do cua day y1')
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(w/pi,abs(t2))
grid;
title('pho bien do cua day bi dich')
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(w/pi,angle(t1))
grid;
title(' pho pha cua day y1')
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(w/pi, angle(t2))
grid;
title(' pho pha day bi dich ')
Kt qu:
th ca dy x1 l
th ca dy c chiu di y1 l
Nhn xt:
Nhn vo th ta thy ph pha ca hai dy khng thay i v ph
bin ca hai dy thay i. Thng s c trng cho tnh cht dch tn s
ca hai dy l w0v w1. Khi ta thay i cc thng s ny th ph bin ca
hai dy thay i trong khi ph pha ca hai dy khng thay i.
Ngc thi gian vi hai dy c chiu di thay i:
% chng trnh
w=-pi:2*pi/255:pi;
x1=[1 2 3 4];
x2=[1 5 8 9 1 2 5];
L=length(x1)-1;
M=length(x2)-1;
h1=freqz(x1,1,w);
h2=freqz(fliplr(x1),1,w);
h3=exp(w*L*i).*h2;
t1=freqz(x2,1,w);
t2=freqz(fliplr(x2),1,w);
t3=exp(w*M*i).*t2;
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(w/pi,abs(h1));
grid;
title('pho bien do day x1')
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(w/pi,abs(h3));
grid;
subplot(2,2,3)
grid;
xlabel('omega/pi')
subplot(2,2,4)
grid;
xlabel('omega/pi')
figure
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(w/pi,abs(t1));
grid;
title('pho bien do day x2')
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(w/pi,abs(t3));
grid;
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(w/pi,angle(t1));
grid;
xlabel('omega/pi')
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(w/pi,angle(t3));
grid;
xlabel('omega/pi')
Kt qu:
th ca dy c chiu di x1 l
th ca dy c chiu di x2:
Nhn xt:
Nhn vo th ta thy tnh cht ngc thi gian ca hai dy c
thc hin bi cc dng lnh sau h3=exp(w*L*i).*h2 ca dy c chiu di
x1. Hm h2 l hm o ca hm h1 c thc hin nh hm fliplr . Lnh
t3=exp(w*M*i).*t2 ca dy c chiu di l x2.Hm t2 l hm o ca hm
t1 nh vo hm fliplr. Do d, ta c cc ph pha ngc thi gian ca hai dy
x1 v x2.
Nhn xt chung:Qua bi thc tp ny ta nm vng c cch bin i
Fourier thi gian ri rc (DTFT) theo min thi gian. Chng trnh m
phng MATLAB h tr phn mm cho ta cng hiu r cc tnh cht ca
DTFT.
BI 5: BIN I Z
I. C S L THUYT:
1.1.Trong phn ny s dng MATLAB nghin cu bin i z ca dy x[n].
Trc tin nghin cu bin i z ca dy x[n] c biu din bng phn thc hu
t ca hai a thc vi bin s z
-1
dng:

1 2
0 1 2
1 2
0 1 2
... ( )
( )
( ) ...
M
M
N
N
b b z b z b z N z
X z
D z a a z a z a z

+ + + +

+ + + +
(5.1)
Hoc di dng khai trin:

0 0
0
1
( )
( )
( )
M
m
n M m
N
k
k
z z
b
X z z
a
z p

(5.2)
Trong p
k
l cc im cc, cn x
m
l cc im khng. Ngoi ra cn c thm
(N-M) im khng ti gc ta z=0 nu N> M hoc M- N cc im cc cng
ti z=0 nu N>M.
Nu nh gi X(z) trn vng trn n v Z= e
j
th s thu c X(e
j
) l bin
i Fourier ri rc ca dy x[n]. Trong MATLAB, nh gi bin i z trn
vng trn n v, ta s dng hm freqz.
1.2.Phn tch bin i z:
Bin i z ca mt dy thi gian ri rc x[n] c nh ngha theo cng thc:

( ) {x[ ]}= [n]z
n
n
X z Z n x

(5.3)
Trong z l bin s phc.
l php nh x mt dy thi gian ri rc thnh mt hm bin s phc
X(z). Nu bin i z tn ti c ngha l hm s phc X(z) c xc nh t tch
phn Cauchy:

1 1
1
( ) {X[z]}= ( )
2
n
c
x n Z X z z dz
j

(5.4)
Trong C l vng kn bao quanh gc ta nm trong min hi t ROC ca
X(z).
Trong trng hp h thng LTI thi gian ri rc c hm truyn (5.1) v trong
DSP th phn ln cc h thng u c M<N, khi hm truyn (5.1) c phn
tch thnh dng cc phn thc ring nh phn hm residuez:
1
1
( )
1
N
k
k
k
A
X z
p z
(5.5)
Vi A
k
= (1-p
k
z
-1
) X(z), z=p
k
() (5.6)
Nu X(z) c im cc bi v M>=N, c bit nu X(z) c mt im cc bc
nht ti z=p, th biu thc ca bin i z c khai trin thnh dng:

1 1
0 1, 1 1
( )
1 (1 )
M N N s
r k m
r m
r k k m
k i
A C
X z B z
p z p z

+ +

(5.7)
Cc h s B
r
c th thu c bng cch chia dc t s cho mu s: Qu trnh
chia s kt thc khi cn li bc thp hn bc ca mu s. Cc h s A
k
thu c
t (5.6), cn h s C
m
tm c t phng trnh sau:
1
1
1
{ [(1 ) X(z )]}
( )!( )
i
s m
s
m i s m s m z p
i
d
C p z
s m p dz

