Tran Thanh Minh - Phan Lu Bien Tran Quang Ngha

PHAN TCH CAC E

Hnh hoc phang

trong e thi H 2003-2010

cac ban A-B-D

LTH: Chuyn HNH HC PHNG

PHNG PHP TO PHNG
1.NG THNG

1. Phng trnh ca ng thng qua M0( x0 ; y0 ) v c VTPT n = (a ; b) l : a(x x0) + b(y y0)
Phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng c dng :
ax + by + c = 0

G
n

G
trong n = (a ; b) l mt VTPT .

G
a

qua A(a ; 0) v B(0 ; b)

:

x y
+ =1
a b

Phng trnh ng thng c h s gc l k :

y = kx + m vi k = tan l gc hp bi tia Mt ca pha trn Ox v tia Mx.

Phng trnh ng thng AB :

x - xA
y yA
=
xB - xA
yB yA

2. Khang cch t M (xo ; yo ) n ng thng : ax + by + c = 0 l

: d(M, ) = MH =

| ax 0 + by o + c |

a2 + b 2

3.Gc ( khng t ) to bi 1: a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 v 2 : a2x + b2y + c 2 = 0 l :

cos(1 ; 2 ) =

| a1 a 2 + b 1 b 2 |

a1 2 + b 1 2 a 2 2 + b 2 2

1 2 a1a2 + b1b2 = 0
4.Phng trnh tham s ca ng thng

Phng trnh chnh tc ca ng thng qua M0

( a1 0 v a2 0)

G
x = x o + ta1
a = (a1 ; a2 ) l :
y = yo + ta 2
G
x x o y yo
=
(x0 ; y0) v c VTCP a = (a1 ; a2 ) l :
a1
a2

Phng trnh tham s ca ng thng qua M0 (x0 ; y0) v c VTCP

Nu n = (a; b) l VTPT ca th

G
a = (b ; - a) hay ( - b ; a) l mt VTCP ca .

2. NG TRN
1. Trong mt phng ta Oxy , phng trnh ng trn tmI(h ; k) bn knh R l :
(x h)2 + (y k)2 = R2 .
Phng trnh ng trn
(O, R) l : x2 + y2 = R2
2. Trong mt phng ta Oxy , mi phng trnh c dng :
x2 + y2 - 2ax - 2by + c = 0 vi a2 + b2 c > 0 l phng trnh ng trn :
tm I( a ; b), bn knh R = a + b c
3. Tip tuyn vi ng trn
(x h)2 + (y k)2 = R2 ti tip im T(x0 ; y0) l :
2

IT = ( x 0 h; y 0 k ) c phng trnh :
(x0 h)(x x0) + (y0 k)(y y0) = 0

T
ng thng qua T v vung gc

3
ng thng l tip tuyn ca ng trn (I, R) d(I, ) = R

&3. CNIC

1. Elip
a. nh ngha . Cho hai im c nh F1 , F2 vi F1 F2 = 2c v mt di
khng i 2a ( a > c). Elip l tp hp nhng im M sao cho :

B2

M
x

F1M + F2M = 2a
F1 , F2 : tiu im , F1F2 : tiu c ,

A1

F1

F2

A2

F1M , F2M : bn knh qua tiu e = c/a : tm sai.

B1

2. Phng trnh chnh tc . Vi F1( - c ; 0) , F2(c ; 0) :

M(x ; y) (E)

x2 y2
+
= 1 vi b2 = a2 - c 2 .
a2 b 2

* Hnh ch nht gii hn bi cc ng x = a , y = b gi l hnh ch nht c s ca hypebol.

F1M = a +

cx M
cx M
= a + exM ; F2M = a
= a - exM
a
a

2. Hypebol
a. nh ngha .Cho hai im c nh F1 , F2 vi F1 F2 = 2c v mt di
khng i 2a ( a > c) . Hypebol l tp hp nhng im M sao cho :

F1 M - F2 M = 2a

A1

A2

F1 , F2 : tiu im ; F1 F2 : tiu c .
F1M , F2M : bn knh qua tiu; e = c/a : tm sai.
b. Phng trnh chnh tc Vi F1( - c ; 0) , F2(c ; 0) :
M(x ; y) (H)

x2
y2
= 1 vi b2 = c2 - a 2
2
2
a
b

* Hnh ch nht gii hn bi cc ng x = a , y = b gi l hnh ch nht c s ca hypebol.

