TRUNG TM TH NGHIM IN

CCH TNH HIU SUT V CC GII PHP NNG CAO HIU SUT L HI CNG SUT NH

H ni, nm 2007

NI DUNG: Phn I: Cc phng php tnh hiu sut l hi .......................... Trang 3 1. Phng php tnh hiu sut l theo cn bng nghch ......... Trang 3 1.1 L hi t than .................................................................... Trang 3 1.1.1 Tn tht nhit q4 ............................................................ Trang 4 1.1.2 Tn tht nhit q2 .......................................................... Trang 4 1.1.3 Tn tht nhit q5 ........................................................... Trang 5 1.1.4 Tn tht nhit q6 ........................................................... Trang 6 1.1.5 Tn tht nhit q3 .......................................................... Trang 6 1.1.6 Tiu hao nhin liu ca l .............................................. Trang 6 1.2 L hi t du .................................................................... Trang 6 1.2.1 Tn tht nhit q2 ................................................................ Trang 7 1.2.2 Tn tht nhit q3 ................................................................. Trang 8 1.2.3 Tn tht nhit q5 ................................................................. Trang 8 2. Phng php tnh hiu sut l theo cn bng thun ................ Trang 8 2.1 L hi t du ...................................................................... Trang 9 2.2 L hi t than ................................................................... Trang 10 Phn II: Nhin liu v c tnh ca nhin liu ............................ Trang 11 1. c tnh ca nhin liu rn v lng ....................................... Trang 11 2.Tnh th tch khng kh v khi khi t nhin liu rn v lng .......................................................... Trang 12 3. c tnh nhin liu kh............................................................ Trang 14 Phn III: Cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut l v cc bin php nng cao hiu sut l hi ................................................. Trang 17 1. nh hng ca thit b ln hiu sut l v bin php khc phc .......................................................... Trang 17 2. nh hng ca ch vn hnh l ln hiu sut ca l ........ Trang 18 3. Th nghim nng hiu sut, xc lp ch vn hnh ti u cho l....................................................... Trang 19 3.1 Th nghim phn phi gi ti u ......................................... Trang 19 3.2 Th nghim xc nh h s khng kh tha ti u ................ Trang 20 3.3 Th nghim cn bng nhit, lp bng ch vn hnh ti u ...................................................... Trang 21 Phn IV: Cc i lng chnh cn phi o lng trong th nghim hiu chnh l hi v mt s thit b phc v th nghim......Trang 23

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PHN I: CC PHNG PHP TNH HIU SUT L HI C 2 phng php thng c s dng trong tnh ton xc nh hiu sut l hi. Phng php th nht c gi l phng php cn bng nghch hay cn gi l phng php tn tht. Phng php th hai c gi l phng php cn bng thun hay cn gi l phng php u vo - u ra. Phng php cn bng nghch xc nh, tnh ton hiu sut l da trn vic xc nh cc tn tht ca l hi. Phng php ny c s dng khi khng c ng h o cc thng s u vo - u ra nh: lu lng hi ca l sn xut c, nhit - p lc hi, lu lng nc x l, lu lng nc cp, lu lng nhin liu cp cho l hoc c cc ng h o trn khng chnh xc. u im ca phng php xc nh hiu sut l hi theo cn bng nghch l: chnh xc cao (nht l khi hiu sut l cao hn 75%) v bit c nguyn nhn hiu sut l b gim st. Nhc im ca phng php ny l phi ly nhiu mu, s lng cc thng s cn o c, phn tch ln. Phng php cn bng thun xc nh, tnh ton hiu sut l da trn cc thng s u vo u ra l hi. Phng php ny i hi phi c cc ng h o cc thng s u vo - u ra ca l nh: lu lng hi ca l sn xut c, nhit - p lc hi, lu lng nc x l, lu lng nc cp, lu lng nhin liu cp cho l...ng thi i hi cc ng h ny phi c chnh xc cao, vic phn tch nhit tr nhin liu u vo cng cn phi tht chnh xc. u im ca phng php cn bng thun l n gin, s lng mu phi ly v thng s cn o t. Nhc im ca n l chnh xc thp v khng bit c nguyn nhn gy nn s gim hiu sut l. Trong th nghim xc nh c tnh hiu sut l ngi ta hay s dng phng php nghch hn. Tuy nhin vic ng dng phng php no l ty theo iu kin thit b thit b thc t sao cho ph hp. Di y chng ti xin gii thiu c hai phng php nu trn. 1. Phng php tnh hiu sut l theo cn bng nghch: 1.1 i vi l hi t than: Hiu sut l c tnh theo phng php cn bng nghch nh sau: = 100 - q2 - q3 - q4 - q5 - q6 % Trong cng thc trn: - L hiu sut l
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(1.1-1)

q2 l tn tht nhit ca l theo khi thi. Tn tht ny ln hay nh l ty thuc vo nhit khi thot, h s khng kh tha, lt gi vo l. q3 l tn tht nhit do chy khng hon ton v mt ha hc. Tn tht ny ch ng k khi l thiu gi, hoc thiu gi cc b. Tn tht ny s khng ng k khi l gi. q4 l tn tht nhit v mt c hc. Tn tht ny thng l ln nht - i vi l hi t than ph thuc vo lng cht chy (C) cha ht cn li trong tro bay v x l. q5 - l tn tht nhit t l ra mi trng xung quanh. Tn tht ny ph thuc vo cng sut l (l ln hay b) v tnh trng bo n ca l tt hay xu. q6 l tn tht nhit vt l theo x. Tn tht ny thng rt nh, n ch ng k khi tro ca than rt ln v nhit x thi ra ln. Trong thc t vi l hi cng sut nh ta c th b qua tn tht ny. Di y chng ti s trnh by ln lt phng php xc nh cc tn tht trn. 1.1.1 Tn tht nhit v c hc q4 c tnh theo cng thc: q4 = Trong :
7830. A lv Qt
lv

(ab

Cx Ct + ax )% 100 C t 100 C x

(1.1-2)

Alv - tro lm vic ca than (%) Qtlv - Nhit tr thp lm vic ca nhin liu (kcal/kg) ab - T l tro bay theo khi. i vi l than phun : ab = 0,9 ; ax = 0,1 i vi l ghi : ab = 0,2 ; ax = 0,8. Vi l hi t than cng sut nh ch yu l l ghi hoc ghi xch. Ct - Hm lng cacbon cn li trong tro bay (%). Cx - Hm lng cc bon cn li trong x (%). 1.1.2 Tn tht nhit theo khi thi q2 tnh theo cng thc: q2 = (Ikt -kt.Iokkl) x (
q4 ), % 100 q 4

