c s h tr ca D n Qun l bn vng ngun ti nguyn thin nhin min Trung (SMNR-CV), S Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn Qung Bnh bin son v pht hnh b ti liu v tp hun k thut mt s cy trng vt nui theo phng php khuyn nng c s tham gia (PAEM) gm 8 quyn gia on I, tip theo giao on II, D n h tr kinh ph in v a vo s dng b ti liu 4 quyn bao gm: - Hng dn k thut thc hin ICM - 3 gim, 3 tng trn cy la. - Hng dn k thut trng tiu. - K thut canh tc trn t dc. - Pht trin kinh t h gia nh. Mc ch bin son v pht hnh b ti liu tip theo nhm b sung thm cc ngun thng tin , thng nht ni dung v phng php tp hun chuyn giao k thut sn xut trn a bn ton tnh cho cn b khuyn nng vin cc cp. Ti liu cn l cNm nang k thut cho cc cn b chuyn ngnh tham kho trong qu trnh ch ao sn xut v b con nng dn ng dng tin b k thut thm canh tng nng sut cy trng, vt nui, pht trin kinh t h gia nh. Qu trnh bin son ti liu khng trnh khi nhng thiu st nht nh, chng ti rt mong nhn c kin ng gp hon chnh ti liu tt hn cho ln pht hnh sau.
S NNG NGHIP V PTNT
1 PHN MT
K HOACH BAI GING VA CONG TIT HC
Ngy th nht: T chc trc khi gieo cy 7-10 ngy Mc tiu- Tip cn v ng dng nhng tin b khoa hc k thut 3 gim, 3 tng trong u t thm canh v phng tr su bnh trn cy la. - Nng dn hiu r hn v ICM l g? C s thc hin 3 gim 3 tng trong sn xut la - Bit quy trnh thc hin ICM trn rung la ca mnh. Vt liu v phng tn - Bng trng, bt vit bng, giy mu, giy A 4 . a im tp hun: Ti hi trng v thc t trn ng rung Cc bc tin hnh: 1. Ging vin t vn , bu lp trng, phn nhm chia t, n nh lp hc gii thiu lm quen. Gii thiu chng trnh v thi gian. 2. iu tra nng dn: Nhm bit c tnh hnh sn xut ca v trc l c s so snh kt qu sau khi kt thc lp hun luyn. 3. Ging vin trnh by khi nim ICM l g? 4. Nu cu hi m v cng tho lun: Ti sao phi thc hin 3 gim 3 tng trong sn xut la? Ni dung ca 3 gim l g? 3 tng l g? Cho hc vin suy ngh 5 pht. Hc vin trnh by, ging vin tng hp v thng nht cc vn ch yu cn tp hun 5. C s thc hin c 3 gim 3 tng trong sn xut la. Ging vin va trnh by va gi hc vin tham gia nu cc c s thc hin 3 gim 3 tng trong sn xut la. T s hiu bit nng dn p dng vo thc tin gia nh mnh. 6. Ging vin hng dn quy trnh thc hin ICM: - Chn rung v b tr rung - Quy trnh k thut sn xut la theo ICM 7. Ch o thc hin m hnh (trc tip ngoi ng rung): C lp thc hin theo quy trnh hng dn cc mc k thut cn thit theo nhu cu cng tho lun. 2 Ngy th 2: Hng dn ng rung ng vo thi gian dm ta Mc tiu - Bit phn tch s pht trin sinh trng ca cy la trong h sinh thi c bin php x l nhm lm c s cho cy la kho, chng chu su bnh. - Hc vin hiu c mt s kin thc v c im sinh l ca cy la giai on la non. Cc yu t nh hng v i tng su bnh gy hi giai on ny v bin php phng tr? - Bit cch dm ta la m bo mt . Vt liu v phng tn - Khung iu tra 1m x 1m, bao nilon, bt ch, bt bi, hp v, bng dn, keo dn. - Giy A 0 , thc k, ng nghim, v ghi chp, giy A4, ko ct - Cy la thi im iu tra. - Ti liu pht tay a im tp hun: Ti hi trng v trc tip ngoi ng rung Cc bc tin hnh: 1. Nu cu hi m v cng tho lun: Ti sao cn phi phn tch h sinh thi ng rung? Bit v hiu r cc c im sinh l ca cy la giai on la non? Cho hc vin suy ngh 5 pht. 2. Trnh by kt hp vi tho lun m: Va trnh by va gi hc vin tham gia nu c v sao phi phn tch h sinh thi ng rung, cch phn tch h sinh thi. Cc c im sinh l ca cy la. T s hiu bit v h sinh thi, c im sinh l ca cy la c nhng bin php k thut trng trt t hiu qu tt. 3. Ging vin va trnh by va nu cu hi m: Cc i tng su bnh gy hi chnh giai on ny v bin php phng tr? 4. Kt lun: Tm tt cc c im sinh l, sinh thi ca cy la giai on ny. Pht ti liu phn c im cy la. 5. Hng dn cch iu tra phn tch h sinh thi rung la. 6. Ch o, hng dn b con dm ta trc tip ngoi ng rung Ngy th 3: Tp hun khi la bt u nhnh Mc tiu - Bit phn h sinh thi rung la giai on nhnh c bin php x l nhm lm c s cho cy la kho, chng chu su bnh. - Cung cp mt s kin thc v c im sinh l ca cy la giai on 3 nhnh. Cc yu t nh hng v i tng su bnh gy hi giai on ny v bin php phng tr? Mt s cn trng c ch v phng php bo v. - Cch bn thc ln 1. Vt liu v phng tn - Khung iu tra 1m x 1m, bao nilon, bt ch, bt bi, hp v, bng dn, keo dn - Giy A 0 , thc k, ng nghim, v ghi chp, giy A4, ko ct - Cy la thi im iu tra. - Ti liu pht tay a im tp hun: Ti hi trng v trc tip ngoi ng rung Cc bc tin hnh: 1- Nu cu hi cng tho lun: c im sinh l ca cy la giai on nhnh? Th no l cy la kho? Cc yu