Phan Tich Cac Chi Tieu Moi Truong - TS Dinh Hai Ha

B CNG THNG
I HC CNG NGHIP THNH PH H CH MINH

VIN KHOA HC CNG NGH & QUN L MI TRNG

PHNG PHAP PHAN TCH CAC CH
TIEU MOI TRNG

ThS. INH HAI HA

TP.HO CH MINH, thang 09 nam 2009
(Cp nht ln 3)
Phng phap phan tch cac ch tieu moi trng - ThS. inh Hai Ha

-2-

LI NOI AU

Kinh te cang phat trien keo theo o nhiem moi trng ngay cang nhieu. Neu nh
chung ta khong co nhng chnh sach phat trien ben vng phat trien kinh te i oi
vi bao ve moi trng th the he tng lai cua chung ta se phai ganh chu nhng hau
qua nang ne nh thien tai, lu lut do thay oi kh hau toan cau, cac can benh ung th
ngay cang nhieu do cac chat thai oc hai c thai ra moi trng mot cach tuy tien,
s suy giam tang ozon... Hien nay co rat nhieu nha may, khu cong nghiep hang ngay
thai ra moi trng hang tram khoi nc thai gay o nhiem moi trng. Nham anh
gia mc o o nhiem do cac hoat ong nay gay nen t o a ra hng x ly thch
hp, sach Phng Phap Phan Tch Cac Ch Tieu Moi Trng cung cap cac kien thc
cho ngi ky s moi trng kha nang anh gia chat lng nguon nc va at tai khu
vc o.

Ngoai ra sach Phng Phap Phan Tch Cac Ch Tieu Moi Trng con co the s
dung cho mon hoc Thc Hanh Hoa Ky Thuat Moi Trng va Thc Hanh Moi
Trng at, thc hanh O Nhiem Khong Kh dung cho sinh vien thuoc cac chuyen
nganh nh Cong nghe Moi trng, Quan ly Moi trng, Khoa hoc Moi trng trong
cac trng Cao ang va ai hoc trong ca nc cung nh cho cac can bo thuoc cac
trung tam nghien cu, phan tch chat lng nc va at, cac phong th nghiem cua
cac khu cong nghiep

e hoan thanh cuon sach tac gia a tham khao nhieu nguon tai lieu khac nhau, xin
c chan thanh gi li cam n en cac nha khoa hoc, ac biet la cac thay co thuoc
Khoa Cong nghe Moi trng trng ai hoc Dan Lap Van Lang tp. HCM t
nhng nam 1998 a phien dch t tai lieu nc ngoai Standard Methods e cung
cap cac nguon d lieu qu gia giup tac gia co the hoan thanh cuon sach nay.

Rat mong nhan c y kien ong gop e lan xuat ban sau c hoan thien hn.
Moi y kien ong gop xin gi ve a ch haihak6@yahoo.com

Xin chan thanh cam n.

Tac gia

-3-

MUC LUC

Chng 1: M au ....................................................................................................... 5
Bai 1: Lay mau va bao quan mau ................................................................................ 5
Bai 2: Dung dch chuan .............................................................................................. 16

Chng 2: Phan tch cac thong so vat ly ................................................................ 22
Bai 3: pH, EC, o man ................................................................................................ 22
Bai 4: Chat ran ............................................................................................................ 23
Bai 5: o uc .............................................................................................................. 25
Bai 6: o mau ............................................................................................................. 26

Chng 3: Phan tch cac thong so the tch ............................................................ 28
Bai 7: Chloride ............................................................................................................ 28
Bai 8: o acid ............................................................................................................. 30
Bai 9: o kiem ............................................................................................................ 32
Bai 10: o cng tong cong ......................................................................................... 34
Bai 11: o cng calci ................................................................................................. 38
Bai 12: Nitrogen organic ......................................................................................... 39

Chng 4: Phan tch cac thong so trac quang ....................................................... 42
Bai 13: Sat ................................................................................................................... 42
Bai 14: Nitrogen nitrite (N-NO
2
-
) ............................................................................ 45
Bai 15: Nitrogen-nitrate (NO
3
-
) .................................................................................. 48
Bai 16: Nitrogen ammonia (NH
3
) ............................................................................ 50
Bai 17: Phosphate ....................................................................................................... 54
Bai 18: Sunfat .............................................................................................................. 57
Bai 19: Mangan ........................................................................................................... 59
Bai 20: Chlorine Cl
2
.................................................................................................. 61

Chng 5: Phan tch cac thong so sinh hoa ........................................................... 62
Bai 21: Oxi hoa tan (DO) .......................................................................................... 62
Bai 22: Nhu cau oxy sinh hoc (biological oxygen demand BOD) ......................... 65
Bai 23: Nhu cau oxi hoa hoc (chemical oxygen demand COD) ............................ 68

Chng 6: Phng phap phan tch cac ch tieu moi trng at ......................... 71
Bai 24: Chuan b mau at ........................................................................................... 71
Bai 25: Xac nh t trong, dung trong va o xop at ................................................. 72
Bai 26: Phan tch hat ket at ...................................................................................... 74
Bai 27: chua ca t .............................................................................................. 78
Bai 28: Phan tch tong so muoi tan, clo ..................................................................... 81

-4-

Bai 29: Phan tch mun trong at ................................................................................. 82
Bai 30: Phan tch N tong so trong at ........................................................................ 86
Bai 31: Phan tch Si, R
2
O
3
trong at .......................................................................... 89
Bai 32: Phan tch Al
3+
trao oi trong at ................................................................... 95
Bai 33: Xac nh cac dang ton tai cua sat trong at ................................................. 97
Bai 34: Xac nh pH at ............................................................................................. 99
Bai 35: Phan tch CaO, MgO trong at .................................................................... 102

Chng 7: Phng phap phan tch cac ch tieu moi trng kh ...................... 106
Bai 36: Xac nh acid HCl - phng phap hap thu bang nc cat ........................ 106
Bai 37: Xac nh CO
2
- phng phap hap thu CO
2
bang Ba(OH)
2
......................... 107
Bai 38: Xac nh sunfur dioxit (SO
2
) ....................................................................... 109
Bai 39: Xac nh Dioxyt nit (NO
2
) ......................................................................... 111
Bai 40: Xac nh Ammoniac .................................................................................... 114
Bai 41: Xac nh Hydrosunfua ................................................................................. 116

-5-

CHNG 1: M AU
BAI 1: LAY MAU VA BAO QUAN MAU
1.1 Gii thieu chung
ng vi nhu cau cua xa hoi ngay cang oi hoi chat lng phan tch cang cao va yeu
cau cua khach hang cung ngay cang a dang, kiem soat va bao am chat lng cua
phep phan tch QAQC (Quanlity Assurance and Quanlity Control) la nham muc ch
tang o tin cay cua khach hang oi vi ket qua cua phep phan tch. Chnh v vay
ma yeu cau ve chat lng cua phep phan tch at ra hang au.
Muc ch cua phep phan tch la tm ra mot cach nh tnh va nh lng thanh phan
cua cac chat co trong moi trng. Trong phan tch moi trng co mot so muc tieu cu
the:
chun b mt ngn hng d liu nhm xc nh xu hng s bin i mt
hp cht no trong mi trng
Xc nh chnh xc thnh phn v nng ca mt mu mi trng no
nhm a ra gii php cng ngh v x l n
Vi pht trin ny th hng lot cc my mc, thit b phn tch k thut cao ra i
gp phn tng chnh xc ca mt php phn tch. Tuy nhin sai s ca mt php
phn tch c th n t nhiu ngun: ly mu, vn chuyn v bo qun mu, chn la
phng php phn tch, bn thn ngi phn tch, khng hiu chnh thit b hp l, x
l v bo co s liu khng chnh xc.

1.2 Lay mau, van chuyen va bao quan mau
Chat lng cua mot phep phan tch phu thuoc rat nhieu vao quy trnh lay mau. Theo
thong ke co ti 66% sai so cua ket qua phan tch en t viec lay mau sai. o tin
cay cua mot ket qua phan tch phu thuoc vao chien lc lay mau, ke hoach lay mau
va s o lay mau.
Trong phan tch moi trng ngi ta phan biet lam 4 loai mau, ng vi moi loai se
co s o lay mau tng ng
Loai 1: mau ai dien (Representative) la loai mau mang nhieu tnh chat. e bao
am c tnh ai dien cua mau moi trng ngi ta phai xem xet trang thai ton
tai cua mau ngoai moi trng o
V du: mau ong the (nc song, ho)
Mau d the (chat thai ran)
Mau tnh (nc trong ao, ho)
Mau ong (nc song, bien)
Loai 2: mau chon la (Selective) hoan toan phu thuoc vao ke hoach lay mau.
Chung ta chon la mau sao cho thoa man mot tnh chat thch hp nao o ma
chung ta d nh va bo qua cac chi tiet khac
Loai 3: mau bat ky (Random) khi tnh ai dien khong am bao, lay bat ky nhng
phai xem xet cho thoa man mot so tieu ch, nhu cau e ra.
Loai 4: mau hon hp (Composite) hay con goi la mau tron (mixed)


-6-

1.2.1 Thi gian lu mau
L khong thi gian cc i t thi im ly mu n lc o mu m mu khng c s
bin i ng k no, v mt nguyn tc nn o mu cng nhanh cng tt sau khi ly
mu. Trong qu trnh vn chuyn v lu mu mi thao tc u phi c ghi nhn.
1.2.2 Mot so tnh chat cua mau phan tch
Khi xay dng chien lc lay mau phai xem xet en cac yeu to nh: o bay hi, tnh
nhay vi anh sang mat tri, tnh ben vng ve nhiet, tnh phan ng hoa hoc
Moi nguyen nhan ve s nhiem ban cua mau phai c xem xet can than: s hoa tan
cua mot so chat, cua vat cha mau vao mau, thanh phan moi trng ben ngoai (bui,
hoa chat khac), ac biet chat de bay hi
Mot vai nguyen nhan gay bien oi mau:
- Vi khuan, tao va cacvi sinh vat khac co the tieu thu mot so thanh phan co trong
mau, chung cung co the lam bien oi ban chat cua cac thanh phan va tao ra cac
thanh phan mi. Hoat ong sinh hoc nay gay anh hng en ham lng oxi hoa
tan, cacbondioxit, cac hp chat nit, photpho va oi khi co ca silic.
- Mot so hp chat co the b oxy hoa bi oxy hoa tan trong mau hoac oxy khong
kh (th du nh cac hp chat hu c, sat II, sunfua).
- Mot so chat ket tua v du nh CaCO
3
, Al(OH)
3
, Mg(PO
4
)
2
, hoac bay hi v du
nh oxy, thuy ngan, xianua
- pH, o dan ien, ham lng cacbonioxit co the b thay oi do hap thu
cacbonioxit t khong kh.
- Cac kim loai hoa tan hoac dang keo, mot so hp chat hu c co the b hap phu
khong thuan nghch len bnh cha hoac len cac hat ran co trong mau
- Cac san pham polyme hoa co b depolyme hoa, ngc lai, cac hp chat n gian
co the b polyme hoa.
1.2.3 ieu kien lu tr mau, muc ch phan tch
Moi mot mau can phai co che o bao quan thch hp, muc ch la tao ra moi trng
lu tr tot lam han che toi thieu phan ng hoa hoc, sinh hoc oi vi mau. Hau het
cac phan ng enzyme xay ra nhiet o 20-30
o
C (nhiet o phong) nen lu tr mau
trong ieu kien lanh va trong khong gian toi. oi khi e lu mau phai them vao
nhng chat tr nh chat chong oxy hoa, chong keo tu.
1.2.4 Tien x ly mau
Muc ch cua phep phan tch la mau ta o phai phu hp vi tnh ai dien cua mau
moi trng. Trc khi o thng co mot so cong oan phai thao tac vi mau e phu
hp vi thiet b o va phng phap o nh: lac, pha loang, co ac, nghien, cat, loc,
tron
1.2.5 La chon phng phap phan tch
Khi can nhac la chon phng phap phan tch thng da vao mot so gi y sau ay:
Nhng phng phap phan tch ma ta t xay dng nen
Nhng phng phap c cong bo trong nhng tap ch khoa hoc chuyen nganh
Nhng phng phap do cac to chc thng mai cung cap
Nhng phng phap c cung cap trong sach chuyen nganh

-7-

Nhng phng phap do cac to chc tieu chuan hoa cong bo (ISO, TCVN)
1.2.6 Cac yeu to can can nhac khi la chon phng phap phan tch
Gii han phat hien (LOD Limit of detection): la lng nho nhat cua mot
chat can phan tch trong mau moi trng ma phng phap, thiet b nao o co
the phat hien c
o nhay cua phng phap phan tch (Sensitivity): bieu th s thay oi k
hieu cua phng phap hay cua may khi co s thay oi ve nong o cua chat
can phan tch trong mau. o nhay cua phng phap phan tch chnh la o doc
cua ng chuan

Hnh 1. 1 Phng trnh ng chuan

o chnh xac cua phng phap phan tch (Accuracy): la o lech gia gia
tr o c vi gia tr c xac nh thong qua ng chuan. Bieu th sai so
cua tng phep o trong tng phng phap hay thiet b s dung.
o ung (Precision): la o lech gia gia tr o c vi gia tr thc cua mau
o lap lai (Reproducibility): la gia tr tuyet oi cua o lech chuan cua mot
phep o trong cung ieu kien o. Lap lai th nghiem nhieu lan e tin tng
hn.
1.2.7 Cac yeu to moi trng phong th nghiem can can nhac
- Anh sang mat tri, nhiet o, bui, o rung ong, cac trng ien t
-Phng cach thiet ke phong th nghiem: o thong thoang, o am
-Phng cach nh v thiet b o: viec bo tr cac thiet b, hoa chat
-Phng cach la chon cac dung cu:
oi vi thiet b phai c kiem tra xem van hanh co tot khong, phai hieu
chnh thiet b thng xuyen, bao tr, kiem tra tnh sach
oi vi hoa chat phai kiem tra chat lng hoa chat o, ieu kien bao quan
hoa chat
oi vi cac vat dung khac: kiem tra o sach cac vat dung trc khi o
1.2.8 Phng thc bao quan mau
Phng thc bao quan mau nc theo ch tieu phan tch c trnh bay trong bang
sau:
a
y=ax+b
a=tga


-8-

Bang 1.1 Phng thc bao quan mau nc
Ch tieu phan tch Phng thc bao quan
Thi gian ton
tr toi a
o cng (hardness) Khong can thiet
Calci (Ca
2+
) Khong can thiet
Cloride (Cl
-
) Khong can thiet
Floride (F
-
) Khong can thiet
o dan ien 4
o
C 28 gi
o acid, o kiem 4
o
C 24 gi
Mui 4
o
C 6 gi
Mau 4
o
C 48 gi
Sulphate 4
o
C; pH<8 28 ngay
H
2
S Them 2mg/l zinc acetate 7 ngay
DO (0,7mlH
2
SO
4
+1mlNaN
3
)/300ml
;10-20
o
C
8 gi
COD 2ml/l H
2
SO
4
7 ngay
Dau va m 2ml/l H
2
SO
4
, 4
o
C 28 ngay
Carbon hu c 2ml/l HCl, pH<2 7 ngay
Cyanide NaOH, pH>12, 4
o
C, trong toi 24 gi
Phenol H
2
SO
4
, pH<2, 4
o
C 24 gi
N-NH
3
H
2
SO
4
, pH<2, 4
o
C 7 ngay
N-NO
2
; N-NO
3
H
2
SO
4
, pH<2, 4
o
C Phan tch ngay
Phosphate 4
o
C 48 gi
Fe, Mn HNO
3
, pH<2, 4
o
C 6 thang
Cach bao quan va thi gian lu tr tren ch co tnh hng dan, viec phan tch thc
hien cang sm cang tot.

1.3 o mau
1.3.1 Cac nguyen nhan dan en ket qua sai khi o mau
-Nang lc cua ngi phan tch, phng phap chuan o, tien hanh th nghiem khong
theo trnh t, s nhiem ban trong luc o, cac nhieu: la s hien dien cua cac thanh
phan khac trong mau moi trng ma co the gay ra anh hng en muc ch o cua
chat can phan tch, ve mat nguyen tac th nhieu can c loai bo cong oan tien
x ly mau.
-Sai so do cac phan ng oxy hoa
-Sai so thiet b: thiet b hoat ong khong ung nh mong i, khong hieu chnh, mau
o khong phu hp vi thiet b o
-Sai so do lay mau
-S mat mat va phan huy trong luc o: b phan huy do phan ng oxy hoa, nhiet o,
bay hi, b hap thu tren be mat cua cac vat dung phan tch.


-9-

1.3.2 Kiem tra tnh thch hp cua phng phap phan tch
Lap lai th nghiem nham muc ch giup cho ngi phan tch tin tng phng phap
ang thc hien la ung, ieu nay co ngha la ngi phan tch ang tien hanh ung
trnh t phan tch.
Th nghiem thu hoi (Recovery test): khi ban chat cua chat can phan tch trong moi
trng ta a xac nh ro ta se lam th nghiem thu hoi bang cach them vao mau o
mot lng xac nh ung chat can thiet o, ta se o mau trc va sau khi them, s
khac biet gia hai lan o se cho ta thong tin ve s hien dien cua mau khi so sanh
vi ng chuan.
o mau khong (blank): la mau khong cha chat can phan tch
Dung nhng phng phap khac nhau e o
Thay oi au do
Yeu cau ve nang lc: mot so yeu cau chung vi ngi phan tch la tnh can
than, ngan nap, gon gang, ky luat cao
Trc khi phan tch: phai hieu ro muc ch cua phng phap o, lch s cua mau,
nh ra ke hoach cho phep o
Trong luc phan tch: quan sat can than, ghi nhan cac hien tng xay ra trong qua
trnh o, cac s co bat thng xay ra. Kiem tra lai cac ieu kien phong th nghiem,
lau chui thiet b, ghi nhan so lieu trong qua trnh o.
Sau khi phan tch: quan ly d lieu o c mot cach phu hp, ch ra ngay nhng sai
so, mau nen c lu gi mot thi gian cho en khi ket qua c tin tng, sap xep
lai khu vc th nghiem e san sang cho phep o tiep theo.

1.4 Cac phng phap ng dung trong phan tch moi trng
1.4.1 Phng phap phan tch bang quang hoa
Bc xa ien t
La mot dang nang lng c truyen i trong khong gian vi van toc ln. Hai ly
thuyet noi len ac tnh cua bc xa ien t:
-Bc song: bc xa ien t la mot dang dao ong song hnh sin c ac trng bi
mot so ai lng v du: nhp o, bc song, tan so song, chu k, bien o dao ong.
-Bc thang: xem bc xa ien t la chum cua nhng hat mang nang lng c goi
la proton E=hxv, moi hat co mang mot nang lng h:hang so Frang, v:tan so dao
ong song. Nang lng cua proton E t le thuan vi tan so dao ong cua song
Phan loai bc xa:
Bc xa tia : bc song = 0,005-1,5A
O
Bc xa tia X: bc song = 0,1-1005A
O
Bc xa hap thu tia cc tm nam trong vung chan khong: bc song = 10-180nm thu
c do s kch hoat nhng electron ngoai cung. ng dung trong phan tch moi
trng oi vi mau kh
Bc xa trong vung cc tm: = 180-780nm, anh sang nhn thay c

-10-

Bc xa hong ngoai IR: = 0,78-300m c phat ra do nhng dao ong rung va
quay cua phan t. Phan tch cau truc cua nhng phan t phc tap nhat la nhng
phan t hu c.
Nhng vung con lai: la vi song, song radio
Khi bc xa ien t phat ra truyen qua moi trng vat chat se co mot so hien tng
xay ra:
Hien tng hap thu bc xa: mau moi trng se hap thu mot phan nang
lng bc xa ien t. Ket qua la nang lng bc xa se b yeu i, lam can
c phan tch nh tnh va nh lng mau moi trng.
Hien tng truyen suot: lam mau O e ieu chnh may phan tch
Hien tng tan xa: khi bc xa ien t truyen en be mat cua mot vat the
ran, bc xa ien t b oi phng truyen ra nhng hng khac nhau.
Hien tng nhieu xa (diffraction): khi cho bc xa ien t qua mot khe
hep, bc xa ien t se c phan tan ra thanh nhieu chum tia khac nhau
vi nhng bc song nhat nh ma co pham vi hep hn.
Hien tng khuc xa (refraction): cho bc xa ien t qua hai moi trng
khac nhau, bc xa ien t se b thay oi phng truyen theo mot quy luat
nhat nh
Hien tng phan xa: oi phng truyen anh sang
Cau tao thiet b quang hoc spectrophotometer

Hnh 1.2 S o cau tao cua Spectrophotometer

1. Nguon phat ra bc xa ien t (Radiation Source): la dung cu phat ra bc xa trong
mot vung bc song ma ta mong muon
2. Dung cu cha mau (Sample Compartment) hay con goi la Curvet co nhieu hnh
dang nh tron, vuong

Hnh 1.3 Cuvet ng mau
3. Thiet b tron va tach song (Wave length selection): co chc nang thu hep bc xa
ien t, tang cng cng o cua bc xa tai v tr thu hep (khuyech ai bc xa len
v sau khi qua 2 se b yeu i). Trong thc te may quang pho 3 co the la bo loc
(fifter) hoac may n sac (monochromater)

1
3
2
4 5

-11-

Hnh 1.4
May n sac Bo loc

4. Detector: ghi nhan tn hieu va chuyen hoa tn hieu nang lng anh sang thanh tn
hieu ien (te bao quang ien)

Hnh 1.5 Te bao quang ien

5. Thiet b ieu tuyen tn hieu (Data/Signal pressesing): hien th d lieu di dang
so hoa
Pho hap thu phan t (Motercular uv-vis)
Vung ng dung 180-3000nm
Mot so khai niem chung lien quan en quang pho hap thu: khi cac phan t cua mau
moi trng nhan c mot phan nang lng bc xa no se chuyen len trang thai kch
thch va ton tai trang thai nay rat ngan (10
-7
10
-8
s). e giai thch hien tng hap
thu nay ngi ta dung mot so khai niem:
-o truyen suot (Transmittance) %T = P/P
O
x 100%
-o hap thu (Absorbance) A = -logT = -log P/P
O
= log P
O
/P
-o hap thu phan t (Molar Absorptivity) va nh luat Beer
A=abc
A: o hap thu cua vat chat
b: chieu day Curvet
c: nong o vat chat trong moi trng nao o
a: hang so phu thuoc tnh chat moi trng

A
e

-12-

nh luat Beer ung vi mau loang C#0.01M (do nhng phan t cua moi trng
am ac co khoang cach gan nhau, de va cham dan ti khong con c hoi hap thu
nang lng bc xa)
ng dung cu the: chuan o quang hoc, Si quang (gom hai si day truyen bc xa
ien t)

Hnh 1.6 Mot vai loai may Spectrophotometer

1.4.2 Phng phap phan tch sac ky
ai cng ve phng phap sac ky
ac iem cua phng phap sac ky
Phng phap sac ky do nha bac hoc ngi Nga Mikhail Tswett (1872-1919)
phat minh vao nam 1903. Ong a dung cot cha oxit nhom tach cac pigment cua la
cay xanh thanh cac vung mau rieng biet va ong a at ten cho phng phap nay la
sac ky (chromatography)

Hnh 1.7 Th nghiem cua nha bac hoc Mikhail Tswett

-13-

Sac ky la mot phng phap dung e phan tach nhng thanh phan gan giong nhau
trong mot mau moi trng phc hp. Trong ky thuat sac ky, mau c hoa tan vao
trong pha ong (mobile sample) co the la mot dong kh, chat long hay la mot dong
chat long sieu ti han (nhiet o, ap suat co nh). Pha ong nay c ay qua mot
pha tnh ma khong tron lan pha ong. Pha tnh co the co nh tren mot cot hoac tren
be mat cua chat ran. Thanh phan cua hai pha c chon la sao cho cac thanh phan
khac nhau cua mau moi trng se phan bo lan nhau gia pha ong va pha tnh. Cac
thanh phan c lu gi manh hn bi pha tnh se chuyen ong mot cach cham
chap hn so vi dong pha ong, va ngc lai nhng thanh phan c lu gi bi pha
tnh yeu hn se chuyen ong nhanh hn. Ket qua la nhng thanh phan khac nhau se
c tach ri ra.

Bang 1.2 Phan loai cac dang sac ky
Loai Phng phap Pha tnh Trang thai can
bang
Sac ky long
(pha ong la
chat long)
-Sac ky long-long
(sac ky phan bo)
-Nhng chat long
c hap thu tren
be mat chat ran
-S phan bo gia
cac chat long khong
tron lan nhau
-Sac ky long-lien
ket pha
-Nhng phan t
hu c lien ket tren
be mat chat ran
-S phan bo gia
chat long va be mat
lien ket pha o
-Sac ky long-ran
(sac ky hap thu)
-Nhng hat nhoi
hoac chat ran
-Hap phu
-Sac ky trao oi
ion
-nha trao oi ion
-Sac ky ngoai c -nhng hat nhoi co
khoet lo

Sac ky kh
(pha ong la
chat kh)
-Sac ky kh-long -Nhng chat long
c hap thu tren
be mat chat ran
-S phan bo gia
kh va long
-Sac ky lien ket
pha
-Nhng phan t
hu c nh tren be
mat chat ran
-S phan bo gia
kh va be mat lien
ket pha o
-Sac ky kh-ran -Chat ran -Hap phu vat ly n
thuan
Sac ky dong
ti han
-Nhng phan t
hu c nh tren be
mat chat ran
-S phan bo gia
dong ti han va be
mat lien ket pha


-14-

Hnh 1.8 Mo hnh may sac ky long
Cac ai lng c ban trong sac ky
Mot qua trnh sac ky c ac trng bi rat nhieu cac ai lng ac trng thuy
ong hoc cua cot sac ky, cac ai lng ac trng cho s lu gi, ai lng ac trng
cho s phan tach va mot so ai lng khac. Trong phan nay chung toi ch e cap ti
mot so ai lng ac trng quan trong cua mot qua trnh sac ky.

Hnh 1.9 Sac ky o
Trong o:
- t
R1
, t
R2
: Thi gian lu cua cau t th nhat va th 2
- t
M
: Thi gian lu chet
- w
1
, w
2
: Be rong ay cua mui sac ky


-15-

1.4.3 Phng phap phan tch khoi lng
Phng phap phan tch khoi lng la mot phng phap cua phan tch nh lng da
tren s o chnh xac khoi lng cua chat can xac nh, hoac cua thanh phan no
c tach ra trang thai tinh khiet hoa hoc, hoac di hp chat thch hp (thng
cac thanh phan nay khong oi va biet chnh xac).
Trong phng phap nay ngi ta thng can mot lng mau chnh xac (c goi la
lng can) can phan tch, roi hoa tan no thanh dung dch. Neu oi tng la dung
dch th lay mot the tch chnh xac cua no. Sau o ket tua hp phan can xac nh
di dang mot hp chat rat t tan, oi khi di dang n chat. Loc ra, say va nung
e chuyen thanh mot hp chat ben co thanh phan hoa hoc xac nh (tc la co cong
thc hoa hoc mot dang nhat nh) c goi la dang can. Cuoi cung em can ket
tua a c say hoac nung o tran can phan tch, da vao khoi lng cua no e tnh
ham lng chat can xac nh.
V du:
-e xac nh ham lng cua sat co trong mau quang, ngi ta can chnh xac mot
lng mau quang va chuyen hoan toan sat ve dang Fe
3+
, ket tua Fe
3+
di dang
Fe(OH)
3
.xH
2
O. Loc, ra va nung ket nay en khoi lng khong oi e chuyen ket
tua hoan toan ve dang Fe
2
O
3
. Cuoi cung can lng ket tua sau khi nung nay va tnh
ra ham lng cua sat.
-Xac nh o am cua mau at, xac nh chat ran l lng trong mau nc...

1.4.4 Phng phap chuan o the tch
Phng phap nay thng dung e xac nh nong o cua mot chat bang cach dung
mot chat khac a biet nong o ket hp vi ch th thch hp da tren lng the tch
dung dch phan ng tai iem oi mau cua ch th.

Ap dung nh luat bao toan ng lng: Cac chat phan ng vi nhau theo cac
lng ty le vi ng lng cua moi chat trong phan ng o.

C
N1
x V
1
= C
N2
x V
2

Trong o: C
N
la nong o ng lng
V la the tch dung dch

Tuy thuoc vao loai phan ng dung lam c s cho moi phng phap ma phng phap
the tch c at ten theo o. Cac phng phap phan tch the tch chia lam 4 loai
da vao phan ng ma chung dung e xac nh iem tng ng :
Phng phap ket tua: co phan ng tao thanh hp chat t tan ( ket tua).
Phng phap trung hoa : co phan ng acid - baz
Phng phap oxy hoa kh: co phan ng gia cac chat kh va chat oxy hoa .
Phng phap Complecxon: co phan ng tao phc gia ion kim loai vi complexon.


-16-

BAI 2: DUNG DCH CHUAN
1. ai Cng
Trong qua trnh phan tch nc va nc thai thng gap nhieu dung dch
chuan ma nong o ghi di hnh thc so hu t thay v so thap phan hay so nguyen.
S viec tren c giai thch bi hai ly do:
Ket qua bao cao: Cac so lieu c yeu cau ghi the nao e ngi thiet ke
(thng la nhng ngi khong chuyen mon trong nganh hoa) de hnh dung. Do o
n v thng s dung la mg/l, n v nay c dung pho cap.
Tnh toan: oi vi ngi lam cong tac xet nghiem, cong thc cang de dang,
de nh cang giam thi gian tnh toan, cang tranh c nhng nham lan co the xay
ra.
T hai ly do tren, viec chon nong o dung dch chuan c tien hanh nh mot thong
le sao cho: 1 lt dung dch nh phan luon luon tng ng vi 1g chat can nh
lng. ieu nay cung co ngha 1ml dung dch chuan se tng ng vi 1mg chat can
nh lng. Ro rang viec pha che dung dch chuan khong phu thuoc vao ban chat
chuan ma tuy thuoc vao khoi lng ng lng (KLL) chat can chuan.
Th du phan ng
KLL
Chat can chuan
Dung dch
chuan
Nong o dung
dch chuan
nh lng
amonias
KLL
NH3
= 17 Acid N/17
nh lng
nitrogen dang
amonia
KLL
N-NH3
= 14 Acid N/14
nh lng o
kiem dang CaCO
3

KLL
CaCO3
= 50 Acid N/50
nh lng carbon
dioxide
KLL
CO2
= 44 Kiem N/44
nh lng o
acid dang CaCO
3

KLL
CaCO3
= 50 Kiem N/50
nh lng clorua KLL
Cl
= 35,45 AgNO
3
N/35,45
nh lng NaCl KLL
NaCl
= 58,4 AgNO
3
N/58,44
nh lng oxy
hoa
KLL
O2
= 8 Kh N/8

Sau cung cong thc tnh toan ham lng chat can nh lng trong 1 lt mau cung
tr nen n gian va de nh
Nong o/ham lng chat khao sat (mg/l) =
mlmau
chuan mldungdich
(1)
Mot vai trng hp nh nh phan oxi hoa tan vi the tch mau an nh trc, nong
o dung dch chuan se c hieu chnh vi muc ch toi gian viec tnh toan. Luc o
1ml dung dch chuan khi dung se tng ng vi 1mg/l oxy.

-17-

2. Chuan b dung dch chuan
Khong phai xac nh lai nong o dung dch chuan sau khi pha che, hoa chat
chuan phai co o tinh khiet cao va viec can cac loai hoa chat can can than, ung
theo khoi lng tnh toan. Sau khi rot vao cac bnh nh mc co the tch rieng biet,
viec ong o pha che oi hoi mc o chnh xac cao. Thc te nhieu trng hp
khong co so lieu ve o tinh khiet hoac kho o lng chnh xac v hoa chat de bay
hi, hut am, bien chat nhanh trong khong kh. Dung dch sau khi pha xong phai nh
lng lai vi mot dung dch chuan c s ma nong o a biet ro va am bao.