, m-1, 2, , m (5.8)
1.3.Gin im cc/ im khng:
Gin im cc v im khng ca hm X(z) hu t c th d dng thu
c khi s dng lnh zplane. Hm ny c hai cch gi: Nu X(z) cho di dng
(5.1) th lnh s dng l zplane(num,den). y num v en l cc vect hng
c to thnh t cc h s ca a thc t s v mu s ca X(z) theo s m
tng dn ca z
-1
. Trng hp nu im khng v im cc ca h thng cho
th dng lnh zplane(zeros,poles) trong zeros v poles l cc vector ct xc
nh cc im khng v im cc ca h thng.
%Chng trnh xc nh im cc/ im khng ca h thng
num=[1 2 3];
den=[2.1 4 7];
zplane(num,den)
zeros=[0.7 0.3];
poles=[0.2+j*.1-0.4-j*.5];
zplane(zeros',poles')
1.4.Xc nh cc im cc v im khng:
Trong MATLAB, vic xc nh cc im cc v im khng ca mt h
thng c hm truyn hu t c thc hin nh lnh tf2zp vi c php nh sau:
[z,p,k]=tf2zp(num,den) (5.9)
Trong num, den l cc h s ca a thc hu t t s v mu s ca X(z)
theo th t tng dn ca z
-1
; k l h s khuych i; z, p l cc vector cha im
cc v im khng c cho di dng vector ct.
V d:
%Xc nh im cc, im khng, h s khuych i
b=[1 3];
a=[1 0.4 1];
[z,p,k]=tf2zp(b,a)
%Kt qu thc hin
z =
-3
p =
-0.2000 + 0.9798i
-0.2000 - 0.9798i
k =
1
II.MC CH
Bin i Z l bin i t min thi gian sang min tn s
Dng matlab phn tch bin i Z,xc nh gin im cc v im
khng,bin i Z ngc.
III. THC HNH:
Mc ch:Dng chng trnh matlab to v m phng cc tnh cht ca
bin i FURIE thi gian ri rc thun v nghch.
2.1.Khai trin bin i z thnh tha s:
C th khai trin cc bin i z thnh cc bin i z bc 2 di dng

1 2
0 1 2
1 2
1 0 1 2
( )
L
i i i
i i i i
b b z b z
X z
a a z a z

+ +
+ +
(5.10)
Trong
1
[ ]
2
nguyen
N
L
+
vi N l bc ca h thng. Nu N l th ngoi cc h
thng bc 2 cn c thm mt h thng bc nht ghp ni tip. Trong MATLAB
hm sos c c php :
sos=zp2sos(z,p,k)
(5.11)
N s thc hin chc nng phn tch . Hm ny s cho ra ma trn L*6 c
dng nh sau:

01 11 21 01 11 21
02 12 22 02 12 22
1 2 0 1 2
os
oL L L L L L
b b b a a a
b b b a a a
s
b b b a a a
1
1
1
1
1
]
M M M M M M
H thng c hm truyn:

1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
2 5 4 5 3
( )
2 45 2
z z z z
H z
z z z z

+ + + +
+ + + +
(*)
Vit chng trnh v gin cc, khng v phn tch h thng ni trn thnh
tch hai h thng bc 2 ghp ni tip.
%Chng trnh thc hin
num=[2 5 9 5 3];
den=[5 45 2 1 1];
zplane(num,den)
[z,p,k]=tf2zp(num,den);
sos=zp2sos(z,p,k)
%Chy chng trnh trn ta c kt qu thc hin v gin cc-khng nh
sau:
H s ca 2 h thng phn tch:
sos =
0.4000 0.8000 1.2000 1.0000 9.2293 2.4344
1.0000 0.5000 0.5000 1.0000 -0.2293 0.0822
Nhn xt: v c gin cc-zero ca hm truyn ta s dng lnh
zplane(num,den).
Trong : num v en l cc vect hng c to thnh t cc h s ca a
thc t s v mu s ca X(z) theo s m tng dn ca z
-1
Lnh sos=zp2sos(z,p,k)
Nhn vo th ta thy chng trnh trn c 4 im khng v 4 im cc
2.2.Bin i z ngc:
Nu bin i z ca X(z) c phn tch thnh cc phn thc ring phn nh
trong (5.5), th khi bin i z ngc x[n] c xc nh bng cng thc sau:

1
1
[n]= es [X(z).z ]
i
N
n
z p
i
x r

(5.12)
Cng thc ny cho biu thc gii tch nh hm residuez
Trong MATLAB, tnh x[n] ta dng hm impz. Hm ny cung cp cc mu
ca dy thi gian ri rc nu dy c gi thit l nhn qu. Hm ny c ba
phin bn khc nhau l:
[x,t]=impz(num,den) (5.13a)
[x,t]=impz(num,den,L) (5.13b)
[x,t]=impz(num,den,1,Fs) (5.13c)
y num, den l cc vector hng cha cc h s ca a thc t s v mu
s theo s m tng dn ca z
-1
; mt l s mu mong mun ca bin i z ngc; x
l vactor li ra; t l chiu di ca x; Fs l tn s ly mu c o bng Hz vi gi
tr mc nh bng n v.
%Chng trnh sau tm bin i z ngc ca hm truyn c dng nh phng
trnh (*)
num=[2 5 9 5 3];
den=[5 45 2 1 1];
[x,t]=impz(num,den)
%Chy chng trnh trn, ta c kt qu thu c:
x =
1.0e+007 *
0.0000
-0.0000
0.0000
-0.0000
0.0002
-0.0018
0.0161
-0.1439
1.2887
t =
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2.3.Biu din hm truyn theo bin s trng thi
Hm truyn H(z) ca h thng LTI c th c biu din di cc ma trn
trng thi A, B, C, D nh trn cng thc sau y:
H(z)= D+ C
t
(zI-A)
-1
B (5.14)
Trong A l ma trn vung, B l ma trn ct, C l ma trn hng, D l hng
s.Nu p dng php bin i trng thi
s[n]= Ts[n] (5.15) th cc ma trn A, B, C, D b
bin i v tr thnh:
= TAT
-1

B
=BT
1 t t
C C T

D D
(5.16)
Khi tn hiu li ra ca h thng c hm truyn H(z) ni trn s c biu
din di dng nh sau:

[ ] [ ]
t
y n C s n D

+
(5.17)
Trong MATLAB, ngi ta s dng hm tf2ss tm cc ma trn trng thi.
Hm ny c nh ngha nh sau:
[A,B,C,D]=tf2ss(num,den)
Tnh biu din khng gian trng thi:
x=Ax+Bu
y=Cx+Du
(5.18) ca mt h thng c li vo duy nht vi hm truyn:

( )
( )
( )
num z
H z
den z
(5.19)
Vector en bao gm cc h s ca a thc t s ca hm truyn theo th t
tng dn ca z
-1
. Cn vector num l ma trn h s ca a thc mu s ca hm
truyn. Nu c nhiu li ra th ma trn ny s c nhiu hng l mt li ra y. Cc
ma trn A, B, C, D c a ra di dng chnh tc.
Chng trnh sau l tm ma trn trng thi ca hm truyn c dng
1 2 3
1 2 3
3 1.5 0.5
( )
11 3 7 1
6 2 12 12
z z z
H z
z z z