* ng thng y =

b
x gi l hai tim cn .
a

c
c
a x M + a , M nhanh phai
x M a , M nhanh phai
* F1M = ex M + a =
* F2 M = ex M a = a
c x a , M nhanh trai
c x + a , M nhanh trai
a M
a M
3. Parabol
a. nh ngha : Cho im F v ng thng () khng cha F . Parabol l tp hp
y
M
cc im M sao cho :
MF = d(M , ())
K
F : tiu im; () : ng chun ca parabol
p = d(F, ) : tham s tiu

b. Phng trnh chnh tc ca parabol .

p
p
Vi F( ; 0) v : x = .
2
2

x
M(x ; y) (P) y = 2px
2

FM = p/2 + xM

PHN TCH CC DNG TON HNH PHNG:

3

Phng php
Thng thng ta gp cc dng sau khi gii mt thi i hc mn hnh phng :
Dng 1: Tm to mt im tha cc tnh cht cho trc
Dng 2 : Vit phng trnh ng thng , ng trn hay mt cnic tha mt tnh cht cho
trc
Dng 1: Tm to mt im tha cc tnh cht cho trc
C 2 cch:
Cch 1: S dng cng thc to trung im , trng tm, iu kin bng nhau, cng phng,
vung gc ca hai vect tm to ca im cn tm mt cch trc tip.
Cch 2: T tnh cht ca im , ta thit lp phng trnh (c n l honh , tung ) hay h
phng trnh (c n l to ca im cn tm). Gii phng trnh hay h phng trnh, ta
c to im cn tm. Cc cng thc v to , iu kin cng phng, vung gc, khong
cch , phng trnh cc ng cha im y . . . cung cp cho ta nhng phng trnh xc nh.
1. D2004 . Trong mt phng Oxy, cho tam gic ABC vi A(- 1; 0), B(4; 0) v C(0, m). Xc nh m
tam gic GAB vung ti G vi G l trng tm ca tam gic ABC.
Gii
JJJG
JJJG
Ta thit lp phng trnh n m tm m. Tnh cht l GA v GB vung gc . Phng trnh l iu
kin vung gc ca hai vect.
x A + xB + xc

=1
JJJG
JJJG
xG =
3
Ta G:
=> GA = (- 2; - m/3); GB = (3 ; - m/3)
y = y A + yB + yc = m
G
3
3
JJJG JJJG
Tam gic GAB vung ti G GA . GB = 0 - 6 + m2/9 = 0 m = 3 6 .
2. B2003 . Trong mt phng Oxy, cho tam gic ABC vung cn ti A, im M(1; - 1) l trung im BC
v G(2/3; 0) l trng tm ABC. Tnh to A, B, C.
Gii
JJJG
JJJJG
C
Theo tnh cht trng tm: MA = 3.MG
xA 1 = 3.(1/ 3)

=> A= (0; 2)
y A + 1 = 3.(1)
M
B, C u nm trn ng thng qua M(1 ; - 1) v vung gc
JJJG
G
MA = ( 1;3) c phng trnh : - 1(x 1) + 3(y + 1) = 0
- x + 3y + 4 = 0 (1)
Mt khc MB = MC = MA = 10 , nn to ca B, C l
B
A
(1)
nghim ca h:
2
2
( x 1) + ( y + 1) = 1 (2)
Gii h ny ta c to B v C l (4 ; 0) v (-2 ; - 2).
9 Cch khc: Nu nh c tnh cht sau th ta khng cn phi gii h tm to B, C.