3. nh chuan mot dung dch vi mot dung dch chuan c s
3.1 Pha che va xac nh lai nong o dung dch NaOH N/50
Dung dch NaOH thng c s dung trong phep nh phan o acid di
dang CaCO
3
co phan t lng M=100, ng lng gam = 50. Do o nong o yeu
cau la N/50. Tuy nhien NaOH thng mai thng dang vien kho can chnh xac,
o hut am cao, de bien chat do CO
2
trong khong kh. V the dung dch NaOH N/50
thng c pha loang t dung dch chuan co nong o NaOH 1N e co o chnh xac
cao.
Dung dch c s la H
2
SO
4
N/10
3.1.1. Thiet b va dung cu
Can ky thuat sai so 0.01g
Becher 500ml
Bnh nh mc 1000 ml
Buret
Erlen 125ml
3.1.2. Hoa chat
NaOH tinh khiet dang vien
Dung dch chuan c s H
2
SO
4
N/10
3.1.3. Thc hanh
a.Tnh s khi
NaOH tinh khiet co phan t gam M=40 trung hoa 1,008g H
+
, so ng lng
gam =1
e pha che 01 lt dung dch NaOH 1N, khoi lng NaOH tnh c la
M/1=40/1=40g
e loai bo cac yeu to co the lam giam nong o thc te, he so an toan c tang 5%
Khoi lng NaOH can thiet : 401,05 =42g
b. Cach lam
Dung becher can 42g NaOH vien bang can ky thuat
Hoa tan lng NaOH trong 500ml nc cat, rot vao bnh nh mc 1000ml.
Tran sach becher nhieu lan vi nc cat. Nhap chung nc ra vao bnh nh mc.
Them nc cat cho u 1000ml

-18-

Dung pipet hut 5ml dung dch tren ra erlen nh phan bang dung dch chuan
H
2
SO
4
N/10. Ch th mau phenolphathalein oi t hong nhat sang mat mau. Nong o
NaOH pha che theo cong thc:
N
1
V
1
=N
2
V
2
(2)
Trong o
N
1
: Nong o dung dch acid chuan c s N/10
V
1
: The tch dung dch H
2
SO
4
N/10 a dung (ml)
N
2
: Nong o dung dch NaOH pha che
V
2
: The tch dung dch NaOH trch ra e nh phan (ml)
Ket qua tnh c thng ln hn nong o mong muon. Ap dung cong thc (2)
tnh lng nc can e pha loang dung dch NaOH tren thanh 1000ml dung dch
NaOH 1N
T dung dch NaOH 1N va co, pha che 1000ml dung dch NaOH N/50
3.2. Pha che va xac nh lai nong o dung dch H
2
SO
4
N/50
Dung dch acid sulfuric thng c s dung trong phng phap nh phan o
kiem di dang CaCO
3
, do o nong o yeu cau la N/50. ac tnh cua acid sulfuric
am ac la de hut am, kho o lng va de gay phong, do o dung dch H
2
SO
4
N/50
thng c pha loang t dung dch H
2
SO
4
1N lu tr. Dung dch chuan la NaOH
1N va NaOH n/50 a pha loang trong phan tren.
3.2.1. Thiet b va dung cu
Xem lai phan 2
3.2.2. Hoa chat
Acid sulfuric P-A, o tinh khiet 96-98%. Khoi lng rieng d=1.84-1.86g/cm
3
.
Dung dch NaOH 1N
3.2.3. Thc hanh
a. Tnh s khi
Ap dung cong thc tnh gan ung :V=100M N/b p d
Trong o:
V: The tch acid sulfuric am ac tnh toan (ml)
M: Phan t gam acid sulfuric (g)
N: Nong o muon pha
b: Tr so ng lng
p: o tinh khiet (%)
d: Khoi lng rieng (g/cm
3
)
Tng t nh tren he so an toan c tang them 2%.
The tch acid sulfuric am ac can thiet: V(ml)=v1,02
b. Cach lam
Dung pipet va qua bop cao su hut can than V(ml) acid sulfuric am ac va
500ml nc cat nh san trong bnh nh mc 1000ml.
Dung bnh xt ra sach acid sulfuric con ong trong pipet, rot tat ca nc ra
nhap chung
Them nc cat cho u 1000ml

-19-

Dung pipet trch dung dch tren ra erlen. nh phan bang dung dch NaOH 1N
a pha che trong giai oan tren. Ch th mau phenolphthalein chuyen t khong mau
sang mau hong nhat ben. Nong o dung dch H
2
SO
4
c tnh t cong thc (2).
Pha loang dung dch tren thanh 1000ml H
2
SO
4

Vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
1N va co, pha che 1000ml H
2
SO
4
N/50
3.3. Dung dch chuan Fe
3.3.1. Dung dch lu tr sat
o 20ml H
2
SO
4
am ac vao 50ml nc cat va them vao 1,404
Fe(NH
4
)
2
(SO
4
)
2
.6H
2
O. Pha thanh 1000ml vi nc cat (1,00ml = 200g Fe).
3.3.2. Dung dch chuan : chuan b moi khi s dung.
Lay 50ml dung dch lu tr sat cho vao bnh nh mc 1000ml, them nc cat
ti vach nh mc (1,00ml = 10,00g Fe).
3.4. Dung dch chuan N-NO
3
: (1ml = 2 g N-NO
3
)
3.4.1. Dung dch N-NO
3
lu tr: (1ml = 2 g N-NO
3
)
Hoa tan 0,7218g Anhydrous Potassium Nitrate KNO
3
+ nc cat = 1 lt.
3
chuan: (1ml = 0,002mg = 2 g N-NO
3
).
Pha loang 10ml dung dch lu tr thanh 500ml e co 1ml dung dch chuan =
2 g N-NO
3
.
3.5. Dung dch chuan N-NH
3
(1ml= 10 g N-NH
3
)
3.5.1. Dung dch lu tr NH
3
: ( 1ml=1mg N= 1000 g N-NH
3
)
Hoa tan 3,819g NH
4
Cl( a say kho 100
o
C), them nc cat cho u mot lt (1ml
=1mgN= 1,22 mg NH
3
)
3.5.2. Dung dch chuan N-NH
3
: (1ml = 10 g N-NH
3
)
Pha loang 10ml dung dch lu tr vi nc cat cho u mot lt (1ml=0,010 mgN
=0.0122mg NH
3
)
3.6. Dung dch photphate chuan
3.6.1. Dung dch lu tr
Hoa tan 219,5 mg KH
2
PO
4
khan (say kho 105
o
C mot gi) trong nc cat
va nh mc thanh 1000 ml (1,00 ml=50,0 g P-PO
4
)
3.6.2. Dung dch chuan
Dung 50 ml dung dch chuan pha loang thanh 1000 ml. Dung dch nay co
nong o 1,00 ml =2,5 g p-PO
4
.
3.7. Dung dch sulfate chuan: (1,00 ml= 100 g SO
4
2-
)
Lay chnh xac 10,4 ml H
2
SO
4
0.0200N chuan + nc cat = 100ml hoac147,9
mg NaSO
4
khan +nc cat pha thanh 1000 ml.


-20-

4. Cong thc tnh pha dung dch theo cac nong o
4.1 oi vi chat ran
- Pha theo nong o mol C
M
(mol/lit):

m
ct
=
P
V M C
Pha A M
100
1000
. . .

Trong o:
m
ct
khoi lng mau can can pha, g
C
M
nong o hoa chat can pha, mol/lt.
M
A
phan t lng cua chat can pha,
V
Pha
the tch mau can pha, ml.
P la o tinh khiet cua hoa chat.
- Pha theo nong o ng lng C
N
(N):

m
ct
=
P
V C
Pha N
100
1000
. .

Trong o:
m
ct
khoi lng mau can can pha, g
C
N
nong o ng lng hoa chat can pha, N
so ng lng cua hoa chat can pha.
V
Pha
P la o tinh khiet cua hoa chat.
- Pha theo nong o ppm:

m
ct
=
P M
M V C
nh dangxac
dangcan pha ppm
100
10
*
3

Trong o:
C
ppm
la so mg chat tan trong mot lt
m
ct
khoi lng mau can can pha, g.
V
Pha
the tch mau can pha, lt.
P la o tinh khiet cua hoa chat.%.
M
dang can
: phan t lng cua dang can.
M
dang xac nh
: phan t lng cua dang can xac nh
- Pha nong o %:
m
ct
=
P
d V C
pha
100
.
100
(%).

Trong o:
C% nong o phan tram cua dung dch can pha.
d la t trong cua dung dch, vi dung dch loang xem d 1
V
pha
the tch dung dch can pha, ml.
P o tinh khiet cua hoa chat.


-21-

4.2 oi vi chat long
- Pha theo nong o mol C
M
(mol/lit)

V
=
d P
V M C
Pha M
. 10 .
. .

Trong o:
V
the tch hoa chat am ac can hut e pha (ml)

C
M
nong o hoa chat can pha (mol/lt)
V
Pha
the tch mau can pha (ml)
P o tinh khiet cua hoa chat can pha, (vd p = 99)
d la khoi lng rieng cua dung dch can pha (g/ml)
- Pha theo nong o ng lng C
N
(N)

V
=
d P
V C
Pha N
. 10 .
. .

Trong o:
V
the tch hoa chat am ac can hut e pha, ml.

C
N
nong o ng lng hoa chat can pha, N.
V
Pha
P o tinh khiet cua hoa chat can pha
d la khoi lng rieng cua dung dch can pha.
= M/z
Hay C
M
= C
N
/z

- Pha theo nong o %

V
=
pha
V
d C
d C
1 1
2 2

Trong o:
C
1
: nong o phan tram cua dung dch co nong o cao ban au (P)
C
2
: nong o phan tram cua dung dch can pha.
V
: the tch dung dch co nong o cao ban au ml.

V
pha
the tch dung dch can pha, ml.
Vi cac dung dch co nong o xap x nhau, co the xem d
1
d
2

-22-

CHNG 2
PHAN TCH CAC THONG SO VAT LY

BAI 3: pH, EC, O MAN

1. Y ngha moi trng o pH
pH la mot thuat ng ch o acid hay baz cua mot dung dch, pH anh hng en cac
qua trnh sinh hoc trong nc va co anh hng en s an mon, hoa tan cac vat lieu.
Trong ky thuat moi trng, pH c quan tam trong cac lnh vc nh qua trnh keo
tu, qua trnh lam mem nc, qua trnh kh trung, on nh nc

Trong x ly nc thai bang phng phap sinh hoc, ch tieu pH c duy tr trong
gii han toi u e sinh vat phat trien, thng 6.5-7.5

H
2
O H
+
+ OH
-
pH = -lg[H
+
]
pH + pOH = 14

2. Thc hanh
Trong phan nay sinh vien se thc tap s dung may o pH
- Lac eu mau trc khi o ra coc 100ml e o
- Ra sach ien cc bang bnh tia
- Bat may, nhung ien cc vao mau can o
- i cho gia tr pH tren may on nh oc ket qua
- Ra sach ien cc bang nc cat, ngam ien cc vao dd bao quan ien cc.

3. EC, o man
Giao vien hng dan sinh vien s dung may o

4. Cau hoi
n v o EC va o man la g?

-23-

BAI 4: CHAT RAN

1. Gii thieu chung
1.1. Y ngha moi trng
Chat ran trong nc bao gom chat ran ton tai dang l lng va dang hoa tan. Trong
nc co ham lng chat ran cao gay cam quan khong tot va cac benh ng ruot
cho con ngi.
1.2 Cac nh ngha
Chat ran tong cong (TS) = Chat ran l lng (SS) + Chat ran hoa tan (TDS)
Chat ran on nh (thanh phan la cac chat vo c): la phan con lai cua chat ran tong
cong sau khi ot 550
O
C
Chat ran khong on nh hay con goi la chat ran bay hi (VS - thanh phan la cac chat
hu c): la lng chat ran tong cong mat i sau khi ot 550
O
C

2. Thc hanh
2.1 Xac nh chat ran tong cong (Total Soilds)
- Chuan b coc s a say kho 100
o
C trong 1h, ngui trong bnh hut m n nhit
phong, can coc xac nh khoi lng coc ban au m
o
(mg)
- Chon the tch mau sao cho lng can nam trong khoang 2,5-200mg, lac eu mau
trc khi s dung
- Cho mau vao coc say 100
o
C e lam bay hi nc
- e nguoi trong bnh hut am en nhiet o phong
- Can xac nh khoi lng m
1
(mg)
Chat ran tong cong(mg/l) = (m
1
m
o
)x1000/Vmau(ml)

2.2 Xac nh chat ran bay hi (VS Volatile Solids)
- Tiep tuc ly coc tren em nung 550
O
C
2
(mg)
Chat ran bay hi (mg/l) = (m
1
m
2
)x1000/Vmau(ml)

2.3 Xac nh chat ran l lng (Suspended Soilds) bang phng phap khoi lng
- Chuan b giay loc si thuy tinh a say kho 100
o
C trong 1h, can giay loc xac nh
khoi lng ban au m
3
(mg)
- Loc mot the tch mau phu hp qua giay loc (mau a tron eu trc khi loc)
- Say giay loc 100
o
C e lam bay hi nc
4
(mg)
Chat ran l lng (mg/l) = (m
4
m
3
)x1000/Vmau(ml)
2.4 Xac nh chat ran l lng (SS) bang phng phap o quang
Lac eu mau trong bnh, lay 50ml mau vao coc 100ml
Bat may, vao ma chng trnh 630-Enter

-24-

Chnh bc song ve 810nm
Cho nc cat vao Curet en vach trang, t vo bung o, y np, nhan Zero cho
man hnh xuat hien 0.SUSP.SOLIDS
Cho mau vao Curvet, bam read oc gia tr o.

2.5 Xac nh chat ran hoa tan (TDS)
Giao vien hng dan sinh vien s dung may o

2.6 Mt s ch s khac
SVI: ch s lng ca bun

|
\
|
=
SS
V
SVI
1000

Trong o:
SS: cht rn l lng (mg/l)
V: th tch lp bun lng sau 30 phut trong ng Imhoff
1000ml (l)
SVI < 100: bun lng tt
SVI >100: bun ni b mt nhiu
100< SVI < 200: bun ni t
3. Cau hoi
1. Giai thch tam quan trong cua viec phan tch chat ran trong cac lnh vc:
a. Ham lng chat ran hoa tan va viec cap nc o th.
b. Chat ran tong cong va chat ran bay hi oi vi nc thai va bun lang.
c. Chat lang c va nc thai sinh hoat.
2. D oan ket qua phan tch va gia tr thc khi xac nh ham lng chat ran trong
cac ieu kien sau:
a. Coc nung con am.
b. Xac nh tong chat ran bay hi khi t le magan carbonate cha trong mau cao.


-25-

BAI 5: O UC

1. Gii thieu chung
o uc cua nc bat nguon t s hien hu cua vo so vat the li ti trang thai huyen
phu nh at set, vat chat hu c va vo c, vi sinh vat gom cac loai phieu sinh ong
vat.
1.2. Nguyen tac
Nguyen tac c ban cua phng phap nay da tren s hap thu anh sang cua cac can
l lng co trong dung dch.
1.3. Cac tr ngai
Can ln co kha nang lang nhanh, curvet ban, co bot kh trong mau, o mau that cua
mau la nhng nguyen nhan anh hng ti ket qua o uc.

A) XAC NH O UC BANG PHNG PHAP DNG NG CHUAN
2. Dung cu, thiet b va hoa chat
2.1. Dung cu va thiet b :
May Spectrophotometer.
Pipet 5ml, 25ml.
2.2. Hoa chat :
Dung dch lu tr 4000FTU (s dung trong mot thang)
+ Dung dch 1: hoa tan 1g hydrazine sulfate (NH
2
.H
2
SO
4
) trong 100ml nc
cat.
+Dung dch 2: hoa tan 10g hexamethylenetetramine (C
6
H
12
N
4
) trong 100ml
nc cat.
+ Hoa 5,0ml dung dch 1 va 5,0 ml dung dch 2. Pha loang thanh 100ml vi
nc cat, sau o e yen 24 gi nhiet o 253
o
C. Dung dch nay co o uc la 4000
FTU. Lac eu khi s dung.
- Nc dung pha loang khong mau
Dung dch chun 400 NTU: Ly 100 ml dung dch lu tr c 4000 NTU pha
long vi nc ct, nh mc thnh 1000 ml.
3. Thc hanh
3.1. Lap ng chuan
Pha che dung dch chuan: pha loang t dung dch chuan e co o uc chuan theo
bang sau :
STT 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Vdung dch chuan (ml)
400FTU
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Vnc cat (ml) 100 98 96 94 92 90 88
o uc (FTU) 0 8 16 24 32 40 48
o o hap thu cua cac dung dch chuan tren may spectrophotometer bc song
450nm.

-26-

4. Cach tnh
T o mau va o hap thu cua dung dch chuan, ve gian o A = f(C), s dung phng
phap bnh phng cc tieu e lap phng trnh y = ax + b. T gia tr o hap thu A
m

cua mau, tnh nong o C
m
. Neu tr so A
m
cua mau vt qua cac tr so cua dung dch
chuan, phai pha loang mau en nong o thch hp.

B) XAC NH O UC BANG CHNG TRNH CAI SAN TREN MAY
S dung may spectrophotometer HACH-DR 2010
Lac eu mau trong bnh, lay 50ml mau vao coc 100ml
Cho nc cat vao Curet en vach trang, nhan Zero cho man hnh xuat hien
0.FAUTURBIDITY
5. Cau hoi
1. Nguyen nhan tao o uc cho:
Dong song, dong song b o nhiem, nc thai sinh hoat?
2. Co s lien quan nao gia cac n v o o uc: mgSiO
2
/l, FTU, NTU?

BAI 6: O MAU

1. Gii thieu chung
Mau cua nc thien nhien do mun, phieu sinh vat, cac san pham t s phan huy
chat hu c tao ra. Tuy nhien mot so ion kim loai hay nc thai cong nghiep cung
la nguyen nhan gay cho nc co mau. Theo thoi quen chung ta ngh mau cua nc
la mau quan sat c ngay sau khi lay mau. Thc ra ay ch la mau bieu kien gom
mot phan t chat cac chat hoa tan va phan con lai do chat huyen phu tao thanh. V
vay mau bieu kien c xac nh ngay tren mau nguyen thuy ma khong can loai bo
chat l lng. Ngoai ra con co o mau thc cua mau. o mau thc c xac nh
tren mau a qua ly tam e loai bo cac hat l lng. Khong nen loc e loai bo cac hat
l lng trong nc v cac cau t mau co the b hap phu tren giay loc.
1.2. Nguyen tac
Nguyen tac c ban cua phng phap nay da tren s hap thu anh sang cua cac hp
chat mau co trong dung dch.
1.3. Cac tr ngai
o uc anh hng en o mau thc cua mau. Ngoai ra o mau con tuy thuoc vao
pH cua nc, do o trong bang ket qua cn ghi ro pH luc xac nh o mau.


-27-

A) XAC NH O MAU BANG PHNG PHAP DNG NG CHUAN
2.1. Dung cu va thiet b
May Spectrophotometer.
Pipet 10ml, 50ml.
2.2. Hoa chat
Dung dch mau chuan potassium chloroplatinate K
2
PtCl
6
(tng ng vi 500 n v
mau Pt-Co). Hoa tan 1,246g K
2
PtCl
6
va 1g CoCl
2
.6H
2
0 trong nc cat + 100ml HCl
am ac, nh mc en 1000ml bang nc cat.

3. Thc hanh
3.1. Lap ng chuan:
1ml dung dch chuan = 500 Pt-Co
STT 0 1 2 3 4 5
Vdung dch mau chuan (ml) 0 5 10 15 20 25
Vnc cat (ml) 50 45 40 35 30 25
o mau Pt-Co 0 50 100 150 200 250
o o hap thu cua cac dung dch chuan bc song 455nm.

B) XAC NH O MAU BANG CHNG TRNH CAI SAN TREN MAY
S dung may spectrophotometer HACH-DR 2010
Cho nc cat vao Curet en vach trang, nhan Zero cho man hnh xuat hien 0.Units
PtCo APHA
4. Cau hoi
- Nguyen nhan gay ra o mau?
- The nao la o mau bieu kien, o mau thc?

-28-

CHNG 3
PHAN TCH CAC THONG SO THE TCH

BAI 7: CHLORIDE

1. Gii thieu chung
Chloride (CT) la ion chnh trong nc thien nhien va nc thai. V man cua chloride
thay oi tuy theo ham lng va thanh phan hoa hoc cua nc. Vi mau cha 250
mg Cl
-
/l ngi ta a co the nhan ra v man neu trong nc co cha ion Na
+
. Tuy
nhien, khi mau nc co o cng cao, v man lai kho nhan biet du nc co cha en
1000 mg Cl
-
/l. Ham lng chloride cao se gay an mon cac ket cau ong kim loai. Ve
mat nong nghiep, chloride gay anh hng xau en s tang trng cua cay trong.

1.2. Nguyen tac
Trong moi trng trung hoa hay kiem nhe, potassium chromate (K
2
CrO
4
) co the
c dung lam chat ch th mau tai iem ket thuc trong phng phap nh phan
chloride bang dung dch silver nitrate (AgNO
3
).
Ag
+
+ Cl
-
AgCl (Ksp = 3 10
-10
) (1)
2Ag
+
+ CrO
4
2-
Ag
2
CrO
4
(Ksp = 5 10
-12
) (2)
o nau
Da vao s khac biet cua tch so tan, khi them dung dch AgNO
3
vao mau co hon
hp Cl
-
va CrO
4
2-
, Ag
+
lap tc phan ng vi ion Cl
-
di dang ket tua trang en khi
hoan toan, sau o phan ng (2) se xay ra cho ket tua o gach de nhan thay.

1.3. Cac tr ngai
Nhng chat thng co trong nc uong hau nh khong anh hng g en viec nh
phan. Cac ion bromide, iodide, cyanide c xem nh tng ng vi chloride.
Rieng sulfide, thiosulfate, sulfit co the can thiep vao phan ng (1). Tuy nhien sulfit
de dang b oxy hoa bi nc oxy gia (H
2
O
2
) trong moi trng trung hoa. Thiosulfate
va sulfide b mat anh hng trong moi trng kiem. Orthophosphat vi ham lng
cao > 25 mg/l cung tac dung vi silver nitrate nhng ieu nay t xay ra. Ham lng
sat tren 10 mg/l se che lap s oi mau tai iem ket thuc.
- 02 Becher 100 ml
- 03 Erlen 100ml
- 02 Pipet 10ml
- 01 Buret 10ml
2.2. Hoa chat
Dung dch AgNO
3
0,0141N: can 2,395g AgNO
3
hoa tan vi nc cat va nh
mc thanh 1 lt.

-29-

Ch th mau K
2
CrO
4
: hoa tan 2,5 g K
2
CrO
4
trong 30 ml nc cat, them tng
giot AgNO
3
en khi xuat hien mau o ro. e yen 12 gi, loc, pha loang dung dch
qua loc thanh 50 ml vi nc cat.
Dung dch huyen treo Al(OH)
3
: hoa tan 125 g KAl(SO
4
).12H
2
O hay
Al(NH
4
)(SO
4
)
2
.12H
2
O trong 1 lt nc cat, lam am 60
0
C, them t t 55 ml NH
4
OH
am ac, lac eu. i 1 gi ra huyen troc nhieu lan vi nc cat en khi nc ra
khong con Cl
-
na (th bang AgNO
3
) sau o them nc cat cho u 1 lt.
Ch th mau phenolphthalein.
Dung dch NaOH 0,1 N(hoac H
2
SO
4
0,1N) tuy pH mau ban au.
Nc oxy gia H
2
O
2
30%.

3. Thc hanh
Lay 50 ml mau cho vao Erlen, dung NaOH loang hoac H
2
SO
4
loang e chnh
pH.
nh phan mau trong khoang pH = 7 10 (tot nhat la 7 - 8). Neu pH ngoai
khoang nay, tot nhat nen trung hoa trc khi them 3 giot ch th K
2
CrO
4
.
Dung dung dch AgNO
3
0.0141N nh phan en khi dung dch t mau vang
chuyen sang mau o gach (co the so vi mau trang gom nc cat + ch th K
2
CrO
4
).
Ghi nhan the tch V
1
ml AgNO
3
s dung.
Lam mau trang co the tch ong vi the tch mau. Ghi nhan the tch V
o
ml
AgNO
3
s dung.
Lu y:
Nu mu co nng Cl
-
cao th phai tien hanh pha loang mau
Neu mau co o mau cao, them 3 ml huyen treo khuay ky, lang, loc, ra giay
loc, nc ra nhap chung vao nc qua loc.
Neu co sulfide, sulfit hoac thiosulfate, them tng giot NaOH 0,1N cho en khi
oi mau phenolphthalein. Them H
2
O
2
quay eu, sau cung trung hoa vi H
2
SO
4

0,1N.

4. Cach tnh
(V
1 -
V
o
) 500
Chloride (mg/l) = -----------------------
ml mau
NaCl (mg/l) = Chloride (mg/l) 1,65
Trong o :
V
1
: The tch dd AgNO
3
dung nh phan mau that
V
o
: The tch dd AgNO
3
dung nh phan mau trang
5. Cau hoi
1. Tai sao phai thc hien mau trang trong phng phap nh phan chloride?
2. nh phan chloride bang phng phap Morh c thc hien trong moi trng
trung hoa. Giai thch tai sao?
3. Ket qua nh phan chloride se nh the nao khi them mot lng tha chromate?

-30-

BAI 8: O ACID

1. Gii thieu chung
o acid bieu th kha nang phong thch proton H
+
cua nc. o acid cua mau nc
phan ln do s hien dien cua cac loai acid yeu nh acid carbonic, acid tanic, acid
humic bat nguon t phan ng phan huy chat hu c gay ra, phan khac do s thuy
phan cac muoi cua acid manh nh sulfate nhom, sat tao thanh. ac biet khi b cac
acid vo c tham nhap, nc se co pH rat thap.

Nc thien nhien s dung cho cap nc luon duy tr mot the can bang gia cac ion
bicarbonate, carbonate va kh carbon dioxide hoa tan, do o nc thien nhien
thng ong thi mang hai tnh chat oi nhau: tnh acid va tnh kiem. Khi b o
nhiem bi cac acid vo c hoac cac muoi acid t khu vc ham mo, at phen hoac do
nguon nc thai cong nghiep, pH thap hn 7 kha nhieu.

Trong thc nghiem hai khoang pH chan c s dung e bieu th s khac biet tren.
Khoang pH th nhat ng vi iem oi mau cua chat ch th methyl cam (t 4,2
4,5) anh dau s chuyen bien anh hng cua cac acid vo c manh sang vung anh
hng cua carbonic acid. Khoang pH th hai ng vi iem oi mau cua chat ch th
phenolphtalein (t 8,2 8,4) chuyen sang vung anh hng cua nhom carbonate
trong dung dch.

1.2. Nguyen tac chnh
Dung cac dung dch kiem manh e nh phan o acid cua ca acid vo c manh cung
nh acid hu c hoac acid yeu.
o acid do anh hng cua acid vo c c xac nh bang cach nh phan en iem
oi mau cua ch th methyl cam nen c goi la O ACID METHYL (dung dch t
mau o chuyen sang da cam).
Qua trnh tiep tuc nh phan sau o e xac nh o acid toan phan c thc hien
en iem oi mau cua ch th phenolphthalein, goi la O ACID TONG CONG
(dung dch khong mau chuyen sang tm nhat).

1.3. Cac tr ngai
Cac chat kh hoa tan lam anh hng en o acid la CO
2
, H
2
S, NH
3
co the b mat i
hoac hoa tan vao mau trong qua trnh lu tr hoac nh phan mau. Co the giam anh
hng nay bang cach nh phan nhanh chong, tranh lac manh va tranh e mau ni
co nhiet o cao hn nhiet o ban au cua mau.
Khi nh phan mau nc cap, ket qua thng b anh hng bi ham lng chlorine
kh trung nc co tnh tay mau. Muon tranh sai so nay, can them vai giot Na
2
S
2
O
3

0,1N vao mau e loai bo anh hng cua chlorine. Neu mau co o mau va o uc
cao, phai xac nh o acid bang phng phap chuan o ien the.

-31-

2. Dung cu- thiet b hoa chat
2.1. Dung cu
02 Erlen 150 ml
01 Ong ong 100 ml
01 Buret 25 hoac 50 ml
2.2. Hoa chat
Dung dch sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 0,02N: pha dung dch NaOH 1N(can
40g NaOH vien + nc cat = 1 lt) lay 20 ml dung dch NaOH 1N + nc cat = 1 lt.
nh phan lai bang dung dch potassium biphthlate 0,02N (hoa tan 4,085g
KHC
8
H
4
O
4
a say kho trong 2 gi 120
0
C va lam nguoi trong bnh hut am + nc
cat = 1 lt)
Ch th phenolphthalein: 500 mg phenolphthalein + 50 ml methanol + nc
cat = 100 ml
Ch th methyl cam : 50 mg methyl cam + nc cat = 100 ml

3. Thc hanh
Neu mau la nc uong, trc khi nh phan them mot giot Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,1 N e
loai anh hng cua chlorine.
Dung pH ke o pH cua mau. Neu mau co gia tr pH < 4,5: lay 10 ml mau vao
erlen, them 3 giot methyl cam. Dung dung dch NaOH 0,02 N nh phan en khi
dung dch co mau da cam. Ghi nhan the tch V
1
ml dung dch NaOH a dung e tnh
o acid methyl.
Neu mau co gia tr pH > 4,5: lay 10 ml mau vao erlen them 3 giot
phenolphthalein. Dung dung dch NaOH 0,02 N nh phan en khi dung dch va co
mau tm nhat. Ghi nhan the tch V
2
ml dung dch NaOH a dung, tnh o acid tong
cong.

Lam hai Erlen oi chng khi dung ch th Metylcam, cho vao hai Erlen
moi Erlen 20 ml nc cat, Erlen th nhat them 1 ml H
2
SO
4
1N + 3 giot methyl cam.
Erlen th hai them 1 ml NaOH 1N + 3 giot methyl cam.

4. Cach tnh
V 1000
o acid (mg CaCO
3
/ l) = --------------------
ml mau
Vi V : the tch dung dch NaOH dung nh phan : V
1
, V
2

5. Cau hoi
1.Mau nc co pH = 7,3 va ham lng HCO
3
-
la 30 mg/ l. Gia s rang anh hng
cua chat ran hoa tan tren hoat tnh cua cac ion khong ang ke, nhiet o cua nc la
25
0
C. Tnh ham lng CO
2
cua mau nc.

-32-

2.Nc cap co ham lng HCO
3
-
la 30 mg/ l va ham lng CO
2
la 30 mg/l. Tnh pH
cua nc nhiet o 25
0
C. Neu ham lng CO
2
cua mau giam con 3 mg/ l bi suc
kh, pH cua nc luc nay la bao nhieu?

BAI 9: O KIEM

1. Gii thieu chung
o kiem bieu th kha nang thu nhan proton H
+
cua nc. Nc thien nhien hay nc
t he thong cap nc, o kiem eu do 3 ion chnh tao ra: hydroxide, carbonate va
bicarbonate. Trong thc te cac muoi acid yeu nh borate, silicate cung gay anh
hng ln en o kiem. Mot vai acid hu c ben vi s oxy hoa sinh hoc nh acid
humic, dang muoi cua chung co kha nang lam tang o kiem. Trong ieu kien thien
nhien thch hp, tao de dang xuat hien va ton tai oi vi mot vai nguon nc mat,
qua trnh phat trien va tang trng cua tao giai phong mot lng ang ke carbonate
va bicarbonate lam cho pH nc tang dan co the len en 9 10. nhng nguon nc
c x ly vi hoa chat co cha nhom carbonate cung lam gia tang pH.

1.2. Nguyen tac
Tien hanh nh phan o kiem vi ch th phenolphtalein va methyl cam (hoac
ch th hon hp bromoresol luc + methyl o) trong tng giai oan va tuy trng hp:
Ch th phenolphtalein se co mau tm nhat trong moi trng co ion hydroxide
va ion carbonate, mau tim se tr nen khong mau khi pH < 8,3.
Ch th methyl cam cho mau vang vi bat ky ion kiem nao va tr thanh mau
o khi dung dch tr thanh acid. Viec nh phan c xem la hoan tat khi dung dch
co mau da cam (pH = 4,5), nam gia mau vang (moi trng baz) va mau o (moi
trng acid). Do o mau iem ket thuc thng c so sanh vi hai ong chuan.
V s oi mau cua methyl cam kho nhan thay, nen ch th hon hp
bromocresol luc + methyl o co khoang oi mau ro rang hn cung tr so pH nen
thng c s dung rong rai hn.
1.3. Cac tr ngai
Lng chlorine d trong nc uong anh hng en ket qua nh phan lam
nhat mau chat ch th. e tranh sai lech, ta cho them vao mau mot vai giot Na
2
S
2
O
3

0,1 N. Khi mau nc co o mau va o uc cao phai dung phng phap chuan o
ien the. Nhng chat ket tua, xa bong, chat dau, chat ran l lng co the phu ien
cc thuy tinh lam cho iem cuoi en cham. e khac phuc hien tng nay cn phi
chui sch in cc moi khi tien hanh th nghiem. Khong loc, pha loang hay co ac
mau.

2. Dung cu thiet b va hoa chat
02 Erlen 150 ml

-33-

01 Ong ong 100 ml
01 Buret 25 hoac 50 ml

2.2. Hoa chat
Dung dch sulfuric acid (H
2
SO
4
) 0,02 N: pha dung dch H
2
SO
4
1N (28 ml H
2
SO
4
am

ac + nc cat = 1 lt), lay 20 ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
1N + nc cat = 1 lt. nh
phan lai acid nay bang Na
2
CO
3
0,02N (hoa tan 1,06g Na
2
CO
3
a say 105
0
C va
lam nguoi trong bnh hut am + nc cat = 1 lt).
Ch th mau phenolphthalein 0,5 %
Ch th mau methyl cam 0,5 %
Ch th mau hon hp bromocresol luc + methyl o: 20 mg methyl o + 200mg
bromocresol + 100 ml ethanol 95%

3. Thc hanh
Neu mau co pH > 8,3: lay 10ml mau vao erlen, them 3 giot ch th mau
phenolphthalein. nh phan bang dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,02N cho en khi mat mau. Ghi
the tch V
1
ml H
2
SO
4
0,02N a dung e tnh O KIEM PHENOL(P).
Neu mau co pH < 8,3: lay 10 ml mau vao bnh tam giac, them 3 giot ch th
mau methyl cam (hay 3 giot ch th mau hon hp). nh phan mau bang dung dch
H
2
SO
4
cho en khi dung dch co mau da cam (mau gia hai Erlen oi chng). Neu
dung ch th hon hp, tai iem ket thuc dung dch co mau o xam. Ghi the tch V
2
ml
H
2
SO
4
0,02N a dung e tnh O KIEM METHYL CAM hay O KIEM TONG
CONG.
Lam hai Erlen oi chng khi dung ch th Metylcam, cho vao hai Erlen
moi Erlen 20 ml nc cat, Erlen th nhat them 1 ml H
2
SO
4
1N + 3 giot methyl cam.
Erlen th hai them 1 ml NaOH 1N + 3 giot methyl cam.

4. Cach tnh
V
1
1000
o kiem PHENOL (mg CaCO
3
/l) =
ml mau
V
2
1000

o kiem tong cong T (mg CaCO
3
/l) =
ml mau
Da tren ket qua co the tnh o kiem do cac ion khac nhau gay ra theo bang sau:
Ket qua phan nh o kiem do cac cac ion (mg/lCaCO
3
)
OH
-
CO
3
2-
HCO
3
-
P = 0 0 0 T
P < T/2 0 2P T 2P
P = T/2 0 T-2P 0
P > T/2 2P - T 2(T P) 0
P = T T 0 0

-34-

P o kiem phenol
T o kiem tong cong
OH
-
(mg/l) = o kiem OH
-
(mgCaCO
3
/l) 0,34
CO
3

2-
(mg/l) = o kiem CO
3
2
(mgCaCO
3
/l) 0,6
HCO
3

-
(mg/l) = o kiem HCO
3
2
(mgCaCO
3
/l) 1,22

5. Cau hoi
Gia s rang anh hng cua cac muoi hoa tan tren hoat tnh cac ion khong ang ke.
Mot phan nc 25
0
C co pH = 10,3 va ham lng carbonate la 120 mg/l.
- Hay tnh ham lng ion bicarbonate (mg/l).
- Tnh o kiem OH, CO
3
2
, HCO
3
va o kiem tong cong cua mau tren (mg/lCaCO
3
).