(1.1-3) Vi: Ikt - Entanpi ca khi thot, tnh theo cng thc (2- 4). kt - H s khng kh tha khi thot. Ikkl - Entanpi gi lnh vo l, tnh theo cng thc (2-3). Trong trng hp khng phn tch c thnh phn ho hc ca than, m ch phn tch cng nghip, tn tht nhit q2 c th tnh theo cng thc gn ng:

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 kt q q 2 = (3,53. kt + 0,38) t kt t gl 1 4 10 2 (% ) kt + 0,12 100

(1.1-4)

Trong : kt - l h s khng kh tha khi thot ra khi l. tkt - l nhit khi thot ra khi l (oC) tgl- l nhit gi lnh vo l (oC) 1.1.3 Tn tht nhit ra mi trng xung quanh q5 c tnh: q5 = q5m x l.
D dm ,% D qn

(1.1-5)

Vi: q5m - Ly theo thit k ph ti nh mc hoc tra theo cng sut

i vi l hi 2T/h: q5m = 3,2 % i vi l hi 4T/h: q5m = 1,9 % i vi l hi 6T/h: q5m = 1,5 % i vi l hi 8T/h: q5m = 1,2 % Dqn - c tnh theo lu lng hi quy dn khi th nghim o c. Dm - Sn lng hi nh mc ly theo thit k. Ngoi ra q5 c th tnh theo cch khc chnh xc hn nu o c nhit trung bnh b mt l hi, nhit mi trng trung bnh xung quanh l hi. Nhit b mt l hi phi c o vi s lng im o ln (mi im cch nhau khong 0,5 m). Nhit mi trng xung quanh l hi cng phi c o nhiu im, cch xa ti thiu b mt l 1 m. Khi cng thc tnh q5 s l: (1.1-6) q5 = 100. 0,86 . (Hl + Hbx) . Fbm . (Tbm - Tmt)/(B. Qt lv ), % Trong cng thc (1-6): Tbm l nhit trung bnh b mt l hi (oC). Tmt l nhit mi trng xung quanh l hi (oC). B l tiu hao nhin liu ca l hi (kg/h hoc T /h) Fbm l tng din tch b mt ngoi ca l hi (m2) Hl l h s truyn nhit i lu c tnh nh sau: Hl = 1,1354 . (Tbm - Tmt)(1/3) W/m2.oC (1.1-7) Hbx = 5,677. {0,847 + 2,367.10(-3). (Tbm -Tmt) + 0,294. 10(-6)(Tbm - Tmt)2 (1.1- 8) + 1,37 . 10(-9) (Tbm - Tmt)3 W/m2.oC Khi p dng cng thc ny do tiu hao nhin liu B cha bit nn ta phi chp nhn ly B theo s liu thit k ri tnh lp i lp li cc tham s q5 , , B khong 3 ln t c chnh xc cn thit.
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1.1.4 Tn tht nhit mang theo x q6 c tnh theo cng thc: q6 =

A lv .a x .C px .t x Qt (100 C x )
lv

(1.1-9)

Vi: Cpx - Nhit dung ring ca x. tx - Nhit ca x ri vo phu thi x. i vi l ghi c th ly: C x = 0,933 kj/kg.oC, tx = 600oC hoc o trc tip. 1.1.5 Tn tht nhit q3 c tnh theo cng thc: q3 = Vi: CO, RO2 - % th tch cc kh CO, RO2 trong khi, c xc nh bng my phn tch khi. RO2 l tng % th tch ca cc kh CO2 v SO2. CO - % th tch kh CO trong khi, khi phn tch bng my thng cho ta n v l ppm, mun bin i v % th tch phi chia cho 10000. Kp H s cacbon qui dn, s c cp phn sau. Ngoi ra q3 cng c th tnh theo cng thc thc gn ng sau: (%) (1.1- 11) q3 = 3,2 . kt . CO 1.1.6 Tiu hao nhin liu ca l B c tnh theo cng thc: B= Vi: Dx- Lu lng nc x ca l, c th ly theo nh mc thit k. i vi l hi cng sut nh c h thng x lin tc, Dx c th ly gn bng 1,5% n 2% lu lng hi thc. i vi l hi cng sut nh khng c h thng x lin tc, khi xc nh hiu sut l khng x cn c th coi Dx = 0. i'bh- entanpi ca nc bo ho tra bng theo cc thng s p lc hoc nhit ca hi. iqn, inc - entanpi ca hi qu nhit v nc cp theo tra bng theo cc thng s p lc, nhit ca hi v nc cp. Dt - Lu lng thc ca hi qu nhit (hoc bo ho nu l khng c b qu nhit). Lu lng hi thc c tnh nh sau: Dt = D.(P/Ptk)(1/2) Vi: D- lu lng hi c o bng ng h lu lng hi iu kin vn hnh, P - p lc hi iu kin vn hnh, Ptk - p lc hi iu kin thit k. Trong trng hp l khng c ng h o lu lng, c th xc nh Dt ca l theo lu lng nc cp, nhng khi phi tm dng x l. 1.2 i vi l hi t du : Hiu sut l c tnh theo phng php cn bng nghch nh sau:
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D t . (i qn - i nc ) + D x . (i' bh - i nc )
56,6.K P .CO Qt .( RO 2 + CO)
lv

,%

(1.1-10)

.Qt lv

, (T/h hoc kg /h)

(1.1-12)

 = 100 - q2 - q3 - q5 , % 1.2.1 q2 - Tn tht nhit do khi thi c tnh: fxff q2 =

(I kt - kt .I kkl ) ,% Q dv

(1.1-13) (1.1-14)

kt - H s khng kh tha khi thi. - Ikkl - Entanpi ca khng kh lnh c tnh: Ikkl = Vkkl. Ckkl . Tkkl , kcal/kg Vi : Vokkl- Th tch khng kh l thuyt cho t 1 kg nhin liu - cch tnh xem cng thc (2.2-5) . Ckkl - Nhit dung ring ca khng kh lnh, tra bng theo cch sch k thut nhit. Tkkl - Nhit khng kh lnh, o thc t ti hin trng. - Ikt - Entanpi ca khi thi c tnh: Ikt = (CRO2VRO2+CN2VN2+CH2OVH2O).Tkt +(kt - 1).Vkkl. Ckk.Tkt Vi: + VRO2, VN2, VH2O - th tch cc kh RO2, N2, v hi nc trong khi thot. + CRO2, CN2, CH2O - T nhit ca cc kh RO2, N2, v hi nc trong khi thot, nhit Tkt. + Tkt - Nhit khi thot. - Qdv - Lng nhit n v a vo l c tnh: Qdv = Qtlv + Cd. Td + gtd. itd +bl. (ikk- ikkl), kcal/kg. Vi: Qtlv Nhit tr thp lm vic ca du, (kcal/kg) c xc nh theo kt qu phn tch du. gtd T l hi tn du tnh bng kg.hi / kg.du, thng thng gtd = 0, 1. Thng s ny ch tnh n khi vi phun du dng hi tn du t ngun ngoi l hi. itd- entanpi ca hi tn du, tra bng theo cc thng s nhit , p lc hi tn du. Td Nhit du vo l, sau b sy du, c o trc tip ti hin trng. Thng s ny cng ch tnh n khi s dng b sy du bng ngun nhit ngoi l hi (v d nh s dng b sy du bng in).
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(1.1-15)