+ + +
+ +
%Chng trnh
num=[3 1.5 1 0.5];
den=[-11/6 3/2 -7/12 1/12];
[A,B,C,D]=tf2ss(num,den)
%Chy chng trnh ta c kt qu nh sau:
A =
0.8182 -0.3182 0.0455
1.0000 0 0
0 1.0000 0
B =
1
0
0
C =
-2.1570 -0.0248 -0.3471
D =
-1.6364
Nhn xt: Chng trnh trn ta thy A l ma trn vung, B l ma trn ct, C
l ma trn hng, D l hng s.Hm tf2ss dng xc nh ma trn trng thi.
Nhn kt qu ca chng trnh chy ta thy ph hp vi l thuyt.
3. p dng:
3.1.Vit chng trnh MATLAB tnh v hin th cc im cc v im
khng, v gin im cc v im khng ca mt bin i z c dng phn thc
hu t ca z
-1
. Dng chng trnh phn tch bin i z ca h thng c hm
truyn sau:
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
0.9 0.7 0.5 0.3
( )
1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9
z z z z
H z
z z z z

+ + +
+ + +
Ta c chng trnh nh sau:
num=[0.9 0.7 -0.5 0.3 1];
den=[1 0.3 -0.5 0.7 0.9];
zplane(num,den)
Ta c cc im , cc khng , h s khuych i:
z =
0.6475 + 0.7059i
0.6475 - 0.7059i
-1.0364 + 0.3702i
-1.0364 - 0.3702i
p =
0.7057 + 0.7694i
0.7057 - 0.7694i
-0.8557 + 0.3057i
-0.8557 - 0.3057i
k =
0.9000
V gim cc nh sau:
Nh vy: Ta thy trn gin ta thy c 4 im cc v 4 im khng. K=0.9
l h s khuch i ca hm truyn.
3.2.Nu cc im cc v im khng ca bin i x cho th c th tm li
c biu thc ca bin di z bng cch dng lnh sau:
[num,den]=zp2tf(z,p,t)
Hy vit chng trnh MATLAB tnh v hin th bin i z ca cc im
khng: z1=0.3; z2=2.5; z3=-0.2+j0.4; z4=-0.2-j0.4 v cc im cc: p1=0.5; p2=-
0.75; p3=0.6+j0.7; p4=0.6-j0.7 vi k=3.9.
%Ta c chng trnh nh sau:
z=[ 0.3; 2.5; -0.2+0.4i; -0.2-0.4i];
p=[0.5; -0.75; 0.6+0.7i; 0.6-0.7i];
k=3.9;
[num,den]=zp2tf(z,p,k)
% kt qu chng trnh
num =
3.9000 -9.3600 -0.6630 -1.0140 0.5850
den =
1.0000 -0.9500 0.1750 0.6625 -0.3187

3.3.Tm cc ma trn trng thi ca cc h thng c hm truyn sau:
1 2
1 2 3
1 4.2 0.8
) ( )
1 2.5 3
z z
a H z
z z z

+ +
+
%Ta c chng trnh nh sau:
num=[1 4.2 0.8]
den=[1 -2.5 3 -1]
[a,b,c,d]=tf2ss(num,den)
%Chy chng trnh ta c kt qu nh sau:
num =
1.0000 4.2000 0.8000
den =
1.0000 -2.5000 3.0000 -1.0000
a =
2.5000 -3.0000 1.0000
1.0000 0 0
0 1.0000 0
b =
1
0
0
c =
1.0000 4.2000 0.8000
d =
0
3 2
3 2
8 16 12 9
) ( )
1.6 1.1 0.3
z z z
b H z
z z z
+ + +
+ + +
%Ta c chng trnh:
num=[8 16 12 9]
den=[1 1.6 1.1 0.3]
[a,b,c,d]=tf2ss(num,den)
%Chy chng trnh ta c kt qu:
num =
8 16 12 9
den =
1.0000 1.6000 1.1000 0.3000
a =
-1.6000 -1.1000 -0.3000
1.0000 0 0
0 1.0000 0
b =
1
0
0
c =
3.2000 3.2000 6.6000
d =
8
Nhn xt: i vi hm truyn H(z) ta tnh c ma trn trng thi th ta s
dng hm tf2ss . Nhn kt qu ca chng trnh ta thy kt qu ng v ph
hp vi l thuyt.
Nhn xt chung: Qua bi thc tp trn, s dng phn mm MATLAB th ta
c th d dng bin i hm truyn t min thi gian sang min tn s. Gip
chng ta hiu r hn cc phng php trong bin i Z. Nh cc lnh trong
MATLAB m ta c th tnh ton cc thng s trong bin i z mt cch d
dng v nhanh hn trong l thuyt.
BI 6: THIT K CC B LC
I.TM TT L THUYT :
Mt ch tiu thit k cht ch i hi b lc phi tha mn nhng yu
cu v p ng tn s bao gm:di thng ,di chn, gn sng di
thng,suy hao di chn , rng vng chuyn tip.Nhng yu cu chi tit
hn c th l:Chn b lc c bc ti thiu,chn dng p ng bin hoc
yu cu s dng b lc FIR.
Trong min tn s,b lc c c trng bi p ng tn s.Da vo p
ng tn s ca b lc ,ton b di tn s c th c chia lm 3 vng :di
thng ,di chn v di chuyn tip.Trong thc t,p ng bin trong di
thng khng phi l hng s m bin thin tronh khong ( 1
1 t
)Ho vi Ho l
p ng bin trung bnh. 1
c gi l gn sng di thng,tng t p
ng bin trong di chn khng phi lun bng khng m bin thin trong
khong t 0 n 2
Ho vi 2
l gn sng di chn.B lc c cht lng