t nh hng n sinh trng pht trin ca cy la giai on ny? Cc i tng su bnh gy hi giai on ny v bin php phng tr? S khc nhau gia 2 rung la so vi k trc. 2- Cho hc vin suy ngh 5 pht. Hc vin trnh by, ging vin tp hp. 3- Ging vin trnh by r hn v cc c im sinh l ca cy la giai on nhnh. Gii thiu cc yu t nh hng cc i tng su bnh gy hi ch yu v cch phng tr. T s hiu bit v h sinh thi, c im sinh l ca cy la, cc i tng su bnh hi c nhng bin php k thut trng trt t hiu qu tt. 4- Ging vin va trnh by va nu cu hi m: C bao nhiu loi thin ch chng ta nhn thy trn rung la? Thin ch no n con g? Cc bin php tc ng. 5- Kt lun cc vn hc, pht ti liu pht tay cho hc vin 6- Thc hnh trc tip ngoi ng rung: iu tra, phn tch h sinh thi, cch phn bit cc loi thin ch c ch. Cch bn phn thc ln 1. Ngy th 4: Hng dn ng rung giai on la sp phn ho ng (giai on tng khi s khi) Mc tiu - Bit phn tch h sinh thi rung la giai on lm ng c bin php x l nhm lm c s cho cy la kho, chng chu su bnh. - Cung cp hiu c mt s kin thc v c im sinh l ca cy la giai on tng khi s khi. Cc yu t nh hng, i tng su bnh gy hi giai on ny v bin php phng tr? 4 - Cch s dng bng so mu l la bn m. - Cch bn thc ln 2. Vt liu v phng tn - Khung iu tra 1m x 1m, bao nilon, bt ch, bt bi, hp v, bng dn, keo dn - Giy A 0 , thc k, ng nghim, v ghi chp, giy A4, ko ct - Cy la thi im iu tra. - Bng so mu l la - Ti liu pht tay a im tp hun: Ti hi trng v trc tip ngoi ng rung Cc bc tin hnh: 1- Nu cu hi cng tho lun: c im sinh l ca cy la giai on lm ng? Th no l cy la kho? Cc yu t nh hng n sinh trng pht trin ca cy la giai on ny? Cc i tng su bnh gy hi giai on ny v bin php phng tr? S khc nhau gia 2 rung la giai on ny. 2- Cho hc vin suy ngh 5 pht. Hc vin trnh by, ging vin tp hp. 3- Ging vin trnh by r hn v cc c im sinh l ca cy la giai on lm ng. Gii thiu cc yu t nh hng, cc i tng su bnh gy hi ch yu v cch phng tr. T s hiu bit v h sinh thi, c im sinh l ca cy la, cc i tng su bnh hi c nhng bin php k thut trng trt t hiu qu tt. 4- Ging vin trnh by hng dn cch so mu l la cho nng dn bn m hp l theo nhu cu dinh dng ca cy la 5- Kt lun cc vn hc, ti liu pht tay cho hc vin 6- Thc hnh trc tip ngoi ng rung: Hng dn cch iu tra, phn tch h sinh thi rung la giai on lm ng. Cch so mu l la bn m. Ch o bn phn thc ln 2. Ngy th 5: Tin hnh vo giai on la tr Mc tiu: - Xc nh c thi gian la tr v cc yu t nh hng n giai on ny c bin php qun l ng rung - Nm c cc yu t cu thnh nng nut v nng sut la. - Tnh ton nng sut v hiu qu kinh t ca m hnh Vt liu v phng tn - Khung iu tra 1m x 1m, bao nilon, bt ch, bt bi, hp v, bng dn, keo dn 5 - Giy A 0 , v ghi chp. - Cy la thi im iu tra. - Ti liu pht tay Thi gian: 240 pht a im: Ti hi trng v trc tip ngoi ng rung Cc bc tin hnh: 1- Hng dn nng dn ra rung kim tra v nh gi thi im la tr, ra nhng bin php gii quyt ng rung nu c. 2- Th tnh ton v nh gi nng sut rung la vi mt s ch tiu nh: S bng/m 2 , s ht chc/bng. P.1000 ht trn rung la ca mnh. 3- Cch tnh ton hiu qu kinh t gia rung m hnh v rung i chng. 4- Cch chun b cc bo co tng kt lp hc Ngy th 6: Tin hnh khi chun b thu hoch Mc tiu: - Nng dn t mnh tng kt v nh gi c kt qu sn xut - Chia s kinh nghim v nhn rng - Bit cch chun b bo co v trnh by trc hi ngh Vt liu v phng tin: - Cc bo co chun b sn - Cc bc tranh H sinh thi do nng dn v trng by a im: Ti hi trng v tham quan ng rung Cc bc tin hnh: - n nh t chc gii thiu l do v i biu - i din nng dn c cc bo co kt qu - Tho lun v chia s kinh nghim - Tham gia kin ca i biu - i din thn/bn trnh by k hoch trong thi gian ti - B mc hi ngh
6
PHN HAI
NHNG HIU BIT CHUNG
I. t vn Qu trnh i mi v p dng cc tin b Khoa hc k thut vo sn xut nh: Chuyn dch c cu cy trng, tng v, s dng ging thm canh cht lng cao, nng cao trnh thm canh trong sn xut ca ngi nng dn lm thay i b mt nng nghip c nc ni chung v tnh Qung Bnh ni ring mt cch r rt. pht trin nng nghip bn vng i hi vic p dng v phi hp hi ha cc bin php phng tr su bnh khc nhau l rt cn thit. Trong thi gian qua chng trnh qun l dch hi tng hp (IPM) a li hiu qu kinh t cao trong sn xut cho ngi nng dn, gim thiu vic s dng thuc BVTV m bo mi trng an ton cho con ngi v vt nui. Thi gian gn y chng trnh qun l tng hp dinh dng v dch hi trn cy la (ICM) hay cn gi l chng trnh 3 gim, 3 tng c b con nng dn trong c nc ng tnh ng h v thc hin. Nhng rung thc hin theo chng trnh 3 gim, 3 tng u gim c chi ph