(1.1-16)

(1.1-17)

Cd Nhit dung ring ca du nhit Td , c tra theo cc ti liu k thut. bl - c xc nh theo kt qu phn tch khi trc b sy khng kh. ikk, ikkl - Entanpi khng kh sau v trc b sy khng kh s b, c tnh theo cng thc: ikk = Ckk . Tkk kcal/m3 (1.1-18) Vi: Ckk nhit dung ring ca khng kh nhit Tkk Thng thng cc l hi t du cng sut ln v va, s dng cc b sy s b khng kh vo l bng ngun nhit ngoi l c th bng hi, in chng n mn phn ui l. Khi ta buc phi tnh n ikk v ikkl. Nhng a s cc l hi cng sut nh khng c b sy s b khng kh vo l nn ta khng cn tnh n cc thng s trn. Tm li i vi cc l hi t du cng sut nh, hu ht khng s dng hi tn du v b sy khng kh s b, nn cng thc (2-5) ch cn n gin nh sau: Qdv = Qtlv + Cd. Td, kcal/kg 1.2.2 q3 - Tn tht nhit ho hc c tnh: q3 =
56,6.K P .CO ,% Q dv .( RO 2 + CO )

(1.1-19)

(1.1- 20)

Vi: CO, RO2 - % th tch cc kh CO, RO2 trong khi thot. Ngoi ra q3 cng c th tnh theo cng thc thc gn ng sau: q3 = 3,2 . kt . CO (1.1-5) hoc (1.1-6). 2. Phng php tnh hiu sut l theo cn bng thun (u vo - u ra): Nh ni phn u, phng php xc nh hiu sut theo cn bng thun ch thng p dng vi cc l hi c h thng o m y , chnh xc cao, t nht l 0, 5. Cc ng h o sau nht thit phi c v phi t c chnh xc cn thit: - ng h o lu lng hi hoc lu lng nc cp. - ng h o nhit hi, nhit nc cp. - Nhit khng kh vo l. - ng h o nhit nhin liu u vo (du, kh). - ng h o p lc hi.
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(%)

1.2.3 Tn tht nhit q5 , ging nh l t than, c tnh theo cng thc

- ng h o lu lng nhin liu u vo (du, kh) hoc cn than u vo. - Kt qu phn tch nhin liu phi tht chnh xc, nht l i vi nhit tr. - Lu lng nc x l. - Lu lng khng kh vo l. Khi t c cc yu cu trn c th xc nh hiu sut l theo phng php cn bng thun nh s trnh by di y. 2.1 i vi l hi t du : Hiu sut l c tnh theo phng php cn bng thun nh sau: = Trong : Q1 - Tng lng nhit hu ch m l nhn c tnh theo: Q1 = Dqn(iqn- inc) + Dx(inl- inc)+ Gtd(itd-inc) kcal/h Vi: Dqn, Dx, Gtd - Lu lng hi qu nhit, lu lng nc x l, lu lng hi tn du (kg/h). Ch Dqn - L lu lng hi thc ca l. Hi tn du - Gtd c th bao gm c hi sy du nu hi sy du ly t l. du. iqn, inc, inl, itd - Entanpi ca hi qu nhit, nc cp, nc l v hi tn (1.1-22)
Q1 x 100, % Q vl

(1.1-21)

Nu hi tn du, sy du ly theo ngun ngoi l hoc ly t ngun t bn ngoi l, khng c h thng x lin tc v trong thi gian th nghim khng x nh k (x cn) th khng tnh n trong cng thc ny. Khi cng thc (2.1-2) c dng n gin nh sau: Q1 = Dqn(iqn- inc) , kcal/h (1.1-23) Qvl - Tng lng nhit a vo l tnh theo: Qvl = B. Qtlv + Gkk(ikk- ikkl)+ Gtd. Itd+ B.Cd. Td, kcal/h (1.1-24) Vi: B - Tiu hao du kg /h o theo bn hoc cng t du (ch l d o du theo bn du hay theo cng t u phi c kim nh t chnh xc cn thit v c du ca c quan chc nng c thm quyn). Qtlv - Nhit tr thp lm vic ca du. Gkk - Lu lng gi qua b sy khng kh bng hi (m3/h). ikk, ikkl - Entanpi khng kh sau v trc b sy khng kh bng hi. Cc thng s khc c cp phn trn.
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Cd Nhit dung ring ca du nhit Td , c tra theo cc ti liu k thut. i vi cc l hi cng sut nh, c th khng c b sy khng kh s b ly ngun nhit t bn ngoi, khng tn du bng hi ly ngun nhit t ngoi l th cng thc (2.1-4) ch c dng n gin nh sau: Qvl = B. Qtlv + Gkk.ikkl +B.Cd. Td, kcal/h 2.2 i vi l hi t than : V nguyn tc chung, tnh hiu sut l t than theo cn bng thun cng ging vi l hi t du. Cng thc tnh hiu sut vn l: = Trong : Q1 - Tng lng nhit hu ch m l nhn c tnh theo: Q1 = Dqn(iqn- inc) + Dx(inl- inc)+ Gtd(itd-inc) kcal/h Vi: Dqn, Dx - Lu lng hi qu nhit, lu lng nc x l. Gtd - y c hiu l hi t dng ca l, (kg/h). dng. iqn, inc, inl, itd - Entanpi ca hi qu nhit, nc cp, nc l v hi t (1.1-27)
Q1 x 100, % Q vl

(1.1-25)

(1.1-26)