tt phi c di chuyn tip hp v cc gn sng nh.
Trong MATLAB,ch tiu gn sng di chn c thay bng mt ch
tiu tng t l suy hao di chn.Vi cc ch tiu p ng tn s
chn ,phng php thit k cn ph thuc vo cht lng mong mun ca
b lc.Nu ch cn cht lng thp ta c th dng cc thit k n gin;Nu
i hi cht lng cao th i hi cc phng php phc tp hn.
Tt c cc hm thit k trong MATLAB u s dng tn s chun
ha(theo tn s n v l tn s Nyquist,tc l tn s ly mu),do
khng cn phi cung cp thm thng s tn s ly mu khi gi cc hm
ny.Mun chuyn t tn s chun ha sang tn s gc ta nhn vi
,mun
chuyn sang tn s Herzt,ta nhn vi tn s ly mu.
Cc phng php thit k b lc s c phn thnh hai nhm:Thit k
b lc IIR v b lc FIR.
Thit k b lc IIR :
Phng trnh b lc IIR : ( ) ( ) ( )
0 m
y n h m x n m
,c
khong thi gian p ng xung h(n) xc nh trn khong
thi gian v hn 0 n .
u im:B lc IIR c tha mn cc ch tiu thit k vi bc
ca b lc thp hn so vi bc ca b lc FIR tng ng
Nhc im:B lc IIR c tnh cht pha phi tuyn.
Khc phc:Do c im ca qu trnh x l tn hiu trong
MATLAB l ton b chui d liu vo c xc nh trc
khi thit k b lc ,do c th xy dng b lc khng nhn
qu,c pha bng 0 loi b mo pha phi tuyn.Cc phng
php thit k b lc IIR trong MATLAB gm c:
Phng php thit k c in da trn cc nguyn
mu analog.Bao gm cc b lc
:Butterwoth,Chebychev loi 1,chebychev loi
2,Elliptic v Bessel
Phng php thit k trc tip tm mt b lc c p
ng bin xp x mt hm m ngi thit k mong
mun.y cng l mt phng php xy dng b
lc thng di nhiu bng
Phng php m hnh thng s
Phng php thit k Butterwoth tng qut.
Thit k b lc FIR:
Phng trnh b lc FIR : ( ) ( ) ( )
0
M
m
y n h m x n m
,Trong
dng trc tip ca phng trnh th tt c cc thnh phn
khi m>M v m<0 s trit tiu bi v cc gi tr ca h(m)=0
vi nhng gi tr m ,ch c cc gi tr
0 m M
l tn ti
u im :Cc b lc FIR l cc b lc c p ng xung hu
hn v l b lc ton zero.So vi b lc IIR cc b lc FIR
c nhng u im ni bt sau:Pha tuyn tnh;Lun lun n
nh;Phng php thit k ni chung l tuyn tnh;C th
thc hin mt cch hiu qu bng phn cng;p ng qu
ch tn ti trong thi gian hu hn.
Nhc im:Nhc im ln nht ca b lc FIR so vi b
lc IIR l bc ca b lc FIR ln hn nhiu so vi b lc IIR
vi cng mt ch tiu cht lng,do tr ca b lc FIR
cng cao hn.
II.MC CH
Dng matlab thit k cc b lc thng thp v thng cao hu hn v
v hn lc ra cc tn s mong mun.
III.THC HNH:
3.1.Thit k b lc IIR:
a. Thit k mch lc elliptic v butterworth thng thp vi cc qui
nh sau:
% Chuong trinh
% Thiet ke bo loc elliptic
[N,Wn] = ellipord(0.4,0.5,0.5,40);
[b,a] = ellip(N,0.5,40,Wn);
[h,omega] = freqz(b,a,256);
subplot(1,2,1);
plot(omega/pi,20*log10(abs(h)));grid;
xlabel('omega/pi');
ylabel('Biendo(dB)');
title('Mach loc IIR Elliptic');
% Thiet ke mach loc
[N,Wn] = buttord(0.4,0.5,0.5,40);
[b,a] = butter(N,Wn);
[h,omega] = freqz(b,a,256);
subplot(1,2,2);
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
omega/pi
B
i
e
n
d
o
(
d
B
)
Mach loc IIR Elliptic
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
omega/pi
B
i
e
n

d
o
(
d
B
)
Mach loc IIR butterworth
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
10
-14
10
-12
10
-10
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
10
0
Frequency(Hz)
Dapungbiendo
plot(omega/pi,20*log10(abs(h)));grid;
xlabel('omega/pi');
ylabel('Bien do(dB)');
title('Mach loc IIR butterworth');
Kt qu:
Nhn xt:Hm ellipord , buttord c lng bc ca b lc (N) v tn s
ct ca b lc(Wn)
Nh vy b lc eliptic l b lc gn sng c di thng v di chn, cn b
lc butterworth l b lc thng thp c di thng v di chn .
b. Thit k b lc thng di:
% Chuong trinh
[z,p,k] = cheb1ap(5,3); % bo loc chebychev loai 1 BAC 5,RS = 3
[A,B,C,D] = zp2ss(z,p,k); % chuyen sang dang khong gian trang thai
fs = 2; % tan so lay mau (Hz)
u1 = 2*fs*tan(0.1*(2*pi/fs)/2); % tan so cat thap (rad/s)
u2 = 2*fs*tan(0.5*(2*pi/fs)/2); % tan so cat cao (rad/s)
Bw = u2-u1; % bang thong
Wo = sqrt(u1*u2); % tan so trung tam
[At,Bt,Ct,Dt] = lp2bp(A,B,C,D,Wo,Bw);
[Ad,Bd,Cd,Dd] = bilinear(At,Bt,Ct,Dt,2,0.1);
[bz,az] = ss2tf(Ad,Bd,Cd,Dd); % chuyen ve mo hinh truyen dat
[h,f] = freqz(bz,az,256,2); % tinh dap ung tan so
semilogy(f,abs(h)),grid % ve dap ung bien do
xlabel('Frequency(Hz)'); % ghi nhan cho truc x
title('Dap ung bien do'); % ghi tieu de
Chy chng trnh ta thu c kt qu sau:
Nhn xt: th trn cho ta thy p ng bin ca b lc s chebychev
loi 1 c bc 10 v di thng 0.1-0.5Hz, tn s ly mu 2 Hz cc tn s ct
l
1