v: ging, phn m, thuc tr su v tng nng sut la gp phn lm ra nng sn sch, bo v mi trng v sc khe cng ng. Tuy nhin vic thc hin chng trnh 3 gim, 3 tng trn a bn tnh cn din hp, tp trung ch yu vng ng bng, bi vy vic chuyn giao tin b KHKT tin tin ny cho b con nng dn c bit l vng su, vng xa, vng ng bo dn tc l rt cn thit. y l chng trnh chuyn giao tin b KHKT cho nng dn n gin d thc hin v mang li hiu qu kinh t cao. II. Mc ch, yu cu - Chuyn giao tin b KHKT cho b con nng dn trong sn xut la, to iu kin cho cy trng sinh trng pht trin khe, chng chu su bnh hi, gim ti a vic s dng thuc BVTV, cho nng sut cht lng cao. - M hnh c s tham gia trc tip ca nng dn thng qua cc hot ng c th, c s hng dn ca cn b k thut gip nng dn bit c phng php tin hnh cc thc nghim n gin trn ng rung, phn tch nh gi kt qu v p dng kt qu v sn xut trn din rng. 7 III. Khi nim v ICM ICM ngha l qun l cy trng tng hp, chng bao gm hai vn : - Qun l dinh dng, chm sc cy trng: S dng cc loi ging la tt, nng sut cao, sch su bnh. Gieo trng mt m bo, pht huy tim nng nng sut ca ging S dng phn bn y , hp l Ch ti nc khoa hc, ph hp nhu cu pht trin ca cy. - V qun l dch hi i vi cy trng: S dng ging khng su bnh hn ch dng thuc BVTV p dng iu tra phn tch h sinh thi trc khi a ra bin php x l ng rung ( IPM ) Qun l dinh dng nhm s dng vt t phn bn, k thut gieo trng, chm sc khoa hc, hp l cy trng sinh trng thun li to iu kin t nng sut cao. Qun l dch hi nhm iu khin su bnh pht sinh trn ng rung di ngng thit hi v kinh t (su bnh c trn ng rung nhng cha n mc phi phng tr) bng cc bin php k thut khc nhau, gi cho cy trng pht trin thun li pht huy c tim nng sut cy trng. Tm hiu mi quan h gia cy trng, su bnh hi, thin ch v iu kin ngoi cnh gip cho ta c nhng bin php tc ng ph hp ln mi yu t s mang li hiu qu cao cho sn xut. Nh vy, nu chng ta p dng c cc bin php k thut tin tin chm sc cy trng v qun l dch hi tt s gim c chi ph u vo v tng hiu qu sn xut chnh l 3 gim, 3 tng . IV. c im sinh l ca cy la cc giai on 1. Cc thi k sinh trng, pht trin: Khong thi gian t khi gieo cho n khi la chn hon ton c gi l tng thi gian sinh trng ca cy la, trong thi gian ny c chia lm hai thi k: - Thi k sinh trng dinh dng: T khi gieo n phn ho ng. Thi k ny c phn thnh hai giai on khc nhau: T gieo n nhnh v t nhnh n phn ho ng. - Thi k sinh trng sinh thc: 8 T bt u lm ng cho n chn hon ton ca tt c cc ging u bng nhau (khong 60 - 65 ngy). Thi k ny cng c phn thnh hai giai on: T phn ha ng n tr (khong 30 - 35 ngy) v t tr n chn (khong 30 ngy).
Nm c thi gian v cc giai on sinh trng ca la gip ta c cc bin php b tr thi v v chm bn ph hp t nng sut cao. 2. c im sinh l ca cy la cc giai on 2.1. Giai on m (t gieo n trc khi la nhnh) 2.1.1. c im sinh l cy la giai on m - Giai on u cy la ang s dng dinh dng trong ht, khi cy la c 4 l u tin v r pht trin mi bt u t ht dinh dng trong t nui cy. - Tc pht trin l rt mnh nn kh nng n b rt ln. L c mt i l mi nhanh chng c thay th. V vy khi b su n l gy hi s khng nh hng n s sinh trng ca cy. Gieo nhnh Lm ng Tr Chn Sinh trng dinh dng Sinh trng sinh thc Ty theo ging 35 ngy 30 ngy
Hnh 1: Cc thi k v giai on sinh trng ca la Cy s dng dinh dng t ht Cy s dng dinh dng t t 9 2.1.2. Nhng yu t nh hng n cy la giai on m - Cht lng ht ging: Ht ging tt, sch su bnh, sc ny m khe, t l ny mm cao. K thut ngm m bo. - K thut gieo: Rung nhiu bn th nn gieo nh tay, trnh ht la b vi su trong bn s khng pht trin c, hoc nu pht trin cy cng b yu t, ci cc. - Nhit thch hp cho cy m pht trin 25-35 0 C, nhit di 16 0 C cy m sinh trng km, l b vng, khi nhit thp hn 10 0 C ko di cy m b bc trng l v c th b cht. - Mc nc trong rung qu su v gieo qu dy l cho cy m sinh trng yu. - Cy m b thiu nh sng - Su bnh hi: Giai on ny cn phng chut, chim n thc ging khi mi gieo v b tr khi cy m c 2-3 l. i vi chut cn xy dng k hoch dit chut thng xuyn ca cng ng, dit chut sm trc ma v gieo trng. i vi b tr cn pht hin v phng tr nhng rung c mt cao bng cc loi thuc tr su thng thng. Nhng ni ch ng c thy li c th cho nc ngp ht l mt m sau tho nc ra. 2.2. Giai on la nhnh 2.2.1. c im sinh l cy la giai on nhnh - Kt thc giai on m, cy la bt u chuyn sang thi k nhnh. giai on ny l la vn pht trin mnh, cc l gi cht i, cc l mi c thay th, tc ra l chm li nhng thay vo l c phin l dy v to, tui th l di hn giai on trc, nh vy m su n l gy hi b nh hng khng ng k.