BAI 10: O CNG TONG CONG

1. Gii thieu chung
o cng c hieu la kha nang tao bot cua nc vi xa bong. Ion calci va magnes
trong nc se ket tua vi xa bong, do o lam giam sc can be mat va pha huy ac
tnh tao bot. Nhng ion dng a hoa tr khac cung co the ket tua vi xa bong,
nhng thng nhng ion nay di dang phc chat, hoac la chat hu c, do o anh
hng cua chung trong nc khong ang ke va kho xac nh. Tren thc te, o cng
tong cong c xac nh bang tong ham lng calci, magnes va c bieu th bang
mg CaCO
3
/l
1.2. Nguyen tac (phng phap nh phan bang EDTA)
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) hoac muoi natri dan xuat (Na-EDTA) khi
them vao dung dch cha nhng ion kim loai a hoa tr dng, pH 10,0 0,1 se tao
thanh cac phc chat. oi vi hai ion calci va magnes chu yeu gay o cng trong
nc, neu co mot lng nho ch th mau hu c nh Eriochrome Black T (EBT) hay
calmagite c cho vao, dung dch tren se tr nen mau o ru vang. nh phan
bang EDTA, phn ng tao phc gia EDTA vi ion calci, magnes se lam chuyen
mau dung dch t o ru vang sang xanh dng tai iem ket thuc.
1.3. Cac anh hng
Mot vai ion kim loai nang gay tr ngai cho viec nh phan, lam ch th mau
nhat dan hay khong ro rang tai iem ket thuc. Co the khac phuc tr ngai nay bang
cach them chat che luc nh phan. Muoi Mg-EDTA co tac dung nh mot chat phan
ng kep va tao phc vi cac kim loai nang, va giai phong Mg vao trong mau, co
the dung thay the cho cac chat che co mui kho chu va oc tnh. Muoi Mg-EDTA
ch co tac dung tch cc khi thay the cho cac kim loai nang song khong lam bien oi
o cng tong cong trong mau nc.
Bang di hng dan cach s dung chat che tuy thuoc ham lng kim loai
nang hay lng polyphosphate co trong mau, giup viec xac nh Ca va Mg bang
phng phap EDTA; o cng tong cong se co c qua phng phap tnh.

-35-

Ham lng toi a cac chat gay nhieu can loai bo bi chat che
Chat gay tr ngai Ham lng toi a chat gay tr ngai(mg/l)
Chat che 1 Chat che 2
Nhom
Basium
Cadmium
Cobalt
ong
Sat
Ch
Mangness (Mn
2+
)
Niekel
Strontium
Kem
Polyphosphate
20
+
+
Tren 20
Tren 30
Tren 30
+
+
Tren 20
+
+
20
+
+
0,3
20
5
20
1
0,3
+
200
10
Lieu lng tren ch thch hp vi 25 ml mau pha loang thanh 50 ml.
Nhng lu y khi nh phan
Viec nh phan ch thc hien nhiet o phong hay gan vi nhiet o phong,
tranh s cach biet nhiet qua ln so vi nhiet o moi trng xung quanh. S oi mau
tr nen cham va ket qua kem chnh xac nh trong trng hp mau c nh phan
gan khoang nhiet o ong ac. Chat ch th mau se b phan huy trong nc nong.
ac biet pH co the tao ra moi trng dan en tua CaCO
3
, tuy nhien nh phan co
lau cung co the hoa tan lai ket tua. S thay oi cham tai iem ket thuc thng cho
ket qua thap hn. Nham giam thieu ket tua CaCO
3
tao thanh. Viec nh phan can
hoan tat trong vong 5 phut. Ba phng phap sau ay lam giam ket tua CaCO
3
.
Pha loang mau bang nc cat e toi giam lng CaCO
3
. Dung mot lng
mau qua nho de dan en sai lech khi oc ket qua tren than ong nho giot.
Neu o cng a c biet hay a c xac nh bang phng phap nh phan
s bo. Them nhanh EDTA vi khoang 90% lng can dung hay mot t le thch nghi
tuy vao the tch mau can nh phan trc khi chnh pH bang dung dch em.
Acid hoa mau va khuay trong vong 2 phut e uoi CO
2
trc khi chnh pH
xac nh o kiem sau moi lan them axit.

02 Coc 250 ml
01 Buret 10 ml
01 Erlen 100 ml
01 Ong ong

-36-

2.2. Hoa chat
2.2.1.Dung dch em
a. Hoa tan 16,9g NH
4
CL trong 143 ml NH
4
OH am ac + 1,25g muoi Mg- EDTA +
nc cat = 250 ml
b. Neu khong co muoi Mg- EDTA, hoa tan 1,179g muoi Na-EDTA(PA) + 780 mg
MgSO
4
.7H
2
O hoac 644 mg MgCl
2
. 6H
2
O trong 50 ml nc cat.
Hoa tan 16,9g NH
4
Cl trong 143 ml NH
4
OH am ac.
Tron eu hai dung dch tren va pha loang thanh 250 ml vi nc cat.
e at o chnh xac cao can gi ung t le ve phan lng gi cac hoa chat tren.
ng cac dung dch tren trong chai nha deo hay chai thuy tinh trung tnh. Thi han
s dung khong qua mot thang. ay nap kn e ngan NH
3
bay hi va CO
2
ngoai
khong kh khong xam nhap vao dung dch.
Them vao mau 1- 2 ml dung dch em, neu dung dch mau nh phan cha at ti
pH 10,0 0,1 tai iem ket thuc chuan o.
2.2.2.Nhng tac nhan che
Phan ln cac loai nc khong can them tac nhan che. Tuy nhien mot vai mau nc
cha nhng ion gay nhieu, can them tac nhan che e lam s oi mau tai dt iem
c ro rang. Sau ay la nhng chat che thch hp.
Chat che I
Mau co tnh acid phai c trung hoa ti khi pH = 6 bang dung dch em hay NaOH
0,1N trc khi them 200 mg sodium cyanide (NaCN) di dang tinh the. Them u
dung dch em e co pH 10 0,1. (Chu y: NaCN rat oc. Can than khi s dung no.
Xa that nhieu nc trc khi o bo dung dch tren e tranh phan ng toa hi oc
hydroxyanide (HCN).
Chat che II
Hoa tan 5g NaS. 9H
2
O hay 3,7g Na
2
S. 5H
2
O trong 100 ml nc cat.
Dung dch Na
2
S de b oxy hoa bi kh tri tao ra ket tua sulfide anh hng en viec
xac nh iem chuyen mau chat ch th. Phai bao quan dung dch nay trong chai ay
kn bang nut cao su. Khi biet ro co s hien dien cua cac kim loai nang, s dung chat
che x ly mau trc khi nh phan (xem phan nhng lu y khi nh phan)
2.2.3. Chat ch th mau
a. Eriochrome Black T : muoi natri dan xuat t 1 (1 hyroxy 2 naphthylazo 5
nitro 2 naphthol 4 sulfonic acid), hoa tan 0,5 g ch th tren 100 g 2, 2
,
, 2
,,
-
nitrilotriethanol. Them hai giot cho moi 50 ml mau. Chnh the tch mau nc can
thiet.
b. Calmagite: 1 (1 hydroxy 4 methyl 2 phenylazo) 2 napthol 4 sulfonic acid.
Calmagite thch hp cho dung dch long va tao ra s thay oi mau tng t nh
Eryochrome Black T. vi iem ket thuc ro rang hn. Hoa tan 0,10 g Calmagite trong
100ml nc cat. Dung 1ml cho moi 50 ml mau nh phan. Chnh the tch neu can
thiet.
c. Chat ch th I va II co the dung di dang tinh the kho. Khong nen dung chat ch
th qua nhieu. Chan b hon hp kho cua chat ch th di muoi tinh thiet.

-37-

d. Neu tai iem ket thuc chuan o, s thay oi mau cua ch th khong ro rang trong
trng hp nay can phai them tac nhan che. Neu cho chat che NaCN vao mau ma
iem oi mau van khong ro rang, nguyen nhan co the do chat ch th mau b h.
2.2.4. Dung dch chuan EDTA 0,01 M
Can 3,723g EDTA. Hoa tan trong nc cat va pha thanh 1000 ml, chuan o
lai bang dung dch Calcium.
Dung dch chuan EDTA phai c ng trong chai thuy tinh trung tnh hay
bnh nha polyethylen.
2.2.5. Dung dch chuan Calcium
Can 1g CaCO
3
(dung chat chuan tot nhat hay hoa chat at biet co ham lng cac
kim loai nang, o kiem va magnesium thap) vao trong mot erlen 500 ml. at mot
cai pheu tren mieng bnh, moi lan them mot t HCl cho ti khi tat ca CaCO
3
tan
hoan toan. Them 200 ml nc cat va un soi vai phut e oi CO
2
lam lanh va them
vai giot ch th methyl o, chnh lai pH en khi co mau cam bang NH
4
OH 3N hay
HCl chuyen qua bnh nh mc va pha thanh mot lt vi nc cat: 1 ml = 1 mg
CaCO
3
.
2.2.6. Dung dch sodium hydroxide: NaOH 0,1 N

3. Trnh t th nghiem
Lay mot the tch mau sao cho lng EDTA chuan o khong qua 15 ml, hoan
thanh viec nh phan trong vong 5 phut tnh t thi iem cho dung dch em. Neu
lng EDTA ln hn 15ml th phai pha loang mau.
Lay 25ml mau, them 1 ti 2 ml dung dch em, thng dung 1 ml u e at
pH 10 0,1, them chat che neu s thay oi mau tai iem ket thuc chuan o khong
ro rang. Sau khi them chat che nhng mau the hien van khong ro rang. Chat ch th
co the a b hong.
Them chat ch th mau (lng nho bang 1/5 hat gao). Chuan o t t bang
dung dch EDTA cho en luc co mau xanh da tri lai iem ket thuc . Neu the tch
mau co u va khong co chat gay can tr th tr so nh phan se tang khi s dung 1
lng mau nhieu hn c mieu ta trong phan c di ay.
Mau co o cng thap: nc sau khi qua trao oi ion, cac loai nc mem khac
va cac loai nc thien nhien co o cng thap ( t hn 50 mg/l) can lay mot the tch
ln hn (100 1000 ml) e nh phan va them vao mot lng dung dch em. Chat
che. Chat ch th mau theo t le tng ng. Chuan o bang ong nho giot nh phan
nho nhat, lam them mau th khong: dung nc cat 2 lan nc qua cot trao oi ion
bang the tch mau. Lng dung dch em, chat che, chat ch th mau tng t nh
mau. Lay the tch EDTA nh phan cua mau tr i the tch dung nh phan cho mau
th khong.

4. Cach tnh
( A B 1000)
o cng (EDTA) mg CaCO
3
/l = .........

-38-

ml mau
Trong o:
A ml EDTA tham gia phan ng trong mau
B mg CaCO
3
tng ng 1 ml EDTA nh phan.

5. Cau hoi
1. Nguyen nhan gay ra o cng cua nc?
2.Mau nc c phan tch co cac ket qua nh sau:
Na
+
= 20mg/l Cl
-
= 40 mg/l
K
+
= 30 mg/l HCO
3
-
= 40 mg/l
Ca
2+
= 15 mg/l CO
3
2-
= 67 mg/l
Mg
2+
= 10 mg/l SO
4
2
= 5 mg/l
Sr
2+
= 2 mg/l NO
3
-
= 10 mg/l
Tnh o cng tong cong, o cng carbonate, bicarbonate cua mau nc; (n v
mgCaCO
3
/l)

BAI 11: O CNG CALCI

1. Gii thieu chung
Calci la mot nguyen to thng gap trong nc thien nhien v chay qua nhng
vung co nhieu a voi, thach cao, dolomit Tuy theo nguon goc va cach x ly ma
ham lng calci trong nc co t 0 en vai tram mg/l. Ch vi mot lng nho
calcicacbonate cung co the tao nen mot mang cng bam vao mat trong cac ong dan
theo thi gian tch tu, bao ve kim loai chong lai s an mon. Mat khac, lp mang nay
lai la mot tai hai ln cho nhng thiet b s dung nhiet o cao nh noi hi
Phng phap lam mem nc bang hoa chat hoac nha trao oi ion thng c ap
dung e kh bt calci ti gii han chap nhan c

2. Nguyen tac
Trong dung dch co cha calci va magnes, pH=12-13, magne se b ket tua di
dang hydroxy. Chat ch th mau ket hp vi calci cho mau hong. Khi EDTA c
them vao dung dch se ket hp vi calci va phan ng xay ra hoan toan. iem ket
thuc dung dch chuyen mau hong sang tm
CAC ANH HNG (XEM PHAN O CNG)

3. Dung cu, thiet b, hoa chat
3.1. Dung cu
Erlen
Pipet
Buret
Ong ong

-39-

3.2. Hoa chat
Dung dch NaOH 1N
Ch th mau Murexider: Can 200g murexider + 100g NaCl nghien nho, tron eu
Dung dch EDTA 0.01M: Xem phan o cng
4. Thc hanh
e tranh ket tua, viec nh phan can thc hien nhanh chong sau khi nang pH
a. Lay 25ml (hay mot the tch mau pha loang en 25ml) sao cho the tch EDTA
dung nh phan khong vt qua 15ml. Neu mau nc co ham lng calci vt qua
300mg/l nen pha loang hoac trung hoa vi acid roi un soi mot phut, lam nguoi
trc khi nh phan.
b. Them 2ml dung dch NaOH 1N hoac mot the tch ln hn e nang pH len 12-13,
lac eu
c. Them 0,1-0,2g ch th mau murexider (lng nho bang 1/5 hat gao), dung dch co
mau hong nhat
d. nh phan bang dung dch EDTA 0,01M, iem ket thuc dung dch co mau tm. e
kiem soat iem ket thuc chuan o, can ghi nhan the tch EDTA a dung, sau o
them mot hoac hai giot EDTA e am bao mau cua dung dch khong oi

5. Cach tnh
Calci (mg/l) =
mlmau
V
MlEDTA
8 , 400

o cng calci (mgCaCO
3
/l) =
mlmau
V
mlEDTA
1000

BAI 12: NITROGEN ORGANIC

1. Gii thieu chung
1.1. ai cng
Viec xac nh Nitrogen hu c bang phng phap Kjeldahl khong tnh en
nit cac dang khac nh: azide, azo, hydrazone, nitrate, nitrite, nitro, nitroso, oxime
va semi carbazone. Neu nitrogen ammonia khong c kh trc th phng phap
nay cho ket qua la lng nitrogen tong cong. V the, muon xac nh lng nitrogen
hu c can xac nh rieng nitrogen ammonia trc sau o tien hanh chng cat tiep
theo.

1.2. Nguyen tac
Vi s hien dien cua acid sulfuric, potassium sulfate va mercuric sulfate lam
chat xuc tac, amino-nitrogen cua nhng chat hu c c bien oi thanh ammonium
sulfate. Ammonia t do va ammonium-nitrogen cung chuyen thanh ammonium
sulfate. Trong thi gian phan huy mau, hon hp mercury ammonium c hnh
thanh va b phan tch bi Na
2
S
2
O
3
. Sau o trung hoa mau bang dung dch kiem va
chng cat. Ham lng ammonia hu c c hap thu bang acid boric va xac nh

-40-

bang phng phap so mau hay chuan o vi acid chuan tren the tch chng cat
pham thu c.
Phng phap so mau xac nh ham lng N-Organic thap khoang 5mg/l.
Phng phap chuan o xac nh ham lng N-Organic ln hn 5mg/l.
- Thiet b phan huy bnh Kjeldahl 800 ml dung phan huy mau di tac dung cua mot
dung dch phan huy (acid manh) va un nhiet o 370
o
C.
- Thiet b chng cat :he thong chng cat gom mot dan Kjeldahl vi 6 bnh Kjeldahl
800 ml c noi vi he thong lam lanh ngng tu. Hi ammonia bay ra c hap thu
bang dung dch acid boric.
- Buret 25ml.
- Erlen 500 ml .
- Ong ong 250 ml.
2.2. Hoa chat
2.2.1. Ch th hon hp
Hoa tan 200 mg methyl red vao 100 ml ethyl alcohol (hoac isopropyl alcohol) +
dung dch 100 mg methylene blue trong 50 ml ethyl acohol. Hoa hai hon hp lai,
dung dch s dung trong mot thang.
2.2.2. Dung dch acid boric (H
3
BO
3
)
20 g acid boric +nc cat = 1 lt + them 10 ml ch th mau e dung dch co mau tm.
2.2.3. Dung dch acid sulfuric (H
2
SO
4
) 0,02 N
2.2.4. Dung dch mercuric sulfate
Hoa tan 8 g oxit thuy ngan o HgO trong 100 ml H
2
SO
4
6N.
2.2.5. Dung dch phan huy (acid manh )
Hoa tan 134g K
2
SO
4
trong 650 ml nc cat + 200 ml H
2
SO
4
am ac. Them
vao dung dch Mercuric sulfat a ieu che san gom 2g HgO (mercuric oxid red)
trong 25 ml ,quay eu + Them nc cat cho u mot lt. Gi nhiet o thap gan
20
o
C.
2.2.6. Dung dch borate
Them 88 ml NaOH 0,1N vao 500 ml dung dch tetraborate Na
2
B
4
O
7
0,25 M
(9,5g Na
2
B
4
O
7
. 10H
2
O/ lt ) va pha loang thanh mot lt.
2.2.7. Dung dch sodium hidroxide (NaOH) 6N
Hoa tan 240g NaOH vien trong mot lt nc cat.
2.2.8. Dung dch sodium hidroxide sodium thiosulfate
Hoa tan 500g NaOH va Na
2
S
2
O
3
.5 H
2
O bang nc cat va pha thanh 1lt.

3. Thc hanh
3.1. Chuan b va chon the tch mau thch hp theo bang hng dan sau
Lng Nitrogen trong mau
(mg/l)
The tch mau (ml)

-41-

0 -1
1 -10
10 20
20 - 50
50 100
500
250
100
50
25
Neu can pha loang mau thanh 300 ml roi trung hoa en pH = 7.
3.2. Them 25ml borate buffer va NaOH 6N en pH = 9,5. Chng cat va xac nh
lng ammonia-nitrogen bang the tch chng cat pham thu c (hap thu vi 25ml
acid boric + vai giot ch th mau hon hp). Dung can con lai trong bnh Kjeldahl e
xac nh lng Nitrogen hu c.
3.3. Phan huy: Can than them 50ml dung dch phan huy vao bnh kjeldahl co cha
can con lai + vai vien bi thuy tinh va un nong trong tu hut hay trong mot thiet b co
the loai bo khoi acid bay ra. Tiep tuc un cho en khi thay khoi trang bay ra, dung
dch co mau vang rm va trong. e nguoi, pha loang thanh 300ml vi nc cat roi
trung hoa bang dung dch sodium hiroxie thiosulfate (khoang 30 40ml. dung
phenolphtalein lam ch th mau) lac eu, oi khi thay xuat hien tram en cua HgS.
pH cua mau luc nay khoang 11,0.
3.4. Chng cat: noi bnh Kjeldahl vao he thong chng cat, au ra nhung chm trong
25ml acid boric, chng cat en khi chng cat pham thu c khoang 200ml. Sau o
nh phan bang HCl 0,1N hay H
2
SO
4
0,1N. Lam mot mau th khong vi nc cat.

4. Cach tnh

(mg) N-hu c =
mlmau
V V
o t
140 ) (

V
t
: the tch HCl 0,1N dung cho th that.
V
o
: the tch HCl 0,1N dung cho th khong.

5. Cau hoi
5.1. Y ngha moi trng cua viec xac nh nitrogen organic
5.2. Tai sao muon xac nh nitrogen organic phai s dung phng phap chng cat
va phai nang pH = 9,5

-42-

CHNG 4
PHAN TCH CAC THONG SO TRAC QUANG

BAI 13: SAT

1.Gii thieu chung
T lau con ngi a nhan biet, uong nc co cha sat se khong gay hai oi
vi sc khoe. Nc mat sau khi loai bo can l lng th ham lng sat t khi at ti
1mg/l. Rieng oi vi nc ngam va nc thai sinh hoat, ham lng sat co the cao
hn rat nhieu. Nhng loai nc nh the khi tiep xuc vi khong kh se tr nen uc va
co mau vang, nguyen nhan la do sat dang Fe
2+
b oxy hoa thanh Fe
3+
tao ra nhng
chat ket tua di dang keo. nhng ieu kien t nhien va pH thap, toc o cua qua
trnh oxy hoa thng xay ra cham va sat trong nc thng ton tai di dang Fe
2+
.
Trong moi trng pH < 6 va co suc kh, Fe
3+
co the ton tai mot thi gian. Toc o
oxy hoa se tang len khi trong moi trng co pH > 6, co mat cua cac chat oxy hoa
hay do hoat ong cua vi sinh vat. Sat co trong nc la nguyen nhan lam cho quan
ao b vang sau khi giat, lam o cac o vat bang s va tao ra cac vet o tren cac o vat
han ch. Khi ham lng sat trong nc ln hn 1mg/l gay ra v tanh trong nc va
ve mat cam quan khong the chap nhan c. Ngoai ra, can sat bam tren thanh ong
dan lau ngay lam thay oi lu lng va tac cac ong dan cua he thong phan phoi
nc. Chnh v nhng ly do tren nen tieu chuan at ra cho nc s dung trong sinh
hoat va an uong phai co ham lng Fe
tc
<0,3 mg/l. oi vi mot so nganh cong
nghiep, tieu chuan cho phep sat co trong nc oi hoi rat cao nh oi vi cong nghe
det nhuom th Fe < 0,1 mg/l.

1.2. Nguyen tac
Sat trong dung dch c kh thanh dang Fe
2+
(tan trong nc) bang cach un
soi trong moi trng acid va hydroxylamine, sau o Fe
2+
tao phc co mau vi 1,10
phenanthroline pH = 3,0 3,3. Moi nguyen t Fe
2+
se ket hp vi ba phan t cua
phenanthroline tao thanh phc chat mau o cam. Cng o mau tuan theo nh luat
Lambert-Beer va phu thuoc vao pH. Phan ng se at toc o cc ai khi pH cua moi
trng trong khoang t 2,9 3,5 va s dung mot lng tha phenanthroline. Cac
phng trnh phan ng c bieu dien nh sau:
Fe(OH)
3
+ 3H
+
Fe
3+
+ 3H
2
O
4 Fe
3+
+ 2NH
2
OH 4 Fe
2+
+ N
2
O + 4H
+
+ H
2
O

N N
3
+ Fe
2+
Fe
N-N
N
-
N
N
-
N
2+

(mau o cam)

-43-

Phng phap phenanthroline co the xac nh ham lng sat ln nhat la 1mg/l
1.3. Tr ngai
Nhng chat oxy hoa manh nh cyanide, nitrite va phosphate (polyphosphate
manh hn orthophosphate), chromium, zine vi ham lng ln hn sat 10 lan,
cobalt, copper ln hn 5mg/l va nicken ln hn 2 mg/l eu gay anh hng en ket
qua phan tch. Bismuth, cadmium, mercury, molybdate va silver ket tua vi
phenanthroline. Trong qua trnh thc hien th nghiem, bc un soi vi acid nham
chuyen polyphosphate thanh orthophosphate, loai bo anh hng cua nitrite va
cyanide. Them mot lng tha phenanthroline e loai bo nhng sai so gay ra bi
cac chat oxy hoa manh va tao phc vi mot so ion kim loai co trong dung dch. Neu
ham lng cac ion kim loai qua cao, can phai s dung phng phap trch ly.
Neu mau co mau hay chat hu c, x ly mau bang cach un soi mau nhieu
gi vi acid HCl 1:1 trong coc co quai bang silica, s hay platinum. Khi mau can,
ot nhe, phan tro con lai c hoa tan bang acid. Neu ham lng chat hu c qua
cao, bc phan huy se c thc hien trc giai oan trch ly.

2 . Dung cu, thiet b va hoa chat
2.1.1. Dung cu
Dung cu thuy tinh: nham loai bo sat bam tren thanh dung cu can phai ra tat ca
dung cu thuy tinh bang acid HCl am ac, trang lai bang nc cat trc khi s dung.
+ 02 Erlen 125ml
+ 01 Ong ong 50ml
+ 06 Bnh nh mc 100ml
+ 02 pipet 2ml, 5ml, 10ml
+ 01 pipet 25ml
2.1.2.Thiet b:
+ Spectrophometer
+Bep ien
2.2. Hoa chat:
S dung nhng hoa chat co ham lng sat thap va nc cat khong co sat e chuan
b cac dung dch chuan va tac nhan.
2.2.1.. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) am ac.
2.2.2.Dung dch hydroxylamine: hoa tan 10g NH
2
OH.HCl trong 100ml nc cat.
2.2.3. Dung dch em ammonium acetate (NH
4
CH
3
COOH): hoa tan 250g
NH
3
C
2
H
3
O
2
trong 150ml nc cat, them 700ml acid acetic (CH
3
COOH) am ac.
Lac eu nh phn bng nc ct n 1000ml.
2.2.4. Dung dch phenanthroline:
Cach 1: hoa tan 100mg 1,10 phenanthroline (C
12
H
8
N
2
.H
2
O) trong 100ml nc cat,
khuay va un ti 80
o
C. Khong c un soi.
Cach 2: cho 10ml nc cat vao trong coc cha 100mg phenanthroline C
12
H
8
N
2
.H
2
O,
them 2 giot acid am ac, khuay eu en khi tan hoan toan, pha loang thanh 100ml.

-44-

Khong s dung khi dung dch co mau.
2.2.5. Dung dch lu tr sat: (500ppm)
o 20ml H
2
SO
4
am ac vao 50ml nc cat va them vao 1,7594g
Fe(NH
4
)
2
(SO
4
)
2
.6H
2
O. Sau khi dung dch ong nhat. Pha thanh 500ml vi nc cat
(1,00ml = 500g Fe).
2.2.6. Dung dch chuan:
Lay 20ml dung dch lu tr sat cho vao bnh nh mc 1000ml, them nc cat ti
vach nh mc (1,00ml = 10,00g Fe).

3. Thc hanh
3.1. Sat tong cong (Fe
tc
)
Mau phai c lac eu trc khi phan tch, lay 50ml mau cho vao erlen. Neu
the tch mau co ham lng sat cao hn 200g, s dung mot lng mau t hn va pha
thanh 50ml. Them 2ml HCl am ac va 1ml NH
2
OH.HCl. Them vai vien bi thuy
tinh vao erlen, un soi en khi the tch con khoang 15 20ml (neu mau b can, cho
vao 2ml HCl am ac va 5ml nc cat).
Lam nguoi mau nhiet o phong, chuyen dung dch vao bnh nh mc
100ml, them 10ml dung dch em NH
4
CH
3
COOH va 4ml dung dch phenanthroline.
Cho nc cat ti vach nh mc va lac eu, sau o e khoang 10 15 phut cho
cng o mau at cc ai va on nh. o o hap thu tren may spectrophotometer
bc song 510nm.
3.2. Sat hoa tan
Ngay sau khi lay mau, loc mau bang giay loc co ng knh 0,45m, nc
sau loc c acid hoa vi t le 1ml HCl am ac/100ml mau. Tong ham lng sat
hoa tan c xac nh nh trong phan 3.1.
3.3. Sat hai (Fe
2+
)
Viec xac nh Fe
2+
phai thc hien tai v tr lay mau bi v co s thay oi ty le
gia Fe
2+
va Fe
3+
theo thi gian trong moi trng acid. e xac nh Fe
2+
, acid hoa
mau theo t le 2ml HCl am ac/100ml mau tai thi iem lay mau.
Lay 50ml mau a c acid hoa, them 20ml phenanthroline va 10ml dung
dch em NH
4
C
2
H
3
O
2
, lac eu. Pha thanh 100ml vi nc cat, i khoang 1015
phut, sau o o o hap thu A bc song 510nm.


-45-

4. Cach thanh lap ng cong chuan
S dung dung dch chuan co nong o 1ml = 10 g Fe.
Pha loat dung dch chuan sat nh sau :
STT
0 1 2 3 4 5
V dd chuan (ml) 0 2 4 6 8 10
V nc cat (ml) 50 48 46 44 42 40
V dd em ammonium acetate
NH
3
C
2
H
3
O
2
(ml)
10
V dd phenanthroline (ml) 4
** nh mc 100ml
Ham lng Cg 0 20 40 60 80 100
Nong o C mg/l 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0
o hap thu A (o bang may)
bc song 510nm.
zero ? ? ? ? ?
Chu thch
** nh mc thanh 100ml bang nc cat. Lac eu va o o hap thu.
Neu mau b uc va co mau, thay v s dung nc cat lam mau chuan trang, s dung
chnh mau lam mau chuan trang va x ly mau qua tat ca cac bc nh trong qua
trnh thc hien nhng khong cho phenanthroline.

Day chuan sat
5. Tnh toan
Sau khi co o hap thu cua mot loat chuan. Ve gian o A = f(C), s dung
phng phap bnh phng cc tieu e lap phng trnh y= ax + b. T tr so o hap
thu cua dung dch mau A
m
suy ra C
m
t phng trnh tren. Ket qua bieu dien bang
n v mg/l.

6. Cau hoi
6.1.Trnh bay nhng trang thai khac nhau cua sat trong nguon nc t nhien, neu
ieu kien ton tai cua moi trang thai.


-46-

6.2.Neu nhng nguyen nhan chnh gay o nhiem sat trong nguon nc ngam.

-47-

BAI 14: NITROGEN NITRITE (N NO
2
)

1. Gii thieu chung
1. 1 Y ngha moi trng
Nitrite la mot giai oan trung gian trong chu trnh am hoa do s phan huy cac chat
am hu c. V co s chuyen hoa gia nong o cac dang khac nhau cua nitrogen
nen cac vet nitrite c s dung e anh gia s o nhiem hu c. Trong cac he thong
x ly hay he thong phan phoi cung co nitrite do nhng hoat ong cua vi sinh vat.
Ngoai ra nitrite con c dung trong nganh cap nc nh mot chat chong an mon.
Tuy nhien, trong nc uong, nitrite khong c vt qua 0.1 mg/l.
1.2 Nguyen tac
Nitrite c xac nh bang phng phap so mau. Mau do phan ng t cac dung dch
tham chieu va mau sau khi tac dung vi acid sulfanilic va naphthylamine moi
trng pH = 2 2.5 tao thanh hp chat mau o tm cua acid azobelzol
naphthylamine sulfonic nh sau:

HSO
3
- -NH
3
+ NaNO
2
HSO
3
- -N=N
+
Cl
-
+ NaCl + H
2
O

Phng phap DIAZO thch hp khi xac nh ham lng N-NO
2
t l g / 25 - 1
1.3 Cac nh hng
Chlorine va nitrogen trichloride ton tai trong mau se gay ra tr ngai oi vi phng
phap nay. Anh hng nay se giam thap khi them naphthylamine hydrochloride
trc, sau o en acid sulfanilic. Nhng ion tao ket tua lam sai lech ket qua nh:
Sb, Fe
3+
, Pb
2+
, Hg
2+
, Ag
+
, khong nen ton tai trong mau. Mot lng nho chat ran l
lng cung gay can trm co the loc qua giay loc kch thc m 0.45

2.1 Dung cu va thiet b
2.1.1 Dung cu
Pipet 1ml (1); ong ong 50ml (1); pipet 25ml (1)
Erlen 125ml (9); qua bop cao su (1)
Coc ot 100ml (1)
Spectrophotometer
Ong o o truyen suot
2.1.2 Hoa Chat
a. Dung dch chuan
Dung dch lu tr N-NO
2
: (1ml = 250 g N-NO
2
): NaNO
2
0.05: hoa tan 1.232g
NaNO
2
trong nc cat va nh mc thanh 1000ml.
Dung dch N-NO
2
chuan (1ml = 0.0005mg = 0.5 g N-NO
2
): Lay 2ml dung dch lu
tr + nc cat = 1 lt.
Xac nh lai nong o dung dch NO
2
-
mi pha bang cach pha cac dung dch sau:


-48-

KMnO
4
0.05N: can 1.6g KMnO
4
+ nc cat = 1 lt.
FAS 0.05N: can 19.607g Fe(NH
4
)
2
(SO
4
)
2
.6H
2
O + 20ml H
2
SO
4
am ac + nc cat =
1 lt.
Na
2
C
2
O
4
0.05N: can 3.350g Na
2
C
2
O
4
the6m nc cat cho u 1 lt (neu khong dung
FAS).
Cho vao bnh thuy tinh co mai 50ml KMnO
4
0.05N va 5ml H
2
SO
4
am ac, them
50ml dung dch NaNO
2
0.05N (hoac Na
2
C
2
O
4
0.05N) vi dung dch bang cach them
moi lan 10ml dung dch FAS (hoac Na
2
C
2
O
4
) vi dung dch KMnO
4
0.05N en khi
dung dch chuyen sang mau hong nhat. Tnh nong o cua dung dch lu tr N-NO
2

bang cong thc:

F
E D C B
A
7 * )] * ( ) * [(
= mg/ml N-NO
2

B ml dung dch KMnO
4
a dung
C nguyen chuan o cua dung dch KMnO
4
(0.05N)
D ml FAS (hoac Na
2
C
2
O
4
) a dung
E nguyen chuan o cua dung dch chuan (0.05N)
F ml dung dch NaNO
2
dung nh phan
b. Dung dch EDTA: can 0.5g muoi natri dan xuat t EDTA + nc cat = 100ml
c. Acid sulfanilic + 70ml nc nong e nguoi + 20ml HCl am ac pha loang thanh
100ml vi nc cat.
d. Dung dch Naphthylamine chlohydrate: can 0.6g naphthylamine chlohydrate +
50ml nc cat + 1ml HCl am ac + nc cat = 100ml. Pha dung ngay hoac lu gi
nhiet o thap.
e. Dung dch em axetat: can 16.4g CH
3
COONa hay 27.2g CH
3
COONa.3H
2
O +
nc cat = 100ml.
f. Dung dch huyen treo Al(OH)
3
: can 125g AlK(SO
4
)
2
.12H
2
O hay
Al(NH
4
)(SO
4
)
2
.12H
2
O trong 1000ml nc cat, un nhe en 60
0
C + 55ml NH
4
OH
am ac. T t lac eu. c 1 gi, ra huyen troc nhieu lan vi nc cat en khi
nc ra khong con Cl
-
(th bang AgNO
3
). Sau o them nc cat cho thanh 1000ml.
2.2 Trnh t th nghiem
Neu mau th nhieu chat l lng va mau, them 2ml Al(OH)
3
vao 100ml mau, e
lang vai phut, loc bo lp nc qua loc au tien. (Neu mau trong th khong phai lam
bc nay).
Chuan b mau va dung dch tham chieu (ng chuan) theo bang sau:
STT 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
(mu)
ml dd N-NO
2
chuan
(1ml = 0.5 g N-NO
2
)
0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 0
ml nc cat 25 22.5 20 17.5 15 12.5 -
ml mau nc - - - - - - 25

-49-

ml dd EDTA 0.5ml/ong
ml acid sulfanilic 0.5ml/ong i 10 phut
ml naphthylamine 0.5ml/ong
ml dd em axetat 0.5ml/ong i 20 phut
C ( g ) 0 1.25 2.5 3.75 5.0 6.25 -
C (mg/l) 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 -
Cac dung dch theo ung th t trong bang, sau moi lan them dung dch phan ng
ch ung thi gian qui nh.
o o hap thu A bc song nm 520 =
2.3 Tnh Toan
T loat chuan o o hap thu. Ve gian o A = f(C), s dung phng phap bnh
phng cc tieu e lap phng trnh y = ax + b.