Nu hi t dng ly ngun t bn ngoi l hoc khng c hi t dng, khng c h thng x lin tc v trong thi gian th nghim khng x nh k (x cn) th khng tnh n trong cng thc ny. Khi cng thc (2.2-2) c dng n gin nh sau: Q1 = Dqn(iqn- inc) , kcal/h (1.1-28) Qvl - Tng lng nhit a vo l tnh theo: Qvl = B. Qtlv + Gkk. ikkl + B.Ct. Tt , kcal/h (1.1-29) Vi: B - Tiu hao than kg /h tnh theo cn than in t (ch l cn than phi c kim nh t chnh xc cn thit v c du ca c quan chc nng c thm quyn), hoc cn than th cng. Qtlv - Nhit tr thp lm vic ca than. Tt Nhit than vo l. Ct Nhit dung ring ca than nhit Tt . Gkk - Lu lng gi vo l (m3/h).
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ikkl - Entanpi khng kh trc b sy khng kh. Cc thng s khc c cp phn trn. Qua cch tnh hiu sut l theo cn bng thun va cp trn ta thy phng php ny gip cho ta tnh c hiu sut l, nhng khng cho ta thy nguyn nhn gy ra tn tht nhit t c cc bin php gim cc tn tht nhit, nng cao hiu sut l hi. V vy phng php xc nh hiu sut theo cn bng thun khng c khuyn khch dng nht l i vi cc l hi t than. PHN II: NHIN LIU V CC C TNH CA NHIN LIU. xc nh c hiu sut l hi v tm cc bin php nng cao hiu sut l hi, ta khng th khng quan tm n nhin liu dng cho l v cc c tnh ca n. Nhin liu dng cho l hi c 3 dng chnh: rn, lng, kh. Nhin liu rn thng dng l cc loi than, ci, b ma. Nhin liu lng thng dng l du FO, du mazt Nhin liu kh thng dng l kh ho lng, kh thin nhin, kh cng nghip Di y chng ti khng trnh by su v c tnh nhin liu m ch trnh by mt s c tnh chnh ca nhin liu lin quan n vic th nghim xc nh hiu sut l tm cch nng cao hiu sut ca n. 1. c tnh nhin liu rn v lng: Thnh phn ho hc ca nhin liu rn v lng bao gm cc cht sau: Cacbon k hiu l: C Hydro k hiu l: H Lu hunh k hiu l: S Nit k hiu l: N Oxy k hiu l: O tro k hiu l: A m k hiu l: W Trong thc t khi em nhin liu i phn tch l trng thi lm vic, nn cc thnh phn trn cng c biu din trng thi lm vic. Chng ta cng ch quan tm n trng thi lm vic ca nhin liu m thi. trng thi lm vic, cc thnh phn trn c k hiu nh sau: Clv, Hlv, Slv, Nlv, Olv, Alv, Wlv . Sau khi phn tch, chng ta s thu c kt qu nh sau: Clv + Hlv + Slv + Nlv + Olv + Alv + Wlv = 100 % (2.2-1) lv lv lv lv Trong cc thnh phn trn, ch c C , H , S , O l tham gia vo qu trnh chy, to ra mt nhit lng iu kin thc t gi l nhit tr thp lm vic
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k hiu l Qtlv. Cc thnh phn cn li u khng li cho qu trnh chy. Tuy nhin khi phn tch nhin liu ta phi phn tch tt c cc thnh phn trn. Cc c tnh cng ngh ca nhin liu: Ngi ta coi cc thnh phn sau mang c tnh cng ngh: m k hiu l W, %: m l lng nc n cha trong nhin liu. S c mt ca chng lm gim thnh phn chy, hn th na cn tiu tn thm mt lng nhit bc hi m khi chy nhin liu. V vy n l thnh phn c hi trong nhin liu. tro k hiu l A, %: tro l cc khong cht cn li sau khi chy ht nhin liu. S c mt ca chng trong nhin liu lm mi mn, lm bm bn cc b mt chu nhit dn n gim h s truyn nhit. Hn th na n cn l nguyn nhn dn n hin tng ng x l hi nu nhit cng tc ln hn nhit nng chy ca tro. tro cng l thnh phn c hi trong nhin liu. Cht bc k hiu l Vc, %: Cht bc ca nhin liu l cc kh nh CH4 , cacbua hydro, COsinh ra trong qu trnh nhit phn giai on u ca qu trnh chy. Cht bc ng vai tr rt quan trng, n quyt nh nhin liu c d bt chy v chy kit hay khng. Nhin liu cng nhiu cht bc cng d chy v chy kit. Nhit tr k hiu l Q, kcal/kg: Nhit tr l lng nhit sinh ra khi chy hon ton 1 kg nhin liu rn hoc lng (hoc 1m3.tc nhin liu kh). Nhit tr ca nhin liu xc nh trong phng th nghim bng bom nhit lng k c gi l nhit tr cao lm vic ca nhin liu, k hiu l Qclv. Khi t nhin liu trong thit b thc t nh l hi ta thu c mt nhit lng thp hn c gi l nhit tr thp lm vic, k hiu l Qtlv. Nhit tr thp lm vic Qtlv v nhit tr cao lm vic c quan h nh sau: Qtlv = Qclv - 6 (9Hlv + Wp ), kcal/kg (2.2-2) Khi phn tch mu nhin liu, ngoi vic phn tch thnh phn ha hc cn phi phn tch 4 c tnh cng ngh nu trn. Ngoi 4 c tnh cng ngh trn, chng ta cng quan tm thm n 2 c tnh sau: - c tnh thnh phn cacbon qui dn: - KP = Clv + 0,375Slv. - H s: = 2,35
H lv 0,126O lv + 0,04 N lv KP

(2.2-3) (2.2-4)

2. Tnh th tch khng kh l thuyt cn thit v sn phm khi khi t nhin liu rn hoc lng:
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 Tnh lng khng kh l thuyt iu kin tiu chun cn cho chy 1 kg nhin liu nh sau: Vkko =0,0889(Clv + 0,375 Slv ) + 0,265 Hlv - 0,0333 Olv, m3.tc/kg. (2.2-5) Tnh th tch khi kh khi t chy hon ton 1 kg nhin liu nh sau: Vkkh = VRO2 + VN2 , m3.tc/ kg. Trong : - VRO2 - Th tch thnh phn cc kh CO2 v SO2 trong khi c tnh: VRO2 = 1,866
C lv + 0,375S lv , m3.tc/kg 100

(2.2-6)

(2.2-7)

VN2 - Th tch thnh phn kh N2 trong khi c tnh: VN2 = 0,008 Nlv + 0,79 . . Vkko , m3.tc/kg. H s khng kh tha s c cp phn sau. Tnh th tch khi m khi t chy hon ton 1 kg nhin liu nh sauT: Vk = Vkkh + VH2O , m3.tc/kg. Trong : Th tch hi nc VH2O trong khi c tnh: VH2O = 0,112 Hlv + 0,0124 Wlv + 1,24 gtd + 0,0161. . Vkko, m3.tc/kg (2.2-10) Vi gtd - l lng hi tn du cho 1 kg nhin liu. Vi l hi t than hoc l hi t du khng dng hi tn du cng thc (2.2-10) tr thnh: VH2O = 0,112 Hlv + 0,0124 Wlv + 0,0161. . Vkko, m3.tc/kg Tnh h s khng kh tha theo s liu phn tch khi: - H s khng kh tha c nh ngha l t s gia lng khng kh thc t cp cho l v lng khng kh cn thit cho chy ht nhin liu: = Vkktt/ Vkko t c s chy khng hon ton v mt ha hc, trong l hi thc t bt buc phi ln hn 1. Khi <1 c ngha l l thiu gi, khi >1 c th coi l l gi. Trong thc t th nghim l hi ngi ta xc nh h s khng kh tha bng cch phn tch cc thnh phn khi thot. Cc thnh phn l O2, RO2(bao gm CO2 + SO2), CO, NOx, SOx, ... Ngi ta c bit ch n nng CO trong khi thot. Khi nng CO trong khi bng 0 th ch chy c coi l chy hon ton v ho hc, ngc li c coi l chy khng hon ton v mt ho hc.
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(2.2-8)