Pht trin nhanh Pht trin chm 10 C 3 C2 M C 1
S nhnh ca cy la
- Cy la bt u nhnh, nhnh u tin c mc t nch ca l th hai tnh t gc, trn mt thn chnh c th c nhiu nhnh c sinh ra, nhng nhnh c gi l nhnh cp mt. Nhng nhnh c sinh ra t nhnh cp mt gi l nhnh cp hai... Cc nhnh ra sau thng thiu dinh dng sinh trng km nn khng tr bng hoc tr mun nn khng cho nng sut. V vy trong sn xut cn hn ch cy la nhnh lai rai. - Kh nng nhnh ca cy la rt ln, c ging c khi vi chc nhnh c sinh ra t mt cy m, do cy la c kh nng t n b v dnh rt ln nn nhng thit hi v dnh nh su c thn, chut khng nh hng ln n nng sut. Nh kh nng nhnh ca la m chng ta c th gim lng ging d dung nhng khng nh hng n nng sut. 2.2.2. Cc yu t nh hng n s nhnh ca cy la - Cc loi ging khc nhau c kh nng nhnh khc nhau, hu ht cc ging mi, ging tin b k thut c kh nng nhnh cao hn cc ging la a phng. - Mt gieo hay khong cch cy dy la nhnh t hn gieo mt thp hay cy tha. - Ch dinh dng, bn dinh dng v ng lc cy la nhiu nhnh hn khi thiu dinh dng v bn khng ng lc. Gc Dnh th nht 11 - Mc nc su la nhnh km do nh sng mt tri khng trc tip kch thch cc mm ng gc cy la. - Ch nh sng, khi thiu nh sng cy la cng hn ch kh nng nhnh. Trong thc t cho thy nhng rung b rp la sinh trng yu v t nhnh. - Su bnh hi: Giai on ny ch yu su n l nh su cun l nh, su keo thng gy hi nhng do kh nng n b v l rt ln nn hn ch vic s dng thuc BVTV. Trng hp nhng ni su c mt cao c th phun thuc nu thy cn thit. Ngoi ra cng cn phng chut gy hi nhng rung xanh tt, gn ba lng, rung kh thiu nc. 2.3. Giai on lm ng (hay cn gi l tng khi s khi): 2.3.1. c im sinh l cy la giai on lm ng - Cy la chuyn t thi sinh trng dinh dng sang sinh trng sinh thc, c quan sinh sn nh bng, d, mm hoa hnh thnh. - Cy la tip tc ra thm 3-4 l na, cc l ra sau c phin l to, dy v tui th di hn nhng l hnh thnh trc , chiu cao tng nhanh, s dnh hu hiu c khng nh... - L la chuyn sang mu vng biu hin ca thiu dinh dng, giai on ny cy cn nhiu dinh dng cho vic pht trin cc c quan sinh sn t nng sut cao. 2.3.2. Cc yu t nh hng n giai on cy la lm ng - Dinh dng: Giai on cy la lm ng quyt nh trc tip n nng sut, khi thiu dinh dng s c nhiu cy trong rung la khng hnh thnh c c quan sinh sn, nhng c quan sinh sn hnh thnh khng pht trin hon chnh, bng nh, d t v ht lp dn n nng sut thp. - Nc: Khi thiu nc, c bit thi thit kh hn qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin ng cng b nh hng, gy hin tng t ng. Thiu nc qu trnh vn chuyn dinh dng kh khn nn cay sinh trng pht trin km - Su bnh hi: Su cun l nh tip tc gy hi c bit nhng rung xanh tt, bn nhiu m. Mc n b ca cy
12 la vn ang cn, cc l mi vn tip tc c sinh ra v vy cng ch s dng thuc BVTV khi tht cn thit. Giai on ny tr i cn ch su c thn do s dnh hu hiu c n nh, khng c dnh mi c sinh ra. Cn thng xuyn kim tra k rung la khi pht hin c bm su c thn xut hin th sau mt tun phi s dng thuc BVTV phun. Ngoi ra cng cn phng chut gy hi, bnh o n l, ru nu trn cc ging nhim. Theo di bnh kh vn xut hin phng tr kp thi. 2.4. Giai on la m ng 2.4.1. c im sinh l cy la giai on m ng - Bng la c bao bc bi b l ng - La kt thc ra l, chiu cao vn ang pht trin. - S lng hoa la trn bng c n nh. - Cy la cn nhiu dinh dng nui bng v ht. 2.4.2. Cc yu t nh hng cy la giai on m ng - Ding dng: cy la vn yu cu dinh dng cao nui ng. - Gi: khi gi to hoc b yu t c gii tc ng lm la gy s nh hng n s pht trin ca ng la. - Thi tit kh hn lm cho cy thiu nc vn chuyn dinh dng nui ng, gy hin tng t ng khi ng cha thot ra khi b l ( la cha tr ). - Rung b ngp ng lm ng b thi. - Su bnh hi: Chut tip tc gy hi nng do ng non c chut a thch. Ch bnh kh vn nhng rung pht trin xanh tt, mt dy. Tng cng kim tra ry nu nhng rung ging nhim. 2.5. Giai on la tr 2.5.1. c im sinh l cy la giai on tr - Bng la vn cao v thot ra khi b l ng. - Qu trnh th phn v th tinh din ra trong v tru ca tng hoa la. Cc hoa la n theo trnh t t trn xung di, t trong ra ngoi, qu trnh ny mt 7 ngy. 13 - La phi mau vo bui sng sm khi c nh sng mt tri cho n 9-10 sng. Ma ng qu trnh ny din ra mun hn. Cc hoa n sau thng khng hon chnh v ht b lp - Kh nng n b v thn, l khng cn, cn ch su c thn giai on ny. - Giai on ny cy la cng cn nhiu dinh dng m bo cht lng ht phn v nui ht sau khi c th tinh.