/5 v
2

Trong thit k hm
Hm Bilinear ly ri rc ha bin ca b lc vi tn s ly mu 2Hz
Nh vy hm bilinear c th thc hin php bin i tuyn tnh trn 3 dng
m hnh h thng tuyn tnh:m hnh li cc zero,m hnh truyn t v
m hnh trng thi.
Hm lp2bp c chc nng chuyn t thng thp sang di thng
Cn hm lp2bs c chc nng chuyn t thng thp sang di chn
3.2.Thit k b lc FIR
3.2.1. Thit k b lc FIR bng phng php ca s:
Trong mch lc FIR do s ct xn chui Fourier l xut hin cc dao ng
Gibb khng mong mun trong di thng v di chn. hn ch hin tng
ny, ngi ta s dng mt lp cc hm s bin iu cc h s ca p
ng xung ca mch lc (tc l h s chui Fourier). Cc hm trng s hn
ch thi gian ny chnh l cc hm ca s.. Bi v s ct xn tng ng
vi vic nhn dy vi mt hm ca s vung gc:
1
[n]=
0
R
a

'
Khi chng ta thu c:

h[n] = h
d
[n]a
R
[n] (6.2)
V php nhn trong lnh vc thi gian tng ng vi nhn chp trong lnh
vc tn s, nn tiu chun thit k cc mch lc FIR l tm mt ca s rt
hp m bin i Fourier ca n c mc cnh bn rt nh so vi nh ca
cnh chnh.
Trong trng hp tng qut, k thut thit k mch lc s FIR dng hm
ca s l nhn p ng xung mong mun vi cc hm ca s thch hp:
h[n] = h
d
[n]a[n] (6.3)
Hp cng c MATLAB c 5 hm ca s
w ( )
w ( )
( )
w ( , )
w ( , )
s
blackman L
hamming L
w hanning L
chebwin L R
kaiser L beta

'
Cc hm ca s trn pht ra vector w ca cc h s ca ca s c chiu di

l L. Thng s beta trong hm ca s Kaiser c th thay i c. Trong
mc ny chng ta s s dng cc hm ca s trn thit k cc loi mch
lc FIR theo cc qui nh cho trc.
Trong phn ny ta xt vic thit k b lc FIR bng phng php ca s
Kaiser (ca s c th iu chnh c).
1
,
2
: Ln lt l mp m ca di thng v di chn
: Khong cch min chn v min thng ( rng min chuyn tip)
As : suy gim min chn As =
20log
N: Chiu di ca s c xc nh bng cng thc
As 7.95 As 7.95
1
2.285
7.81
N
: Ch s hm Bessel
0.4
0.1102(As 8.7)
0.5842(As 21) 0.07886(As 21)
0
+
'

As 50
21 As 50
21
voi
voi
voiAs
>
< <
<
2 1/ 2
0
0
(1 4*[( ) / ] )
sin( ( ))
[ ]
( ) ( )
0
I n
wc n
h n
n I

'

0 1 khi n N
noikhac
< <
Thit k b lc FIR ca s Kaiser vi cc ch tiu:
Tn s ct di thng wp = 0.2*pi, tn s ct di chn ws = 0.38pi, suy
gim di chn As = 50, bc ca b lc N = 60,
= 0.5842(50-
21)
0.4
+0.07886(50-21), s mu tr
= 30,tn hiu li vo x = sin(60
t)
+sin(900
t)
2
0
0
30
4.5335 1 4*
30
sin(0.1 ( 30))
[n]=
( 30) (5.5335)
n
I
n
h
n I
1
_
1

, 1
2
0
0
30
4.5335 1 4*
30
[n]=0.1sinc(0.1 (n-30))
(5.5335)
n
I
h
I
1
_
1

, 1
]
Trong MATLAB hm Bessel loi I gi l BESSELI
% Chuong trinh
wp=0.2*pi;
ws=0.3*pi;
As=50;
bw=ws-wp;
N=ceil((As-7.95)/(2.285*bw))+1;
n=0:(N-1);
beta=0.5842*(50-21)^0.4+0.07886*(50-21);
wc=(ws+wp)/2;
h=(wc/pi)*sinc(wc*(n-N/2)).*besseli(0,beta*sqrt(1-4*((n-N/2)/
(N/2)).^2))/besseli(0,beta);
stem(n,h)
title('Dap ung xung don vi cua bo loc FIR cua so Kaiser')
pause % Nhan mot phim bat ky de tiep tuc
b=h;
a=[1];
freqz(b,a,500,1000)
title('Dap ung tan so cua bo loc FIR cua so Kaiser')
pause
t=0:0.001:0.1;
x=sin(2*pi*30*t)+sin(2*pi*450*t);
y=filter(b,a,x);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t,x);
title('Tin hieu gom hai tan so: 30Hz va 450Hz');
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(t,y)
title('Tin hieu da loc')
xlabel('Thoi gian(s)')
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
Dap ung xung don vi cua bo loc FIRcua so Kaiser
Nhn xt: nh vy phng php ny s dng cc ca s gii hn cc p
ng xung tc bin i FFT ngc ca p ng tn s l tng
3.2.2.Thit k b lc FIR nhiu di tn:
%Chuong trinh
n=129; %Bac cua bo loc
f=[0 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1]; %Cac tan so nguong
a=[0 0.5 0 1 0]; %Do mong muon
up=[0.005 0.51 0.03 1.02 0.05]; %Gioi han tren cua bien do
lo=[-0.005 0.49 -0.03 0.98 -0.05]; %Gioi han duoi cua bien do
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
-8000
-6000
-4000
-2000
0
2000
Frequenc y (Hz)
P
h
a
s
e

(
d
e
g
r
e
e
s
)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
-100
-50
0
Frequenc y (Hz)
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e