3. Cau Hoi
1. Phan tch mot mau nc ngam, ket qua ham lng nitrite cao, co the ket luan g?
2. Nitrogen thng ton tai dang nao trong nc mat? Nc ngm?

BAI 15: NITROGEN-NITRATE (NO
3
-
)

1. Gii thieu chung
Nitrate la san pham cua giai oan oxy hoa cao nhat trong chu trnh cua
nitrogen, cung la giai oan quan trong trong tien trnh oxy hoa sinh hoc. lp nc
mat thng gap nitrate dang vet nhng oi khi rong nc ngam mach nong lai co
ham lng cao.
Neu nc uong co qua nhieu nitrate thng gay benh huyet sac to tre em.
Do o, trong nguon nc cap cho sinh hoat gii han nitrate khong vt qua 6mg/l.
1.2. Nguyen tac
Phan ng gia nitrate va brucine cho san pham co mau vang c ap dung
e xac nh ham lng nitrate bang phng phap so mau. Cng o mau c o
bc song = 410nm. Toc o phan ng gia nitrate va brucine chu anh hng ro
ret vao lng nhiet toa ra trong qua trnh phan ng. V the, cac chat phan ng c
them vao lan lt va u mot khoang thi gian chnh xac tai nhiet o a biet. Nong
o acid va thi gian phan ng c la chon e tao mau tot nhat va on nh.
Phng phap nay thch hp vi ca nc ngot va nc bien, vi ham lng N-NO
3

xap x 0,1-2 mg/l.
1.3. Cac anh hng
S hien dien cua tac nhan oxy hoa co the c loai tr bang cach them chat
phan ng orthotolidine. Tr ngai bi clor d co the b loai bang mot lng sodium
arsenite khi chlor d khong qua 5 mg/l. Mot lng d sodium arsenite nho khong
anh hng en viec xac nh nitrate. Ion Fe
2+
, Fe
3+
va Mn
4+
se gay anh hng nhe,

-50-

nhng neu ham lng cac ion nay nho hn 1mg/l th anh hng khong ang ke. Tr
ngai do nitrite gay ra khi N-NO
2
< 0,5 mg/l c ngan nga bang acid sulfanilic.
Ham lng chat hu c cao trong nc thai cung se gay tr ngai cho viec xac nh
nitrate.

Ong nghiem 25ml a anh so t 1-5 va 7 ong khac;
Pipet 1ml, 2ml, 10ml, 25ml;
Hop giay kn hoac tu kn;
Spectrophotometer.
2.2. Hoa chat
3
chuan: (1ml = 2 g N-NO
3
)
Dung dch N-NO
3
lu tr: (1ml = 2 g N-NO
3
). Hoa tan 0,7218g Anhydrous
Potassium Nitrate KNO
3
+ nc cat = 1 lt.
Dung dch N-NO
3
chuan: (1ml = 0,002mg = 2 g N-NO
3
). Pha loang 10ml
dung dch lu tr thanh 500ml e co 1ml dung dch chuan = 2 g N-NO
3
.
2.2.2. Dung dch Brucine-Sulfanilic:
Can 1g Brucine Sulfate + 0,1g Sulfanilic Acid trong 70ml nc cat nong, them 3 ml
HCl am ac, lam lanh, pha loang thanh 100ml. Gi trong chai am mau 5
o
C.
Dung dch nay co mau hong nhng khong anh hng en ket qua phan tch va co
the dung rong vai thang (chu y: rat oc khong c dung mieng e hut dung dch
vao pipet).
2.2.3. Dung dch H
2
SO
4
am ac
2.2.4. Dung dch Sodium Arsenite (NaAsO
2
)
Hoa tan 5,0g NaAsO
2
vi 1 lt nc cat (chu y: rat oc khong c dung
mieng e hut dung dch vao pipet).
2.2.5. Dung dch Sodium Chloride
Hoa tan 300g NaCl vi 1 lt nc cat.

3. Trnh t th nghiem
Neu mau co chlorine, kh lng clor d nay bang cach them 1 giot sodium arsenite
cho moi 0,1mg Cl
2
tren 50ml mau.
Chuan b dung dch tham chieu nh sau:
STT 1 2 3 4 5 6
ml dd N-NO
3
chuan
(2ppm)
1 2 3 4 5 6
ml nc cat 9 8 7 6 5 4
C(g) 2 4 6 8 10 12
C(mg/l) 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2

Trong loat ong nghiem khac, can than lay 4ml H
2
SO
4

vao tng ong.


-51-

That chnh xac, trch 1ml dung dch tham chieu cung nh mau vao tng ong nghiem
theo ung so th t tng ong.
STT 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7(mu)
ml dd tham chieu 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 -
ml nc cat 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ml mau nc - - - - - - - 1
Dung dch brucine 0,5ml/ong
H
2
SO
4
Rot nhanh 4ml dung dch acid a chuan b vao moi
ong ng dung dch N-NO
3
chuan va mau. Lac eu
tng ong
Lac eu. at tat ca vao tu kn hoac hop giay trong bong toi. i 10 phut.
Trong thi gian i phan ng hoan tat, hut san 5ml nc cat vao loat ong
nghiem a dung H
2
SO
4
trc o.
Sau 10 phut rot nhanh 4ml nc cat vao tng ong nghiem, lac eu. Tiep tuc
e trong bong toi them 20 phut na cho phan ng hoan toan.
o o hap thu A = 410nm.

4. Cach tnh
T loat chuan o o hap thu.
Ve gian o A = f(C), s dung phng phap bnh phng cc tieu e lap
phng trnh
y = ax + b.
T tr so o hap thu A
m
cua mau tnh nong o C
m
.
mgNO
3
/l = mg N-NO
3
x 4,43

5. Cau hoi
1. Tai sao phai phan tch Nitrate trong kiem tra o nhiem?
2. Nitrate co mat trong nguon nc mat, nc ngam, nc cap do nguyen nhan
nao?
3. Khi s dung nc co cha nhieu Nitrate co anh hng en sc khoe nh the
nao?

BAI 16: NITROGEN AMMONIA (NH
3
)

1. Gii thieu chung
S hien hu cua ammonia trong nc mat hay nc ngam bat nguon t hoat ong
phan huy chat hu c do cac loai vi sinh vat trong ieu kien yem kh. oi vi nguon
nc cap cho sinh hoat, ammonia c tm thay khi b nhiem ban bi cac dong nc
thai. Trong mang li cap nc, ammoniac con c s dung di dang hoa chat
diet khuan chloramines nham tao lng chlor d co tac dung keo daithi gian diet

-52-

khuan khi lu chuyen trong ng ong. Tuy theo ty le phoi hp, ammonia co the
ket hp vi chlor e cho monochloramine, dichloramine, trichloramine.
1.2. Nguyen tac
a. Phng phap Nessler c ap dung cho nc uong tinh khiet, nc thien nhien,
nc thai a c lam sach hoac chng cat. Tat ca cac loai nay phai co o mau
thap va nong o N-NH
3
ln hn 20 g/l. Ap dung phng phap Nessler hoa trc
tiep oi vi nc thai sinh hoat, co the chap nhan sai so cua N-NH
3
t 1-2 mg/l.
Ammonia tac dung vi thuoc th Nessler trong moi trng kiem theo phan ng sau
e cho san pham co mau vang:
2(2KI.HgI
2
) +NH
3
+ 3KOH (NH
2
)Hg-O-HgI + 7KI + 2 H
2
O
(mau vang)

b. oi vi nc thai, e tranh nhng tr ngai do cac tap chat co trong mau gay ra,
mau can c chng cat va dch pham thu c se dung phng phap Nessler e
xac nh.
1.3. Cac tr ngai
Khi ham lng calci vt qua 250mg/l, ammonia o c thng thap hn thc te.
e tranh ieu nay phai ieu chnh pH trc khi chng cat mau. Dung dich on
phosphate con c dung vi muc ch phu lam ket tua lng calci tren di dang
calci phosphate. Mot so hp chat amine day thang, hp chat vong, chloramines hu
c, acetone, aldehyt, ru, va nhng chat hu c khac cung gay nhieu tr ngai.
Nhng dung dch nay co the cho mau vang hay mau luc hoac tr nen uc khi them
thuoc th Nessler vao chng cat pham.

2. Dung cu thiet b va hoa chat
- Bnh va bau Kjeldahl.
- Erlen 500ml.
- Ong ong 100ml.
- Pipet 1;10;25 ml.
- Buret nh phan.
- Ong nghiem 30ml.
- Quang pho ke va ong o o truyen suot ( =430nm)
- He thong chng cat Kjeldahl.
2.2. Hoa chat
a. Dung dch ZnSO
4
: hoa tan 100g ZnSO
4
.7H
2
O trong nc cat va nh mc thanh 1
lt.
b. Dung dch NaOH 6N: hoa tan 240g NaOH trong nc cat va nh mc thanh 1lt.
c. Dung dch EDTA : hoa tan 50g EDTA Na trong 60ml nc cat co cha 10g
NaOH.Co the un nhe cho tan het ,lam nguoi en nhiet o phong va nh mc
thanh 100ml.
d. Dung dch chuan N-NH
3
(1ml= 10 g N-NH
3
)

-53-

* Dung dch lu tr NH
3
: ( 1ml=1mg N= 1000 g N-NH
3
).Hoa tan 3,819g NH
4
Cl(
a say kho 100
o
C), them nc cat cho u mot lt (1ml =1mgN= 1,22 mg NH
3
)
* Dung dch chuan N-NH
3
: (1ml = 10 g N-NH
3
).Pha loang 10ml dung dch lu tr
vi nc cat cho u mot lt
e. Dung dch boric acid: Hoa tan 20gH
3
BO
3
vi nc cat cho u 1 lt,them 10ml ch
th mau e dung dch co mau tm.
f. Thuoc th Nessler: hoa tan 100g HgI
2
(mercuric iodide) va 70g KI vi mot t nc
cat(dung dch A).
Hoa tan 160g NaOH vao 500 ml nc cat ,lam nguoi(dung dch B). Rot cham va
khuay eu dung dch A vao dung dch B tren roi pha loang thanh mot lt. e lang
mot ngay, s dung phan trong.
Chu y: Rat oc tranh hut vao mieng.
Dung dch kh Na
2
S
2
O
3
N/70: hoa tan 500g NaOH va 25g Na
2
S
2
O
3
.5H
2
O them nc
cho u mot lt.

3. Thc hanh
3.1. Phng phap Nessler hoa trc tiep
a. Kh Clo d (ch ap dung cho nc thai sinh hoat hoac nc thai nhiem clo).
Them 1 ml Na
2
S
2
O
3
N/70 cho 1mg Cl
2
/l trong 50 ml mau.
b. Them 1 ml ZnSO
4
va 0,5 ml NaOH 6N (pH = 10,5)trong 100 ml mau, xao tron
eu, ly tam loai ket tua,lay phan nc trong.
c. Lay 50ml mau qua loc them 1 giot EDTA e tranh ion Ca
2+
,Mg
2+
hoac cac ion
khac gay ket tua vi Nessler.
d. Chuan b tham chieu nh sau:
STT 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
(mu)
ml dd N-
NH
3
chuan
10ppm
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 0
ml nc cat 50 49,5 49 48,5 48 47,5 47 46,5 46 0
ml mau
nc
- - - - - - - - - 50
Thuoc th
Nessler
2 ml/ong
C( g) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 ?
C(mg/l) 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 ?
A ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
e. So mau cac dung dch = 430 nm sau khi them Nessler c 10 phut.

-54-

Neu mau cua mau vt qua ng cong tham chieu, lam lai vi mot the tch mau
thch hp va pha loang thanh 50ml.
3.2. Phng phap chng cat
f. Trong bnh Kjeldahl, mot bnh s dung th khong vi nc cat, bnh kia ng
140ml hoac 280 ml mau.
g. Neu mau c bao quan bang acid sulfuric am ac phai trung hoa lai en pH
=7.Them 5 ml dung dch on phosphate (hay 12ml cho nc thai ) e co pH
=7,4+0,2.
h. Lap bnh va bau Kjeldahl vao he thong chng cat. au ong ngng hi phai nhung
chm trong dung dch acid boric theo t le 50ml/1mg N-NH
3
.
i. Nhiet o chng cat c ieu chnh sao cho c 6-10 ml/phut. Tat may khi chng
cat pham thu c khoang 150ml.
j. Rot dung dch nay vao ong Nessler 50 ml va xac nh o hap thu nh giai oan
d,e tren.

B chng ct Kjeldahl
3.3. Phng phap nh phan the tch
k. Them vao dung dch hap thu acid boric bao hoa 10 giot chit th mau tong hp
trc khi chng cat nh a thc hien giai oan f,g,h.
l. viec phan nh c tien hanh tren toan bo chng cat pham thu c vi HCl
0,01N. Dt iem xay ra khi mau chuyen t luc sang tm ro.

4. Tnh toan
4.1. Phng phap Nessler trc tiep
T loat chuan ,o o hap thu.
Ve gian o A=f(C), s dung phng phap bnh phng cc tieu e lap phng trnh
y = ax + b.
T tr so o hap thu cua mau A
m
suy ra nong o C
m
.
4.2. Phng phap Nessler hoa chng cat pham
Tng t nh phng phap Nessler trc tiep tnh c C
m
.

-55-

mg N-NH
3
= C
m
x
B
A

A: the tch chng cat pham tong cong ke ca acid boric.
B: the tch nh phan hon hp dung e tac dung vi thuoc th Nessler.
4.3. Phng phap nh phan the tch
( V
t
V
o
) x140
mg N-NH
3
= ----------------------
ml mau
V
t
: the tch HCl 0,01 N dung nh phan mau th that .
V
o
: The tch HCl 0,01 N dung nh phan mau th khong.

Mg NH
3
/l = mg N-NH
3
/l x 1,21
Mg NH
4
+
/l =mg N-NH
3
/l x 1,29

5. Cau hoi
1. Nhng nguyen nhan nao gay o nhiem ammonia trong cac nguon nc ngam,nc
mat va nc cap.
2. Ham lng ammonia cao trong cac nguon nc anh hng en ssc khoe cua con
ngi nh the nao ?
3. Tai sao khi o ammonia bang phng phap Nessler hoa trc tiep phai lam mau
th khong?

BAI 17: PHOSPHATE
1. Gii thieu chung
1.1.Y ngha moi trng
Trong thien nhien phosphate c xem la san pham cua qua trnh lan hoa, thng
gap dang vet oi vi nc thien nhien. Khi ham lng phosphate cao se la mot
yeu to giup rong reu phat trien manh . ay co the co nguon goc do o nhiem bi
nc sinh hoat, nong nghiep hoac t nc thai cong nghiep san xuat bot giat, chat
tay ra hay phan bon .Do o, ch tieu phosphate c ng dung trong viec kiem
soat mc o o nhiem cua dong nc.
Viec xac nh phosphate rat can thiet trong van hanhcac tram x ly nc thai va
trong nghien cu o nhiem dong chay cua nhieu vung v ham lng phosphate co the
coi nh la mot lng chat dinh dng trong x ly nc thai .
1.2. Nguyen tac
Trong moi trng acid cac dang cua phosophate c chuyen ve dang
orthophosphate va se phan ng vi ammonium molybdate e phong thch acid
molybdophosphoric, sau o acid nay se b kh bi SnCl
2
cho molybdenum mau
xanh dng.

PO
4
3-
+12(NH
4
)
2
MoO
4
+24 H
+
(NH
4
)
3
PO
4
.12MoO
3
+ 21NH
4
+
+12 H
2
O

-56-

(NH
4
)
3
PO
4
.12MoO
3
+ Sn
2+
Molybdenum (xanh dng) + Sn
4+

1.3. Cac anh hng
Trong ong mau phan tch, tot nhat sat khong c vt qua 0,4 mg/l. Ham lng
silica hoa tan phai di 25mg/l. o uc cung la mot nguyen nhan tao kho khan cho
viec xac nh. Cromate va cac tac nhan oxy hoa manh nh peroxide co the lam
nhat mau phan ng. Anh hng cac chat tren co the loai bo bang cach them 0.1g
acid sulfanilic vao mau trc khi them molybdate.

2. Dung cu ,thiet b va hoa chat
- Ong o o truyen suot.
- Muong muc hoa chat .
- Bep un.
- Erlen.
- Bi thuy tinh .
- Pipet.
2.2. Hoa chat
a. Dung dch ch th phenolphthalein.
b. Dung dch acid: can than cho 300ml H
2
SO
4
am ac vao 600 ml nc cat va nh
mc thanh 1000ml.
c.Hon hp acid manh: cho t t 300 ml H
2
SO
4
am ac vao 600 ml nc cat , e
nguoi.Them vao 4,0 ml HNO
3
am ac nh mc thanh 1000 ml.
d.Ammonium persulfate (NH
4
)
2
S
2
O
3
tinh the hoac potassium persulfate K
2
S
2
O
8
tinh
the.
e. Hydroxiyt natri NaOH 1N
f. Dung dch ammonium molybdate:
Hoa tan 25g (NH
4
)
6
Mo
7
O
24
.4H
2
O trong 175 ml nc cat .Can than them 280 ml
H
2
SO
4
am ac vao 400 ml nc cat, e nguoi. Cho dung dch molydate vao nh
mc thanh 1000 ml.
g. Dung dch tin chloride: can 2,5g SnCl
2
.2H
2
O trong 100 ml glycerol. un cach thuy
va khuay en khi tan hoan toan.
h. Dung dch photphate chuan: (1,00 ml=50,0 g P-PO
4
)
Hoa tan 219,5 mg KH
2
PO
4
khan (sy kho 105
o
C mot gi) trong nc cat va
nh mc thanh 1000 ml
e. Dung dch photphate s dung: (1ml=1 g P-PO
4
)
Hut 10ml dd photphate chuan pha loang thanh 500 ml

3. Trnh t th nghiem
a. Mau lac eu lay 50 ml hoac the tch phu hp .Cho vao 0,05 ml (1 giot) chat ch
th phenolphthalein. Neu mau co mau them vao t t dung dch sulfuric acid en khi

-57-

mat mau .Sau o them 1 ml dung dch sulfuric acid va 0,4 g (NH
4
)
2
S
2
O
8
hoac 0,5g
K
2
S
2
O
8
.
un khoang 30 en 40 phut hoac the tch con khoang 10 ml .e nguoi them vao 1
giot chat ch th phenolphthalein va trung hoa en mau hong nhat bang dung dch
NaOH, nh the tch lai thanh 50 ml bang nc cat.
b. Lay 50 ml mau, khong co mau va uc, them mot giot chat ch th
phenolphthalein. Neu mau chuyen sang mau hong ,them t t dung dch strong acid
e mat mau.
c. Them vao 2,0 ml molybdate va 0,25 ml (5 giot ) tin chloride va lac eu. Toc o
va cng o hien mau phu thuoc vao nhiet o. Do o nen gi loat dung dch chuan,
mau va hoa chat cung nhiet o (chenh nhau khong qua 2
o
C) trong khoang 20-
30
o
C.
d. e yen sau 10 phut( khong qua 12 phut) do o hap thu bang may quang pho ke
bc song 690 nm.
e. Chuan b ng cong chuan:
STT 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
(mau)
ml dd P-PO
4
chuan
1ug/ml
0 1 2 3 4 5 -
ml nc cat 50 49 48 47 46 45 -
ml mau nc - - - - - - 50
ml dd molybdate 2,0 ml
ml SnCl
2
0,25 ml= 5 giot
C ( g) 0 1 2 3 4 5
C (mg/l) 0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1
o hap thu o bang
may bc song
690nm
? ? ? ? ? ? ?

4. Tnh toan
T loat dung dch chuan, o o hap thu, ve gian o A=f(C), s dung phng phap
bnh phng cc tieu e lap phng trnh y = ax + b. T tr so o hap thu A
m
cua
mau, tnh nong o C
m
. Neu tr so A
m
cua mau vt qua cac tr so cua dung dch
chuan, phai pha loang en nong o thch hp.

5. Cau hoi

= =
= = =
=
n
i
n
i
i i
n
i
n
i
i
n
i
i i i
x x n
y x y x n
a
1
2
1
2
1 1 1
) (

= =
= = = =
=
n
i
n
i
i i
n
i
n
i
i i
n
i
i i
n
i
i
x x n
y x x y x
b
1
2
1
2
1 1 1 1
2
) (

-58-

1. Y ngha cua phosphorus trong viec kiem soat o nhiem nguon nc?
2. S khac nhau gia orthophosphate, pholyphosphate va organic phosphorus?
3. So sanh ket qua phan tch cua mau nc thai sinh hoat ngay sau khi lay ve va
mau a c bao quan trong nhieu ngay?


-59-

BAI 18: SUNFAT

1. Gii thieu chung
1.1.Y ngha moi trng
Sulfat thng gap trong nc thien nhien va nc thai vi ham lng t vai mg en
hang ngan mg/l. Nhng vung at snh lay, bai boi lau nam, sulfur hu c hay di
dang pyrit se bien oi thanh sulfat. Nc chay qua cac vung at mo mang nhieu
sulfat, ham lng kha cao trong quang thiec, quang sat Sulfat la mot trong nhng
ch tieu tieu bieu cua nhng vung nc nhiem phen. V natri sulfat co tnh nhuan
trang nen trong nc uong, sulfat khong c vt qua 200mg/l.

1.2. Nguyen tac
Trong moi trng a axit hoa bang axit HCl khi tac dung vi BaCl
2
, sulfat se tao
thanh BaSO
4
ket tua mau trang uc. o uc tao thanh bi BaSO
4
c o bang
quang pho ke hap thu va so sanh vi dung dch tham chieu chuan a biet trc ham
lng tren mot ng cong chuan.

1.3. Cac anh hng
Mau va cac chat huyen troc trong nc la tr ngai chnh oi vi phng phap nay.
Tuy nhien, cac vung nc phen hay nc ngam, nc lai rat trong nen tr ngai nay
khong anh hng nhieu. Phan ln cac chat huyen phu neu co, co the loai bo qua
loc, silica vi ham lng tren 200mg/l cung lam tr ngai cho viec tao thanh ket tua
BaSO
4
. Ngoai ra trong nc khong con mot ion nao ket tua vi Bari trong moi
trng axit manh nen viec nh phan co the tien hanh bnh thng tai hien trng
hay phong th nghiem.

1.4 Ton tr mau
Tuy cham nhng hoat ong cua vi sinh vat trong mau van co the kh sulfat thanh
sulfur. Do o, cac mau nc b o nhiem nang nen c gi nhiet o thap hay
bang cach them formaldehit. Trong khi ay, sulfit lai co the b oxy hoa thanh sulfat
do lng oxy hoa tan neu pH>8. V the, vi cac mau co cha sulfit can ha thap pH
e loai bo qua trnh tren.

7 Erlen
1 Pipet 10ml
1 Pipet 2ml
7 Ong nghiem
Spectrophotometer


-60-

2.2 Hoa chat
a)Dung dch tao ieu kien (dd em) : hoa tan 30g MgCl
2
+ 5g CH
3
COONa + 1g
KNO
3
+ 20ml axit axetic 99% trong 500ml nc cat. Them nc cat cho u 1000ml.
b)BaCl
2
tinh the
c)Dung dch SO
4
2-
chuan (1ml = 100g): lay chnh xac 10.41ml dung dch H
2
SO
4

0.02N + nc cat = 100ml

3. Trnh t th nghiem
-Neu mau uc, loc 100ml mau qua giay loc
-Chuan b dung dch tham chieu theo bang sau (cho vao erlen)
So th t 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
(mu)
ml dung dch SO
4
2-

chuan
0 2 4 6 8 10 0
ml nc cat 25 23 21 19 17 15 0
ml nc mau - - - - - - 25
C (mg/ml) 0 8 16 24 32 40 ?
A( hp thu) ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
-Cho dung dch em(1ml) vao 7 ong nghiem + 1 lng nho (bang hat gao) BaCl
2
,
lac eu
-Nhanh, can than rot loat dung dch tao ieu kien (trong ong nghiem) vao dung dch
tham chieu. Lac eu erlen e hoa tan hoan toan BaCl
2

-o o hap thu A cua dung dch tham chieu va cua mau bc song 420nm. Thi
gian o khong qua 4 phut e tranh s lang cua BaSO
4

Neu o uc cua mau vt qua ng cong tham chieu, lam lai vi mot the tch va
pha loang thanh 25ml.

4. Tnh toan
Ve gian o A=f(C) ,s dung phng phap bnh phng cc tieu e lap phng trnh
y = ax + b . T tr so o hap thu A
m
cua mau ,tnh nong o C
m
.Neu tr so A
m
cua
mau vt qua cac tr so cua dung dch chuan ,phai pha loang en nong o thch hp.

5. Cau hoi
Ham lng sulfat cao co y ngha g oi vi viec cap nc va thoat nc thai
Tai sao viec nh phan sulfat bang phep o o uc, tng giai oan phai tien hanh
mot cach ung an


-61-

BAI 19: MANGAN

1. Gii thieu chung
Mangan ton tai trong thien nhien di dang quang dioxid, tuy nhien gap moi
trng co ham lng dioxid carbon cao va thieu oxy hoa tan nh nc ngam,
mangan tr nen de hoa tan va tr oxy hoa kh thay oi t Mn
2+
thanh Mn
4+
. Co
nhieu ac iem giong
nh sat, mangan khong phai la nguyen to oc hai oi vi con ngi, no
thng i oi vi sat trong mach nc ngam va de b oxy hoa khi tiep xuc vi kh
tri tao thanh ket tua Mn
4+
co mau, v the gay phien phc cho viec giat giu nhat la
nganh cong nghiep det
1.2. Nguyen tac
Persulfate la mot tac chat co tnh oxy hoa manh u e oxy hoa Mn
2+
thanh
Mn
7+
khi co bac lam chat xuc tac. San pham sau cung mang mau tm cua
permanganate ben trong khoang 24 gi neu s dung mot lng tha persulfate va
khong co mat chat hu c. Phan ng xay ra nh sau:
2 Mn
2+
+ 5 S
2
O
8
2
+ H
2
O 2 MnO
4
+ 10 SO
4
2
+ 10 H
+

1.3. Cac tr ngai
Cl
-
vi ham lng 2g/l se gay tr ngai cho viec xac nh mangan, v the phai
loai bo Cl
-
bang

cach them 1 g HgSO
4
e tao thanh hp chat ben HgCl
2
. Bromide
va Iodide du ham lng yeu oi v phng phap nay cung gay tr ngai. Phng
phap persulfate co the s dung e xac nh ham lng mangan trong nc thai co
ham lng chat hu c thap, neu thi gian un c keo dai sau khi them lng
tha persulfate. oi vi mau co ham lng chat hu c cao, can phai phan huy mau
bang acid H
2
SO
4
va HNO
3
. Neu ham lng Cl
-
trong mau nc qua cao, un soi vi
HNO
3
nham loai bo anh hng do ham lng Cl
-
gay ra. Mau tiep xuc vi khong
kh co the cho ket qua thap do ket tua MnO
2
. Them 1 giot H
2
O
2
30% vao mau,
nham muc ch hoa tan MnO
2
ket tua, sau o them cac hoa chat khac.

2. Dung cu , thiet b va hoa chat
- Erlen 100 ml
- Ong ong 100 ml
- Bep ien
- May spectrophotometer
2.2. Hoa chat
Dung dch xuc tac: hoa tan 75 g HgSO
4
trong 400 ml HNO
3
am ac va 200
ml nc cat. Them 200 ml dung dch H
3
PO
4
85%, 35 mg AgNO
3
khuay eu, lam
nguoi, nh mc en 1000 ml.
Ammonium persulfate tinh the ( NH
4
)
2
S
2
O
8

Dung dch lu tr

-62-

Dung dch KMnO
4
0,1 N: hoa tan 3,2 g KMnO
4
bang

nc cat va nh mc
en 1000ml. Sau o e ngoai nang trong nhieu tuan hay un gan en iem soi trong
nhieu gi. Sau o loc loai bo can.
Can 100 mg Na
2
C
2
O
4
them 100ml nc cat va khuay en tan hoan toan.
Them 10 ml H
2
SO
4
1N va un nhanh en 90 96
0
C. nh phan bang dung dch
KMnO
4
cho ti khi xuat hien mau hong nhat, be trong 1 phut. Khong c e nhiet
o giam xuong di 85
0
C. Neu can lam am erlen cha mau trong suot thi gian
nh phan. Thong thng, 100mg Na
2
C
2
O
4
can 15 ml dung dch KMnO
4. Thc
hien
mot mau trang gom nc cat va H
2
SO
4
.
gam Na
2
C
2
O
4
Nong o KMnO
4
= --------------------------
( A - B) * 0,06701
Vi A : ml dung dch KMnO
4
nh

phan cua mau
B : ml dung dch KMnO
4
nh

phan cua mau trang
e tranh sai so trong qua trnh nh phan, lap lai th nghiem tren 2 3 lan, lay
ket qua trung bnh. Tnh the tch cua dung dch KMnO
4
can

e chuan b dung dch
chuan co nong o 1 ml = 50 g Mn nh sau:

4,55
ml KMnO
4
= ------------------------
nong o KMnO
4

Them vao dung dch nay 2 3 ml H
2
SO
4
am ac va tng giot dung dch NaHSO
3

khuay eu cho en khi mat mau cua dung dch KMnO
4
. un

soi e loai SO
2
lam
ngoi va nh mc thanh 100ml. e co dung dch chuan (1 ml = 10 g Mn lay 200
ml dung dch chuan va nh mc thanh 1000ml.
Dung dch H
2
O
2
30%
Dung dch HNO
3
am ac
Dung dch H
2
SO
4
am ac
Dung dch sodium nitrite : hoa tan 5 g NaNO
2
vi 95 ml nc cat
Sodium oxalate tinh the
Dung dch sodium bisulfite : hoa tan 10 g NaHSO
4
trong 100 ml nc cat.

3.Thc hanh
Lay 100 ml mau hay mot th tch mau thch hp sao cho ham lng Mn khoang 0,05
1,2 mg/lit.
Cho vao mau 5 ml dung dch xuc tac va 1 giot H
2
O
2
, un soi con khoang 90 ml.
Them 1 g (NH
4
)
2
S
2
O
8
un soi trong 1 phut
e nguoi en nhiet o phong.
Pha loang bang nc cat ti 100 ml.

-63-

Lap ng cong chuan vi cac dung dch chuan nh sau:
STT 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
ml dd chuan
1 ml = 10 Mn
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
ml nc cat 100 98 96 94 92 90 88
(NH
4
)
2
S
2
O
8
1 g
C 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
C(mg/l) 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2
o o hap thu A tren may spectrophotometer.

4.Cach tnh
T o hap thu cua loat chuan, ve gian o A = f (C), s dung phng phap
bnh phng cc tieu e lap phng trnh y = ax + b.
m
suy ra nong o C
m
cua mau.

5.Cau hoi
1. Trnh bay nhng trang thai khac nhau cua mangan trong nguon nc t nhien.
Neu nhng ieu kien ton tai cua moi trang thai.
2. Neu nhng nguyen nhan chnh gay o nhiem mangan trong nc ngam.

BAI 20: CHLORINE Cl
2

1. Gii thieu chung
1.1 Y ngha moi trng
Chlor hoa nc cap va nc thai sau x ly nham muc ch diet nhng vi khuan gay
benh con lai sau qua trnh x ly, ong thi chlor hoa cung lam thay oi chat lng
nc do phan ng gia chlorine vi ammonia, manganese, sulfide va mot so hp
chat hu c hien dien trong dung dch. Ben canh nhng u iem tren chlor hoa con
gay ra nhng anh hng co hai va lam tang mui va v cua phenol va nhng hp
chat hu c trong nc. Nhng hp chat hu c co kha nang gay ung th co kha
nang gay ung th nh chloroform cung co the hnh thanh trong qua trnh clor hoa.
1.2 Nguyen tac
Chlorine dang hypochlorous acid hay ion hypochloride se phan ng vi DPD (N-
N-diethyl-p-phenylene diamine) cho hp chat o tm. Cng o mau t le thuan vi
ham lng chlorine trong mau.
1.3 Cac tr ngai
Mau co o kiem >250 mgCaCO
3
/L hay o acid >150 mgCaCO
3
/L se lam giam
cng o mau hay khong hien mau khi cho DPD vao dung dch. Trung hoa mau ti
pH 6-7 trc khi cho DPD.
Mau cha monochloramin se lam tang ham lng Cl
2
t do. C 3 mg/l
monochloramin lam tang ham lng cua Cl
2
len 0,1mg/l.