G
G
G
Cho u v v l hai vect vung gc , c di bng nhau th th nu u = ( A; B ) th
G
G
v = ( B; A) hay v = ( B; A) . Qui tc ny rt ra t lin h gia vect ch phng v vect php tuyn
ca mt ng thng .
JJJG
JJJJG
JJJG JJJJG
JJJG
MB = (3;1); MC = (3; 1)
V MB ; MC vung gc MA = ( 1;3) v c di bng MA do : JJJG
JJJJG
MB = (3; 1); MC = (3;1)
T ta tnh ngay c to B v C.
3. D2009 . Trong mt phng Oxy , cho ng trn : (x 1)2 + y2 = 1 Gi I l tm ca (C) . Xc nh
to im M thuc (C) sao cho thuc sao cho gc IMO=300 .
Gii
Nu bn nhn ra l ng trn c tm I(1 ; 0), bn knh R = 1, v
M
qua gc O th vic gii s d dng.
0
0
V gc IMO = 30 nn gc IOM = 30 (tam gic IOM cn ti I), suy ra
1
. Do phng
ng thng OM c h s gc l tan 300 =
3
x
. Th vo phng trnh ng
trnh ng thng OM l y =
I
O
3
trn, ta c phng trnh tnh honh im I.
Cch khc: Dng nh l hm cosin trong tam gic OIM:
OM2 = IO2 + IM2 2.IO. IM.cos1200
M IO = IM = 1, ta suy ra : OM2 = 3 => OM = 3
x2 + y2 = 3 (x; y) l to ca M. M li thuc ng trn , do ta c h phng trnh tnh to
im M.
4. D2006. Trong mt phng Oxy, cho ng trn (C): x2 + y2 - 2x - 2y + 1 = 0 v ng thng d: x y
+ 3 = 0. Tm ta im M nm trn d sao cho ng trn tm M, c bn knh gp i bn knh ng
trn (C), tip xc ngoi vi ng trn (C).
Gii
M thuc d: x y + 3 = 0 => M = (x ; x + 3).
(C) c tm I(1 ; 1), bn knh R = 1. ng trn tm M c bn knh R = 2.
(C) v (M) tip xc ngoi IM = R + R= 3
(x 1)2 + (x + 2)2 = 9 2x2 + 2x 4 = 0
x = 1 hay x = - 2 . Vy M(1 ; 4) hay M(- 2; 1).
5. Trong mt phng Oxy, cho tam gic cn ABC, cn ti A(0 ; - 3), c trng tm G thuc ng thng
x + 2y = 0 v ng thng BC qua im D(1 ; 2). Tm to trung im M ca BC.

Gii

Gi (x; y) l to im M. Ta s thit lp h phng trnh n x, y

bng cch khai thc hai tnh cht ca im M.
G
B

C 5

Trc
ht v tam gic ABC cn ti A nn trung tuyn AM cng l ng cao. Suy ra:
JJJJG JJJJG
AM .DM = 0 <=> ( x 0)( x 1) + ( y + 3)( y 2) = 0
<=> x 2 + y 2 x + y 6 = 0 (1)
x A + xB + xC 2 x

=
xG =
3
3
Trng tm G c to :
y = y A + yB + yC = 3 + 2 y
G
3
3
2x
3 + 2 y
G thuc ng thng x + 2y = 0
+ 2.
= 0 <=> x + 2 y 3 = 0 (2)
3
3
Gii h (2) v (3) ta c to im M.
T (2): x = - 2y + 3.
Th vo (1): (-2y + 3)2 + y2 (- 2y + 3) + y 6 = 0 5y2 10y = 0
y = 0 ; y = 2.
y = 0 => x = 3 ; y = 2 => x = - 1.
Vy M(3 ; 0) hay M(- 1; 2).
Nu phi tnh to nhiu im (cc nh ca tam gic , t gic) th thng ta chn to mt
im lm n s, nu c . T gi thit ca bi ton, ta s tm to cc im cn li theo n
s v lp phng trnh hay h phng trnh tm cc n s .
6.A2005 . Trong mt phng Oxy cho hai ng thng d1: x- y = 0 v d2 : 2x + y - 1 = 0, tm cc nh
ca hnh vung ABCD bit A thuc d1 , C thuc d2 v B, D thuc Ox.
Gii (Hnh v ch c tnh tng i)
V A thuc d1: x y = 0 nn c to (a; a).
Do A, C i xng qua BD m B, D thuc Ox nn A, C
i xng qua Ox. Suy ra C = (a ; - a).
M C thuc d2: 2x + y 1 = 0 nn 2a + ( - a) 1 = 0 a
= 1. Vy A(1 ; 1 ), C(1 ; - 1). Suy ra to trung I ca
tm hnh vung l (1 ; 0).
Do IB = ID = 1 , ta c B(0; 0) v D(2 ; 0) hay ngc
li.

d1

I
B

D
d2

Trong v d sau, ta phi t 2 n s l honh

ca B v C. T gi thit ta s lp h phng trnh theo 2 n s chn.
7. B2007 . Trong mt phng Oxy, cho im A(2; 2) v cc ng thng: d1: x + y 2 = 0, d2: x + y
8 = 0. Tm ta cc im B v C ln lt thuc d1 v d2 sao cho tam gic ABC vung cn ti A.
Gii
JJJG
B thuc d1:x + y 2 = 0 => B = (b; 2 b) => AB = (b 2; b)
JJJG
C thuc d2: x + y 8 = 0 => C = (c ; 8 c) => AC = (c 2; 6 c ) (1)