2.5.2. Cc yu t nh hng cy la giai on tr - Thi tit kh hn, nhit cao, thiu nc ht phn b kh khng th phn v th tinh c nn ht la b lp, nh hng rt ln n nng sut. Khi nhit thp hoc m cao, c ma bng la tr nhng khng phi mau c lm cho bao phn khng tung ra ngoi c lm phi sau khi th tinh b thi v ht khng c hnh thnh v b en. - Khi la tr nu s dng cc loi thuc bo v thc vt, cht kch thch sinh trng phun lm cho ht phn b hng do dnh thuc, dung dch thuc xm nhp vo bn trong phi nh lm cho ht lp v en, nng sut gim nghim trng. - Su bnh hi: T khi la tr n chn sa, chn sp cn tch cc kim tra ng rung, c bieeth nhng rung tr sm hoc tr qu mun x l kp thi. S dng vt bt khi b xt ang gy hi trn c c bng, nhng rung mt cao nn s dng thuc BVTV phun, ch ch phun vo
V tru ln
V tru nh
Nh
Vi nh
Nhu
Bu nhu
My hoa
hoa
Cung hoa Hnh 2: Cu to ca hoa la khi tr 14 Hnh 3: Vt bnh o n trn l v c bng bi chiu mt, khng phun khi la ang phi mau. Kim tra ng rung pht hin v x l kp thi ry nu trn cc ging nhim. Nhng ging nhim bnh o n c bng nn phun phng hai ln trc v sau tr 7 ngy. 2.6. Giai on cy la hnh thnh ht v chn 2.6.1. c im sinh l cy la giai on hnh thnh ht v chn - Nhng hoa la c th tinh s pht trin thnh ht, qu trnh tch lu cht v ht tng ln, sau 21 ngy ht la hon chnh v t trng lng ti a, chng cn thm mt thi gian na chn v cc ht trn cng mt bng n khng cng mt lc. 2.6.2. Cc yu t nh hng n giai on hnh thnh ht v chn C rt nhiu yu t lm nh hng n qu trnh hnh thnh v chn - Do thiu nh sng tm trng, l la b kh, do su bnh gy hi. - Thiu dinh dng ht la khng y, b lp. - Nhit thch hp 25-33 0 C, c y nh sng cho cy quang hp v tch ly cht v ht. - Gi to, l lt cy b nh hng n s hnh thnh ht v nng sut. - Su bnh hi: Ch yu tip tc kim tra b xt v ry nu trn cc ging nhim phng tr kp thi V. Ni dung ca 3 gim, 3 tng 1. Gim cc chi ph u t - Gim lng ging gieo trn n v din tch. - Gim thuc BVTV phng tr su bnh. - Gim lng phn m (bn m theo nhu cu dinh dng ca cy la) 2. Tng hiu qu sn xut - Tng nng sut cy trng. - Tng cht lng sn phNm. - Tng hiu qu kinh t. Khi thc hin c cc ni dung 3 gim nhng nng sut cy trng khng thay i th s ln tng hiu qu ca sn xut. 3. C s khoa hc ca 3 gim 3 tng
Hnh 4: Ry ny hi la 15 3.1. C s khoa hc ca vic gim cc chi ph u t Nng dn c thi quen sn xut theo kiu truyn thng khi mun lm thay i thi quen phi chng minh ci mi bng l thuyt v thc tin nng dn lm theo. 3.1.1. C s gim lng ging gieo trn dn v din tch: Hin nay nng dn thng s dng lng ging 7 - 8 kg /so, c c s gim lng ging gieo ta th tnh theo l thuyt di y: Gi s ta gieo lng ging 6kg/so = 6000g/so ta c th tnh c bao nhiu bng la/m 2 v nng sut l bao nhiu khi thu hoch. Ta bit trng lng bnh qun ca 1.000 ht la nng 23gam tc l 0,023gam/ht. Vy s ht la gieo trn 1m 2 s l: 6.000gam/ 500m 2 /0,023gam = 520ht/m 2
(lm trn s). Gi s khi gieo ch c 80% s ht ny mm th ta s c: 520ht x 80% = 420 cy la /m 2 (lm trn s), tip tc gi s cy la khng nhnh ta s c 420 bng/m2 khi thu hoch. Nng sut c tnh theo cng thc: NS/m 2 = s bng/m 2 x s ht chc/bng x trng lng ht. NS/m 2 = 420bng x 100ht x 70% x 0,023gam = 676,2gam = 0,68 kg/m 2 Vy nng sut/so = 500m2 x 0,68kg/m 2 = 340kg/so (3,44 t/so 6,8 tn/ha). Qua nghin cu cc nh khoa hc cho bit i vi la gieo c nng sut cao cn c s bng/m 2
t 380-400 bng v c s ht chc bnh qun trn mt bng 70-80 ht.
NS/so =380 bng/m 2 x 70ht chc x 0,023gam/ht x 500m 2 = 3,06 t/so NS/so =380 bng/m 2 x 80ht chc x 0,023gam/ht x 500m 2 = 3,50 t/so NS/so =400 bng/m 2 x 70ht chc x 0,023gam/ht x 500m 2 = 3,20 t/so NS/so =400 bng/m 2 x 80ht chc x 0,023gam/ht x 500m 2 = 3,68 t/so Trng lng 1.000 ht ca mt s ging la nh sau: Xi23, X21, VN10, VN20: 26 - 26,6g IR353-66, P4, IR38: 24 - 24,5g P6, AC5: 23 - 23,5g Nh vy chng ta rt c c s gim lng ging gieo xung 1 n 2 kg/ so nhng nng sut la vn cao, v vy khuyn co ch cn gieo lng ging 5-6kg/so l . gim lng ging trn n v din tch ta cn ch mt s ni dung sau: 16 - S dng ht ging cht lng cao, thun cao, sch su bnh, t l nNy mm tt. - Trc lc ngm lm sch tp cht, phi li nng nh tng sc nNy mm cho ht ging. - Ngm phi ng k thut lm tng t l nNy mm. - Gieo u v ng k thut theo tng thi v. 3.1.2. Gim lng thuc BVTV i vi cy trng ni chung cy la ni ring nu s dng thuc bo v thc vt khng ng khng nhng gy thit hi v kinh t m cn gy hu qu n mi trng sinh thi v to s bng pht dch hi cn nng hn. gim lng thuc bo v thc vt chng ta phi hiu v thc hin c hai vn c bn sau: Mt l: Trn ng rung thng xuyn c cc loi thin ch tn ti v cng pht trin vi su hi, chng s dng su hi lm thc n nn gi cho mt su hi tn ti di mc gy thit hi n nng sut cy trng . Hai l: Trong tng giai on sinh trng nht nh ca cy la. Cy c kh nng n b li thit hi do su bnh gy ra. Nu ta s dng c 2 yu t trn phi s dng nhiu thuc tr su bnh. Ta khng phun thuc khi bit rng thin ch ang c mt trn ng rung vi s lng (mt ) hn ch, tiu dit su hi. Ta khng cn phun thuc nu bit rng ti thi k sinh trng ca la, cy c kh nng b p li c nhng phn thit hi do su bnh m khng nh hng n nng sut. Khuyn co gim lng thuc phng tr su bnh chng ta cn phi p dng bin php k thut IPM trong sut c qu trnh sinh trng ca cy. S dng cc ging khng su bnh gim lng thuc. Khng nn s dng thuc tr su, i v ng xun t sau gieo n 40 - 45 ngy, i vi h thu t sau gieo n 20 -25 ngy. Chm sc bn phn cn i hp l gip cy trng sinh trng thun li. 3.1.3. Gim lng phn m ( Bn m theo nhu cu dinh dng ca cy ) u t phn bn cho la l cn thit tng hiu qu sn sut. Tuy nhin trong sn xut chng ta khng phi ni no nng dn cng bn m cn i cho cy la. Nhiu ni nng dn bn qu nhiu m, sinh ra tha v lng ph, c ni li bn qu, khng nn khng pht huy c nng sut ca ging. trng la c nng sut v 17 c hiu qu kinh t cn u t phn bn ng, v p dng bn m theo nhu cu dinh dng ca cy.