-64-

Bromine. Iodine, ozone va cac dang oxide cua manganese va chloromium cung
phan ng vi DPD nh Cl
2
.
- May HACH DR/2000
- 01 Pipet 5ml
2.2 Hoa chat
- Ch th mau DPD
-Dd potassium Iodide: hoa tan 30g KI vi nc cat, nh mc thanh 1 lt
- Dd Sodium arsenite: hoa tan 5g NaAsO
2
bang nc cat va nh mc 1 lt

3. Thc hanh
Chuan b mau: e loai tr anh hng cua manganese hay chromium, chnh pH en
6-7, sau o them 3 giot potassium Iodide vao 250ml mau, lac eu va i trong 1
phut, them 3 giot Sodium arsenite lac eu.
Bam Power e m may
Bam nut 80 va nhan Enter, xoay nut ben hong may cho ti bc song 530nm.
Lay 25ml mau cho vao curvet (mau trang) va at vao may, nhan Zero
Cho vao Curvet 25ml mau can o. Them moat goi DPD, lac eu trong khoang 20
giay. at mau vao may bam Read oc ket qua mg/l Cl
2


-65-

CHNG 5
PHAN TCH CAC THONG SO SINH HOA

BAI 21: OXI HOA TAN (Dissolved oxygen demand - DO)
1. Gii thieu chung
DO (oxi hoa tan) la yeu to xac nh s thay oi xay ra do vi sinh vat k kh
hay hieu kh. ay la ch tieu quan trong nhat lien quan en viec kiem soat o nhiem
dong chay. Ngoai ra, DO con la c s kiem tra BOD nham anh gia mc o o
nhiem cua nc thai sinh hoat va nc thai cong nghiep.
Tat ca cac qua trnh x ly hieu kh phu thuoc vao s hien dien cua DO trong
nc thai, viec xac nh DO khong the thieu v o la phng tien kiem soat toc o
suc kh e bao am u lng DO thch hp cho vi sinh vat hieu kh phat trien.
DO cung la yeu to quan trong trong s an mon sat thep, ac biet la trong he
thong cap nc va lo hi.
1.2. Nguyen tac
Phng phap Winkler cai tien da tren s oxi hoa Mn
2+
thanh Mn
4+
bi lng oxi
hoa tan trong nc
Khi cho MnSO
4
va dung dch iodide kiem (NaOH + NaI) vao mau co hai trng hp
xay ra:
Neu khong co oxi hien dien, ket tua Mn(OH)
2
co mau trang
Mn
2+
+ 2OH
-
Mn(OH)
2
(tua trang) (1)

Neu mau co oxi, mot phan Mn
2+
b oxi hoa thanh Mn
4+
, tua co mau nau.
Mn
2+
+ 2OH
-
+ 1/2O
2
MnO
2
+ H
2
O (2)
Hoac Mn(OH)
2
+ 1/2O
2
MnO
2
+ H
2
O (3)

Mn
4+
co kha nang kh I
-
thanh I
2
t do trong moi trng acid. Nh vay, lng I
2

c giai phong tng ng vi lng oxi hoa tan co trong nc. Lng iod nay
c xac nh theo phng phap chuan o bang thiosulfate vi ch th tinh bot.
MnO
2
+ 2I
-
+ 4H
+
Mn
2+
+ I
2
+ 2H
2
O (4)
2Na
2
S
2
O
3
+ I
2
Na
2
S
4
O
6
+ 2NaI (khong mau) (5)
Phng phap Winkler b gii han bi cac tac nhan oxi hoa khac nh: nitrite, sat cac
tac nhan nay cung co the oxi hoa 2I
-
I
2
a en viec nang cao tr so ket qua.
Ngc lai, tac nhan kh nh: Fe
2+
, sulfite, sulfide, lai oxi hoa I
2
I
-
se lam thap
gia tr ket qua.

ac biet ion nitrite la mot trong nhng chat ngan tr thng gap, no khong oxy hoa
Mn
2+
song khi moi trng co iodide va acid, NO
2
no se oxy hoa 2I
-
I
2
, N
2
O
2
tao
thanh t phan ng lai b oxy hoa bi oxy kh tri qua mat thoang dung dch e lai
cho NO
2


-66-

2NO
2
+ 2I
-
+ 4H
+
I
2
+ N
2
O
2
+ 2H
2
O
Va

N
2
O
2
1/2O
2
+ H
2
O 2NO
2
+ 2H
+

Do o khi co NO
2
trong mau, iem ket thuc khong the xay ra bnh thng khi co s
bien oi lien tuc t 2I
-
I
2
va ngc lai.
e khac phuc nhc iem tren cua pp Winker cai tien bang cach trong dd iodide
kiem c them mot lng nho sodium azide:
NaN
3
+ H
+
HN
3
+ Na
+

HN
3
+ NO
2
+ H
+
N
2
+ N
2
O + H
2
O
Theo tien trnh nay NO
2
-
b loai han.

- 02 Chai DO
- 02 Ong ong 100ml
- 01 Buret
2.2 Hoa chat
a) Dd MnSO
4
: Hoa tan 480g MnSO
4
.4H2O (hoac 400g MnSO
4
.2H2O hoac 364 g
MnSO
4
.H2O)trong nc cat pha loang thanh 1lt. e cho tan het khoang 3 tieng dd
co mau hong.
b) Dd iodide-azide kiem: hoa tan 500g NaOH hoac (700g KOH) va 135g NaI hoac
(150g KI) trong nc cat va pha loang thanh 1 lt. Them 10g NaN
3
a c hoa tan
trong 40ml nc cat.
c) axit sunfuric am ac
d) Dd Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,025M (Z=2): hoa tan 6,205g Na
2
S
2
O
3
.5H
2
O trong nc cat, them
1,5ml NaOH 6N hoac 0,4gNaOH vien pha loang thanh 1 lt.
e) Ch th h tinh bt

3. Trnh t th nghiem

- Lay mau vao ay chai DO 300ml, ay nut o
bo phan tren ra. Khong c e bot kh bam
quanh thanh chai
- M nut, lan lt them
2ml dd MnSO
4

2ml Iodur-Azur kiem
- ay nut, ao chai t nhat 20s cho ket tua lang
yen khoang 2/3 chai
- i ket tua lang yen, m nut can than cho 2ml
H
2
SO
4
am ac. ong nap ao manh chai.
- Khi ket tua a tan hoan toan, dung ong ong

-67-

100ml rot bo 97ml dung dch. nh phan lng con lai bang Natrithiosunphat en
khi co mau vang nhat roi them 5 giot ch th ho tinh bot. Tiep tuc nh phan cho
en khi dung dch mat mau xanh.
2. Tnh toan
1ml Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,025M = 1mgO
2
/L
5. Cau hoi
Nhng ieu g can lu ytrong qua trnh lay mau o DO?

BAI 22: NHU CAU OXY SINH HOC (BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
BOD)

1. Gii thieu chung
1.1 Y Ngha moi trng
Nhu cau oxy sinh hoa (BOD) la lng oxy can thiet e vi sinh vat oxy hoa cac chat
hu c co kha nang phan huy sinh hoc trong ieu kien hieu kh. Khai niem co kha
nang phan huy co ngha la chat hu c co the dung lam thc an cho vi sinh vat.

BOD la mot trong nhng ch tieu c dung e anh gia mc o gay o nhiem cua
cac chat thai sinh hoat, nc thai cong nghiep va kha nang t lam sach cua nguon
nc.
1.2 Nguyen tac
S dung chai DO co V = 300ml. o ham lng DO ban au va sau 5 ngay u 20
o
C.
Lng oxy chenh lech do vi sinh vat s dung chnh la BOD.
1.3 Cac anh hng
Vi sinh vat nitrate hoa se s dung oxy e oxy hoa nit NH
3
thanh NO
2
-
va NO
3
-
, do
o co the lam thieu hut oxy hoa tan dan en BOD khong con chnh xac.


Tu ieu nhiet BOD 20
o
C 1
o
C
Chai BOD
Ong ong 100ml
Buret
Pipet

Tu ieu nhiet BOD
2.2 Hoa chat
a. DD em phosphate: hoa tan 8,5g KH
2
PO
4
; 21,75g K
2
HPO
4
; 33,4g Na
2
HPO
4
.7H
2
O
va 1,7g NH
4
Cl trong 500ml nc cat va nh mc thanh 1 lt.
b. DD MgSO
4
: hoa tan 22,5g MgSO
4
.7 H
2
O trong nc cat, nh mc thanh 1 lt.


-68-

c. DD CaCl
2
: hoa tan 27,5g CaCl
2
trong nc cat, nh mc thanh 1 lt.
d. DD FeCl
3
: hoa tan 0,225g FeCl
3
.6H
2
O trong nc cat, nh mc thanh 1 lt.
e. DD H
2
SO
4
1N hoac NaOH 1N e trung hoa mau co tnh kiem hoac tnh acid.
f. DD Sulfit natri: hoa tan 1,575g Na
2
SO
3
trong 1 lt nc cat.
g. DD Acid glutami (glucose glutamic acid solution): say glucose va glutamic acid
trong 1h nhiet o 103
o
C, them 150mg glutamic acid vao nc cat va pha thanh
1lt.
h. DD ammonium chloride: hoa tan 1,15g NH
4
Cl trong nc cat, chnh pH = 7,2
bang NaOH va pha loang thanh 1 lt. DD cha 0,3mg N/ml.

3. Trnh t th nghiem
a. Chuan b nc pha loang (nc cat c suc kh bao hoa oxy)
S dung moi dung dch phosphate, MgSO
4
, CaCl
2
, FeCl
3
la 1ml cho 1 lt nc cat
bao hoa oxy va gi 20
o
C 1
o
C (nc pha loang nay c suc kh t 1,5 2h).
b. X ly mau
Neu co o kiem hoac o acid th mau phao c trung hoa en pH 6,5 7,5 bang
H
2
SO
4
hoac NaOH loang.
Neu mau co ham lng chlor d ang ke, them 1ml acid acetic 1:1 hay H
2
SO
4
1:50
trong 1 lt mau, sau o tiep tuc them 10ml% roi nh phan bang Na
2
S
2
O
3
en dt
iem.
c. Ky thuat pha loang mau x ly theo ty le e ngh sau
0,4% - 1% : cho nc thai cong nghiep nhiem ban nang
1% - 55% : cho nc uong cha x ly hoac a lang
5% - 25% : cho dong chay qua qua trnh oxy hoa
25% - 100% : cho cac dong song o nhiem
d. Chiet nc pha loang vao 2 chai. Cho mau vao moi chai bang cach nhung pipet
xuong ay chai tha t t mau vao chai cho en khi at the tch can s dung, lay
nhanh pipet ra khoi chai ay nhanh nut lai(khong c co bot kh). Mot chai ay kn
e u 5 ngay (DO
5
). Chai u trong tu 20
o
C ay ky, niem bang nc mong tren cho loe
cua mieng chai (lu y khong e nc can het).
c. nh phan lng oxy hoa tan:
- Mot chai xac nh DO ngay tren mau pha loang: DO
O

- Mot chai con lai u 20
o
C 1
o
C va nh phan sau 5 ngay: DO
5

-o pha loang sao cho e s khac biet gia 2 lan nh phan phai >1 mgO
2
/L

4. Tnh toan
BOD(mg/l) = (DO
O
DO
5
)xf
DO
O
: oxy hoa tan o c ngay au tien

DO
5
: oxy hoa tan o c sau 5 ngay
f: he so pha loang


-69-

5. o BOD bng may

- Gi 2 nut A,B e reset
- Cai at khoang o thch hp
- Cho mau nc thai can o vao chai BOD (sau khi trung hoa
en pH=7 va bo sung them chat dinh dng can thiet)
- Bo ca t vao bnh BOD
- Cho mot t NaOH ran vao nut cao su en
- Van chat bnh bang sensor, sau 5 ngay oc ket qua.

BAI 23: NHU CAU OXI HOA HOC
(CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND COD)

1. ai cng
COD la nhu cau oxi can e oxi hoa cac chat hu c trong ieu kien moi
trng oxi hoa manh va nhiet o cao.
COD la mot trong nhng ch tieu ac trng dung e kiem tra o nhiem cua
nguon nc thai sinh hoat va nc thai cong nghiep, ac biet la cac cong trnh x ly
nc thai.
1.2. Nguyen tac
Hau het cac chat hu c eu b phan huy khi un soi trong hon hp cromic va
acid sulfuric:
C
n
H
a
O
b
+ cCr
2
O
7
2-
+ 8c H
+
nCO
2
+ (a/2+ 4c)H
2
O + 2c Cr
3+
(1)
Vi c = 2/3n + a/6 b/3
Lng potassium dicromate va sulfuric acid c biet trc se giam tng
ng vi lng chat hu c co trong mau. Lng dicromate d se c nh phan
bang dung dch Fe(NH
4
)
2
(SO
4
)
2
va lng chat hu c b oxi hoa se tnh ra bang
lng oxi tng ng qua Cr
2
O
7
2-
b kh, lng oxi tng ng nay chnh la COD.
1.3. Cac anh hng
Cac hp chat beo thang, hydrocacbon nhan thm va pyridine khong b oxi
hoa, mac du phng phap nay gan nh oxi hoa chat hu c hoan toan hn so vi
phng phap dung potassium permanganate. Tuy nhien, hidrocacbon b oxi hoa de
dang hn khi them Ag
2
SO
4
vao lam chat xuc tac, nhng bac de phan ng vi cac
ion ho halogen tao ket tua va chat nay cung co the b oxi hoa mot phan. Cac co
gang s dung chat xuc tac oi vi hidrocacbon vong khong a en ket qua cu the
nao, no ch co the oxi hoa ru va cac acid day thang.
Khi co ket tua Halogen, tr ngai nay co the vt qua bang cach tao phc,
nhat la vi cac ion thng gap nh Cl
-
, khi them HgSO
4
vao mau vi t le HgSO
4
:
Cl
-
la 10 : 1 trc khi un, se tao thanh phc chat HgCl
4
hoa tan, la phan ng loai
bo tot nhat.


-70-

Nitrite cung gay anh hng en viec xac nh COD, nhng anh hng nay
khong thng xuyen va cung khong ang ke, nen co the bo qua.

- Pipet 25ml.
- Ong ong 100ml.
- Buret 25ml.
- Ong nghiem co nut van kch thc xem bang 2.
- Bnh cau co mai 100ml.
- He thong chng cat hoan lu.
- Erlen 125ml; 50ml.
- Tu say 150
o
C.
2.2. Hoa chat
2.2.1. Dung dch chuan K
2
Cr
2
O
7
0,0167 M
Hoa tan 4,913g K
2
Cr
2
O
7
(say 105
o
C trong 2 gi) trong 500ml nc cat,
them vao 167ml H
2
SO
4
am ac va 33,3g HgSO
4
, khuay tan e nguoi en nguoi
en nhiet o phong, nh mc thanh 1000ml.
2.2.2. Dung dch chuan K
2
Cr
2
O
7
0,00417 M
Hoa tan 1,2259g K
2
Cr
2
O
7
(say 105
o
C trong 2 gi) trong nc cat va nh
mc thanh 1000ml.
2.2.3. Acid sulfuric (sulfuric acid reagent)
Can 5,5g Ag
2
SO
4
trong 1kg H
2
SO
4
am ac (1lt = 1,84kg), e 1 -2 ngay cho
hoa tan hoan toan Ag
2
SO
4
.
2.2.4. Ch th mau feroin
Hoa tan 1,485g 1-10 phenantroline monohydrate va 0,695g FeSO
4
.7H
2
O
trong nc cat va nh mc thanh 100ml.
2.2.5. Dung dch ferrous ammonium sulfate (FAS) 0,1M
Hoa tan 39,2g Fe(NH
4
)
2
(SO
4
)
2
.6H
2
O trong mot t nc cat, them vao 20ml
H
2
SO
4
am ac, lam lanh va nh mc thanh 1000ml.
2.2.6. Dung dch ferrous ammonium sulfate (FAS) 0,025M
Hoa tan 9,8g Fe(NH
4
)
2
(SO
4
)
2
.6H
2
O trong mot t nc cat, them vao 20ml
H
2
SO
4
am ac, lam lanh va nh mc thanh 1000ml.
2.2.7. Sulfamic acid
S dung neu nh anh hng cua nitrite ang ke.
2.2.8. Dung dch potassium hydrogen phthalate chuan (KHP)
Hoa tan 425g potassium hydrogen phthalate (HOOCC
6
H
4
COOK) a say kho
nhiet o 120
o
C trong 2 gi them nc cat thanh 1000ml. Dung dch nay (KHP) co
COD = 1,176 mgO
2
/mg hay COD = 500g O
2
g/ml.
nh phan FAS: chon the tch mau va hoa chat s dung theo bang sau:

-71-

Bang 2: T le the tch mau va hoa chat dung trong phan tch COD
ng nghiem
(d x l)
The tch mau
(ml)
Dd
K
2
Cr
2
O
7

H
2
SO
4

reagent
Tong the
tch (ml)
20 x 150mm
25 x 150mm
Ong chuan 10ml
5,0
10,0
2,5
3,0
6,0
1,5
7,0
14,0
3,5
15,0
30,0
7,5
Sau khi lay mau va cho hoa chat vao e nguoi nh phan bang FAS mi pha (mc
ch la kim tra li nng ca FAS)
) (
) (
) (
) (
7 2 2
FAS C
ml phan Sdungnh ThetchFA
ml adung O Cr ThetchK
FAS M = (*)

Vi C(FAS) la nong o cua FAS a dung e nh phan. (=0,1M)

3. Trnh t th nghiem
3.1. Phng phap un kn: (vi mau COD > 50mg/l)

Ra sach ong nghiem co nut van kn vi H
2
SO
4
20%
trc khi s dung . Chon the tch mau va the tch hoa
chat dung tng ng theo bang 2.

Cho mau vao ong nghiem, them dung dch K
2
Cr
2
O
7

0,0167M vao, can than them H
2
SO
4
reagent vao
bang cach cho acid chay doc t t theo thanh ben
trong cua ong nghiem. ay nut van ngay, at ong
nghiem vao ro inox va cho vao lo say hoac may
COD 150
o
C trong 2 gi. e nguoi en nhiet o
phong, o vao erlen, trang ong COD bang nc cat
va o vao Erlen sau o them 0,05 0,1ml (1 -2 giot) ch th feroin va nh phan
bang FAS 0,1M. Dt iem khi mau chuyen t xanh luc sang nau o. Lam mot mau
th khong vi nc cat (cung bao gom cac hoa chat nh mau that nhng thay mau
bang nc cat, u 150
o
C trong 2h)
3.2. Phng phap un hoan lu: (vi mau COD < 50mg/l)
Lay 50 hoac 100ml cho vao bnh cau nut mai them 1g HgSO
4
va vai vien bi
thuy tinh, can than them 5,0ml H
2
SO
4
reagent lac eu cho HgSO
4
tan ra (nen at
trong moi trng lanh e tranh nhng chat hu c co the bay hi). Them 25,0ml
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
0,00417M vao lac eu, sau o noi vi he thong hoan lu, them 70ml
H
2
SO
4
con lai qua pheu cua he thong hoan lu, lac eu. un hoan lu trong hai gi,
e nguoi va ra ong hoan lu bang nc cat, e nguoi nhiet o phong. Sau o
nh phan lng K
2
Cr
2
O
7
tha bang FAS 0,025M vi 0,10 0,15ml (2 -3 giot) lam
ch th mau feroin, dt iem dung dch chuyen t mau xanh sang mau nau o.
* Ghi chu:
Phng phap un kn dung K
2
Cr
2
O
7
0,0167M va FAS 0,1M.

May COD

-72-

Phng phap un hoan lu dung K
2
Cr
2
O
7
0,00417M va FAS 0,025 M.

4. Tnh toan
Phng phap un kn va phng phap un hoan lu eu cung tnh tren mot
cong thc sau:

COD mgO
2
/l =
mlmau
M B A 8000 ) (

Trong o:
A: The tch FAS dung cho ng th khong
B: The tch FAS dung cho th that.
M: Nguyen chuan o cua FAS (he so xac nh s chenh lech gia nong o thc cua
FAS luc mi pha so vi nong o cua FAS a b bien oi khi e lau ngoai khong kh)

5. Cau hoi
5.1. Cac sai so trong qua trnh th nghiem?
5.2. S khac nhau gia phng phap un kn va un hoan lu?
5.3. Y ngha cua viec kiem tra COD?

Ghi chu:
ng th khong (A): nc ct + K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ H
2
SO
4
2h 150
O
C
ng th tht (B): mu nc thi + K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ H
2
SO
4
2h 150
O
C
ng (*): nc ct + K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ H
2
SO
4
e nhiet o thng, nh phan bang FAS e
xac nh he so M (co the bo qua bc nay neu FAS mi pha)

-73-

CHNG 6
PHNG PHAP PHAN TCH CAC CH TIEU MOI TRNG AT

BAI 24: CHUAN B MAU AT

1. Lay mau phan tch
Chuan b mau at la khau quan trong trong phan tch at. Mau lay phai co tnh ai
dien cao cho vung nghien cu va phai c nghien nho en o mn thch hp tuy
thuoc vao yeu cau phan tch.
Cac tai lieu can thu thap trc khi lay mau at bao gom:
Ban o a hnh
Cac ieu kien a ly, canh quan, a hnh, thuy van
Tai lieu a chat khu vc
Tai lieu a chat thuy van
Tai lieu kh hau
Cac cong trnh nghien cu a thc hien
Cac tai lieu kinh te xa hoi

2. Xac nh lng nc co trong at va he so kho kiet k
Mau at em phan tch thng hai dang:
Mau at phi kho trong khong kh: Vi at nay, lng nc xac nh chnh la
lng nc hut am trong khong kh cua no. Phan ln cac ch tieu hoa hoc tong so
cung nh de phan huy c xac nh tren at hong kho trong khong kh.
Mau at ti mi mang ve: vi loai mau nay lng nc xac nh chnh la o am
hien tai cua at. Thong thng mau at ti dung e phan tch cac ch tieu va thanh
phan de bien oi theo cac ieu kien oxi hoa-kh nh: Fe
2+
, NH
4+
, NO
3-
, H
2
S, the
oxi hoa kh hoac hoat ong cua cac vi sinh vat at.
2.1 Trnh t phan tch
Xac nh lng nc hut am trong khong kh cua at (W1)
- Say coc s (hoac hop nhom) 105
o
C en khoi lng khong oi. Cho coc vao bnh
hut am, can chnh xac khoi lng m
o
cua coc bang can phan tch.
- Cho vao coc 10g at a hong kho trong khong kh va a qua ray 1mm. Can khoi
lng coc say va at, ghi nhan khoi lng m
1

- Cho vao tu say 105
o
C-110
o
C trong 2h roi lay ra cho vao bnh hut am e ha nhiet
ti nhiet o phong. Can xac nh m
2
(coc va at sau khi nung)
Xac nh lng nc cua mau ti (W
2
)
- Mau at lay phai ng trong hop kn e tranh bay hi.
- Say coc s (hoac hop nhom) 105
o
C en khoi lng khong oi. Cho coc vao bnh
hut am, can chnh xac khoi lng m
o
cua coc bang can phan tch.
- Cho vao cc 10g mau at tren, can chnh xac khoi lng coc va at ti m
3
. Say
kho 105
o
C nh tren roi can khoi lng coc va at kho m
4


-74-

2.2 Tnh ket qua
o am tuyt oi (%) = ((bang khoi lng mau at ban au em phi khoi lng
mau at a say 105
o
C)/ khoi lng mau at sau nung) x 100

o am tng oi (%) = ((bang khoi lng mau at ti khoi lng mau at a say
105
o
C)/ khoi lng mau ti) x 100

He so kho kiet k

k = khoi lng mau at ban au/ khoi lng mau at a say 105
o
C = W
1
/W
2

V du: can 10g mot mau at kho trong khong kh, say 105
o
C-110
o
C ti khoi lng
khong oi thay con 9,5g at kiet nc. Xac nh he so kho kiet k, W
1
, W
2
?
Ta se tnh c W1=(0,5/9,5)x100 = 5,263(%), k = 10/9,5 =1,0526 suy ra
W2=5,263(%) / 1,0526 = 5(%)

BAI 25: XAC NH T TRONG, DUNG TRONG VA O XOP AT

1.Xac nh t trong at
1.1 Y ngha
T trong at la t so trong lng (gam) mot n v the tch at kho (cm
3
) cac
hat st vao nhau (t khong co khong h) so vi trong lng mot khoi nc cung
the tch.
T trong phu thuoc thanh phan khoang vat va ham lng chat hu c trong
at (at cang nhieu mun t trong cang be). T trong cac loai at thng pham vi
2,3 2,8. Th du: at feralit tren nui co mun Tam ao t trong 2,36 2,57. at
phu sa e song Hong 2,65 2,66.
T trong at cang be th at cang giau chat hu c. T t trong va dung trong
co the suy ra o xop at.
e xac nh t trong, ngi ta dung bnh picnomet co the tch 50 100ml. Nut
bnh nay co ong mao quan e am bao cho the tch t thay oi. Co nhieu kieu bnh
picnomet khac nhau. Neu khong co bnh nay th thay tam bang bnh nho co co hep
va lam bang loai thuy tinh ben co the un nau c.
1.2 Dng c
- 01 bnh picnomet hoc bnh nh mc
- 01 can k thut
- 01 bep ien
1.3. Trnh t phan tch
- o nc cat a un soi e nguoi vao ay bnh picnomet ay nut lai, lau sach kho
ben ngoai roi can c P
1
gam.

-75-

- o bt ra mot na nc trong bnh, can 10 gam at (P
o
) a qua ray 1mm o vao
bnh picnomet, lac eu roi un soi 5 phut e loai khong kh ra, e nguoi.
- Dung nc cat a un soi e nguoi o them vao cho ay bnh, ay nut lai, lau
sach kho ben ngoai roi can c trong lng P
2
gam.
- T trong d cua at tnh theo cong thc sau :
2 1
P P P
t P
d
o
o
+

=
Trong o: t la he so tnh sang trong lng at kho tuyet oi. Muon biet t can xac
nh o am A cua at luc phan tch:
100
100 A
t

=
2. Xac nh dung trong at
2.1. Y ngha
Dung trong la trong lng (gam) cua mot n v the tch at trang thai t nhien
kho kiet (co ca khe h).
Nh vay, dung trong bao gi cung be hn t trong v no chang nhng phu thuoc
thanh phan khoang vat va mun ma con phu thuoc khe h trong at.
Dung trong at thng pham vi 0,9 - 1,8. T le mun cang cao hoac o xop cang
ln th dung trong cang be.
Dung trong cac loai at nc ta chenh lech kha nhieu. Th du cac loai at lua
vung ong bang phan ln 1,3 1,5. lp at mat vung oi nui thng chung quanh
1 1,2 (tham ch lp mat at o bazan ch 0,9).
T dung trong ta co the tnh c trong lng at, tnh lng nc trong at, tnh o
xop at, kiem tra chat lng cac cong trnh thuy li. Ngoai ra, t dung trong co the
nhan xet at mc o nhat nh.
2.2 Dung cu
- 01 Ong tru kim loai
2.3 Trnh t phan tch
Dung ong tru kim loai co the tch 100cm
3
(co loai ln hn), ong thang goc vao lp
at nh nghien cu (neu mat at th phai vat sach cay co). Pha tren ong nay nen
chup mot dung cu e luc ong co the gi trang thai t nhien at khong b nen.
Dung xeng lay t t toan bo ong tru va at len.
Dung con dao mong cat phang at hai au ong (neu co re cay phai chu y sao cho
khoi hong at).
Bo at vao tu say 105
o
C en luc trong lng khong oi (neu khong co ieu kien
say toan bo th can ngay trong lng at luc mi ao, lay mot t xac nh o am roi
tr ra).
Dung trong D cua at c tnh nh sau :
V
M
D = '
Trong o : M la trong lng at kho (gam).
V la the tch ong tru kim loai (cm
3
).

-76-

3. o xop at
o xop at la t le phan tram khe h trong at so vi the tch at, thng ky hieu
bang ch P%.
o xop at phu thuoc thanh phan c gii va ket cau at: at cat khoang 35
40%, at set 45 50%. Ket cau at cang tot th o xop cang ln.
Tieu chuan anh gia o xop nh sau :
P di 50% : at chat.
50 60% : trung bnh.
60 70% : ti xop.
Tren 70% : at lun.
Noi chung, nc ta cac loai at lua vung ong bang co o xop di 50%. Cac loai
at feralit vung oi nui co o xop 55 60%. Tham ch lp mat cua at o bazan Phu
Qu, Nghe Tnh co o xop 65 70%.
T t trong d va dung trong D co the tch o xop theo cong thc:

100 1 % |
\
|
=
d
D
P

BAI 26: PHAN TCH HAT KET AT

1.Y ngha
Trong t nhien, hat at khong phai trang thai rieng re, ri rac, ma chung
thng c ket gan lai vi nhau nh nhng lc: lc Vandecvan, lc lien ket hoa
hoc, lc nen c hoc, s ngng ket tua keo hnh thanh nen hat ket cua at. at co
nhng hat ket nh vay goi la at co ket cau. Qua trnh hnh thanh ket cau at gan
lien vi qua trnh hnh thanh at. moi loai at khac nhau, hay moi tang cua mot
phau dien at, eu co nhng loai hat ket ac trng khac nhau ve hnh dang, kch
thc, va ac tnh c ban.
Ve hnh dang hat ket trong at t nhien ta thng gap: dang vien, dang cot
va dang phien.
Ve kch thc da vao ng knh cap hat phan chia ra:
ng knh hat ket (mm) > 10 tang
(mm) 10 0,5 hat ln
(mm) 0,5 0,25 hat nho
(mm) < 0,25 vi hat ket.
ac tnh c ban cua hat ket quan trong nhat la o ben vng cua hat ket ve
mat c gii, cung nh o ben vng oi vi nc, tiep theo la o hong cua hat ket.
o ben vng hat ket, ac biet la o ben vng trong nc co y ngha het sc
quan trong, no lam cho at khong b phan tan, chong lai qua trnh ra troi, nhat la
nhng vung at doc. No am bao cho hat ket ton tai trong thi gian lau dai, khong
b pha huy bi cong cu lam at, cung nh di tac ong cua nc ma hoac nc
ti.

-77-

Hat ket co o hong ln, giup cho at khac phuc c tnh trang mau thuan
gia che o nc va che o khong kh, viec cung cap thc an cho cay trong co
nhieu thuan li.
Qua nghien cu at, nhng nha tho nhng i en nhan xet: oi vi san xuat
nong nghiep at co ket cau vien kch thc hat ket t 15mm la tot nhat. Nhng oi
vi nhng at luon luon trang thai bao hoa nc kch thc hat ket gan 10mm la
tot, con nhng vung kho han kch thc khoang 2mm. Nhng hat ket kch thc t
0,25 0,05 mm co anh hng nhieu en o ph at, kch thc hat 0,05 0,01 mm
tang o tr m cho at. Nhng oi vi nhng hat ket kch thc t 0,01 0,005 mm
lai co tac dung khong tot, can tr tnh dan nc, tnh thong kh cua at, lam cho
nc de b boc hi.
Cac nha tho nhng a coi ket cau at nh la c quan ieu tiet nc va chat
dinh dng oi vi cay trong.
V vay, viec xac nh thanh phan hat ket va o ben vng cua chung trong
nc co y ngha rat ln, giup cho nhng nha lam cong tac nong nghiep anh gia o
ph nhieu cua at mot cach toan dien hn.
Co nhieu phng phap xac nh thanh phan va o ben vng hat ket, nhng
hien nay phng phap Savinop c ap dung pho bien hn ca.

2.Phan tch ket cau at theo phng phap savinop (Phng phap ray kho)
2.1. Nguyen tac
at can phan tch ket cau c ray qua bo ray co ng knh lo ray khac
nhau. Sau o can trong lng cap hat nam tren ray, roi tnh ra t le phan tram so vi
trong lng at kho tuyet oi.
Tren dien tch at can nghien cu, tien hanh lay mau hon hp (neu ch
nghien cu lp at canh tac) hoac mau rieng biet (nghien cu cac tang phat sinh
cua phau dien at), trong lng mau phai am bao t 1kg 2kg.
Mau at lay ngoai ong phai am bao c trang thai t nhien, tranh lam v
thanh nhng hat at nho, qua trnh x ly phai het sc nhe nhang. Sau khi at c
hong kho trong khong kh bnh thng (khong phi ngoai nang), nhat sach re cay,
canh la, soi a v.v Nhng cuc at to c be nho thanh nhng vien co ng knh
t 1cm 2cm. Khong bop at hoac gia at, ma ch dung tay be, e hat at v theo
ng knh lien ket t nhien.
Dung que thuy tinh chia at ra lam 4 phan bang nhau. Lay rieng ra mot phan
em can. Roi cho qua bo ray co ng knh lo t 10; 5; 3; 2; 1; 0,5 va 0,25mm. Tien
hanh ray t t tng me mot, moi me khoang 100 gam. Qua trnh ray khong lac
manh, ma e nghieng tren t giay thanh goc nhon, lay tay xoa nhe tren mat ray,
en khi hat at khong ri xuong na. Tiep tuc ray tren ray co kch thc nho hn,
lam lai t 5 15 lan. Hat ket nam lai tren ray c o vao chen s hoac giay can
a biet trong lng. Cho me at khac len ray va tien hanh nh tren cho en khi het
at.

-78-

Tat ca hat ket con lai tren moi ray c em can tren can ky thuat va tnh ra
t le phan tram theo trong lng mau phan tch.
2.3. Tnh ket qua
% hat ket = K
C
M
100

M : trong lng at nam tren ray (tnh bang gam).
100 : tnh theo phan tram.
K : he so quy ve at kho kiet.
C : trong lng at em phan tch (tnh bang gam).

3.Phan tch hat ket ben trong nc (Phng phap ray t)
3.1. Nguyen tac
Khac vi phng phap ray kho, at can phan tch a vao bo ray c tien
hanh ray trong nc. Nhng hat ket co o ben vng kem se b pha v thanh nhng
hat nho hn. at con lai tren cap ray, c say kho, can tren can phan tch, tnh ra
t le phan tram.
T nhng hat ket a tien hanh ray kho tren, lay mau trung bnh trong lng
khoang 50 gam. Tr cap hat ket qua ray 0,25mm. em can tren can ky thuat, khoi
lng bang trong lng tnh theo phan tram cua cap hat a ray kho tren.
Th du: Khi ray kho nhng hat ket 10 7mm chiem 20% th can lay 10 gam.
Cac cap hat ket khac cung lam nh vay, tron tat ca cac mau trung bnh lai c
mau hon hp co trong lng 50 gam.
Mau trung bnh c o vao ong tru rong mieng, co ng knh 7cm, cao
45cm, cha 2/3 nc. Roi t t o them nc en mieng ong tru, e yen trong 10
phut: muc ch e khong kh tach ra khoi hat at. Muon lua khong kh ra khoi hat
at mot cach nhanh chong, c sau 5 phut ay mieng ong tru bang mieng cao su, roi
nghieng ong tru i mot goc 90
o
, roi at ong tru tr ve v tr cu. c 10 phut ay
ong tru lai, lat ngc ay len, gi v tr o vai giay e cho at ri xuong, sau o
e ong tru ve v tr thang bang, lap i lap lai 10 lan, lan cuoi cung lat ngc ong tru
len e at tap trung mieng ong tru. Nhung ong tru vao bo ray e trong thung nc,
ray co ng knh 20cm, thanh cao 3cm. Xep theo th t ng knh lo ray: 3; 2; 1;
0,5 va 0,25mm. Nc trong thung phai cao hn thanh cua ray tren cung o 6cm. M
mieng ong tru cho at trao ra, at se ri vao ray tren cung, t t nang ong tru len,
khong e cho khong kh chui vao; tien hanh trong mot phut.
Tien hanh ray at trong nc, bang cach nhac ray len mot cach t t va ha
xuong that nhanh, lam nh vay 10 lan. Sau o lay 2 ray tren cung ra, cho at vao
bat s, 3 ray con lai co lo nho hn tien hanh ray trong nc 5 lan na. Nhng hat
ket con lai tren ray c ra sach (tng ray mot) cho vao chen s. Sau o at tren
noi chng cach thuy en khi kho, say 105
o
C, cho en khi trong lng khong oi,
can tren can ky thuat.