(2.2-9)

(2.2-11)

 ch chy khng hon ton v ho hc, c th coi thnh phn th tch khi kh l: RO2 + O2 + CO + N2 = 100%. V lng hm lng CO trong khi c th tnh (nu khng o c) theo cng thc: CO =
1 [ 21- RO2 - (RO2 +O2)], % + 0,65

(2.2-12)

Tnh h s khng kh tha ca l theo kt qu phn tch khi nh sau: =

21 21 (O 2 0,5CO)

(2.2-13)

O2 Nng O2 phn tch c trong khi, tnh theo % th tch. CO Nng CO phn tch c trong khi, tnh theo % th tch. Thng thng, cc thit b phn tch khi cho ta kt qu CO theo n v ppm, mun bin i v % th tch ta chia cho 10000. Trong trng hp t chy hon ton v ho hc CO = 0. Cng thc trn tr thnh: =
21 21 O2

(2.2-14)

3. c tnh nhin liu kh: 3.1- Phn loi : - Nhin liu kh gm hai loi, kh t thin nhin v kh t nhn to. Trong nhin liu kh thin nhin, thnh phn ch yu l kh mtan (CH4), mt lng nh cc kh cacbua hydro CmHn v nhng kh tr khc nh CO2, N2,H2O. i vi kh nhn to, thnh phn ch yu l CO. Thnh phn mt s loi kh c trnh by theo bng sau : Thnh phn ca cc loi kh thin nhin v nhn to trng thi kh ( % th tch) Nhin liu Kh thin nhin nt Kh bn cc : - Than bn - Than m Kh l cc Kh l sinh kh CH4 97,8 77,8 7,8 50,8 25,3 0,8 CmHn CO2 0,85 0,05 7,1 1,6 6,4 2,6 0,2 72,3 0,2 2,8 5,9 H2S N2 1,3 1,0 1,7 13,5 2,4 8,4 3,2 H2 3 20,4 54,5 53,5 CO 15,5 7,7 5,7 36,4 Qc,kJ/m3 36000 34000 6520 31000 17000 10700

c tnh cc thnh phn c trong kh t

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Tn gi Hydro Nit Oxy Oxit cacbon Cacbon nic Sunphit hydro Metan Etan Propan Butan Pentan Etylen Pronylen Bulyten Benzen

K hiu H2 N2 O2 CO CO2 H2S CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C6H12 C2H4 C3H6 C4H8 C6H6

T khi ring kg/mm3 0,090 1,251 1,428 1,250 1,964 1,520 0,716 1,342 1,967 2,593 3,218 1,251 1,877 2,503 3,485

Nhit chy QCHkcal/mm3 2579 3018 5585 8555 15226 21795 28338 34890 14107 20541 27111 33528

Nhit tr ca kh t trng thi kh c th xc nh theo cng thc sau : Qtk = 0,01. [QCO.CO + QH2.H2 + QH2S.H2S + (QCmHn.CmHn)], kJ/m3tc Trong : - QCO , QH2 , ... L nhit tr chy ca cc thnh phn kh trong nhin liu , kJ/m3tc. - CO,H2,H2S,CmHn - Thnh phn ca kh trong nhin liu, % - Th tch khng kh l thuyt cn thit cho qu trnh chy : L lng khng kh cn thit cho qu trnh chy hon ton 1m3tc nhin liu kh, xc nh theo cc phng trnh phn ng ho hc theo cng thc sau : V0kk = 0,0476. [0,5CO + 0,5H2 + 2CH4 + 1,5H2S + (m + n/4)CmHn - O2 ], m3tc/kg. - Trong thc t, gia nhin liu v khng kh khng th tip xc vi nhau mt cch l tng nn th tch khng kh thc (Vkk) bt buc phi ln hn th tch khng kh tnh theo cng thc trn. T s gia th tch khng kh thc t vi th tch khng kh l thuyt gi l h s khng kh tha : = Vkk/V0kk > 1 - Tnh th tch sn phm chy : trng thi l thuyt, khi chy hon ton nhin liu, th trong khi gm c RO2, N2, H2O. thun li cho vic tnh ton, ngi ta chia thnh hai loi : Khi kh v khi thc. Khi thc gm c khi kh v hi nc.
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Khi t nhin liu kh, th tch l thuyt ca cc sn phm chy c tnh nh sau : V0kkh = V0RO2 + V0N2, m3tc/kg. V0k = V0kkh + V0H2O, m3tc/kg. V0RO2 = 0,01 (CO2 + CO + CH4 + H2S + mCmHn), m3tc/kg V0N2 = 0,79V0kk + 0,01N2, m3tc/kg V0H2O = 0,01(H2 + 2CH4 + H2S + [(n/2)CmHn]) + 0,0124dk + 0,0161V0kk, m3tc/kg Trong CO2,CO,CH4,H2S,CmHn,H2,N2 - T l tnh theo phn trm so vi th tch cc kh trong nhin liu, %; dk - m ca nhin liu kh, g/m3tc. Trong thc t v h s khng kh tha > 1 nn th tch khi thc t ln hn th tch khi l thuyt. Nhng v th tch VRO2 ch ph thuc vo hm lng cc bon v lu hunh c trong nhin liu nn th tch VRO2 khng thay i khi thay i. VN2 = V0N2 + 0,79(-1)V0kk VH2O = V0H2O + 0,0161(-1)V0kk Th tch khi thc t l : Vkkh = V0RO2 + VN2 Vk = Vkkh + VH2O. - H s khng kh tha trong thc t vn hnh c xc nh trn c s phn tch khi. i vi nhin liu kh tnh theo cng thc :
=
N2 79 N 2 [O2 0,5CO 0,5 H 2 2CH 4 3C n H m ] 21

Lng N2 trong cng thc trn c tnh nh sau : N2 = 100 - (RO2 + O2 + CO + H2 + CH4 + 2CnHm), % - Trong trng hp chy hon ton, cc i lng CO,H2,CH4,CnHm bng khng.