Khi bn m vo t cho la tu iu kin thi tit v loi t, cy la ch s dng c 40 % lng m, 20 % m do t gi cht cn 40 % m b ra tri v bc hi . bn m ng k thut, tng hiu qu s dng phn chng ta hy tm hiu nhu cu dinh dng m ca cy la. Cng nh cc loi cy trng khc, cy la cn dinh dng cho c qu trin sinh trng, pht trin. Tuy nhin trong cc loi dinh dng th nhu cu dinh dng m cy la ln hn c. Cy la cn nhiu m trong sut qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin, c bit hai thi k nhnh v lm ng. y l hai thi k m cy la cn nhiu dinh dng m nht, l do l: - Thi k la nhnh: Do lng m bn thc khi gieo ht Cy trng cn nhiu nng lng cung cp cho s pht trin thn l, r v c bietj hnh thnh cc dnh mi Bn m thi k ny nhm m bo cho cy la nhnh hu hiu trn n v din tch c nng sut cao. - Thi k la lm ng: Cng do lng m bn trc cy s dng ht. Cn b sung dinh dng tip tc pht trin thn, l v c bit cung cp nng lng cho s hnh thnh c quan sinh sn ca cy la; bng, d v ht Cung cp dinh dng cho cy vo thi k ny s cho bng la to, ht my v chc, m bo cho nng sut cao. 3. 2. C s khoa hc tng hiu qu sn xut Hnh 5: Cc giai on cy la khng hong dinh dng
18 Khi ta thc hin c cc ni dung ca " Ba gim " th ta s t c kt qu ca " Ba tng " 3.2.1.Tng nng sut Do p dng ng k thut gieo trng, u t phn bn, chm sc tt ng quy trnh k thut. 3.2.2. Tng hiu qu kinh t Do gim c lng ging gieo, gim s dng thuc BVTV v s dng phn bn hp l, tng nng sut cy trng. 3.2.3. Tng cht lng sn phm Sn phNm khng c d lng thuc BVTV, mu m hng ho sng p... VI. Gii thiu iu tra v phn tch h sinh thi rung la 1. Khi nim h sinh thi ng rung H sinh thi ng rung l mi quan h tng h gia cy trng, su hi, thin ch di tc ng ca iu kin ngoi cnh v con ngi. 2. Mc ch iu tra v phn tch h sinh thi rung la - a ra quyt nh ng n, c c s khoa hc khi tin hnh cc bin php x l ng rung nh bn phn, phun thuc BVTV, lm c, iu chnh mc nc... - iu tra v phn tch h sinh thi rung la l vic lm thng xuyn ca ngi nng dn. Khi mun a ra quyt nh chm sc hay phng tr su bnh hi la, nng dn phi bit nh gi thc trng ng rung nh k nng iu tra v phn tch cc yu t lin quan n kh nng pht trin ca cy trng. - V vy ni dung ca phn ny c thc hin trong tt c cc bui hng dn ng rung cho nng dn thc hin ICM trn rung la. 3. Vt liu Khung iu tra 100cm x 100cm ( hoc 50cm x 40cm khi la giai on m ) bao nylon, bt ch, bt bi, hp mu v, giy A 0 , thc k, ng nghim, v ghi chp, cy la thi im iu tra. 4. Phng php tin hnh - Chia lp ra thnh cc nhm hc, mi nhm 6-7 ngi. Cc thnh vin trong nhm ra rung quan st iu tra ghi chp v v lp v m phng kt qu iu tra ln giy A 0 , sau tin hnh phn tch, nh gi h sinh thi.
Bng kt qu iu tra v phn tch h sinh thi rung la
19
Hnh 6: Mu bng iu tra v phn tch HST rung la
T : Ngy.......thng........nm 200...
Nhit ................m .................nh sng
Rung ICM Rung nng dn Su hi: Thin ch Su hi:
Hin trng Hin trng rung ICM rung ND
Bin php x l: Do t v lp tho lun Bin php x l: Theo kin nng dn ........................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................