(
d
B
)
Dap ung t an so c ua bo loc FIR c ua so K ais er
0 0. 01 0. 02 0. 03 0. 04 0. 05 0. 06 0. 07 0. 08 0. 09 0. 1
-0. 4
-0. 2
0
0. 2
0. 4
Ti n hieu da l oc
Thoi gi an(s )
0 0. 01 0. 02 0. 03 0. 04 0. 05 0. 06 0. 07 0. 08 0. 09 0. 1
-2
-1
0
1
2
Ti n hi eu gom hai t an s o: 30Hz va 450Hz
b=fircls(n,f,a,up,lo); %Cac he so bo loc
[hh,ff]=freqz(b,1,512,2); %Ve dap ung tan so
plot(ff,abs(hh),'b-'); grid
xlabel('Tan so chuan hoa');
ylabel('Bien do');
Nhn xt: qua th ta thy p ng tn s b gii hn cc ngng bn
trn v bin di
Trong gii hn trn v di ca bin c xp theo quy lut gii hn
trn phi ln hn gii hn di v ln dn theo mc tng ca di tn s
b. Thit k b lc FIR c p ng tn s ty chn:
Trong khi gi hm cfirpm ta cung cp tn hm multiband v cc thng s
i km.
Thit k b lc FIR bc 38 vi cc m t sau:
Di tn t -1 n -0.5: bin gim t 5 xung 1 ([5 1]).
Di tn t -0.4 n -0.3: bin bng 2([2 2]), trng s bng 10.
Di tn t 0.4 n -0.8: bin gim t 2 xung 1 ([2 1]), trng s bng 5.
IV.p dng:
4.1.Thit k b lc IIR:
Thit k b lc thng di dng hm cheby 2 vi cc yu cu nh sau:
Gii hn ca di chn di:0.3
Gii hn ca di chn trn:0.6
Suy hao di chn:50 dB

Gii hn trn v di ca di thong:0.4
v 0.5
Gn song di thong:0.5 dB
Wp=[0.4 0.5]; Ws=[0.3 0.6];
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Tansochuanhoa
B
i
e
n

d
o
0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 0. 6 0. 7 0. 8 0. 9 1
10
-16
10
-14
10
-12
10
-10
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
10
0
Frequenc y(Hz )
Dap ung bien do
Rp=0.5; Rs=50;
[N,Wn] = cheb2ord(Wp,Ws,Rp,Rs); % bac cua bo loc
[z,p,k] = cheb2ap(N,Rs); %xac dinh diem ko,diem cuc,do khuech dai
fs = 2; %tan so lay mau (Hz)
u1 = 2*fs*tan(0.4*(2*pi/fs)/2); %tan so cat thap (rad/s)
u2 = 2*fs*tan(0.5*(2*pi/fs)/2); %tan so cat cao (rad/s)
Bw = u2-u1; %Bang thong
Wo = sqrt(u1*u2); %tan so trung tam
[At,Bt,Ct,Dt] = lp2bp(A,B,C,D,Wo,Bw);
[Ad,Bd,Cd,Dd] = bilinear(At,Bt,Ct,Dt,2,0.1);
[bz,az] = ss2tf(Ad,Bd,Cd,Dd); % chuyen ve mo hinh truyen dat
[h,f] = freqz(bz,az,256,2); %tinh dap ung tan so
semilogy(f,abs(h)),grid % ve dap ung bien do
xlabel('Frequency(Hz)');
title('Dap ung bien do');
Kt qu ca chng trnh :
4.2.Thit k b lc FIR:
4.2.aBng phng php ca s:
Thit k b lc FIR s, thong thp,pha tuyn tnh s dng phng
php ca s kie vi cc yu cu thit k : tn s ly mu 10kHz tn
s gii hn gii thng 1.5kHz,tn s gii hn di chn 2kHz,suy hao
di thng 0.1dB,suy hao di chn 80dB.tnh bc ca b lc
% Chuong trinh
fp=1.5; fs=2;
FS=10;
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
Dapungxungdonvi cuabolocFIRcuasoKaiser
wp=2*fp/FS*pi;
ws=2*fs/FS*pi;
As=80;
bw=ws-wp;
N=ceil((As-7.95)/(2.285*bw))+1;
n=0:(N-1);
beta=0.1102*(As-8.7);
wc=(ws+wp)/2;
h=(wc/pi)*sinc(wc*(n-N/2)).*besseli(0,beta*sqrt(1-4*((n-N/2)/
(N/2)).^2))/besseli(0,beta);
stem(n,h)
title('Dap ung xung don vi cua bo loc FIR cua so Kaiser')
pause % Nhan mot phim bat ky de tiep tuc+6
b=h;
a=[1];
freqz(b,a,500,1000)
title('Dap ung tan so cua bo loc FIR cua so Kaiser')
pause
t=0:0.001:0.1;
x=sin(2*pi*30*t)+sin(2*pi*450*t);
y=filter(b,a,x);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t,x);
title('Tin hieu gom hai tan so: 30Hz va 450Hz');
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(t,y);
title('Tin hieu da loc')
xlabel('Thoi gian(s)')
Kt qu chng trnh:
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
Tin hieu da loc
Thoi gian(s)
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-2
-1
0
1
2
Tin hieu gomhai tan so: 30Hz va 450Hz
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
-10000
-8000
-6000
-4000
-2000
0
Frequency (Hz)
P
h
a
s
e

(
d
e
g
r
e
e
s
)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
Frequency (Hz)
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e

(
d
B
)
Dap ung tan so cua bo loc FIR cua so Kaiser
4.2.b.FIR nhiu di tn:
Di tn t -1 0.8: bin gim t 5 xung 2 trng s bng 1
Di tn t -0.7 -0.5: bin bng 2 trng s bng 5
Di tn t -0.4. -0.1: bin gim t 2 xung 1 trng s bng 1
Di tn t 0.1 0.4: bin tng t 1 ln 2 trng s bng 1
Di tn t 0.5 0.7 bin bng 2, trng s bng 5
Di tn t 0.8 1: bin tng t 2 ln 5 trng s bng 1
%Chuong trinh
b=cfirpm(38,[-1 -0.8 -0.7 -0.5 -0.4 -0.1 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.8 1],
{'multiband',[5 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 5]},[1 5 1 1 5 1]);
[hh,ff]=freqz(b,1,512,2,'whole');
plot(ff,abs(hh),'b-'); grid
xlabel('Tan so chuan hoa');
ylabel('Bien do');
Nhn xt chung: Cc b lc FIR c hai u im quan trng so vi cc b
lc IIR:
- B lc FIR chc chn n nh, thm ch sau khi cc h s ca b lc
c lng t ha.
- Cc b lc FIR d dn c rng buc c pha tuyn tnh (c
tng qut ha hay suy rng)
BI 7: M PHNG M HNH H THNG VIN THNG
I.Tm tt l thuyt:
Bi th nghim ny tm hiu phng php m hnh ha mt h thng thng tin
n gin nh hnh 7.1
M ha ngun
Nn theo
- law
Lng t ha
..
0 0 . 2 0 . 4 0 . 6 0 . 8 1 1 . 2 1 . 4 1 . 6 1 . 8 2
0
2
4
6
8
1 0
1 2
1 4
T a n s o c h u a n h o a
B
i
e
n