-79-

3.3. Tnh toan ket qua
Trong lng at kho kiet tm c moi cap ray, em nhan vi 2 th co ham lng
hat ket ben trong nc bieu th bang phan tram (s d nhan vi 2 v khi lay mau
phan tch ch lay 50 gam).
Trong lng hat ket < 0,25mm bang 50 gam tr i tong so lng nhng hat ket >
0,25mm.

4. Chu y
Khi phan tch cap hat ket bang phng phap ray kho, khong e ca bo ray, ray
at cung mot luc, v nh vay phai lac manh, at mi lot xuong cac ray pha di,
do lac manh mot so hat se b v vun, tao nen nhng hat ket nhan tao.
Ray ca bo ray cung mot luc, khong quan sat c nhng ray pha di khi nao at
tren ray a on nh.
Lng at moi lan ray khong vt qua 200 gam.
Khi phan tch o ben hat ket trong nc bang phng phap ray t can phai
chu y:
- o at trong ong tru vao bo ray nhung trong thung nc phai thao tac het
sc nhe nhang e cho at nc trong ong tru t t chay ra, ri tren mat ray. Khong
e at nc ri xuong qua manh se pha huy them mot so hat ket na.
- Khi tien hanh ray trong nc phai chu y: khong khi nao c nhac ray tren
cung len khoi mat nc, lam nh vay cac hat ket nam ray tren cung se chu lc
tac ong khac vi nhng ray pha di.
Nhng thao tac 2 phng phap ray kho va ray t phai am bao that ong
eu oi vi tat ca cac mau at phan tch.

Bang 1: Bieu mau ghi ket qua phan tch (tnh theo % trong lng at kho kiet)
Ten
at
Tang
at (cm)
ng knh cap hat (mm)
107 75 53 32 1 0,5 0,5 0,25 < 0,25
Kho Kho Kho t kho t kho t kho t kho t

Bang 2: Tieu chuan anh gia ket cau at
Tong so cap hat ket 0,25 10mm theo % Mc o anh gia
Ray kho Ray t
80
80 60
60 40
40 20
20
70
70 55
55 40
40 20
20
Tot
Kha
Trung bnh
Kem
Xau


-80-

BAI 27: O CHUA CUA AT

A-O CHUA THUY PHAN - (Phng phap Kapen)

1. Gii thieu chung
1.1 Y ngha.
Khi phan tch o chua thuy phan ta biet c tong so o chua tiem tang trong at.
Tnh lng voi can bon cho at. Tnh dung tch hap phu thep cong thc T = S H
hoac tnh o no kiem theo cong thc:

(Trong o S la tong so cation kiem trao oi, H la o chua thuy phan)
1.2. Nguyen tac phng phap Kapen.
Neu dung muoi trung tnh nhu KCl, NaCl tac ong vi at ch chuyen c mot so
ion H
+
va Al
3+
vao dung dch. Nhng ion H
+
va Al
3+
bam chat keo at can dung
muoi cua mot axit yeu va baz manh nh Natri axetic. Muoi nay thuy phan se co
tnh hi kiem (pH 8,2 8,5).
CH
3
COONa + H
2
O = CH
3
COOH + NaOH
CH
3
COOH hau nh khong phan ly ra ion; NaOH phan ly hoan toan thanh Na
+
va
OH
-
. o la ieu kien e Na
+
co the ay tat ca ion H
++
va Al
3+
tren keo at vao dung
dch.
Qua phan ng ta thay sau khi tac ong vi CH
3
COONa roi loc th dch loc cha
CH
3
COOH. So phan t natri axetic b thuy phan la cation Na
+
can dung e ay H
+

va Al
3+
. V the so phan t axit acetic sinh ra bang so phan t natri axetic a thuy
phan (tc bang ion H
+
va Al
3+
). Neu dung dung dch tieu chuan NaOH chuan o
CH
3
COOH va H
+
co trong dch loc at ta se tm c o chua thuy phan.

2. Dung cu hoa chat
2.1. Dung cu
- Buret 25 ml
- Erlen 250 ml
- Becher 250 ml
- Pipet 10 ml
2.2. Hoa chat
a. Dung dch CH
3
COONa 1N: Can 136 gam hoa tan trong mot t nc cat roi pha
loang ra 1 lt, pH dung dch nay can khoang 8,2( lay mot t vao ong nghieng
nho 1 giot phenolphtalein neu co mau hong nhat la c, neu khong phai dung
dung dch loang NaOH ieu chnh t t)
b. Ch th phenolphtalein 0.1%
c. Dung dch NaOH 0,05N .

S
V%= x100
S+H

-81-

3. Thc hanh
3.1. Cach tien hanh
- Can 40 gam at a qua ray 1mm o vao bnh tam giac the tch 250ml. Them 100
ml dung dch natri axetat 1N, lac 1 gi roi loc lay dch trong (dch loc xuong rat
cham, nen dung giay loc xep).
- Hut 50 ml dch loc vao bnh tam giac, them 3 giot phenolphtalein roi dung dung
dch tieu chuan NaOH 0,05N chuan o ti luc co mau hong nhat trong mot phut
khong mat.
3.2. Cong thc tnh
VN1001,75100
H(ldt/100gam)= K=8,75V N K
5040

Trong o :
- V,N la the tch va nong o NaOH dung chuan o.
- K la he so quy ve at tuyet oi.
- 1,75 la he so Kapen ieu chnh v tac ong natri axetat 1 gi van cha ay
het H
+
va Al
3+
, theo Kapen phai nhan ket qua vi 1,5 hay 2, lay trung bnh la 1,75(
c he so nay la 1,5; Viet Nam Nguyen Th Dan a xac nh he so nay bien
thien t 1 2
B- CHUA TRAO OI
1.Y ngha
o chua trao oi sinh ra khi ta tac ong vao at mot dung dch muoi trung
tnh. Gay nen o chua trao oi la do ion H
+
va Al
3+
. Khi pH at tren 5,5 th con rat t
hoac khong con nhom di ong (nhom bat au ket tua luc pH = 5,5 va ket tua hoan
toan luc pH = 6,4 6,5).
Lng H
+
va Al
3+
trao oi noi len mc o ra troi cation kiem, pha huy keo at.
Cay co the chet khi at qua chua hoac cha nhieu nhom di ong. Theo tai lieu Lien
Xo neu co tren 6mg nhom di ong trong 100 gam at cay van song bnh thng.
Noi chung, khi o chua trao oi cao tren vai mlg can bon voi trc khi bon
phan cha cac cation co the ay H
+
va Al
3+
tren keo at ra lam tang o chua hoat
tnh. Neu khong co voi th nen chia phan ra bon nhieu lan, tranh bon tap trung mot
luc.
o chua trao oi thng c xac nh bang cach chuan o tnh ra n v
ng lng. Tuy nhien, pH
(KCl)
cung la mot cach bieu th nhng pH
(KCl)
mi noi len
mot phan cua o chua trao oi ma thoi (ch tac ong 10 phut cha trao oi het).

2.Nguyen tac phng phap Xokolop
Dung dung dch muoi trung tnh nh KCl, NaCl tac ong vao at chuyen ion H
+
va
Al
3+
vao dung dch
| | | | KCl n AlCl HCl K nKCl K
K H
Al
) 4 ( . .
3
4
3 + + + +
+ +
+
AlCl
3
thuy phan cung sinh ra acid
AlCl
3
+ 3H
2
O = Al(OH)
3
+ 3HCl

-82-

Dung dung dch NaOH 0,02N chuan o biet c o chua trao oi. Sau o nh
lng rieng H
+
roi suy ra Al
3+
trao oi.

3.Hoa chat can thiet
KCl 1N : 74 gam hoa tan trong 1 lt nc cat.
NaF 3,5%: 3,5 gam hoa tan trong 100ml nc cat. Dung dch nay phai trung tnh.
NaOH 0,02N
Phenolphtalein

4.Trnh t phan tch
4.1. Rut tinh dch at
Can 30 gam at a qua ray 1mm o vao bnh tam giac dung tch 250ml, them 150ml
dung dch KCl hoac NaCl 1N. Lac 1 gi roi loc lay dch trong.
4.2. nh lng tong so o chua trao oi
Hut 50ml dch loc tren vao coc thuy tinh, un soi mot phut roi loai CO
2
ra, them ba
giot ch th mau phenolphtalein. Dung dung dch tieu chuan NaOH 0,02N chuan o
en khi dung dch co mau hong nhat trong mot phut khong mat.
o chua trao oi (mlg/100 gam) =
30 50
100 150
K N V

Trong o:
V va N la the tch va nong o NaOH dung luc chuan o.
K la he so qui ve at kho tuyet oi.
4.3. nh lng rieng H
+

Hut 50ml dch loc noi tren vao coc thuy tinh, un soi mot phut loai CO
2
ra, them
5ml dung dch NaF 3,5% ket tua Al
3+

AlCl
3
+ 6NaF = Na
3
AlF
6
+ 3 NaCl

Them 3 giot phenolphtalein roi dung dung dch NaOH 0,02N chuan o ti luc co
mau hong nhat trong mot phut khong mat.
Cong thc tnh H
+
cung nh tnh o chua trao oi vi H
+

5.Chu y
oi vi mot so at co pH tren 7,5(nh at song Hong, at man nong trng Rang
ong) th ch phan tch pH
(KH1)
khong the phan tch o chua trao oi bang cach
chuan o v va nho phenolphtalein vao a co mau hong.

-83-

BAI 28: PHAN TCH TONG SO MUOI TAN, CLO

1.Y ngha
Theo e ngh cua Vu quan ly ruong at nam 1967, da vao t le muoi trong
at co the phan loai at man nh sau:
Bang 3: T le muoi trong mot so loai at
Ten at Tong so muoi
tan (%)
Cl

(%)
SO
4
2-

(%)
Khong man
Man t
Man TB
Man nhieu
Man chua
Chua man
0,2
0,2 0,5
0,5 1,0
> 1
0,5
0,2 0,5
0,05
0,05 0,1
0,1 0,2
> 0,2
0,1
0,05 0,1
5 , 5
8 , 0 3 , 0
3 , 0 2 , 0
2 . 0

5 , 5
3 , 0 2 , 0
3 , 0
8 , 0

Bi vay, phan tch tong so muoi tan Cl
va SO
4
2-
trong at man va chua man co the
giup ta tham khao luc phan loai, qui hoach s dung va e ra cac bien phap cai tao.
Trong at man va chua man co the ton tai nhieu dang muoi. Da vao o hoa tan
cua chung co the chia lam 3 nhom:
Nhom de tan gom co muoi Clorua (NaCl, MgCl
2
, CaCl
2
), muoi Sulfate (Na
2
SO
4
,
MgSO
4
), muoi bicacbonat (NaHCO
3
, Ca(HCO
3
)
2
, cac muoi Nitrat, Nitrit ...
Nhom tan trung bnh nh : CaSO
4
.2H
2
O
Nhom kho tan nh: CaCO
3
, MgCO
3
, photphat 2 canxi, photphat sat nhom.
Trong cac at khong man, tong so muoi tan chiem t le rat nho (t vai phan nghn
en vai phan van). cac at man t le muoi tan co the tren 0,2%. Muoi Cl de tan
hn sulphate nen thng b ra troi, do nguyen nhan nay ma phan ln at man va
chua man nc ta co t le sulphate cao hn clo gap boi.
Anh hng xau cua cac muoi hoa tan en cay phu thuoc loai cay va thi ky sinh
trng. Noi chung, khi at cha 0,1% muoi la bat au b hai. T 0,3 0,5% nhieu
cay sinh trng kem va co cay chet.

2.Rut tinh dch at
Cho 50 gam at a qua ray 1mm vao bnh tam giac the tch 400cc.
Them 250ml nc cat.
Lac 10 phut roi loc lay dch trong (dch loc thng b uc nen can chu y trc luc
loc phai lac manh suc bun len roi o nhanh ca nc lan bun len pheu, ch khi co
nc trong chay xuong mi hng lay e phan tch).
3.Phan tch tong so muoi tan
Dung ong hut co bau hut 50ml dch loc tren vao chen s hoac hop nhom a biet
trong lng.

-84-

at tren noi cach thuy un en luc can nc. Neu can kho co mau tro hoac en
(chat hu c) th them mot t nc oxi gia H
2
O
2
e oxi hoa, tiep tuc un en luc can
kho khong co mau nh trc.
Say 105
o
C en luc trong lng khong oi roi can.
Tong so muoi tan (%) = K
C
P
100

P : la trong lng muoi tan (g) sau luc a say.
C : la trong lng at (g) tng ng vi 50ml dch loc phan tch.
K : la he so qui ve at kho tuyet oi.

4.Phan tch clo
4.1. Nguyen tac
Phng phap nh lng Cl
-
da tren c s chuan o dung dch at bang AgNO
3
co
K
2
CrO
4
lam chat ch th. Cl
-
tac dung vi AgNO
3
sinh ra ket tua trang AgCl
NaCl + AgNO
3
AgCl + NaNO
3

Khi tat ca Cl a chuyen ra dang AgCl th nho them giot AgNO
3
se tac dung vi
K
2
CrO
4
thanh Ag
2
CrO
4
mau nau.
2AgNO
3
+ K
2
CrO
4
Ag
2
CrO
4
+ 2KNO
3

V the, luc xuat hien mau o nau ma lac khong mat mau la ket thuc chuan o (gan
ay co tai lieu e ngh dung phng phap nitrat thuy ngan hay nitrat bac).
Dung ong hut co bau hut 50ml dch loc tren vao bnh tam giac the tch 250ml
Them 0,5ml dung dch K
2
CrO
4
5% (hoac 10 giot).
Dung dung dch tieu chuan AgNO3 0,05N chuan o en luc toan bo dung dch
chuyen sang mau nau o.
K
C
N V
Cl

=
100 0355 , 0
(%)
V va N la the tch va nong o AgNO
3
dung luc chuan o (ml,N)
C la trong lng at tng ng vi so dch loc lay phan tch (g).

BAI 29: PHAN TCH MUN TRONG AT

1. Y ngha
Mun la nguon cung cap thc an cho cay, mun anh hng en tnh chat ly
hoc, hoa hoc va sinh hoc at. Noi chung, mun cang nhieu at cang tot nhng can
lu y them mot so iem lien quan khi anh gia mun nh che o canh tac, ty le C/N,
mun/N, axit humic/acid Funvic
anh gia mun trong at oi nui Viet Nam nh sau:
Di 1% : at rat ngheo mun.
1 2% : at hi ngheo mun.
2 4% : at co mun trung bnh.

-85-

4 8% : at giau mun.
Tren 8% : at rat giau mun.
Theo ket qua nhng nghien cu ve at lua tot co nang suat on nh th ty le mun
chung quanh 2%. Nhng at lua vung trung hoac lay tuy co ty le mun cao nhng
o ph hieu lc van thap.

2.Cac phng phap phan tch mun
Thanh phan chu yeu cua mun la C, N, H, O, mot t S, P va cac nguyen to
khac. Neu phan tch tong so H va O rat kho, v vay thng ngi ta ch phan tch N
hoac C roi suy ra mun.
Hien nay ngi ta tnh mun bang cach lay C 1,724. He so nay do Bemmelen neu
ra v trung bnh C chiem 58% cua mun, t o: Mun = 734 , 1
58
100
= C C . Nh the,
so lieu phan tch mun ch la con so gan ung, tat nhien mc o chenh lech vi thc
te khong ang ke.
e xac nh C, cac nha tho nhng a dung cac phng phap sau:
2.1. Phng phap Knop
ot chay mun o nhiet 950
o
C hoac oxi hoa C trong mun bang dung dch K
2
Cr
2
O
7

+ H
2
SO
4
. Lng CO
2
bay len t 2 cach ot kho hoac ot t mun noi tren se c
thu hoi vao bnh ng KOH hoac NaOH a biet trong lng. Sau o can bnh se
biet c lng CO
2
roi tnh.
100
44
12
%
2
=
ngat Trongl
ngCO Trongl
C
% Mun = %C 1,724
Ngoai phng phap trong lng, ngi ta con dung phng phap the tch: CO
2
bay
len c thu hoi vao bnh ng dung dch tieu chuan Ba(OH)
2
. Sau o, chuan o
lng Ba(OH)
2
tha d bang dung dch tieu chuan HCl vi s co mat cua ch th
mau Thymol xanh. T o suy ra CO
2
va mun. Phng phap Knop rat tot nhng trang
b phien phc v the t s dung trong cac phong phan tch.
2.2. Phng phap H
2
O
2

Dung H
2
O
2
oxi hoa C. Sau o can lai trong lng at. T cho giam trong lng o
co the suy ra mun trong at.
2.3.Phng phap so mau
Thoat au ngi ta dung NH
4
OH va cac dung dch kiem khac hoa tan mun sinh ra
dung dch mau en. T mau en o co the suy ra lng mun nhieu t. Nhng mau
sac cua mun con phu thuoc nhieu yeu to khac nh: canxi, o am cho nen phng
phap nay khong the ton tai cac phong th nghiem. Co ngi dung H
2
SO
4
am ac
e phan giai mun, da vao mc o am nhat cua mau en sinh ra e tm ra lng
mun ; phng phap nay tuy nhanh chong nhng ket qua rat n s khong chnh xac.
Granam dung dung dch K
2
Cr
2
O
7
oxi hoa C trong mun. Mau o cua Cr
6+
se giam do
C kh tao ra Cr
3+
co mau luc. Nhng phng phap nay gap kho khan la cha tm ra

-86-

knh loc quang thch hp cho mau luc. Mat khac, do oxi hoa khong triet e nen khi
at co mun tren 0,5% th ket qua phan tch khong tot.
2.4. Phng phap G.W Robinson
Ta biet rang luc phan tch N tong so bang phng phap Kieldal, mun b phan giai
trong H
2
SO
4
. Ket qua cua phan giai la SO
3
b kh thanh SO
2
. G.W Robinson a
dung dung dch iod 0,5N thu hoi lng SO
2
o roi suy ra mun. Phng phap nay ch
at 90% lng mun cua at.
2.5. Phng phap Tiurin
La phng phap nhanh chong va tng oi chnh xac, v the hien nay c s dung
pho bien trong cac phong phan tch: e xac nh C, ngi ta dung mot lng tha
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
oxi hoa trong moi trng acid sulfuric.
2K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 8H
2
SO
4
+ 3C = 2K
2
SO
4
+ 2Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3CO
2
+ 8H
2
O
Lng K
2
Cr
2
O
7
tha se c chuan o bang dung dch FeSO
4
hoac muoi Morh tieu
chuan.
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+7H
2
SO
4
+ 6FeSO
4
= K
2
SO
4
+ Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 5Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 7H
2
O
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+7H
2
SO
4
+ 6FeSO
4
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
= Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 6(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
+
K
2
SO
4
+ 7H
2
O
T lng K
2
Cr
2
O
7
dung e oxi hoa co the suy ra C. T C suy ra mun bang cach
nhan vi he so 1,724.
Phng phap nay ch ap dung cho nhng at co mun di 15%. (V tren 15% th
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
khong u kha nang oxi hoa).

3. Hoa chat can thiet
3.1. K
2
Cr
2
O
7
0,4N
Can 40 gam K
2
Cr
2
O
7
(hoac 32 gam CrO
3
) nghien nho, hoa tan trong 1 lt nc cat.
Nho t t 1 lt H
2
SO
4
d = 1,84 vao, va rot va khuay. i nguoi roi o vao bnh
ay kn.
3.2. Muoi Morh hoac FeSO
4
0,1N
Can 40 gam muoi Morh (hoac 28 gam FeSO
4
.7H
2
O) hoa tan trong mot lt nc cat
co cha acid sulfuaric (980ml nc cat + 20ml H
2
SO
4
d = 1,84). Dung dung dch
KMnO
4
tieu chuan chuan o lai nong o muoi Morh hoac FeSO
4
.
3.3. Ch th mau (Phenylantranin)
Can 0,2 gam hoa tan trong 100ml Na
2
CO
3
2% (Na
2
CO
3
pha trong nc cat).
3.4. Ch th mau iphenylamin
Can 0,5 gam, them 20ml nc cat roi dung 100ml H
2
SO
4
d = 1,84 nho t t vao.

4. Trnh t phan tch mun theo phng phap tiurin
Lay mot t at a qua ray 1mm (chng 10 gam) cho qua ray 0,25mm. em
phan at nam tren ray 0,25 rai mong tren t giay, dung ua thuy tinh ln co sat vao
tam da roi lt nhe tren at e hut het rac bui i, chuyen vao coi s nhien nho, tiep
tuc cho qua ray 0,25mm cung nhap vao phan trc roi tron eu.

-87-

Can chnh xac 0,2 gam a qua x l bc mot noi tren cho vao ong nghiem.
Them 5ml dung dch K
2
Cr
2
O
7
0,4N (neu at nhieu th tang them K
2
Cr
2
O
7
hoac giam
trong lng at), cam pheu con tren mieng ong nghiem e ngng lanh.
Cam ong nghiem trong noi parafin (hay noi ng dung dch kem sulfat bao
hoa hoac dung dch acid Photphoric) un soi dung dch trong ong nghiem 5 phut
nhiet o 170 180
o
C (trong noi cam nhiet ke 200
o
C, un bang bep ien). un xong
dung dch khong co mau xanh.
e dung dch nguoi roi o vao bnh tam giac, dung mot t nc cat chia lam
2, 3 lan trang pheu va ong nghiem roi cung o nhap vao ay.
Them 1ml H
3
PO
4
(loai anh hng cua sat) va 8 giot ch th mau
Phenyllantranyl hoac iphenylamin (neu dung iphenylamin nh them mot t nc
cat e mau chuyen ro).
Dung dung dch muoi Morh hoac FeSO
4
chuan o lng Kali Bicromat tha
en luc dung dch ot bien sang mau xanh.

5. Tnh ket qua
Mun %= K
C
N V V
100 724 , 1 003 , 0 ) (

2 1

Trong o :
V
1
: la the tch muoi Morh (ml) dung e chuan o th nghiem oi chng (lay mot the
tch K
2
Cr
2
O
7
nh tren vao bnh tam giac, them 8 giot fenylantranin. Dung dung dch
muoi Morh chuan o en luc dung dch ot bien sang mau xanh).
V
2
: la the tch muoi Morh (ml) dung e chuan o th nghiem co at noi tren.
N: la nong o cua muoi Morh.
C: la trong lng cua at (g) dung e phan tch.
K: la he so qui ve at kho tuyet oi.
0,003 la c 1 ng lng K
2
Cr
2
O
7
oxi hoa c 0,003 gam cacbon. He so nay c
suy t phan ng:
2 K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 8 H
2
SO
4
+ 3C 2K
2
SO
4
+ Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3CO
3
+ 8H
2
O

Ta thay c 2 phan t Kali bicromat (bang 12 ng lng) oxi hoa c 36 gam
cacbon. Do o neu 1 ng lng ch oxi hoa c 003 , 0
1000 12
36
=
gam cacbon.

6. Chu thch
6.1. Can oxi hoa C trong moi trng acid sulfuaric. Khong the dung acid khac v:
Neu dung HCl th Cl
-
se kh mot lng bicromat lam cho ket qua tang len. Neu
dung HNO
3
th tang them tac dung oxi hoa nen lng bicromat can dung se t hn,
dan en ket qua phan tch mun t hn.
Dung H
2
SO
4
loang ch lam moi trng ch khong lam nhiem vu oxi hoa nen khong
anh hng ket qua.

-88-

6.2. Neu at cha nhieu mun dung t Kali Bicromat khong the oxi hoa het cacbon.
Trng hp nay dung dch thng co mau xanh cua Cromic sulfat, v khong con
Kali Bicromat mau o, tha d sau luc oxi hoa nen khong the chuan o c. V
vay, can ung t le at va kali bicromat thch hp. Tiurin e ngh:
Neu at cha mun khoang 7-15% th dung 0,100 gam at va 10ml K
2
Cr
2
O
7
.
Neu mun khoang 4-7 % th dung 0,150 gam at va 5ml bicromat kali.
Neu mun di 4% th dung 0,250 gam at va 5ml Kali bicromat.
6.3. Neu at man cha nhieu Cl
-
th tieu hao them mot lng Kali bicromat lam cho
ket qua phan tch tang len :
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 7 H
2
SO
4
+ 6NaCl = 3Cl
2
+ K
2
SO
4
+ 3Na
2
SO
4
+ Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+
7H
2
O
V vay, neu at man nhieu th phai hoa at vi nc cat cho muoi tan het roi loc
loai muoi ra. Say kho at roi mi phan tch mun nh tren. Neu at man t th them
0,1 gam Ag
2
SO
4
trc luc un soi. Ngoai tac dung loai Cl, Ag
2
SO
4
con tang them
kha nang oxi hoa cacbon.
6.4. Neu at cha nhieu Fe
2+
cung anh hng lng K
2
Cr
2
O
7
cho nen can loai bang
cach rai kho at trong khong kh e chuyen Fe
2+
thanh Fe
3+
trc luc phan tch.
Them H
3
PO
4
se tao thanh FePO
4
khong co mau nau nen khong anh hng mau sac
luc chuan o.

BAI 30: PHAN TCH N TONG SO TRONG AT

1. Y ngha
am la mot trong nhng nguyen to quan trong nhat cua dinh dng cay trong.
Trong at am chiem chng 5% chat hu c, v the noi chung mun cang nhieu th
am canh nhieu (tr at lua nc quan he o khong nhat thiet theo t le thuan v
trong qua trnh tham canh va qua chung ta cay giong lua mi va bon nhieu am vo
c cho nen thc te t le am trong at a nang len).
Phan ln am trong at dang hu c phc tap can trai qua mot thi gian c vi
sinh vat phan giai mi cung cap c cho cay.
Phan tch N trong tong so co the giup cho ta so sanh cac loai at, anh gia kha nang
tiem tang N trong at va mot mc o nhat nh cung nhan nh c at tot xau.
Theo nhng ket qua nghien cu bc au ve at lua ong bang Bac Bo th gia N
tong so vi nang suat lua va co moi tng quan thuan va chat. Nhng at lua tot co
nang suat on nh thng co N tong so khoang tren 0,15%.
Ch tieu anh gia N tong so :
Di 0,08% : Ngheo.
0,08 0,15% : Trung bnh.
0,15 0,20% : Kha.
Tren 0,20% : Giau.


-89-

2. Nguyen tac phng phap Kjeldahl: (1883)
- Dung acid sulfuaric ac va chat xuc tac un nau at e oxi hoa cacbon trong chat
hu c. Acid sulfuric thoat oxi va sinh ra SO
2
:
2 H
2
SO
4
2SO
2
+ 2O + 2H
2
O
C + 2O CO
2

SO
2
kh oxi cua N hu c sinh ra NH
3
. NH
3
tac dung vi acid sulfuaric sinh ra
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4

2CH
3
CHNH
2
OOH + 13 H
2
SO
4
= (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
+ 6CO
2
+ 12SO
2
+ 16H
2
O
- Dung NaOH trung hoa acid va phan ly (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
:
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
+ 2NaOH = 2NH
3
+ Na
2
SO
4
+ 2H2O
NH
3
gap nc sinh ra NH
4
OH se c thu hoi vao mot bnh ng acid sulfuaric
hoac acid clo tieu chuan con d :
2NH
4
OH + H
2
SO
4
= (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
O
Sau o dung dung dch NaOH tieu chuan chuan o lng acid tha d roi suy ra N
tong so.
H
2
SO
4
+ NaOH = Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
Ngi ta co the dung dung dch H
3
BO
3
1% thay the acid sulfuric e hut NH
4
OH, sau
dung HCl tieu chuan chuan o trc tiep. Dung acid Boric co li la luc cat am neu
dung dch trao len van khong anh hng ket qua, nong o dung dch H
3
BO
3
khong
can chnh xac.

3. Hoa chat can thiet
H
2
SO
4
am ac (d = 1,84).
H
2
SO
4
0,1N
NaOH 0,1N
NaOH 40%: 104 gam hoa tan trong 250ml nc cat.
Chat xuc tac hon hp: 20 gam CuSO
4
tron vi 10 gam K
2
SO
4
va 2g Se.
Ch th mau Tashiro:
0,15 gam Metyl o hoa tan trong 102ml con 99
o
(1)
0,05 gam Metylen xanh hoa tan trong 5ml nc cat (2)
Lay 100ml dch (1) tron vi 4ml dch (2) la c.
Ch th mau Nestle: can 5g KI hoa tan trong 15ml nc cat, them dung dch HgCl
2

bao hoa t en luc co ket tua mau o, them 40ml KOH 50% roi dung nc cat pha
loang ra 100ml.

4. Trnh t phan tch N theo phng phap Kjeldahl
4.1. Vo c hoa mau
Can 0,5 gam at a qua ray 0,25mm bo vao bnh pha mau co dai. Them 15ml
H
2
SO
4
am ac va mot t chat xuc tac. Cam pheu con tren mieng bnh. un nhe
trong tu hut khi en luc at trang. Phng phap nay tot, co the phan tch c nhng
mau at ngheo am, song nhc iem la thi gian oxi hoa qua dai mac du ngi ta
a tm cac chat xuc tac e khac phuc.

-90-

4.2 Cat am
Lay mau at sau khi un ra e nguoi, chuyen toan bo dung dch vao bnh nh mc
100ml, dung nc cat trang bnh pha mau va nh mc en 100ml.

Chuyen 50ml dung dch trong bnh nh mc tren vao bnh cat am co san 50ml
nc cat va 3 giot thuoc th tashiro luc nay trong bnh co mau tm hong. Tiep tuc
cho vao bnh cat 15ml NaOH 40% cho en khi toan bo dung dch chuyen sang mau
xanh la ma (them 5ml NaOH 40% neu dung dch trong bnh cha chuyen het sang
mau xanh la ma).
Tien hanh lap he thong cat am, cho vao bnh hng 20ml H
2
SO
4
0.1N va 3 giot
thuoc th Tashiro (dung dch co mau tm hong). at bnh hng sao cho ngap au
ong sinh han. Bat cong tac cat am
Sau khi cat am 10-12 phut e kiem tra xem NH
4
OH con c tao ra khong, dung
giay quy th au ong sinh han. Neu giay quy khong oi sang mau xanh la c.
Ngng cat am, i he thong nguoi mi thao he thong em i ra.

4.3 Chuan o
Chuan o H
2
SO
4
d trong bnh hng bang NaOH 0.1N cho en khi mat mau tm
hong va chuyen sang mau xanh la ma. Ghi nhan the tch NaOH 0.1 N s dung.
4. Tnh ket qua: Ham lng % nit tong so c tnh theo cong thc

V
1
: soml H
2
SO
4
cho vao bnh hng
V
2
: so ml NaOH 0.1N a chuan o
a so miligam at
1,42 he so ; c 1 ml H
2
SO
4
dung e trung hoa NH
4
OH th tng ng vi 1,42mg
Nit

5. Ghi chu
5.1. Luc pha hoa chat can dung nc cat khong co am.
5.2. Co nhieu chat xuc tac dung trong phan tch N. Pho bien la CuSO
4
v :
2CuSO
4
+ C Cu
2
SO
4
+ SO
4
+ CO
2

Cu
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
SO
4
2CuSO
4
+ SO
2
+ H
2
O
Ngoai tac dung xuc tac, CuSO
4
con giup ta biet thi iem ket thuc phan ng (xong
th dich co mau luc). Nhc iem cua CuSO
4
la thi gian oxi hoa van dai, v vay
can khac phuc bang cach them Se. Neu Se qua nhieu cung giam mat N.
2H
2
SO
4
+ Se = 2SO
2
+ H
2
SeO
3
+ H
2
O
Acid Xelen phan ly thanh anhidric xelen va nc
H
2
SeO
3
SeO
2
+ H
2
O

-91-

Roi SeO
2
chuyen O
2
cho chat kh va Se kim loai tr thanh t do. Kinh nghiem c
1ml H
2
SO
4
dung 0,005 gam Se.
Neu un qua lau chat phan tch vi H
2
SO
4
va Se th am co the mat di dang N
2
:
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
+ H
2
SeO
3
(NH
4
)
2
SeO
3
+ H
2
SO
4

3(NH
4
)
2
SeO
3
2NH
3
+ 3Se + 2N
2
+ 9H
2
O
Con dung K
2
SO
4
e tang o nhiet luc oxi hoa.
Dung chat xuc tac hon hp tren van cha rut ngan thi gian oxi hoa c may.
Dung acid pecloric oxi hoa rat nhanh nhng mot so tac gia cho rang mat mot so
am, v the ch nen dung phng phap acid pecloric oi vi nhng at giau mun.