- iu tra c rung thc hin ICM v rung theo tp qun nng dn, mi rung 5 im ngu nhin theo ng cho gc. - Ch tiu iu tra: Cc ch tiu iu tra u c quy i thnh cng mt n v d so snh. + Cc ch tiu v sinh trng, pht trin cy trng: S khm/m 2 , s dnh/khm, s l/dnh, chiu cao cy... + Cc ch tiu v thc trng ng rung, thi tit: Mc nc, nhit ... + Cc ch tiu v dich hi: Su, bnh, c di, chut... + Cc ch tiu v hin ch: Nhn, b ra, kin 3 khoang, b xt nc... - S khm/m 2 - S dnh/khm - S l/dnh - Chiu cao cy - Mc nc - C di
- S khm/m 2 - S dnh/khm - S l/dnh - Chiu cao cy - Mc nc - C di
20 Tuy nhin vic iu tra h sinh thi theo cch trn ch i vi nng dn cha c k nng phn on. Nhng nng dn c kinh nghim, hoc c tp hun IPM th vic iu tra mang tnh c on v nh lng cng nh nh tnh cc thng tin cn thit phn tch tnh hnh ng rung. V d c khong bao nhiu dnh la/m2, bao nhiu su cun l nh/m 2 , bao nhiu ry nu/khm, bao nhiu b ra/m2...V cng ch c on nhng yu t c lin quan n tng thi k sinh trng pht trin ca cy trng m thi. - Cc t tho lun cu hi ( i vi lp tp hun, cn i vi nng dn th phn tch a ra quyt nh x l ng rung ) sau trnh by kt qu c lp cng tham kho v a ra quyt nh chung - Cc cu hi thng c a ra tho lun trong phn tch h sinh thi rung la bao gm: 1. Cy la ang giai on sinh trng no ? c cn kh nng ra l mi hay nhnh na khng ? ti sao ? 2. iu kin ngoi cnh nh nhit , Nm khng kh, mc nc trong rung c nh hng g n sinh trng ca cy hay khng ? bn s tc ng bin php k thut g trong thi gian ti. 3. Trn rung bn pht hin thy nhng i tng su bnh no ? c loi thin ich no c th khng ch c loi su hi m bn ang quan tm khng ?. 4. Theo bn i tng su bnh no ng quan tm hn c, v sao. Bn c cn s dng thuc ha hc phun cho loi su bnh no hay khng ? v sao bn cho l quyt nh ng n ? Mt s vn cn ch - Cy la giai on no th v hnh nh phn nh cy trng giai on . - Trnh by hnh v su hi, thin ch phi theo ng phn b t nhin ngoi ng rung (con g bay c th v tng trn v ngc li) VII. Gii thiu cch s dng bng so mu l la Bng nghin cu khoa hc, ngi ta bit c mu sc ca l la biu hin mc thiu dinh dng trong cy, trong c bit l nguyn t dinh dng m. T sn xut bng chia ra cc vch mu khc nhau tng ng vi mc thiu m ca cy. 21 - Trn mi rung chn 5 im cho gc, mi im chn bn cy la ngu nhin, mi cy ly mt l la hon chnh trn cng. Khi so mu ng quay lng v pha mt tri v ch thc hin lc sng sm hoc chiu ti. - nguyn l la trn cy, p trn bng so mu sao cho mu ca l la trng vi mu ca mt trong nhng trn bng mu, c tr s mu ca l trn bng mu v ghi li kt qu. Lm tng t nh vy vi cc l cn li. Cng tr s ca 20 l v chia bnh qun bit tr s ca mt l. - i chiu tr s vi bng so mu, nu tr s l 3 i vi la thun, 3,5 i vi la lai (la gieo thng) v 4 (i vi la cy) th cy la ang dinh dng, nu trn s cy la ang tha m v di tr s cy la thiu m ta cn chm bn kp thi. - Theo bng so mu, mu l la cng nht chng t cy la cng thiu m v ngc li cng m cy la cng tha m. Cn c mu sc l la nm di tr s trn bn lng m cho ph hp, nu mu cng nht th tng lng m v ngc li. - Nng dn c th s dng bng so mu kim tra tnh hnh sinh trng sa cy trng bt k lc no,
nhng tt nht nn so mu vo 2 thi im la nhnh v lm ng b sung phn bn kp thi, c bit giai on la lm ng.
Phn ba HNG DN NNG DN THC HIN 3 GIM, 3 TNG
1. Ni dung ngy hng dn th nht 1.1. T chc lp - T chc trc khi gieo cy 7-10 ngy. - Mi im (lp hc) trnh din c 30 nng dn tham gia, l nhng h c rung tp trung trong mt cnh ng ca mt thn hay mt HTX. Mi nng dn tham gia lm mt rung trnh din c din tch 700-1000m 2 . Hnh 7: Phng php so mu l la 22 Hnh 8: M hnh lm rung 3 gim, 3 tng - Tp hp nng dn hc ti hi trng, bu lp trng, phn nhm chia t, n nh lp hc gii thiu lm quen. - Gii thiu chng trnh v thi gian. 1.2. iu tra nng dn Trc khi trin khai tp hun cn pht phiu iu tra nng dn v kt qu sn xut ca v trc trn mnh rung so snh kt qu sau khi kt thc lp hun luyn. Kt qu iu tra c tng hp theo bng (ph lc 1). 1.3. Hng dn nng dn thc hin rung ICM. - Chn rung: Chn rung lin vng, t ng u, ch ng ti tiu. - B tr rung: Tt nht trn rung ca mi h nn chia lm 2 phn, mt bn lm theo quy trnh ICM, mt bn lm theo tp qun nng dn kt qu rung ICM khng ch so snh vi kt qu sn xut ca nng dn v trc m cn so snh vi kt qu ca v ny. - Lm t : t phi ba k, bng phng m bo thot nc tt.
- Ging: Yu cu gieo cng mt loi ging, ngm cng mt ngy, lng ging gieo 5-6kg/so. - Gieo cy : Gieo u, nu rung cy phi cy mt dnh v m bo mt . Thi gian gieo cy cc h ch chnh nhau ti a trong vi ngy. - Bn phn: + Lng phn bn (tnh cho 1 so 500m 2 ) Phn chung : 400-500kg Rung ICM Rung ND B ngn gia 2 rung 23 Phn m Ur: 10-12kg ( ty theo tng loi rung v kt qu so mu ) Phn ln Supe: 15-20kg Phn kali : 6-8kg Tiltsuper: 2 hp/so
+ Cch bn : Bn lt : 100% phn chung + 100% ln, + 20% m. Bn thc ln 1 : 50% m ( ty theo kt qu so mu ) + 50% kali. Bn thc ln 2 : 30% m ( ty theo kt qu so mu ) + 50% kali. - Thuc BVTV: Khng phun thuc BVTV t gieo n 35-40 ngy i vi la ng xun v 20-25 ngy i vi la h thu. S dng Tiltsuper trc v sau tr 7 ngy ( 2 hp/so ) - Dm ta: Dm ta khi la 2,5-3 l, dm 1 dnh. La rung no dm ta theo rung , khng dng la rung khc dm vo rung ICM. 2. Ni dung ngy hng dn th hai Thi gian thc hin ng vo lc la thi k dm ta. - Chia lp thnh cc nhm 5-7 ngi, cc nhm ra rung, quan st v iu tra h sinh thi rung la theo phng php o m hoc phng php c on khi c k nng quan st, nh gi ng rung tt. Khi ngoi rung cn ghi chp li nhng s liu quan st c trn h sinh thi rung la. - V phng, cc nhm v kt qu quan st c ln t giy A 0, cng tho lun v phn tch h sinh thi ng rung a ra bin php x l ng rung hp l. Khi nng dn c k nng quan st, phn tch nh gi ng rung th ch cn c nhm cng thc hin vic quan st, nh gi v phn tch h snh thi ti rung sau thng nht bin php x l ng rung. Hnh 9: Lng ging gieo 5-6kg/so vn m bo nng sut
24 - Trong ngy lm vic th hai cn gip nng dn hiu dc cc vn sau: Nh th no l cy m khe ( giai on m ), lm th no c cy la giai on m khe. Kim tra mt bnh qun s cy/m 2 xem lng ging chng ta gieo t u v ( 5-6kg/so ) c kh nng p ng nng sut hay khng. Gii thch cho nng dan hiu c mc ch ca dm ta sm m bo mt cy phn b u trn rung la v pht huy kh nng nhnh ca cy la m bo mt theo yu cu cho nng sut cao. Tm nhng yu t nh hng n s sinh trng ca cy la t sau gieo cho n giai on ny c bin php chm sc ph hp. Loi dch hi no cn quan tm nht, bin php qun l chng nh th no.