d
o
Hnh 7.1
M sa sai
M Hamming
M BCH
M tch chp
.
iu ch
AM/FM
ASK
QPSK
.
Chng ta s x l tn hiu ngun (m ha, kim sot li, iu ch) v
truyn qua mt knh truyn c nhiu sau khi phc tn hiu nhn c
(gii iu ch, gii m) v xc nh xc sut li tn hiu.
II.MC CH
Dng matlab m phng m hnh h thng vin thng gip sinh vin hiu
r hn qu trnh truyn v nhn thng tin.
Thng tin
truyn
M ha ngun M sa sai iu ch
Gii iu ch
Gii m sa
sai
Gii m ngun
Thng tin
nhn
K n h
t r u y n
III.THC HNH:
Trong phn ny chng ta s thc hin m hnh mt h thng truyn thng ri
rc nh s hnh 7.2
Hnh 7.2: M hnh h thng truyn tin ri rc
Chng trnh
%To tn hiu ngun:

K=11; %Chieu dai tu tin

msg=randint(K*2,1); %Tao tin hieu nguon

subplot(4,1,1);

stem(msg,'.'); %Ve tin hieu nguon dang do
thi xung

ylabel('digital message')
%M ha BCH:

N=15; %Chieu dai tu ma

code=encode(msg,N,K,'bch'); %Ma hoa BCH

subplot(4,1,2);

stem(code,'.');

ylabel('BCH')
%iu ch QASK:s dng b iu ch M-QASK vi M=16

M=16; %Toc do nguon tin

Fc=10; %Tan so song mang

Fs=30; %Lay tan so mau

modu=dmod(code,Fc,Fd,Fs,'qask',M); %Dieu che M-QASK

subplot(4,1,3);
plot(modu); %Ve tin hieu dieu che
ylabel('QASK')
Tn hiu
Digital
M ha BCH
Iu ch
QASK
Gii iu ch
QASK
Gii m BCH
Tn hiu
Digital thu
K n h
t r u y n
( N h i u
G a u s s i a n
)
0 5 10 15 20 25
0
0.5
1
d
i
g
i
t
a
l

m
e
s
s
a
g
e
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
0.5
1
B
C
H
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
-2
0
2
Q
A
S
K
0 5 10 15 20 25
0
0.5
1
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
d

m
e
s
s
a
g
e
%Knh truyn c nhiu: Tn hiu sau khi iu ch c truyn trn knh
truyn c nhiu trng Gaussian cng sut 0.1W

std_value=0.1; %Cong suat nhieu

modu_noise=modu+randn(length(modu),1)*std_value; %Cong nhieu
%Gii iu ch QASK:

demo=ddemod(modu_noise,Fc,Fd,Fs,'qask',M); %Giai dieu che
%Gii m BCH:
msg_r=decode(demo,N,K,'bch'); %tin hieu thu
subplot(4,1,4);
stem(msg_r'.') %Ve tin hieu so thu duoc
ylabel('received message')
Kt qu:
Nhn xt: Trong m hnh trn : tn hiu sau khi c m ha bo
mt .qu trnh iu ch QASK l qu trnh iu ch tc ng vo bin
song mang cho ra mt tn hiu cha tin tc c tn s cao lan truyn
trong mi trng thng tin. Ti ni thu tn hiu c b di iu ch chn
lc loi b song mang a vo qu trnh gii m ti lc tin tc ban u
IV.P DNG:
Thc hin m hnh Digital Communications nh m hnh sau:
Chng trnh:
% Tao tin hieu nguon:
K = 11; % chieu dai tu tin ( message lrngth)
msg = randint (K*2,1); % tao tin hieu nguon (digital message)
subplot (4, 1, 1), stem (msg, '.') % ve tin hieu nguon dang do thi xung
ylabel ('digital message')
% Ma hoa BCH
N = 15; % chieu dai tu ma (codeword length)
code = encode (msg, N, K, 'bch'); % m ho BCH
subplot (4, 1, 2), stem (code, '.')
ylabel ('BCH')
% Dieu che FSK: Su dung bo dieu che M-FSK voi M =2
M = 2;
Fd = 1; % toc do nguon tin
Fc = 10; % tan so song mang
Fs = 30; % tan so lay mau
modu = dmod (code, Fc, Fd, Fs, 'fsk', M); % dieu che M FSK
subplot (4, 1, 3), plot (modu) % ve tin hieu dieu che
ylabel ('FSK')
% Kenh truyen co nhieu : Tin hieu sau khi dieu che duoc truyen tren kenh
% truyen nhieu co trang Gaussian cong suat 0.1W
std_value = 0.1; % cong suat nhieu
msg M ho
BCH
iu ch
FSK
msg thu Gii m
BCH
Gii iu
ch FSK
K
n
h

T
r
u
y
n
modu_noise = modu + randn(length (modu), 1)*std_value; %cong nhieu
% Giai dieu che FSK
demo = ddemod (modu_noise, Fc, Fd, Fs, 'fsk', M); % giai dieu che
% Giai ma BCH:
msg_r = decode (demo, N, K, 'bch'); % tin hieu thu
subplot (4,1,4), stem(msg_r,'.') % ve tin hieu so thu duoc
ylabel ('received message')
Kt qu:

Trong m hnh trn : tn hiu sau khi c m ha bo mt .qu trnh
iu ch FSK l qu trnh iu ch tc ng vo tn s song mang cho ra
mt tn hiu cha tin tc c tn s cao lan truyn trong mi trng thng
tin. Ti ni thu tn hiu c b di iu ch chn lc loi b tn s a
vo qu trnh gii m ti lc tin tc ban u
0 5 10 15 20 25
0
0.5
1
d
i
g
i
t
a
l

m
e
s
s
a
g
e
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
0.5
1
B
C
H
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
-1
0
1
F
S
K
0 5 10 15 20 25
0
0.5
1
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
d