BAI 31: PHAN TCH Si, R
2
O
3
TRONG AT

1. Y ngha
Trong at, silic, sat va nhom chiem t le ln trong thanh phan khoang. a so silic
dang acid sililic phc tap (mot so trong khoang vat nguyen sinh nh thach anh, oxit
silic ngam nc).
Trong keo set, ngoai nhom la thanh phan chnh con co sat. Kch thc hat keo set
rat nho (di 0,001mm) nen co tiet dien ln va nang lng be mat ln, v the co the
hap phu cation va anh hng en tnh chat cua at. Set Monmorilonit co t le
SiO
2
/R
2
O
3
= 4, cha nc 25%, o gian n 90 100%. Set Kaolinit SiO
2
/R
2
O
3
ch
bang 2, cha nc 3 - 7%, o gian n di 5%. Bi vay, thanh phan va so lng keo
khac nhau se anh hng en at khac nhau.
Qua trnh hnh thanh at khac nhau se tao nen cac keo set khac nhau: Kaolinit la
set ac trng cua at o nhiet i, monmorilonit la set ac trng cho at en on i.
Bi vay, da vao ket qua phan tch SiO
2
, Fe
2
O
3
, Al
2
O
3
va tnh t le phan t cua
chung co the tm hieu mc o phong hoa trnh o ra troi va s bien hoa trong qua
trnh hnh thanh at, tham khao luc phan loai keo, phan loai at.
Ba mi nam nay, tuy viec nghien cu keo bang phng phap quang hoc, phng
phap nhiet sai hoac hien vi ien t a thu c nhieu tai lieu quan trong, nhng
phan tch keo bang phng phap hoa hoc van can thiet. ieu can lu y la nen ket
hp cac so lieu SiO
2
, Fe
2
O
3
va Al
2
O
3
va t le phan t cua chung vi cac ch tieu
khac mi rut ra nhng nhan xet toan dien.
Cach tnh t le phan t: Neu at:
c
O Fe ngphant Trongl
O Fe
b
O Al ngphant Trongl
O Al
a
SiO ngphant Trongl
SiO
=
=
=
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
2
2
%
%
%

Th:
c b
a
O R
SiO
va
b
a
O Al
SiO
+
= =
3 2
2
3 2
2


-92-

2. Cong pha mau phan tch
2.1. Nguyen tac
Hp chat oxi hoa cua silic, nhom va sat chiem gan 90% trong lng at. Rieng SiO
2
mot so at co the chiem tren 50%. Con co Ti, P, S, K, Na nhng nguyen to nay
phan ln dang acid sixilic va nhom silicat khong tan trong nc. Muon rut tinh
c chung can dung cac bien phap sau :
un nau bang acid manh va am ac nh : H
2
SO
4
, HCl, HNO
3
, HF hoac hon hp
cua 2, 3 acid nay trong thi gian dai co the hoa tan a so khoang nh : acid silic,
con nhom silicat van cha tan hoac ch tan mot t.
un nong chay bang cac chat kim loai kiem. Neu mau phan tch co tnh acid nh
acid silic, nhom silicat th dung cac chat co tnh kiem nh : Na
2
CO
3
, K
2
CO
3
,
KNaCO
3
(tc K
2
CO
3
va Na
2
CO
3
hon hp theo ng lng), NaOH hoac Na
2
O.
Neu mau phan tch co tnh kiem va nhieu oxit sat nhom th dung chat co tnh acid
nh K
2
S
2
O
7
.
Thong thng dung Na
2
CO
3
hoac KNaCO
3
. Neu dung Na
2
CO
3
phai un tren 850
o
C.
Neu dung KNaCO
3
th iem nong chay ch 690
o
C song viec ra Kali trong ket tua
kho hn Natri, v the ch dung Na
2
CO
3
.
K
2
Al
2
Si
6
O
16
+ 6Na
2
CO
3
900
o
C K
2
SiO
3
+ 5Na
2
SiO
3
+ 2NaAlO
2
+ 6CO
2

Fe
2
SiO
5
+ Na
2
CO
3
Na
2
SiO
3
+ Fe
2
O
3
+ CO
2

SiO
2
+ Na
2
CO
3
Na
2
SiO
3
+ 6CO
2

Di ay gii thieu hai phng phap cong pha, tuy ieu kien ma van dung:
2.1.1. Cong pha bang cach un nong chay
Can 1g at a qua ray 0,25mm bo tren t giay cng lang en. Them 5g
Na
2
CO
3
kho tinh khiet. Dung ua thuy tinh tron au tron eu roi o vao chen bach
kim ay a lot san 1g Na
2
CO
3
. Go nhe vao thanh chen cho chat. Them khoang
0,5g Na
2
CO
3
phu len mat roi ay nap lai. Lau sach pha ngoai chen (neu co chat
ban khi chay sinh ra cacbon anh hng xau en bach kim) roi un lo nung hoac
en thap bang kh ot o nhiet tren 850
o
C. Luc au e o nhiet thap loai cacbon va
nc hut am ra. Sau tang dan o nhiet en luc ay chen o len. Luc mau phan tch
a chay long eu, dung km gap lay chen ra, lap tc quay nghieng chen may vong
e tao thanh mot lp mong quanh thanh chen sau nay de tach ra. Luc nguoi co the
co mau xanh luc (neu co Mn sinh ra Na
2
MnO
4
) hoac mau nau (do sat).
o HCl 1/4 vao (1 the tch HCl am ac them 4 the tch nc cat); dung ua
thuy tinh tron au lay dan mau phan tch sang coc thuy tinh (moi lan ch dung mot t
HCl, khi het sui bot th thoi).
Neu cong pha tot th khong con di tch sat, dch tr nen trong va co can trang
vang.
ieu can lu y la luc s dung chen bach kim can phai tuan theo cac qui nh
chat che v ay la loai rat qu rat at tien.
2.1.2. Cong pha bang 3 acid
Can mot gam at a qua ray 0,25mm o vao bnh kjehldan co the tch 250ml.
Them 25-30ml hon hp 3 acid (pha tron theo the tch luc ac nhat, ty le

-93-

HCl:HNO
3
:H
2
SO
4
= 2:1:4) un tren bep cat en luc gan can (nh at mot pheu con
tren mieng bnh) th o them 25 ml hon hp 3 acid va tiep tuc un lan na en gan
can het. Sau o dung 30-40ml HNO
3
25% hoa tan can ay.

3. Phan tch Silic
3.1. Nguyen tac
Sau luc cong pha va x ly bang HCl sinh ra acid Silic:
K
2
SiO
3
+ 2HCl H
2
SiO
3
+ 2KCl
CaSiO
3
+ 2HCl H
2
SiO
3
+ CaCl
2

Acid Silicic la keo a nc co mang ien. Muon ket tua no phai trung hoa
ien va lam mat nc. Trong ieu kien ton tai HCl chat keo ong vat gelatin co the
hoan thanh tot nhiem vu o. Cung co the ch x ly bang HCl.
3.2. nh lng SiO
2
bang gelatin
un can dch phan tch en trang thai ho. Them 25ml HCl d = 1,19, e yen
mot luc lau (luc can tranh thu lam co the at 10 15 phut trong nc gan soi). un
nong en 70
o
C. Them 10ml dung dch gelatin 1% (dch gelatin a c un nong
trc luc s dung). Quay 5 phut, un tren noi cach thuy 10 phut. i hi nguoi roi
loc qua giay loc khong tro. Dung nc cat un nong ra ket tua tren giay loc den
luc dch chay xuong het phan ng sat (moi lt nc cat pha them 5ml HCl am ac).
Th phan ng sat bang dung dch NH
4
SCN hoac KSCN 10%. Gi dch loc lai e
phan tch sat nhom (anh dau dch A), con ket tua va giay loc bo vao chen s (neu
co mot t ket tua bam thanh coc phai dung mot manh giay loc be lau nhe roi bo
nhap vao chen s), ay h nap roi bo vao lo nung 400
o
C. Luc au cho nhiet o
thap sau tang dan ot chay het giay loc. Tiep tuc ot 1 gi. Chuyen sang bnh hut
am, i nguoi, can trong lng roi tnh t le SiO
2
:
SiO
2
.nH
2
O 400
o
C SiO
2
+ nH
2
O

C
K b a
SiO

=
100 ) (
%
2

a la trong lng chen s va SiO
2
a nung (g)
b la trong lng chen a nung kho (g)
C la trong lng at dung phan tch (g)
K la he so quy ve at kho tuyet oi
3.3. nh lng SiO
2
bang HCl
Chuyen mau at a cong pha sang chen s, un can kho tren noi cach thuy.
Thnh thoang dung ua thuy tinh tron eu. Nho HCl d = 1,19 t t vao tham t ket
tua, van un tren noi cach thuy (neu o nhiet tren 100
o
C se tao thanh cac muoi sat
nhom va Magie kho tan). Luc o co bot kho mn lai nho them HCl, un tiep (HCl
trong qua trnh bay hi a lay H
2
O
2
cua acid silicic). Them 10ml HCl d = 1,19 tham
t bot ket tua. Them 80ml nc cat a un soi. at 5 phut tren noi cach thuy roi
loc qua giay loc khong tro. Ra ket tua bang HCl 1% a un soi, en luc het phan
ng sat (th bang KSCN hoac NH
4
SCN 10%). Dung nc cat a un soi nho t t

-94-

vao e ra sach HCl trong ket tua (th bang AgNO
3
). Phan ket tua nam tren giay
loc la SiO
2
song co the con mot t SiO
2
trong dch loc. Muon am bao chnh xac can
co can dch loc, neu co can kho th x l nh tren roi nhap vi phan trc. Con dch
loc th nh mc bnh 250ml gi lai e phan tch sat nhom (ky hieu dch A).
Chuyen tat ca giay loc va ket tua vao chen nung a biet trong lng, ay
nap roi bo vao lo nung. Luc au cho o nhiet thap, ot chay giay loc va lam mat
nc hut am. Sau tang dan len 400
o
C nung kho ket tua, chuyen qua bnh hut am i
nguoi roi can.
Cach tnh SiO
2
% nh phng phap gelatin a noi tren.

4. Phan tch R
2
O
3

R
2
O
3
bao gom Fe
2
O
3
va Al
2
O
3
. Thc ra con co P
2
O
5,
TiO
2
, MnO
2
nhng rat t
khong ang ke.
Al
2
O
3
trong at cha khoang 2 40% (nhieu at set, t at cat).
Fe
2
O
3
trong at khoang 0,2 10% (at Feralit cao hn). Thng ch phan tch
R
2
O
3
va Fe
2
O
3
. Con Al
2
O
3
th lay hieu so gia hai so lieu tren (v cha co phng
phap phan tch Al
2
O
3
that tot).
Co hai phng phap phan tch R
2
O
3
: phng phap Amoniac dung cho at
khong co phan ng Cacbonat. Phng phap Acetat dung cho at co phan ng
Cacbonat va nhieu Mangan.
4.1. nh lng R
2
O
3
bang Amoniac
4.1.1. Nguyen tac
Dung NH
4
OH ket tua sat va nhom trong dch loc noi tren
RCl
3
+ 3NH
4
OH R(OH)
3
+ 3NH
4
Cl
o hoa tan cua hidroxit sat nhom rat be (0,96.10
-5
va 4,5.10
-10
phan t
gam/lt). Ket tua sat nhom rat kho v chung la keo lng tnh)
Al
3+
+ 3OH
-
Al(OH)
3
H
+
+ AlO
2
-
+ H
2
O
Neu thieu NH
4
OH th mot phan sat nhom van ton tai dang ion trong dung
dch. Neu tha NH
4
OH se phan ly ra AlO
2
-
. Bi vay can ieu tiet pH dung dch va
them NH
4
Cl e khong che nong o OH
-
:
- ieu tiet pH dung dch: nong o ion H
+
pham vi nhat nh co the lam cho sat
nhom ket tua hoan toan. Luc pH = 2 th sat bat au ket tua, pH = 3 hoac cao hn
na se ket tua hau het. Con nhom bat au ket tua pH = 4,5 va ket tua hoan toan
5,5 7,5. Luc pH = 6,4 6,6 o hoa tan cua nhom be nhat, nhng pH tren 7,5 nhom
lai hoa tan. Bi vay, muon ket tua sat nhom phai ieu tiet pH pham vi 3 6,5,
dung ch th mau Metyl o. Luc Fe(OH)
3
nhieu qua s bien mau cua Metyl o
khong ro th i mot luc cho ket tua lang xuong roi quan sat phan tren.
- Them NH
4
Cl: Neu OH
-
nhieu qua th Al(OH)
3
se hoa tan sinh ra NaAlO
2
. Chat
nay un soi van khong tan. Neu co NH
4
+
th sinh ra NH
4
AlO
2
co the thuy phan.
NH
4
AlO
2
+ 2H
2
O Al(OH)
3
+ NH
4
OH
T ay ta thay neu OH nhieu qua khong li, con NH
4
nhieu th van li cho
ket tua nhom. Bi vay, trong dung dch can co NH
4
Cl. Mat khac, khi co NH
4
+
trong

-95-

dung dch th khong sinh ra ket tua Magie va Mangan v luc them NH
4
Cl o ien ly
cua NH
4
OH giam, nong o OH cung giam.
NH
4
OH NH
4

+
+ OH
-

5
4
10 . 8 , 1
) )( (
4
=
+
OH NH
OH NH

Nong o OH e ket tua het sat la 1,35.10
-9
p.t.g/lt. Trong dung dch co
NH
4
OH 0,1N th nong o OH = 1,3.10
-3
p.t.g/lt. Trong dung dch bao hoa Mg(OH)
2

th nong o OH = 2,8.10
-4
p.t.g/lt.
Nh vay, co the sinh ra ket tua Magie v:
1,3.10
-3
< 2,8.10
-4
Neu them vao dung dch NH
4
OH mot lng NH
4
Cl la 1 p.t.g/lt nh the
khong sinh ra ket tua Magie ma van am bao ket tua het sat v:
2,8.10
+4
> 1,8.10
-6
> 1,35.10
-9
Can lu y cac iem sau:
Muon c tinh khiet phai ket tua 2 lan.
Ket tua nay vo nh hnh, co the un nong tang cng thuy phan e ket tua lang
xuong sau de loc.
Khong dung nc cat ra ket tua. Dch ra can pha them NH
4
NO
3
v chat nay de
phan giai, de bay hi, khong lam ban ket tua.
Can chuan b ay u trc luc ket tua e ong tac ket tua loc va ra tien hanh
nhanh, lien tuc. Sau luc ket tua lan 1 can hoa tan ngay trong acid roi ket tua lan 2 v
neu e lau Al(OH)
3
rat kho tan.
Trong thc te, khong them NH
4
Cl na v trong dung dch san co NH
4
OH va HCl se
tao thanh NH
4
Cl.
4.1.2. Trnh t nh lng R
2
O
3
bang Amoniac
Hut 50 100ml dch loc A sau luc a phan tch SiO
2
vao coc thuy tinh.
un soi, them 3 giot Metyl o roi nho t t dung dch NH
4
OH nong o 1/1 vao, va
nho va khuay en luc dung dch bien thanh mau vang hoac het mui amoniac th
thoi.
Them nc cat lam loang, un soi. Roi lay xuong e yen cho ket tua lang va tranh
thu loc luc con nong.
Dung dung dch NH
4
NO
3
2% ra ket tua 5 6 lan. Bo ca giay loc va ket tua vao
chen s a biet trc trong lng, khong ay nap (u oxi se co mau nau, thieu oxi
sinh ra Fe
3
O
4
mau en).
Bo vao lo nung kho, chuyen sang bnh hut am i nguoi roi can. Tnh R
2
O
3
theo
cong thc :
b
K a
O R

=
100
%
3 2

a la trong lng ket tua a nung kho (g).
b la trong lng at (g) tng ng dch A hut e phan tch.
Thc ra trong ket tua tren con lan ca TiO
2
va P
2
O
5
nhng khong ang ke.

-96-

4.2. nh lng R
2
O
3
bang acetat
4.2.1. Nguyen tac
Sat va nhom tac dung vi Natri Acetat:
AlCl
3
+ 3NaCH
3
COO 3NaCl + Al(CH
3
COO)
3

FeCl
3
+ 3NaCH
3
COO 3NaCl + Fe(CH
3
COO)
3

Trong ieu kien o nhiet bnh thng cac muoi nay de tan trong nc nhng
luc un soi se tao thanh nhng muoi kiem ket tua nen co the tach khoi Ca, Mg, Co,
Ni
Al(CH
3
COO)
3
+ 2H
2
O Al(OH)
2
CH
3
COO + 2HCH
3
COO
Fe(CH
3
COO)
3
+ 2H
2
O Fe(OH)
2
CH
3
COO + 2HCH
3
COO
Sau thuy phan sinh ra hidroxit:
R(OH)
2
CH
3
COO + H
2
O R(OH)
3
+ HCH
3
COO
4.2.2. Trnh t nh lng R
2
O
3
bang acetat
Hut 100ml dch loc A noi tren, trung hoa bang dung dch Na
2
CO
3
hoac
NH
4
OH loang. Them mot t acid acetic 5% e acid hoa en luc ket tua hoa tan.
Them 20 25ml CH
3
COONa 10%, un soi 2 phut.
at tren noi cach thuy, i ket tua lang xuong, tranh thu loc ngay.
Dung dung dch CH
3
COONa 1% ra ket tua en het Cl
-
.
Ket tua nay van con lan mot so muoi khac nen can dung HCl 10% un soi e
hoa tan. nh mc 200ml. Hut dch nay phan tch Fe
2
O
3
. Con th dung
NH
4
OH ket tua R
2
O
3
nh tren, loc, nung roi can.
Tnh ket qua tng t nh phng phap amoniac.

-97-

BAI 32: PHAN TCH Al
3+
TRAO OI TRONG AT

1. Y ngha
Al
3+
la nguyen to kim loai pho bien trong vo trai at. ac biet la cation trao
oi chnh cua at phen. oc chat Al
3+
ton tai trong moi trng khi dang hoa tr 3
+
.
pH <4,5 th Al
3+
co kha nang hoa tan rat cao.

2. Nguyen tac
Dung dch nhom tao phc vi Eriochrome Cyanide-R pH = 6 cho hon hp
t o sang hong o hap thu =535nm. Cng o mau trong giai oan phat trien
mau b anh hng bi nong o Al
3+
, thi gian phan ng, nhiet o, pH, o kiem va
nong o cac ion khac trong mau. e on nh mau va o uc, Al
3+
trong mau c
cho tao phc vi EDTA e tao thanh mau trang. Anh hng cua sat va mangan
hai nguyen to thng co trong nc c loai bo bang cach them acid ascorbic.
Khoang quan sat c cua Al
3+
nam trong khoang 20-300ug/l.

3. Dung cu va hoa chat
3.1 Dung cu
Coi chay s
Khay inox
8 Erlen
Pipet 5ml, 10ml
ua thuy tinh
Pheu
Coc 100ml
3.2 Hoa chat
Dung dch Al lu tr: hoa tan 1,758g KAl(SO
4
).12H
2
O trong nc cat, nh mc
thanh 1000ml (1ml=0,1mg)
Dung dch Al chuan: pha loang 10ml dd Al lu tr thanh 1000ml bang nc cat.
Dung dch nay s dung trong ngay (1ml=1ug)
Acid ascorbic 0,1%: 0,1g acid ascorbic pha thanh 100ml. Dung dch nay s dung
trong ngay
Dung dch em pH = 6: hoa tan 136g CH
3
COONa.3H
2
O trong nc cat. Them
2,41ml acid acetic 99,8%. nh mc 1000ml.
Dung dch thuoc th lu tr: hoa tan 300mg Eriochrome Cyanide-R
(C
23
H
15
Na
3
O
9
S)trong 50ml nc cat + 3ml acid acetic 99,8%. nh mc thanh
100ml.
Dung dch thuoc th lam viec: pha loang 10ml dd tren thanh 100ml bang nc cat.
Ch th metyl cam 0,1%
Dd EDTA 0,01M: hoa tan 3,7g EDTA trong nc va pha loang thanh 1000ml.
H
2
SO
4
0,02N


-98-

4. Quy trnh xac nh
4.1 Lap ng chun
Dung dch chun 1ml = 1ug Al
Dung dch ml 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(mau)
Dung dch Al chuan 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0
Mau - - - - - - - 30
Nc cat 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0
H
2
SO
4
0,02N 1
Acid ascorbic 1
Dung dch em 10
Dung dch thuoc th lam viec 5
Nc cat nh mc u 50ml
Ham lng Al
3+
(ug) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 -
hp thu A 0 ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
o o hap thu A bc song 535nm.
4.2 Chiet rut va o mau
Lac 10g at qua ray 1mm vi 50ml dd KCl 1M trong vai giay, e yen sau 2h. Loc
tren giay loc. Dung tiep 50ml dd KCl 1M ra 5 lan tren pheu (10ml/lan). Tat ca
dch loc cho vao Erlen sach 250ml.

Lay 30ml mau cho vao bnh nh mc va cung cho cac hoa chat nh tren. Neu mau
ac th phai pha loang mau.

Xac nh ham lng Al
3+
co trong the tch mau a lay. T o qui oi ve ham lng
Al
3+
trao oi trong 100g at.

3. Cau hoi
Xac nh ham lng Al trao oi cua mau at t o anh gia tac ong cua no en
moi trng?
Vai tro cua dd em, acid ascorbic?

-99-

BAI 33: XAC NH CAC DANG TON TAI CUA SAT TRONG AT

1. Y ngha moi trng

S co mat cua sat (II) trong at ac trng cho s lay hoa va s phat trien cua qua
trnh hoa lay. Xac nh cac dang khac nhau cua Fe co y ngha rat ln khi nghien
cu ong hoc theo mua cua cac qua trnh tao thanh at. e chiet rut Fe trong
trng hp nay, ngi ta s dung H
2
SO
4
0,1N (ty le at: dung dch la 1:10) lac trong
5 phut. Trong nhng nghien cu ve phat sinh ngi ta s dung dung dch H
2
SO
4
1N
cung vi ty le nh tren nhng phai lac trong 2 gi.

2.1 Dung cu
Dung cu thuy tinh: nham loai bo sat bam tren thanh dung cu can phai ra tat ca
dung cu thuy tinh bang acid HCl am ac, trang lai bang nc cat trc khi s dung.
+ 06 Erlen 125ml
+ 06 Bnh nh mc 50ml
+ 02 pipet 1ml, 10ml
+ 01 pipet 25ml
+ 02 pheu loc
2. 2 Thiet b
+ Spectrophometer
+Bep ien
2.3 Hoa chat
NH
2
OH.HCl 10%
NaF 1%
H
3
BO
3
1%
o-phenanthroline 0,5%: hoa tan 0,5g o-phenanthroline trong 100ml nc cat, un
nhe, them khoang 1-2ml H
2
SO
4
am ac
CH
3
COONa.3H
2
O 10%
Ch th Thimol xanh 0,04% trong ru etylic
Dung dch lu tr sat
o 20ml H
2
SO
4
am ac vao 50ml nc cat va them vao 1,404g
Fe(NH
4
)
2
(SO
4
)
2
.6H
2
O. Sau khi dung dch ong nhat. Pha thanh 1000ml vi nc cat
(1,00ml = 200g Fe).
Dung dch chuan
Lay 50ml dung dch lu tr sat cho vao bnh nh mc 1000ml, them nc cat ti
vach nh mc (1,00ml = 10,00g Fe).

3. Cach thanh lap ng cong chuan
S dung dung dch chuan co nong o 1ml = 0,01 mgFe=10 g Fe.
Pha loat dung dch chuan sat nh sau :

-100-

STT
1 2 3 4 5 6
V dd chuan (ml) 0 2 4 6 8 10
V NaF (ml) 1
V H
3
BO
3
1
Thimol xanh 1-2 giot
CH3COONa 10% Cho en khi dung dch chuyen mau vang
Nc cat nh mc 50ml
Ham lng FeO (mg) 0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1
Nong o (mg/l) 0 0,4 0,8 1,2 1,6 2,0
o hap thu A (o bang may)
bc song 510nm.
zero ? ? ? ? ?

4. X ly mau va xac nh s bo ham lng Fe (II) Oxit

e xac nh Fe (II) Oxit ngi ta s dung at ti ngay sau khi lay mau ve
ma khong phi kho va nghien nho. ong thi lay mau e xac nh o am cua at.
Lay 5g at cho vao bnh tam giac 250ml, rot vao bnh 50ml H
2
SO
4
0,1N. Lac
trong may lac trong 5 phut (v=150-180 vong/phut). e yen cho lang, loc qua giay
loc kho va becher kho.
Th ham lng Fe (II) oxit: trc khi lay mau e xac nh Fe
+
trong dung
dch loc: lay 1-2ml dung dch loc cho vao ong nghiem. Rot vao ay 1ml dung dch
CH
3
COONa va mot giot dung dch o-phennanthrolin. Lac eu ong nghiem va so
sanh vi mau cua day chuan e lay lng mau cho phu hp (neu ham lng qua
nhieu phai pha loang, t qua phai co can).

5. Trnh t phan tch
Lay phan dung dch qua loc co ham lng Fe
2+
trong khoang 0,01-0,1 mg cho
vao bnh nh mc 50ml + 1ml NaF 1%, lac eu + 1ml dd H
3
BO
3
va 1-2 giot thymol
xanh.
Trung hoa dung dch bang axetat en khi dung dch co mau vang.
Them 1ml dung dch o-phenanthrolin 0,5%, lac eu, them nc cat ti vach mc,
lac eu.
Gi yen khoang 10 phut cho mau phat trien hoan toan sau o o mat o quang
bc song 510nm.
Xac nh Fe tong
Lam tng t nh tren nhng co them 1ml dd NH
2
OH.HCl vao trc khi cho NaF.
o mat o quang e tnh ra lng Fe tong.
Xac nh Fe (III) oxit
Fe (III) oxit = Fe tong Fe (II)
Lu y:
X ly mot mau at e thu dch xac nh ca Fe (II) oxit va Fe (III) oxit

-101-

6. Cau hoi
Neu nhng tac hai cua at nhiem sat vt qua tieu chuan cho phep oi vi ngi va
ong vat.
Neu vai tro cua NaF va H
3
BO
3
Mot sinh vien xac nh he so kho kiet cua mau at ti la 1,15. Sinh vien nay lay
5g at ti. The tch dung dch can lay e xac nh Fe tong so va FeO la 10ml.
Lng FeO tm thay theo ng chuan 0,018mg, tong sat la 0,098mg. Tnh ham
lng FeO, sat tong va lng Fe (II) co trong 100g mau at.

BAI 34: XAC NH pH AT
(Trch TCVN 5979 1995 - ISO 10390: 1993)

1. Pham vi ap dung
Tieu chuan nay quy nh phng phap xac nh pH s dung ien cc thuy tinh trong
huyen phu 1:5 cua at trong nc (pH - H
2
O), trong dung dch 1 mol/l kali clorua
(pH - HCl) hoc trong dung dch 0,01 mol/l canxi clorua (pH - CaCl
2
).
Tieu chuan nay ap dung cho tat ca cac loai mau at lam kho ngoai khong kh, v du
nh at a c x ly trc theo ISO 11464.

2. Nguyen tac
Huyen phu at c ieu che, co the tch gap 5 lan the tch at, t mot trong nhng
chat di ay:
- Nc
- Dung dch kali clorua (KCl) 1 mol/l trong nc.
- Dung dch axit clorua (CaCl
2
) 0,01 mol/l trong nc pH cua huyen phu c o
bang pH met.

3. Hoa chat Thiet b
a) Hoa chat
Ch dung cac thuoc th tinh khiet phan tch.
3.1. Nc co o dan ien rieng khong ln hn 0,2mS/m 250C va pH ln 5,6 (nc
loai 2 theo ISO 3696).
3.2. Dung dch kali clorua (KCl), nong o = 1 mol/l.
Hoa tan 74,5g kali clorua trong nc (4.1) va pha loang en 1000ml 20
0
C.
3.3. Dung dch canxi (CaCl
2
), nong o = 0,01 mol/l.
Hoa tan 1,47g canxi clorua ngam nc (CaCl
2
.H
2
O) trong nc (4.1) va pha loang
en 1000ml 20
0
C.
3.4. Cac dung dch e chuan hoa pH - met.
S dung t nhat hai trong so cac dung dch chuan sau ay.
3.4.1. Dung dch em chuan co pH 4,00 20
0
C.
Hoa tan 10,21gam kali hidro phtalat (C
8
H
5
O
4
K) trong nc (4.1) va pha loang en
1000ml 20
0
C.

-102-

Kali hidro phtalat phai c lam kho 110
0
C ti 120
0
C trong 2 gi trc khi s
dung.
3.4.2. Dung dch co pH 7,00 20
0
C
Hoa tan 3,8 gam kali dihidro photphat (KH
2
PO
4
) va 3,415 gam dinatri hidro photphat
(Na
2
HPO
4
) trong nc (4.1) va pha loang en 1000ml 20
0
C.
Kali dihidro photphat c lam kho 110
0
C en 120
0
C trong 2 gi trc khi s
dung.
3.4.3. Dung dch em co pH 9,22 20
0
C.
Hoa tan 3,80 gam dinatri tetraborat ngam mi nc (Na
2
B
4
O
7
.10H
2
O) trong nc
(4.1) va pha loang en 1000ml 20
0
C.
Chu thch:
Dinatri tetraborat co the mat nc ket tinh khi c bao quan trong kho sau mot thi
gian dai.
b) Thiet b
3.5 May lac tron
3.6. pH met co the ieu chnh o doc va nhiet o.
3.7 ien cc thuy tinh va mot ien cc so sanh hoac mot ien cc to hp co ac
tnh tng ng.
Chu thch:
Trong cac he at, co nhieu nguy c lam hong viec do gay hoac nhiem ban ien cc.
Nhiet ke co thang o ti 10
O
C phu hp vi loai C theo ISO 1770.
Bnh mau co the tch nho nhat la 50ml bang thuy tinh bosilicat hoac polyetylen co
nap kn hoac nut.
Tha co the tch t nhat la 5.0ml
4. Trnh t th nghiem
Phi kho mau at trong khong kh roi tien hanh ray mau at qua ray kch thc
2mm.
Lay 10g at a ray vao bnh mau va them vao 50ml dd KCl 1N
Tron hoac lac manh huyen phu bang may lac hoac may tron c hoc trong t nhat 2
gi nhng khong lau hn 24 gi.
yn 1 gi, hoc i 15 pht ri ly phn nc bn trn a i ly tm.
Gn ly phn nc trong em o trn my o pH. Cng c th o trc tip phn
nc trong khng cn gn, nhng khng cho in cc tip xc vi t.
Chu thch:
Trong hau het cac loai at can bang at c trong vong 2 gi. Trong trng hp
nay co the o sau 2 gi.
Trong mot so loai at nhiem ban at mi bon voi hoac at cha cacbonat, s can
bang pH khong the at c trong khoang thi gian quy nh. Do o nhng gia tr
nay qua thap hoac qua cao so vi can bang t nhien, tnh hnh nay xay ra do la s
bien oi cham trong he em. e kiem tra xem co phai la nh vay hay khong can o
pH theo tieu chuan nay t nhat hai lan khac nhau gia 2 va 24 gi lac. Trong trng
hp nay hai hoac mot so gia tr pH ln hn can phai c bao cao e ch ra pH gan

-103-

ung nhat cua at va ban chat cua phep o khong on nh cung can phai bao cao
trong khoan e cua bao cao th nghiem.
- o pH
ieu chnh may pH met theo cac ieu ch dan trong sach hng dan cua ni san
xuat. o nhiet o cua huyen phu va chu y rang nhiet o cua dung dch em va cua
huyen phu at khong c khac nhau hn 10C. Lac huyen phu can than ngay trc
khi o pH. o pH trong huyen phu long, oc gia tr pH sau khi trang thai on nh a
at c. Chu y gia tr pH ti hai so le.
Chu y:
Khi gia tr pH o c trong vong 5 giay khong khac nhau qua 0,02 n v th phep
o co the c coi la on nh. Thi gian oi hoi cho s on nh thng la 1 phut
hoac nho hn nhng co the con phu thuoc vao mot so yeu to sau:
Gia tr pH ( gia tr pH cao at ti trang thai on nh kho hn).
Chat lng cua ien cc thuy tinh (s khac nhau trong cong nghiep che tao gia cac
ien lc) va thi gian s dung cua chung.
Moi trng dung e o pH (s on nh trong moi trng KCl hoac la CaCl
2
at ti
nhanh hn so vi trong nc).
S khac nhau ve gia tr pH gia cac mau trong cung mot day o.
Thc hien s khuay tron c hoc trc khi o co the giup at ket qua on nh trong
thi gian ngan.
- Trong cac mau co ham lng chat hu c cao (at, than bun, at trong trong
chau...) hieu ng huyen phu co the ong mot vai tro quan trong. oi vi at a voi,
huyen phu co the hap thu cacbon dioxit. Trong nhng trng hp nh vay kho at
ti mot gia tr pH can bang.
- o lap lai
o lap lai cua phep o pH trong 2 huyen phu c ieu che rieng biet se phai thoa
man nhng yeu cau theo bang 1 sau ay:
Bang 1. o lap lai
Day pH Dao ong chap nhan c
pH 7,00 0,15
7,00 < pH < 7,50 0,20
7,50 pH 8,00 0,30
pH > 8,00 0,40
Bang tom tat nhng ket qua th nghiem gia cac phong th nghiem ve phep xac
nh pH cua at c cho phu luc A.

5. Bao cao ket qua
Bao cao th nghiem phai bao gom nhng thong tin sau ay:
a. Gii thieu tieu chuan nay.
b. Tat ca thong tin can thiet e nhan dang ay u mau at.
c. Moi trng c dung e tao huyen phu: pH - H2O, pH - KCl hoac pH - CaCl
2
a
c xac nh.

-104-

d. Ket qua xac nh chnh xac en 0,1 n v pH.
e. Bat ky nhng kho khan nao a xay ra trong khi thiet lap ieu kien can bang.

BAI 35: PHAN TCH CaO, MgO TRONG AT

A. PHAN TCH HAM LNG CaO TRONG AT
1. Gii thieu chung
1.1 Y ngha
Canxi trong at thng dang cacbonat, sunfat, clorua trong a voi, a, dolomit,
phophorit hoac cac khoang vat khac. Trong vo qua at, ty le CaO bnh quan khoang
5,1% trong lng. at cacbonat ty le CaO co the tren 20%, at o, at chua ch
di 0,5%. Noi chung bien thien pham vi 0,5 10%. S phan bocanxi trong tang
at cung phu thuoc thanh phan a me. at cacbonat, canxi trong lp at mat
thng t hn cac lp di. at khong cha cacbonat th ngc lai, canxi trong
tang at tren lai nhieu hn tang at di, ieu nay c giai thch bang qua trnh
hap phu cua sinh vat.
Phan tch CaO, MgO khong nhng giup ta biet ham lng ma con tm hieu s phan
bo cua chung trong cac tang at, nhan xet qua trnh hnh thanh va tham khao phan
loai at.
Ngoai phng phap di ay, con co the phan tch CaO bang Trilon B hoac phng
phap khac.
1.2 Nguyen tac
Dung oxalt amon ket tua canxi di dang oxalate canxi.
2 4 2 2 4 2 4 4
CaCl ( NH ) C O CaC O 2 NH Cl + = +

Ket tua ney hoan toan v oxalat canxi co tch so hoa tan rat nho (2,5 x 10
-9
25
0
C).
ieu can lu y la phai tien hanh trong moi trng axit (pH = 4). V trong moi trng
kiem khong tach c canxi khoi silic, sat, nhom (neu cha phan tch Si, Fe, Al) hay
con lan ca ket tua CaCO
3
va Ca(OH)
2
. Muon cho moi trng co phan ng chua phai
dung axit acetic v neu co axit manh lan vao th oxalate canxi se hoa tan. Axit
acetic con tham gia vao viec tach canxi khoi magie v oxalat magie hoa tan trong
axit acetic. Neu ket tua luc dung dch nong th c tinh the ln dang CaC
2
O
4
H
2
O.
Neu ket tua luc nguoi th tinh the ba dang CaC
2
O
4
.2H
2
O hay CaC
2
O
4
.3H
2
O.
Thong thng phai dung nc cat nong ra sach Cl
-
trong ket tua nhng mot trong
nhng tac gia cho rang khi het CaC
2
O
4
th Cl
-
cung sach.
Sau luc ket tua co the xac nh CaO bang phng phap trong lng hay the tch.
Phng phap the tch nh sau:
Hoa tan ket tua tren bang H
2
SO
4
:
2 4 2 2 4 4 2 2 4
CaC O H O H SO CaSO H C O + = +
Lng axit oxalic sinh ra c chuan bang dung dch tieu chuan KMnO
4
t o tnh
ra ty le CaO:
2 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2
5H C O 2KMNO 3H O K SO 2MnSO 10CO 8H O + + = + + +


-105-

2. Dung cu hoa chat
2.1 Dung cu
- Buret 25 ml
- Erlen 250 ml
- Becher 250 ml
- Pipet 10 ml
- May loc chan khong
2.2 Hoa chat
a. Ch th Metyl o 0.1%: Can 0,1g metyl o hoa tan trong 100 ml con 96
o
b. Axit acetic 10%
c. Dung dch (NH
4
)
2
C
2
O
4
4%: can 4g oxalate amoni hoa tan trong 100 ml nc cat
un nong cho de tan, e nguoi roi ng lai trong bnh kn, thng xuat hien ket
tua ay bnh.
d. AgNO
3
0.1 %: Can 0.1g AgNO
3
hoa tan trong nc cat, nh mc thanh 100
ml
e. MnSO
4
10 % : Can 10g MnSO
4
hoa tan trong nc cat, nh mc 100 ml
f. KMnO
4
0,05 N : Can 1,5882 g KmnO
4
hoa tan bang nc cat nh mc len
1000 ml.
g. HCl 1:1: lay 50 ml HCl d = 1,18 pha vi 50 ml nc cat.