Hnh 10: Rung la trc v sau khi c dm ta
3. Ni dung ngy hng dn th ba Thi gian thc hin khi la bt u nhnh - Chia lp thnh cc nhm 5-7 ngi, cc nhm ra rung, quan st v iu tra h sinh thi rung la theo phng php o m hoc phng php c on khi c k nng quan st, nh gi ng rung tt. Khi ngoi rung cn ghi chp li nhng s liu quan st c trn h sinh thi rung la. - V phng, cc nhm v kt qu quan st c ln t giy A 0, cng tho lun v phn tch h sinh thi ng rung a ra bin php x l ng rung hp l. Khi nng dn c k nng quan st, phn tch nh gi ng rung th ch cn c nhm cng thc hin vic quan st, nh gi v phn tch h snh thi ti rung sau thng nht bin php x l ng rung. - Trong ngy lm vic th ba cn gip nng dn hiu dc cc vn sau: 25 Ti sao s nhnh ca cy la l quan trng, ngha ca s nhnh i vi vic s dng lng ging la gieo trn n v din tch nh th no. Yu t no c nh hng n kh nng nhnh ca rung la. Lm th no iu khin c cy la nhnh thun li v hng n t nng sut cao. Ti sao bn phn vo giai on ny l quan trng, lm th no bit c cn bn phn hay khng, khi no th quyt nh thc hin iu . Nu dm ta sau khi cy la kt thc thi k nhnh c tc dng g khng. Loi dch hi no cn quan tm nht trong giai on ny, bin php qun l chng nh th no. 4. Ni dung ngy hng dn th t Thc hin hng dn ng rung giai on la bt u lm ng - Chia lp thnh cc nhm 5-7 ngi, cc nhm ra rung, quan st v iu tra h sinh thi rung la theo phng php o m hoc phng php c on khi c k nng quan st, nh gi ng rung tt. Khi ngoi rung cn ghi chp li nhng s liu quan st c trn h sinh thi rung la. - V phng, cc nhm v kt qu quan st c ln t giy A 0, cng tho lun v phn tch h sinh thi ng rung a ra bin php x l ng rung hp l. Khi nng dn c k nng quan st, phn tch nh gi ng rung th ch cn c nhm cng thc hin vic quan st, nh gi v phn tch h snh thi ti rung sau thng nht bin php x l ng rung. - Trong ngy lm vic th t cn gip nng dn hiu dc cc vn sau: Lm th no nhn bit c cy la ang giai on lm ng. Yu t no c nh hng n giai on lm ng ca rung la. Lm th no iu khin c rung la lm ng tp trung v cho nng sut cao. Ti sao bn phn vo giai on ny l quan trng, lm th no bit c cn bn phn hay khng, khi no th quyt nh thc hin iu . Loi dch hi no cn quan tm nht trong giai on ny, bin php qun l chng nh th no. 5. Ni dung ngy hng dn th nm Thc hin vo giai on la tr. - Chia lp thnh cc nhm 5-7 ngi, cc nhm ra rung, quan st v iu tra h sinh thi rung la theo phng php o m hoc phng php c on khi c k 26 Hnh 11: Kt qu rung trnh din ICM nng quan st, nh gi ng rung tt. Khi ngoi rung cn ghi chp li nhng s liu quan st c trn h sinh thi rung la. - V phng, cc nhm v kt qu quan st c ln t giy A 0, cng tho lun v phn tch h sinh thi ng rung a ra bin php x l ng rung hp l. Khi nng dn c k nng quan st, phn tch nh gi ng rung th ch cn c nhm cng thc hin vic quan st, nh gi v phn tch h snh thi ti rung sau thng nht bin php x l ng rung. - Trong ngy lm vic th t cn gip nng dn hiu dc cc vn sau: Sau khi la lm ng bao nhiu ngy na th s tr. Mt bao nhiu thi gian mt rung la tr hon ton. Nu nhng yu t ngoi cnh c nh hng ln nht n giai on tr ( th phaasns, th tinh, phi mau ) v nng sut ca rung la. Nn b tr thi v gieo trng nh th no la tr khng b nh hng ca thi tit trong cc ma v. Nu v d i vi ging la c th. Nu nhng bin php m bo la tr tp trung. giai on ny la thng b cc i tng dch hi no gy hi. Bin php qun l nh th no. 6. Ngy hng dn th su Thc hin vo giai on la chn v thu hoch - Chia lp thnh cc nhm nh, ra rung quan st v tin hnh nh gi nng sut ca rung la thc hin 3 gim, 3 tng v rung la thc hin. C th tin hnh m s bng/m 2 , s ht chc/bng ca c hai rung. - Tr v phng cc nhm tnh ton nng sut v hiu qu kinh t ca hai phng php nh gi kt qu.
27 Nng sut c on ngoi rung Nng sut l thuyt:
S bng/m 2 x s ht chc/bng x trng lng 1.000 ht Nng sut/m 2 = 1.000 ( Trng lng 1.000 ht ca cc ging 23 - 26gam, ty theo ging ) Nng sut/ha = Nng sut/m 2 x 10.000m 2
- Cc nhm ln bo co kt qu ca nhm mnh. - Trong ngy hng dn ny cn cho hc vin nm thm cc ni dung sau Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh tch ly cht v ht t nng sut ti a ca rung la. Cc i tng dch hi cn quan tm nht v cch phng tr c hiu qu. - Ngy lm vic th su nn kt hp tng kt lp hc.