m
e
s
s
a
g
e
V. Kt lun chung:
- H thng vin thng l mt tp hp tt c cc phng tin k thut
truyn dn tin tc t ni pht n ni thu.
Cu hnh c bn ca mt h thng vin thng:
Ngun tin: ni pht ra tin tc cn truyn i.
Cm bin: bin tin tc thnh tn hiu in.
X l tn hiu: bin tn hiu thnh mt tn hiu khc truyn t hiu
qu cao trong truyn dn.
Knh truyn: truyn tn hiu.
Cm bin ngc: bin tn hiu in thnh tin tc.
i vi cc h thng vin thng hin nay c ba knh truyn chnh: cp
kim loi
(truyn ngn, tc truyn thp), v tuyn (truyn i trong khng kh), cp
quang (ch to bng thy tinh).
- Cc thng s nh gi cht lng ca h thng vin thng:
suy hao ca ng truyn l t s gia cng sut tn hiu
ng vo chia cho cng sut tn hiu ng ra. Trong cc h thng
vin thng, cng sut v suy hao u tnh theo n v chun
ha l dB.
Thi gian tr l khong thi gian m tn hiu truyn t ni pht
n ni thu trong cc h thng vin thng, thi gian tr ti a
cho php l 100ms.
Bng thng ca h thng l khong tn s m m bo cho h
thng hot ng ch bnh thng.
mo ca tn hiu: mt h thng tuyn tnh l h thng c
quan h gia tn hiu u pht v u thu theo phng trnh
ng thng. Mt h thng l phi tuyn nu h thng c quan
h gia tn hiu u pht v u thu theo phng trnh ng
cong.
Nhiu l mt tn hiu khng mong mun nhng xut hin trong
tn hiu thu c
Tm li, vic m phng m hnh h thng vin thng gip sinh vin thy
c s pht v thu nhn thng tin trong thc t. Qua nm vng l
thuyt c hc trng.
Ton bi thc tp l qu trnh gii quyt bi ton truyn tin vi tn hiu
c truyn i l tn hiu s .S d ta chuyn tn hiu tng t sang tin hiu
s v:tn hiu s c tnh bo mt cao ,t b nhiu khi truyn i,ta c th truyn
cng lc nhiu knh truyn,tnh kinh t cao,nng lng truyn i t suy
hao.Vy tn hiu ni nhn l tn hiu gn ng vi tn hiu ban u nhng
lun m bo tnh chnh xc cao.Bi thc tp mt ln na gip sinh vin n
li v nm vng kin thc mn hc x l s v nguyn l truyn thng.
IV. nh gi, kt lun :
a. nh gi :
Nhn chung cc bui thc hnh s l tn hiu s hon thnh vi kt qu
rt kh quan, tuy nhin vn c nhng u im v khuyt im ring.
u im:
- a s sinh vin hon thnh ht cc bi thc tp
- Vic thc tp gip sinh vin hiu r hn v vn mnh ang hc v
ang phi lm. Qua n th hin c vic cn thit phi c cc bui
thc tp.
- Gip sinh vin khi ra trng khng phi b ng khi gp cng c m
mnh lm, c bit khi mnh c kin thc c bn.
- Rn luyn tnh t ch cng nh s cn c, kin nhn c bit l tnh t
gic ca mi sinh vin ngy cng nng cao.
- Tng s on kt gia cc sinh vin vi nhau, gip nhau cng tin
b
- Sinh vin c kh nng t tm ti c th lm giu thm kin thc ca
mnh.
- S chm ch ca sinh vin cng vi s hng dn nhit tnh ca c L
gip cho cc bui thc hnh din ra theo chiu hng tt p
Khuyt im:
- Bn cnh nhng u im th nhng khuyt im vn cn tn ti nh:
+ V phn mm rt kh tip cn v c xy ra li nn trong qu trnh
thc tp vn xy ra cc kh khn nht nh.
+ Mt s sinh vin vn thng xuyn ngh hc, b tit hay l l trong
cng vic.
+ Tnh t gic ca sinh vin cha cao: in hnh nh trong vic mt s
sinh vin mc d khng di hc song vn c bi bo co, hay vic sinh
vin coppi bi ca nhau
+ V l do mn hc sinh vin phi t tm hiu l thuyt do vy vic vn
dng i khi l rt kh i vi mi sinh vin.
+ Thi gian thc hnh rt ngn do vy s bi thc tp sinh vin cha
c nhiu v hiu su thc s.
b. Kt lun :
Sau khi hon thnh mn hc ny, ti nhn thy mnh v thnh vin trong
nhm bit thm nhiu iu v x l s tn hiu v cc thit b cng nh
cch s dng cc phn mm. Ti thy ly mu v x l tn hiu 1 cch tt
nht l mt vic khng h n gin. Tuy c c gng song khng th t
c mi th nh mun, c iu g sai st mong c s ch dy ca thy
c v cc bn nhm chng ti rt kinh nghim trong nhng ln sau. Ti
thy lm vic theo nhm nh th ny rt c ch cho sinh vin chng ta v vy
ti mong rng nhng k sau s c nhng t lm vic theo nhm hn na
sinh vin chng ta hc tp v rn luyn trc khi chng ta ra trng.


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Bo co thc tp X l s tn hiu GVHD: Nguyn HuKhnh

Nng lng ca dy trong mt khong xc nh t -KnK c xc

Cng sut trung bnh ca mt dy khng tun hon x[n] c xc nh

. Trong trng hp M=1 th c gi l tr n v v k

.Nu M ly du m th c gi l sm, tng ng vi vic

[n]=1 khi n=0 v

[n]=1 v bng khng vi cc

9 nhng chng trnh Matlab m t 1

kt qu thu c c nghim ng. Hn ch ca on chng

M co gia tr bang 0. Phan t tiep theo sau

4 th x[n]=0, en khi n=5 th x[n] bang 1, cac

v hiu ca hai tn hiu

th c th coi tng s(k) t (3.15) hi t v rt gn vi S(

Trnh by bi: SV Nguyn Hng Vn Trang 49

, trong khi phn o

1.2.Bin i Fourier thi gian nghch o (IDTFT)

1.3.Cc tnh cht ca DTFT:

e. Tnh cht ngc thi gian: Nu

. Do ph pha ca n cng tun hon vi chu k l 2

Chng trnh sau c s dng kho st tnh cht iu ch:

l gn sng di chn.B lc c cht lng

Khi chng ta thu c:

Cc hm ca s trn pht ra vector w ca cc h s ca ca s c chiu di

= 30,tn hiu li vo x = sin(60

Gii hn ca di chn trn:0.6

Suy hao di chn:50 dB

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