3. Thc hanh
3.1 Cach tien hanh
Lay nc loc at sau khi tach nhom noi tren (hoac cha phan tch sat, nhom), neu
tren 100ml th un tren noi cach thuy, cho bay hi en di 100ml (khong un soi).
V luc cong pha mau co dung en axit manh: HCl, H
2
SO
4
hay HNO
3
nen can kiem
tra lai xem co chua khong, nho vai giot metyl o neu co mau vang th khong phai
trung hoa, neu co mau o th phai dung NH
4
OH trung hoa. Nho axit acetic 10% vao
lam cho moi trng chua tr lai en luc co mau hong nhat.
un soi dung dch at ong thi cung un soi oxalate amoni. Nhan luc con nong
nho t t 10 15ml dung dch oxalat amon 4% noi tren vao dung dch at, e yen 2
4 gi cho ket tua hoan toan. Dung giay loc co tham nc soi, loc bang cach gan
(khong can o ket tua tren giay v sau con bo tr lai vao coc).
Ra ket tua ca tren giay loc va trong coc bang nc cat nguoi en luc het phan ng
oxalate (moi lan dung 3ml nc cat lac ra ket tua trong coc, e yen mot lat, gan
lay nc tren o len ra ket tua tren pheu). Hng vai giot dch ra va chay ra khoi
pheu nho them vai giot AgNO
3
, neu khong sinh ra ket tua trang Ag
2
C
2
O
4
la a sach
oxalate.
e danh nc loc phan tch MgO. Con ket tua va giay loc th bo lai vao coc cu,
them 25 50ml MnSO
4
10%. un nong 60 -80 %.
Dung dung dch tieu chuan KMnO
4
0,05N chuan o en mau hong nhat ben trong 1
phut.


-106-

3.2 Tnh ket qua
V N 0, 028 100 K
CaO%
C

=

Trong o:
V, N la the tch va nong o KMnO
4

K la he so kho tuyet oi
C la trong lng tng ng vi dch at lay phan tch (g)
0,028 la he so tnh ly ng lng g cua CaO

B. PHAN TCH MgO THEO PHNG PHAP PIROFOTFAT
1. Gii thieu chung
1.1 Y ngha
Magie trong at thng dang cacbonat, sunfat, clorua trong dolomit, trong
phophat hoac mot so khoang vat khac. Trong at man Magie thng dang colorua
va sunfat. Ham lng cua no trong at khoang 0,2 2%. vung kho han, CuSO
4

va MgSO
4
thng tch luy tang at di.
Phan tch CaO, MgO khong nhng giup ta biet ham lng ma con tm hieu s phan
bo cua chung trong cac tang at, nhan xet qua trnh hnh thanh va tham khao phan
loai at.
Ngoai phng phap di ay, con co the phan tch MgO bang Trilon B hoac phng
phap khac.
1.2 Nguyen tac
Trc het ket tua Magie di dang photphat magie amon:
2 2
4 4 4 4 2
Mg HPO NH OH MgNH PO .H O
+
+ + =
Viec ket tua tien hanh trong moi trng axit nhng luc ra lai phai dung NH
4
OH.
V ion NH
4
ngan can s hoa tan ket tua.
Sau luc ket tua co the nh lng MgO theo phng phap trong lng hay the tch.
Phng phap the tch da tren c s hoa tan ket tua tren bang mot lng H
2
SO
4

tha d roi chuan o lng axit tha ay bang NaOH. T o suy ra Mg:
4 4 2 4 4 4 2 4
2 4 2 4 2
MgNH PO H SO MgSO NH H PO
H SO 2NaOH NaS O 2H O
+ = +
+ = +

2. Dung cu hoa chat
2.1 Dung cu
- Buret 25 ml
- Erlen 250 ml
- Becher 250 ml
- Pipet 10 ml
- Pheu loc
- May loc chan khong
2.2 Hoa chat

-107-

a. Dung dich(NH
4
)
2
HPO hoac Na
2
HPO
4
10%: 10g hoa tan trong 90 ml nc nh
mc 100 ml.
b. NH
4
OH 2,5%: 10 ml NH
4
OH 25% nh mc 100 ml
c. H
2
SO
4
0,05N
d. NaOH 0,05N
e. Ch th mau Tasiro:
f. NH
4
OH 1:1: hut 50 ml NH
4
OH hoa tan vao 50 ml nc cat
g. HCl 1:1: hut 50 ml HCl d = 1,18 pha vi 50 ml nc cat.

3. Thc hanh
3.1 Cach thc hanh
Dung dung dch HCl 1:1 axit hoa dch at a tach canxi xong lai them 2ml na.
un cho bay hi tren noi cach thuy en the tch di 100ml, e nguoi.
Them 2ml (NH
4
)
2
HPO
4
10% hoac Na
2
HPO
4
10%
Dung NH
4
OH 1:1 trung hoa en luc hi kiem (dung dch co mau vang), lai them
5ml na, lac eu, e qua em.
Loc qua giay loc, ra ket tua bang dung dch NH
4
OH 2,5% en het phan ng Cl
-

(trc luc nho AgNO
3
phai dung HNO
3
axit hoa neu khong du co Cl
-
van khong sinh
ra ket tua)
Bo ca ket tua va giay loc a ra sach Cl
-
vao coc cu. Them 20ml H
2
SO
4
0,05N.
Dung ua thuy tinh quay hoa tan va xe nat giay loc. Nho 4 giot ch th mau Tasiro
roi dung dung dch tieu chuan NaOH 0,05N chuan o ti luc chuyen sang mau luc
nhat..
3.2 Tnh ket qua
1 2
(V V )N 0, 02016 100 K
MgO%
C

=
Trong o:
V
1
la the tch H
2
SO
4 tieu
chuan dung hoa tan ket tua Magie.
V
2
la the tch NaOh tieu chuan dung chuan o.
N la nong o cua NaOH hoac H
2
SO
4
(tc la 0,05N)
C la trong lng at tng ng dch at lay phan tch.
0,02016 la he so tnh ly ng lng g cua MgO
40, 32
MgO 0, 02016
2 1000
=


-108-

CHNG 7
PHNG PHAP PHAN TCH CAC CH TIEU MOI TRNG KH

Bai 36:
XAC NH ACID HCl - PHNG PHAP HAP THU BANG NC CAT

1. Gii thieu chung
1.1 Y ngha moi trng
Kh HCl c s dung trong cong nghiep hoa chat, trong ma kim loai, trong cong
nghiep sn, thuoc da. Kh HCl khi tac dung vi hi nc trong khong kh tao nen
sng mu acid, co tac dung kch thch niem mac. nong o 0,05 0,075 mg/l th c
the con ngi khong chu ng c
1.2 Nguyen tac
Khi cho AgNO
3
tac dung vi HCl se c ket tua trang
AgNO
3
+ HCl AgCl + HNO
3

- May hut khong kh
- Impinger
- Ong nghiem 10 x 120 mm
2.2 Hoa chat
a. Dung dch tieu chuan HCl 100 ppm: Hoa tan 0.1654 g NaCl vi nc cat sau o
nh mc thanh 1000 ml
b. Dung dch HNO
3
1%
c. Dung dch AgNO
3
1%: Can 1 g AgNO
3
hoa tan vao nc cat nh mc thanh 100
ml
d. Dung dch hap thu: nc cat 2 lan

3. Trnh t th nghiem
3.1Lay mau
Cho vao ong hap thu 5 ml nc cat. Hut vi toc o 20 l/h. The tch khong kh can
lay vi nong o HCl trung bnh 10 15 lt.
3.2 Lp ng chuan
STT 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Dd HCl t/c 100ppm 0 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Dd HNO
3
1% 1 ml
AgNO
3
1% 1 ml
Nc ct 3 2.97 2.95 2.92 2.9 2.85 2.8 2.75
HCl(g/ml) 0 3 5 8 10 15 20 25


-109-

3.3 Phan tch
Lay 3 ml dung dch a hap thu cho vao ong nghiem. Sau o cho them 1 ml HNO
3

1% va 1 ml AgNO
3
1% , lac eu e 10 phut so mau bc song 450nm.
4. Cach tnh
T loat chuan o, o hap thu, ve gian o A = f(C), s dung phng trnh bnh
phng cc tieu e lap phng trnh y = ax + b. T tr so o hap thu cua mau A
m

suy ra nong o C
m
.
Nong o HCl trong khong kh (X) tnh ra mg/m
3
theo cong thc:
3
( / )
ht
HCl
xd
y V
C mg m
V V

Trong o:
y: Ham lng HCl trong day chuan (g)
V
ht
: Tong the tch dung dch hap thu (ml)
V
xd
: The tch dung dch hap thu lay ra phan tch (ml)
V: The tch kh a hut ieu kien chuan (lt)

Bai 37: XAC NH CO
2
- PHNG PHAP HAP THU CO
2
BANG Ba(OH)
2

Tieu chuan bo y te Thng qui ky thuat Y hoc lao ong va ve sinh moi trng
1. Gii thieu chung
1.1 Y ngha moi trng
CO
2
la kh khong mau, khong mui, v te te.
CO
2
la san pham cua qua trnh ot chay hoan toan cac chat hu c thng dung
hang ngay nh kh ot (gas), dau hoi, than, Qua trnh phan huy cac chat hu c
cung nh qua trnh ho hap cua thc vat tao ra nhieu CO
2
.
Ve mat oc chat hoc CO
2
c xem la khong co oc tnh oi vi ngi va la mot
chat gay ngat n thuan, tng t nh nit
Trong thc te, CO
2
la nguyen nhan cua nhieu tai nan chet ngi nhieu ni tren
the gii cung nh Viet Nam, trong i song cung nh trong san xuat.
Ve mat ve sinh hoc, CO
2
c xem nh la mot ch so anh gia mc o trong sach
cung nh s thong thoang cua khong kh noi chung.
1.2 Nguyen tac
CO
2
tac dung vi Ba(OH)
2
tao thanh BaCO
3
:
CO
2

+ Ba(OH)
2
= BaCO
3
+ H
2
O
Cho khong kh tac dung vi mot lng tha Ba(OH)
2
, chuan o Ba(OH)
2
d bang
acid oxalic:
Ba(OH)
2
+ HOOC-COOH = Ba(COO)
2
+ 2 H
2
O
Biet lng Ba(OH)
2
d se tnh c lng Ba(OH)
2
a tac dung va do o tnh c
nong o CO
2
trong khong kh.

-110-

- Chai lay mau (ra sach ngam vao dung dch sulforomic 5 gi, sau o ra lai
va trang nc cat, say kho, e nguoi va ay nut).
- Burte 25 ml.
- Pipet 5 ml, 10 ml, 20 ml.
- Bm hut kh 1 lt/phut.
- Spectrophotometer.
2.2 Hoa chat
a. Dung dch Barit: Can 1,40 g Ba(OH)
2
.2H
2
O va 0,08 g BaCl
2
hoa tan bang nc
cat un soi e nguoi, nh mc thanh 1 lt.
b. Dung dch axit ocxalic 100 ppm: Hoa tan 0,5632 g H
2
C
2
O
4
.2H
2
O bang nc cat
un soi e nguoi sau o nh mc thanh 1 lt (1ml = 0,1 mg cacbon dioxyt )
c. Dung dch phenolphthalein 0,1%: Can 0.1g phenolphthalein pha trong 100 ml
con 90
0

3. Trnh t th nghiem
3.1 Lay mau
Mang chai en ni lay mau, bm khong kh vao chai gap 6 lan the tch chai. Xong
rot vao 20ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
, ay nut, lac. Moi iem lay hai mau song song.
Sau 4 gi lay ra 10 ml dung dch Baryt a hap thu cho vao o vai giot
phenolphtalein va chuan o bang dung dch axit oxalic en het mau hong. Lam mau
trang song song vi mau thc.
Ghi chu: trong trng hp khong xuat hien mau hong, cho phep lam lai vi
Ba(OH)
2
gap oi (40ml). Hoac phai chuyen sang xac nh bang phng phap hap
thu bang Bary saccharat.
3.2 Phan tch
Lng dung dch hap thu e sau 4 gi c cho vao bnh tam giac va trang bnh hap
thu bang mot t nc cat roi o vao bnh tam giac. Chuan o bang axit oxalic en
mat mau.

4. Cach tnh
( ) 0.1 1000
%
( )
N n b
C o
a V v

=

Trong o:
N : the tch dung dch oxalic dung chuan trang (ml)
n : the tch dung dch oxalic dung chuan mau (ml)
V : the tch chai (lt)
v : the tch dung dch Baryt cho vao chai (ml)
a : the tch dung dch Baryt a hap thu CO
2
em chuan o.
b : the tch dung dch Baryt cho vao chai

-111-

Bai 38: XAC NH SUNFUR DIOXIT (SO
2
)
PHNG PHAP HAP THU BANG TETRACLOMECURAT

I. Gii thieu chung
1. Y ngha moi trng
Kh sulfur dioxyt (SO
2
) c xem la chat gay o nhiem trong ho sulfur oxyt.
Kh SO
2
la kh khong mau, khong chay, co v hang cay. Do qua trnh tac dung cua
quang hoa hoc hay mot xuc tac nao o ma kh SO
2
de dang b oxy hoa va bien
thanh kh SO
3
trong kh quyen. Chung lai tac dung vi hi nc trong khong kh am
t va bien thanh acid sulfuric hay cac muoi sulfate, chung se nhanh chong tach
khoi kh quyen va ri xuong at.
SO
x
gay nguy hai oi vi vat lieu xay dng va o dung, chnh v s bien thanh acid
sulfuric co phan ng manh. Chung lam h hong va thay oi cau truc vat ly, mau sac
cua vat lieu xay dng,... ch can nong o SO
2
nho cung anh hng en s sinh
trng cua rau qua.

2. Nguyen tac
Phng phap West - Gaeke da tren s hap thu va on nh SO
2
trong khong kh
bang dung dch Na (hoac K) Tetrachlomercurat II e tao thanh phc chat
Dichlosunficmercurat II.
Phc chat sunfit chong lai s oxyt hoa cua oxy trong kh quyen va on nh ngay ca
s co mat cua cac chat oxy hoa manh nh ozon va cac oxyt cua Nit. nh lng
SO
2
thu c bang Pararosanilin Methylsunfonic.
C che phan ng:

2 NaCl + HgCl
2
= 2 Na
+
+ [ HgCl
4
]
2-

Tetraclomercurat

SO
2
+ [ HgCl
4
]
2-
+ H
2
O = [HgCl
2
SO
3
]
2-
+ 2 H
+
+ 2 Cl
-

[HgCl
2
SO
3
]
2-
+ H
2
CO + 2H
+
+

+ 2 Cl
-
+ H
2
O + Hg
2+

Sau o cho acid Metylsunfomic tac dung vi Pararosanilin trong HCl e tao thanh
phc chat mau o tm acid Pararosanilin Metylsunfonic.
NH
2
NH
2
C NH
2
+
NH
2
NH
2
C NH
CH
2
SO
3
H
H

-112-

o nhay: 0,015 - 0,6 mg/m
3
lay mau 38,2 lt khong kh. He thong tuan theo nh luat
Beer - Lamber vi nong o khoang 0,25 mg/ 10 ml dung dch hap thu
II. Dung cu, thiet b & hoa chat
1. Dung cu, thiet b
- Impinger
- Ong nghiem 10mm
- Bnh nh mc 50ml
- Pipetman 0,5ml, 1ml, 5ml
- Bm hut khong kh 1 lt/phut
- Spectrophotometric.
2. Hoa chat
- HCHO
- Pararosaniline
- Acid sulfamic
- Iodine
3. Chuan b thuoc th
a. Dung dch hap thu TCM 0,04M (Potassium Tetrachloro Mercurate): Hoa tan
10,86 g HgCl
2
+ 5,96 g KCl (hoac 4,68 g NaCl) + 0,066g EDTA pha vi nc cat
thanh 1 lt, chnh pH dung dch nay en 5,2 bang muoi KCl, dung dch on nh 6
thang (neu dung dch b ket tua th o bo).
b. Dung dch acid sulfamic 0,6% (NH
2
SO
3
H):Hoa tan 0,3 g sulfamic acid trong 50
ml nc cat. Dung dch nay gi c vai ngay.
c. Dung dch HCl 1N: pha 8,6ml HCl 36% (11,6M) vi nc cat thanh 100ml.
d. Dung dch H
3
PO
4
3M: pha 20,5 ml H
3
PO
4
85% (14,6M) vi nc cat thanh
100ml.
e. Pararosaniline 0,2% stock: can 0,2g pararosaniline pha trong 100 ml HCl 1N.
f. Tac nhan Pararosaniline: Lay 20 ml dung dch stock vao bnh nh mc 250,
them 25 ml H
3
PO
4
3M roi nh mc bang nc cat en vach nh mc.
g. Dung dch HCHO 0,2% : 5 ml HCHO 40% pha trong 1 lt, ch pha trc khi dung.
h. Ch th ho tinh bot 1%: can 1 g tinh bot hoa tan trong 80 ml nc cat, un soicho
en khi tan het, khuay eu e nguoi, cho them vai giot HCHO roi chuyen vao
chai thuy tinh.
i. Dung dch sulfite chuan 300 ppm: Hoa tan 0,2436g Na
2
SO
3
(hoac 0,3713g
Na
2
S
2
O
5
) trong 500 ml nc cat un soi, e nguoi
Xac nh lai nong o that s cua dung dch sulfite nay bang cach cho mot lng
d Iodine va chuan bang Na
2
S
2
O
3
chuan 0,01N.
j. Dung dch sulfite pha loang 6 ppm: lay chnh xac 2 ml dung dch chuan vao bnh
nh mc 100 ml, nh mc bang dung dch hap thu.
III. Trnh t th nghiem
1. Lay mau
Cho 10 ml dung dch hap thu vao ong hap thu hut vi van toc 1 L/phut, lay 30 lt,
ghi nhiet o va ap suat ni lay mau

-113-

2. Phan tch
Cho dung dch SO
2
pha loang vao bnh nh mc 25ml, them dung dch hap thu
cho u 10 ml, lam cung ieu kien vi thang.
Ong
Dung dch
0 1 2 3 4 5
dung dch sulfite pha 6 ppm 0 1 2 3 4 5
TCM 0,04M 10 9 8 7 6 5
Acid Sulfamic 0,6% 1 1 1 1 1 1
Lac eu e yen 10 phut
HCHO 2 2 2 2 2 2
Tac nhan Pararosaniline 5 5 5 5 5 5
Ham lng SO
2
(g) 0 8 16 24 32 40
Lac eu, e yen 30 phut o mau bc song 560 nm
IV. Cach tnh
phng cc tieu e lap phng trnh dang:
y = ax + b. T tr so o hap thu cua mau A
m
suy ra nong o C
m
.
Nong o SO
2
trong khong kh (X) tnh theo cong thc:

3
( / )
y A
C mg m
B V

Trong o:
y : Ham lng SO
2
ng vi thang mau (g);
A: Tong so dung dch hap thu (ml);
B: Dung dch hap thu lay ra phan tch (ml);
V: The tch khong kh lay mau (l). (Tnh ieu kien tieu chuan).


-114-

Bai 39: XAC NH DIOXYT NIT (NO
2
)
PHNG PHAP HAP THU BANG NaOH 0,5N
Tieu chuan Bo Y Te - Thng qui ky thuat - Y hoc lao ong va ve sinh moi trng

1. Gii thieu chung
1.1 Y ngha moi trng
1.2 Nguyen tac
Phng phap o mau da tren phan ng cua acid nit vi thuoc th Griess - Ilosvay
cho mot hp chat mau hong;
Trc het NO
2
c hap thu vao dung dch NaOH, sau o them CH
3
COOH e
chuyen thanh HNO
2.
2NO
2
+ 2NaOH NaNO
2
+ NaNO
3
+ H
2
O
NaNO
2
+ CH
3
COOH HNO
2
+ CH
3
COONa
Acid nit tac dung vi acid sunfanilic va Naphtylamin cho ra hp chat azirie mau
hong.
SO
3
H SO
3
Na

C
6
H
4
- NH
2
+ NaNO
2
+ CH
3
COOH [C
6
H
4
] CH
3
COO + 2H
2
O

N=N

SO
3
Na SO
3
Na

[C
6
H
4
] CH
3
COO + C
10
H
7
NH
2
C
6
H
4
- N=N - C
10
H
6
NH
2
+ CH
3
COOH

N=N Naphtylamin Hp chat mau hong

o nhay phng phap: 0,0005 mg NO
2

0,001 mg NO
2

2. Dung cu, thiet b & hoa chat
2.1 Dung cu, thiet b
- Impinger.
- Chai e hut chan khong (t 0,5 - 1 lt).
- Ong nghiem so mau.
- Pipet 1ml, 2ml, 5ml.
- Spectrophotometric.
2.2 Hoa chat
a. Thuoc th Griess
- Thuoc th Griess A: Can 0,5g acid sunfanilic cho vao 150 ml dung dch
CH
3
COOH loang 10 % (50 ml CH
3
COOH ac vi 500ml nc cat). un nho la
cho tan.

-115-

- Thuoc th Griess B: Can 0,1g Naphtylamin cho vao 20ml nc cat. un cach
thuy 15 phut sau o gan lay nc trong vao 150ml dung dch CH
3
COOH loang
10%.
Khi dung tuy theo lng can thiet, lay cung the tch dung dch Griess A va
Griess B tron eu. Dung dch nay khong bao quan c lau.
b. Dung dch lu tr N-NO
2
100ppm: Can 0,1515 g NaNO
2
tinh khiet va kho, hoa
tan trong 1 lt nc cat.
c. Dung dch s dung N-NO
2
5 ppm: Hut 25 ml dung dch lu tr nh mc 500 ml
Chu y: theo phan ng cu 2NO
2
th cho 1NO
2
, do o khi nh lng NO
2
trong
khong kh th phai nhan ket qua len hai lan.
V du: 1ml dung dch cha 0,005 mg NO
2
th tng ng vi 0,01 mg kh NO
2
.
d. Dung dch CH
3
COOH 5N: (CH
3
COOH ac pha loang 1/3)
e. Dung dch NaOH 0,5N hay 0,1N.
f. Nc cat: dung phai bao quan tot, khong co mau vi thuoc th Griess.

3. Trnh t th nghiem
3.1 Phng phap chan khong
Lay chai co the tch a biet (t 0,5 - 1 lt). Co khoa thuy tinh cam qua nut cao su.
Cho vao bnh 5ml dung dch NaOH 0,5N. em hut chan khong. Mang bnh en ni
lay mau m khoa cho khong kh vao ay chai. Lac chai trong khoang 20 - 30 phut
hoac e lau hn.
3.2 Phng phap ong hap thu
Cho vao ong hap thu 5ml NaOH 0.5N. Lap vao he thong bnh lay mau khong kh,
toc o 15l/h. Lay dung dch a hap thu NO
2
em phan tch nh cach tren.
3.3 Phng phap phan tch
Lay ra t 1 - 2ml (ml) dung dch trong chai cho vao ong so mau. Acid hoa bang acid
acetic 5N. C 1ml NaOH 0,5N th cho, 0,5ml acid acetic 5N va cho them nc cat
va u 4ml. Cho 0,5ml dung dch Griess A va 0,5ml dung dch Griess B lac eu e
10 phut so mau vi thang mau mau.
Pha thang mau:
lay 10 ong nghiem 18cm, co ng knh bang nhau anh so t 0-6
STT 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Dung dch tieu chuan NO
2
5 ppm 0 0,1 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Nc cat 4 3,9 3,8 3,6 3,4 3,2 3
Thuoc th Griess A + B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Ham lng NO
2
(g) 0 0,1 2 4 6 8 10
Thang mau t nhien ch nen dung trong vong 2 gi, e lau mat mau.
4. Cach tnh
phng cc tieu e lap phng trnh y = ax + b
m
suy ra nong o C
m
.

-116-

Nong o NO
2
trong khong kh (X) tnh theo cong thc:
3
( / )
y A
C mg m
B V

Trong o:
y : Ham lng NO
2
ng vi thang mau (g);
A: Tong so dung dch hap thu (ml);
B : Dung dch hap thu lay ra phan tch (ml);
V: The tch khong kh lay mau (l). (Tnh ieu kien tieu chuan.

Bai 40: XAC NH AMMONIAC
PHNG PHAP HAP THU BANG H
2
SO
4
0,01N

1. Gii thieu chung
1.1 Y ngha moi trng
Ammoniac la mot dung dch khong mau, mui hang.
Dung dch ammoniac thng c s dung e tay trang, san xuat phan am. Kh
ammoniac thng dung trong ky thuat ong lanh, de gay ton hai rat nang ng
th, ht phai ot ngot trong vai phut co the gay soc va chet, co le do gay c che day
phe v, tai nan nay hay gap trong cac x nghiep cong nghiep, nhng ni san xuat
nc a, kem. Neu b no ong dan hi ammoniac, nan nhan co the b bong nang, gay
soc, nan nhan chet v viem phe quan phoi va xuat huyet than. Can lu y phong
th nghiem, khi ngi mot dung dch nao khong nhan, neu la ammoniac co the gay
viem phe quan hay viem phe quan phoi.
1.2 Nguyen tac
Khi cho ammoniac tac dung vi thuoc th Nessler c mot hp chat mau vang va
neu nong o ammoniac cao th se co mau nau uc, theo phan ng sau:
2(2 KI.HgI
2
) + NH
3
+ 3 KOH (NH
2
)Hg-O-HgI + 7 KI + 2 H
2
O
mau vang
o nhay cua phng phap la 0,001mg trong 10ml dung dch. Phng phap nay b
hydrosunfua va fomaldehyt gay tr ngai.

- Impinger
- Pipet 0,5 ml, 1 ml, 5 ml, 10 ml, 20 ml;
- Ong nghiem
- Bm 1l/phut
- Spectrophotometric
2.2 Hoa chat
a. Nc cat hai lan: khong co Ammonia, phai kiem tra trc khi dung
b. Dung dch lu tr NH
3
1000ppm (1 ml = 1 mg = 1000 g N-NH
3
): Hoa tan 3,1623
g NH
4
Cl (a say kho 105
0
C) them nc cat cho u 1 lt

-117-

c. Dung dch chuan N-NH
3
10ppm: (1 ml = 10 g N-NH
3
). Pha loang 10 ml dung
dch lu tr vi nc cat cho u 1 lt
d. Thuoc th Nessler: hoa tan 45,5 g HgI
2
(mercuric iodide) va 34,9 g KI vi 1 t
nc cat (dung dch A).
Hoa tan 160 g NaOH vao 500 ml nc cat, lam nguoi (dung dch B). Rot cham
va khuay eu dung dch A vao dung dch B tren roi pha loang thanh 1 lt. e
lang 1 ngay, s dung phan trong.
Chu y: thuoc th Nessler nen than trong khi cam tay bi v no oc va an mon..
e. Dung dch hap thu H
2
SO
4
0.01N: dung dch hap thu axit sunfuaric 0,01N.
3. Trnh t th nghiem
3.1 Lay mau
Cho 5 ml dung dch hap thu vao impinger. Hut khong kh qua impinger vi toc o
1l/min trong 5 phut. Ghi lai the tch lay mau.
3.2 ng chuan
STT
DD
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Dung dch chuan N-NH
3

10 ppm
0 0,1 0,25 0,5 0,75 1,0 1,25
Nc cat 5 4,9 4,75 4,5 4,25 4,0 3,75
Thuoc th Nessler (giot) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
C (g/ml) 0 0,2 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5

3.3 Phan tch
Cho 5ml dung dch a hap thu ammoniac vao ong nghiem, them 5 giot thuoc th
Nessler. Lac eu, em so mau bc song 430nm.

4. Cach tnh
phng cc tieu e lap phng trnh y = ax T tr so o hap thu cua mau A
m
suy ra
nong o C
m
.
Nong o ammoniac trong khong kh tnh ra mg/ m
3
theo cong thc
mg NH
3
/ m
3
= (a*b/c*V) * 1000
Trong o:
a : ham lng ammoniac trong ong thang mau (mg)
b : tong the tch dung dch hap thu
c : the tch dung dch hap thu lay ra phan tch
V
o
: The tch khong kh c lay (lt) ieu kien chuan.


-118-

Bai 41: XAC NH HYDROSUNFUA
PHNG PHAP HAP THU BANG CADIMI SULFAT

1. Gii thieu chung
1.1 Y ngha moi trng
La mot kh khong mau, mui trng thoi, nang hn khong kh va la mot chat oc cua
ho hap te bao
Nhiem oc hydrosunfua (H
2
S) thng gap trong cong nghiep lam chat mau loc dau,
cong nghiep cao su lam cac loai dau nhn, si tong hp (vicose), thuoc da,...;
Cac ho x t hoai, cac cong ngam co nhieu hydrosunfua co khi gay tai nan cho cong
nhan ve sinh.
1.2 Nguyen tac
Hi H
2
S c hap thu vao dung dch Cadimi Sulfat, cho tac dung vi dung dch p.
amino dimetylanilin vi s co mat cua FeCl
3
trong moi trng acid cho mau xanh
metylen.
H
2
S + 2[NH
2
C
6
H
4
N(CH
3
)
2
.HCl] + 6FeCl
3

N
(CH
3
)
2
NC
6
H
3
C
6
H
3
N(CH
3
)
2
Cl + NH
4
Cl + 6FeCl
2
+ 6HCl
S
Xanh metylen
Theo cng o mau, ta co the nh lng H
2
S co mat trong khong kh bang phng
phap so mau.

- Impinger
- Bm lay mau khong kh
- Spectrophotometric
2.2 Hoa chat
a. Dung dch acid sulfuric 0,5N
b. Dung dch acid clohyric 6N
c. Dung dch Iod 0,1N: Dung dch Iodine 0,1N stock: cho 12,7g I
2
vao beaker 250
ml, them 40g KI va 25 ml nc. Khuay cho en khi tan het. nh mc en 1 lt.
d. Dung dch chuan Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,1N: Lay 25 g Na
2
S
2
O
3
.5H
2
O nh mc thanh 1 lt vi
nc cat un soi e nguoi, them 0,1g Na
2
CO
3
, dung dch e 1 ngay trc khi
chuan o.
e. Dung dch hap thu Cadimisulfat - sulfuric: can 2,5 g Cadimisulfat pha vao 500ml
acid sulfuric 0,5N
f. Dung dch H
2
S lu tr 1000 ppm: can 1g Natri Sulfur ( Na
2
S) trong 1 lt nc cat
(1ml dung dch = 1mg H
2
S)

-119-

g. Dung dch H
2
S tieu chuan 10 ppm: Lay 1 ml dung dch lu tr H
2
S nh mc
thanh 100 ml (1 ml dung dch = 0,01 mg H
2
S);
h. Dung dch FeCl
3
1%: can 1g FeCl
3
khan pha vao trong 100 ml nc cat. e tranh
thuy phan, cho them mot t acid clohydric am ac.
k. Dung dch p.amino dimetylanilin.

3. Trnh t th nghiem
3.1 Lay mau: Cho vao ong hap thu 5 ml dung dch hap thu, hut vi toc o 20 l/h en
khi dung dch co mau nau th ngng. Ghi lai the tch khong kh a hut.
3.2 Thang mau
So th t (ml) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
DD t/chuan H
2
S
10 ppm
0 0,01 0,03 0,05 0,08 0,1 0,13 0,15
DD hap thu 4 3,99 3,97 3,95 3,92 3,9 3,87 3,85
H
2
S (mg/l) 0 0,1 0,3 0,5 0,8 1 1,3 1,5
o bc song 570 nm. Thang mau e c 3 ngay

4. Cach tnh
phng cc tieu e lap phng trnh y = ax + b. T tr so o hap thu cua mau A
m

suy ra nong o C
m
.
Nong o H
2
S trong khong kh tnh ra mg/ m
3
theo cong thc
3
( / )
y A
C mg m
B V

Trong o:
y : ham lng H
2
S trong thang mau (g)
A : tong the tch dung dch hap thu (ml)
B : the tch dung dch hap thu lay ra phan tch (ml)
V : the tch kh a hut ieu kien chuan (l).


-120-

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

1. Standard Methods.
2. Tai lieu thc hanh Hoa Moi Trng, H Dan Lp Vn Lang.
3. Tai lieu thc hanh Hoa Moi Trng, Vien Moi trng va Tai nguyen, H Quoc
gia tp HCM.
4. Tai lieu thc tap Moi Trng at, H Ky Thuat Cong Nghe.

Phan Tich Cac Chi Tieu Moi Truong - TS Dinh Hai Ha

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B CNG THNG

I HC CNG NGHIP THNH PH H CH MINH

the tch hoa chat am ac can hut e pha (ml)

the tch hoa chat am ac can hut e pha, ml.

: the tch dung dch co nong o cao ban au ml.

vao tng ong.

100 724 , 1 003 , 0 ) (

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