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PHN III: CC YU T NH HNG N HIU SUT L V CC BIN PHP NNG CAO HIU SUT L HI. C rt nhiu yu t nh hng n hiu sut l, nhng c th phn thnh 3 yu t chnh: Thit b l, ch vn hnh l v cui cng l cht lng nhin liu. Trong phm vi gio trnh ny, chng ti ch cp n 2 yu t ch yu l thit b l v ch vn hnh. Yu t nhin liu ph thuc vo khch quan, nn ch c th ni rng cng dng nhin liu c c tnh gn vi c tnh nhin liu thit k cho l bao nhiu cng tt by nhiu. 1. nh hng ca thit b l ln hiu sut l v bin php khc phc: Mun l vn hnh c hiu sut cao trc ht thit b l phi m bo. Cc thit b nh hng ln nht n hiu sut l phi k n l: - Cc b mt truyn nhit nh: cc dn ng sinh hi, dn ng qu nhit, dn ng b hm v b sy khng kh. Khi cc b mt chu nhit ny b bm bn hoc ng cu cn s dn n h s truyn nhit km, nhit khi thot cao v tn tht nhit q2 tng cao v tt nhin hiu sut l s suy gim. Bin php khc phc l v sinh nh k cc b mt chu nhit, nh k ra cu cn cc ng ng chu nhit v s dng nc cp cho l t tiu chun thit k l. - Bn th l v ui l: Khi bn th l v ui l khng kn, b h s sinh ra lt gi lnh vo bung la v ui l dn n tng h s khng kh tha khi thot v dn n tng tn tht q2 theo khi thot. Ngoi ra n cn lm qu trnh chy khng n nh c bit lu vi l c b sy khng kh thng xy ra hin tng lu ngy b sy khng kh b n mn hoc mi mn dn n lt gi t b sy sang ng khi rt ln. Hin tng ny khng nhng lm tng tn tht q2 m cn lm tng tiu th in cho qut gi v qut khi, nu nghim trng cn dn n hin tng khng tng c cng sut l ln cng sut thit k. Bin php khc phc l: nh k kim tra lt gi vo bung la v ui l xc nh c cc im lt gi c bin php chn kn hoc nt cc ng b sy khng kh b thng.
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- Qut gi: Khi qut gi khng nng sut (lu lng) v p lc s dn n hin tng thiu gi cp vo l. iu ny dn n hin tng chy khng hon ton v ha hc, tn tht q3, q4 tng cao, c hiu sut l v cng sut l u suy gim.. Bin php khc phc l: nh k o nng sut v p lc ca qut xem qut c nng lc hay khng. Nu khng phi tm nguyn nhn c th do rto qut, hoc do lp t khng t yu cu k thut. - Vi t du hoc kh: i vi l hi t du hoc kh (L hi t than cng sut nh thng khng c vi t than), vi phun nh hng rt ln n qu trnh chy. Khi vi phun b mi mn, b bm bn hoc tc cc b thng dn n kh nng tn sng km hoc hn hp vi gi khng tt. iu ny s dn n gim hiu sut l. Bin php khc phc l nh k v sinh, kim tra vi t, nu khng t yu cu k thut phi thay th. - H thng bo n: H thng bo n bao gm bn th l, ng khi, ng ng hi, nc nng, du nngnu khng t yu cu s dn n tng tn tht ra mi trng xung quanh q5. Thit b c bo n tt c ngha l b mt ngoi ca n phi c nhit < 50oC. - i vi l hi t than cng sut nh cn lu thm v ghi l (ghi c nh hoc ghi xch). Nu b mt ghi khng t yu cu k thut s dn n hin tng lt than qua ghi nhiu hoc phn phi gi khng th u. iu ny dn n tng tn tht nhit c hc q4 rt ln lm hiu sut l suy gim. Bin php khc phc l kim tra, thay th kp thi cc b mt ghi b rng hoc b hng. 2. nh hng ca ch vn hnh l ln hiu sut l: Thng thng cc l hi cng sut nh c trang b rt t cc ng h o cc thng s vn hnh l nh: Lu lng hi sn xut, lu lng nhin liu tiu th, lu lng gi cp vo l, nng O2 trong khi thot, nhit khi thot. Hn na cng nhn vn hnh thng ch quan tm n vn hnh an ton, t quan tm vic vn hnh sao cho kinh t nht tc l hiu sut cao nht. V nhng l do trn, ch vn hnh l thng ch t c yu cu v mt an ton, t khi t c yu cu v mt kinh t ngha l khng t c ch vn hnh ti u nht, c hiu sut cao nht. Ch vn hnh khng ti u th hin nhng mt sau: - L vn hnh ch thiu gi hoc tha gi - v khng c ng h theo di hay thit b kim tra. Khi vn hnh ch thiu gi, tn tht nhit chy khng hon ton v ha hc v c hc q3 v q4 s tng cao. Khi vn hnh ch tha gi s tng tn tht theo khi thi q2 v nng lng
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in tiu tn cho qut gi, qut khi. Trong c hai trng hp u lm gim hiu sut l. - Phn phi gi khng hp l - c bit l i vi cc l hi t than. Thng cc l hi cng sut nh l cc l ghi xch, cp gi theo tng giai on chy. Nhng do khng c ng h o tng hc gi, nn vic phn phi gi khng hp l vi tng giai on chy gy ra hin tng thiu gi cc b khu vc ny nhng li tha gi cc b khu vc kia. iu ny dn n tng c tn tht nhit q2, q3, ln q4. - Khi thay i ph ti (cng sut l) theo yu cu sn xut thng thay i ch cp gi khng ph hp vi thay i lng nhin liu cp vo l. V vy, ch vn hnh c khi hp l mc ph ti ny nhng li khng hp l mc ph ti khc. - Cha ch n cc yu t thit b nh hng ti hiu l nh tnh trng vi t, tnh trng ghi, lt gi...Cha ch thay i ch vn hnh ph hp vi s thay i cht lng nhin liu nht l than. loi b cc yu t vn hnh nu trn nh hng xu n hiu sut l, chng ta cn th nghim, hiu chnh xc lp mt Bng ch vn hnh ti u cho l. Da vo Bng ch vn hnh ti u , ngi cng nhn s vn hnh l va m bo an ton va m bo kinh t nht, mi ph ti. Phng php th ngim nng cao hiu sut, xc lp ch vn hnh ti u cho l s c trnh by di y. 3. Th nghim nng cao hiu sut, xc lp ch vn hnh ti u cho l: 3.1. Th nghim phn phi gi ti u: i vi cc l hi t du, t kh cng sut nh, vic cp gi cho qu trnh chy rt n gin nn khng cn thit phi thc hin th nghim ny. Nhng vi l hi t than, nht l l ghi xch cn phi thc hin th nghim ny. Trong l hi t than kiu ghi xch, gi thng c a vo l theo cp. Gi cp I l gi t chy chnh c a vo l theo 4 hc gi di ghi cung cp cho qu trnh chy theo 4 giai on. Gi cp I thng chim trn 90% tng gi vo l. Hc s 1 cp gi cho qu trnh sy. Hc s 2 cp gi cho qu trnh chy cht bc v bt chy cc. Hc s 3 cp gi cho qu trnh chy cc. Hc s 4 cp gi cho qu trnh chy kit. mi hc gi c l chn iu chnh ring phn phi gi cho hp l. Gi cp II, hay cn gi l gi xit c a vo l trn ghi (phn ngng cun l). Gi cp II ch chim t 5 - 10% tng lng gi vo l t chy cc sn phm chy hon nguyn.

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Th nghim phn phi gi thc cht l iu chnh v tr 4 l chn gi cp I sao cho ph hp nht vi tng giai on chy v iu chnh lng gi cp II sao cho chy ht kh hon nguyn. Phng php tin hnh nh sau: - Th nghim phn phi gi ti u c tin hnh cng sut l nh mc v c gi n nh, h s khng kh tha c iu chnh v gi mc gn thit k trong sut qu trnh th nghim. Th nghim phn phi gi cp I ti u: + iu chnh ln lt v tr 4 l chn ti 4 hc gi cp I 4 5 v tr xung quanh v tr thit k. Mi v tr c coi l mt ch th nghim. Trong mi ch th nghim o c v ghi cc thng s nh: + Phn tch cc thnh phn ca khi thot. + o lu lng gi vo tng hc gi, v tng lu lng gi vo l u ht qut gi. + Ly mu than cp vo l phn tch cc thnh phn ca than. + Ly mu x v tro bay phn tch cht chy cn li trong tro bay v x. + Da vo kt qu th nghim, lp c tuyn: S ph thuc cc tn tht nhit q2, q4, ph thuc vo v tr cc l chn gi cp I: (q2+ q4)= f(v tr l chn gi cp I). + Phn phi gi cp I c coi l ti u khi tng cc tn tht nhit q2+ q4 nh nht. Th nghim phn phi gi cp II ti u: + Gi v tr cc l chn cp I v tr ti u xc nh c th nghim trc. + iu chnh ln lt v tr l chn gi cp II 4 5 v tr xung quanh v tr thit k. Mi v tr c coi l mt ch th nghim. Trong mi ch th nghim o c v ghi cc thng s nh: + Phn tch cc thnh phn ca khi thot.P + o lu lng gi cp II. + Da vo kt qu th nghim, lp c tuyn: S ph thuc tn tht nhit q3 ph thuc vo v tr l chn gi cp II: q3 = f(v tr l chn gi cp II). + Phn phi gi cp II c coi l ti u khi tn tht nhit q3 nh nht. 3.2. Th nghim h s khng kh tha ti u. Sau khi th nghim xc nh c ch phn phi gi cp I ti u, gi cp II ti u cn phi th nghim xc nh h s khng kh tha ti u. y l th nghim chnh nh hng quyt nh n hiu sut ca l. Th nghim ny p dng cho c l hi t than, t du v t kh.
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H s khng kh tha c nh hng chnh n tn tht nhit ho hc, tn tht nhit c hc v tn tht nhit theo khi thot. Khng kh tha cn nh hng n ng x bung t v dn ng feston v b qu nhit. - Trong th nghim ny h s khng kh tha ti u c xc nh cho 3 n 4 ph ti l (cng sut nh mcc, ti thiu v hai ph ti gia). - Ln lt iu chnh lng khng kh tha bng cch thay i tng lng gi vo l bng l chn u ht qut gi. - mi ph ti, th nghim nn tin hnh t nht bn gi tr khng kh tha: Ti a, ti thiu, v hai gi tr gia. - Trng hp l hi t than trn ghi, ghi xch, h s khng kh tha thng t trong di gi tr t 1, 2 n 1, 4. Trng l hi t du, h s khng kh tha t trong di gi tr t 1, 05 n 1, 25. Mi gi tr h s khng kh tha c coi l 1 ch th nghim. - Trong mi ch th nghim, o c, phn tch v ghi chp cc s liu nh: + Phn tch cc thnh phn ca khi thot. + o lu lng gi vo tng hc gi, v tng lu lng gi vo l u ht qut gi. + Ly mu than cp vo l phn tch cc thnh phn ca than. + Ly mu x v tro bay phn tch cht chy cn li trong tro bay v x. - Dng th quan h cc tn tht q2 = f(), q4 = f(), q3 = f()v cc tng tht nhit v (q2 + q4 + q3 ) = f(). - Da theo cc th dng c, xc nh h s khng kh tha ti u. H s khng kh tha c coi l ti u khi cho tng cc tn tht nhit trn l nh nht: (q2 + q4 + q3 ) = f() = min. 3.3. Th nghim cn bng nhit, xc lp bng ch vn hnh ti u. - Mc ch cc th nghim ny l xc nh cc tn tht nhit trong nhng iu kin vn hnh ti u cc ph ti khc nhau. T xc nh c ph ti kinh t nht (c tuyn kinh t - k thut) ca l v lp Bng ch vn hnh ti u cho l. - Th nghim c tin hnh da trn cc ch chy ti u tm ra trong cc th nghim trc nhT: phn phi gi cp I, cp II ti u, h s khng kh tha ti u. - Cc mc ph ti nhit cn th nghim l: Cng sut l = 70% cng sut nh mc; Cng sut l = 80% cng sut nh mc; Cng sut l = 90% cng sut nh mc v Cng sut l = 100% cng sut nh mc. Thi
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gian th nghim cho mt ph ti nhit t 3 n 4 gi. Mi mc ph ti thng lm 4 5 ch th nghim. - Ghi chp s liu, mi ch 30 pht mt ln. - Trong cc th nghim ny phi o c v ghi chp tt c cc thng s sau: 1. Nhin liu: - Ly mu nhin liu trong sut 1 ch th nghim, xc nh cc c tnh trung bnh ca nhin liu. 2. Ph ti nhit, Lu lng v cc thng s hi: - Lu lng hi v nc cp c xc nh theo cc ng h o lu lng hi v nc cp. Cc ng h o lu lng phi c kim tra, hiu chnh chnh xc trc khi th nghim. - Lu lng hi t dng v lu lng nc x ly theo ng h vn hnh (nu c) c kim nh trc khi th nghim, hoc lp t mi. - p lc, nhit hi qu nhit, nhit nc cp, nhit nc phun gim n, lu lng nc gim n o theo ng h vn hnh c kim tra trc khi th nghim. - i vi l t du o lu lng hi sy du, hi sy gi, hi ho m du theo ng h ti ch kim tra trc khi th nghim. o nhit hi u vo - u ra cc b sy du, b sy khng kh bng hi, nhit hi ho m trc cc vi t bng cc ng h ti ch kim tra. 3. Nhit v thnh phn khi: - Nhit bung la o bng cc loi ho quang k xch tay. - Nhit tuyn ng khi o bng ng h vn hnh c kim tra trc khi th nghim, c th o kim tra bng nhit k thu ngn hoc nhit k in tr. - Phn tch thnh phn khi cc thit din: Ra khi bung la, sau b sy khng kh cp I, sau b kh bi. - m u ht qut khi, sc ht bung la. 4. Lu lng v nhit gi nng lnh: - o lu lng gi cc im: u ht qut gi, cc ng gi nng sau b sy, ng gi vo vi phun cc cp: I, II. ng thi ghi m tt c cc l chn trn cc ng ng k trn. - o nhit gi lnh u ht qut gi, trc v sau b sy khng kh. 5. Ly mu tro, x ti cc im ly mu phn tch cht chy cn li trong tro, x. T l tro bay / tro trong x ly theo s liu thit k.

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6. Tnh ton cc tn tht nhit, hiu sut l theo cc mc ph ti th nghim. Lp c tuyn = f(D), v xc nh ph ti kinh t nht ca l. Lp Bng ch vn hnh ti u cho l hi.

PHN IV: CC I LNG CHNH CN O LNG TRONG TH NGHIM HIU CHNH L HI V MT S THIT B O LNG PHC V CHO CNG TC TH NGHIM HIU CHNH. 4.1- Cc i lng chnh cn phi o lng trong th nghim hiu chnh : 4.1.1. Nhin liu : a, Lng tiu hao nhin liu : - i vi l hi t du hoc kh t phi o lu lng du hoc kh t. Vi l hi t than th lng than a vo l xc nh bng cch cn trc tip i vi l hi nh hn 50T/h. Vi loi l t than ln hn th lng tiu hao than xc nh theo cn bng nhit ngc. b, Thnh phn c bn ca nhin liu v nhit tnh ca tro, x c xc nh theo mt mu trung bnh trong khong thi gian lm th nghim. 4.1.2. Lu lng v cc thng s hi : - Lu lng hi v nc cp c xc nh bng cc ng h lu lng vn hnh kim tra. Nhit hi, p lc hi, nhit nc cp cn c o bng cc ng h c kim tra, hiu chnh. 4.1.3. Nhit v thnh phn khi : - Nhit bung la o bng cc ho quang k qua cc ca xem la. Nhit khi trn ng khi o bng nhit k thu ngn v cc loi nhit k khc. - Phn tch khi bng cc my phn tch khi xc nh h s khng kh tha v cc kh thnh phn (RO2, O2, CO, H2, CH4, CnHm). 4.1.4. Lu lng v nhit gi : - Lu lng gi : o bng cc thit b o p lc hoc vn tc. Lu lng gi c o ti u ht qut gi, trc cc vi phun cc cp, cc ng gi nng sau thit b sy khng kh. - Nhit gi : Nhit gi o trc v sau qut gi, sau b sy khng kh, trc vi phun gi cp 1. 4.1.5. in t dng : - Lng in t dng o bng cc cng t in vn hnh kim tra. 4.1.6. Mu tro, x
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- Ly mu tro b kh tro v phn x (nu c) xc nh thnh phn cht chy cn li trong tro, x. 4.2 - Mt s thit b s dng trong th nghim hiu chnh l hi : - My o p sut v tc gi MP 6 KS, sn xut ti nc Anh. - T hp o nhit , m v tc khng kh D99006125 ca M. - T hp o nhit , m v tc khng kh L00002300 ca M. - Vi p k in t ZEPHYR ca Anh. (o p lc gi). - Tc k hin s AMF TEK 1726 ca M. - My o tc hin s kiu cnh qut HEO147TA ca c. - Nhit k hin s TCM - 312 ca M. - Nhit k o xa RAY TEK 88800018 ca M. - Ho quang k hin s RAY TEK3i2M ca M. - My phn tch khi IMR - 1400 ca M.

BOILERS AND THERMIC FLUID HEATERS

QUESTION
A company is considering to replace an oil-fired boiler of 10 tons per hour with a coal-fired boiler of the same capacity. With the help of the data provided, calculate the following: 1. Annual oil consumption in tons per year 2. Annual coal consumption in tons per year 3. Annual fuel cost savings in million US$ The following data is given: Heat content of steam 660 kCal/kg Feed water inlet temperature 600 C Daily operating hours 24 Number of days / year 300 Efficiency of oil-fired boiler 82% Efficiency of coal-fired boiler 72% Cost of oil US$ 300/ton Cost of coal US$ 45/ton GCV of oil 10,000 kCal/kg GCV of coal 4,200 kCal/kg

SOLUTION
1. Calculate the annual oil consumption in tons per year Boiler operation per year = 24 hr/day x 300 days/yr = 7200 hrs Annual steam production = = steam production rate x annual operation hours = 10 ton/h x 7,200 hr/yr = 72,000 ton/yr Energy (Q) required for 72,000 tons steam = = mass x (hg hf) boiler efficiency = 72,000,000 kg steam/yr x (660 60) kCal/kg steam 0.82 = 52,682,926,830 kCal/yr Mass of oil (amount of oil required for annual steam production) = Qrequired GCVoil = 52,682,926,830 kCal/yr 10,000 kCal/kg oil = 5,268,292 kg oil = 5268 tons oil per year 2. Calculate the annual coal consumption in tons per year Boiler operation per year = 24 hr/day x 300 days/yr = 7200 hrs

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Annual steam production = = steam production rate x annual operation hours = 10,000 kg/hr x 7,200 hr/yr = 72,000,000 kg/yr Energy (Q) required for 72,000,000 kg steam = = mass x (hg hf) boiler efficiency = 72,000,000 kg steam/yr x (660 60) kCal/kg steam 0.72 = 60,000,000,000 kCal/yr Mass of coal (amount of coal required for annual steam production) = Qrequired GCVcoal =60,000,000,000 kCal/yr 4,200 kCal/kg coal = 14,285,714 kg coal = = 14,285 tons coal per year 3. Calculate the annual fuel cost savings in million US$ Cost of fuel oil = Mass of oil x Cost of oil = 5,268 ton oil/yr x US$ 300/ton = US$ 1,580,400 per year Cost of coal = Mass of coal x Cost of coal = 14,285 ton oil/yr x US$ 45/ton = US$ 642,825 per year Fuel saving for coal boiler = Fuel cost oil boiler Fuel cost coal boiler = US$ 1,580,400 US$ 642,825 = US$ 937,575 per year

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