7
JJJG
JJJG JJJG
V AB ; AC l hai vect vung gc v c di bng nhau m AB = (b 2; b) nn
b = c 2

b 2 = 6 c

JJJG (b; b 2)
(2) . T (1) v (2) suy ra: b = c 2
AC =

(
;
2
)

2 b = 6 c

b = 3; c = 5
Gii h ny ta c :
.
b = 1; c = 3
Vy B(- 1; 3), C(3 ; 5) hay B(3 ; - 1), C(5 ; 3) .

Nhn xt: Trong cch gii ny ta s dng qui tc to ca hai vect vung gc v c di bng
nhau, ly
t qui tc to ca hai vect php
tuyn v ch phng ca ng thng Ax + By + C = 0,
G
G
khi n = ( A; B ) l vect php tuyn th u = ( B; A) hay ( B; A) l vect ch phng.
Nu khng
th ta sJJJ
giGi h nh sau:
JJJG
t AB = ( X ; Y ) ; AC = ( X '; Y ') , ta c:
JJJG JJJG
| AB |=| AC |
X 2 + Y 2 = X '2 + Y '2 (1)
<=>
JJJG JJJG
XX '+ YY ' = 0 (2)
AB. AC = 0
T (2): Y = - XX/Y.
Th vo (1): X2 + Y2 = X2 + (XX)2/Y2 (X2 + Y2)Y2 = X2(X2 + Y2)
X2 = Y2 X = Y hay X = -Y.
* X = Y => Y = - X
* X = - Y => Y = X.
Ta tm li qui tc trn.
8. B2008 . Trong mt phng Oxy, hy xc nh ta nh C ca tam gic ABC bit rng hnh chiu
vung gc ca C trn ng thng AB l im H(- 1; -1), ng phn gic trong ca gc A c phng
trnh x - y + 2 = 0 v ng cao k t B c phng trnh 4x + 3y 1 = 0
Gii
y l bi kh v ta phi ln lt tm to nhng im trung
gian mi n c to im C cn tm. Bi ton gii theo
A
tng nc nh mt vn c.
d : 4x+3y-1=0
Trc ht ta tm c to im K, i xng ca H qua
phn gic d qua A:
K
H(-1;-1)
Phng trnh HK qua H(- 1; - 1) v vung gc d: x y +
2 = 0 l: (x + 1) + (y + 1) = 0 x + y + 2 = 0 .
=> K = (x ; - x 2) => to trung im ca HK l
x 1 x 3
B
C
). im ny thuc d nn :
(
;
2
2
d: x-y+2=0
x 1 x 3

+ 2 = 0 x = - 3 => K(- 3; 1).

2
2
Tip theo ta vit phng trnh AC qua K(- 3; 1) v vung gc d : 4x + 3y 1 = 0 l : 3(x + 3) 4(y
1) = 0 3x 4y + 13 = 0 .

x y + 2 = 0
Suy ra to A l nghim ca h :
A(5; 7) .
3x 4 y + 13 = 0
JJJG
Nh ta vit c phng trnh CH qua H(- 1; -1) v vung gc HA = (6; 8) l :
6(x + 1) + 8(y + 1) = 0 3x + 4y + 7 = 0.
T ta tm c to C, giao im ca ng thng CH v AC, l nghim ca h :
3x + 4 y + 7 = 0
C = (- 10/3 ; ).

3x 4 y + 13 = 0
Trong bi tip ta tm mt im tha mt tnh cht hnh hc m ta c th gii bng hnh hc
hoc i s.

9. D2007 . Trong mt phng Oxy, cho ng trn (C): (x 1)2 + (y + 2)2 = 9 v ng thng d:3x 4y + m = 0 . Tm m trn d c duy nht mt im P m t c
th k c hai tip tuyn PA, PB ti (C) (A, B l cc tip im)
sao cho tam gic PAB u.
Gii
Nhn xt: y ta khng di g m tm to A, B, l iu v
cng phc tp. Ta s dng tnh cht ca hai tip tuyn ca ng
trn v t im P, thy : PAB u PAI na u IP =
2IA = 2R = 6. Bi ton thnh ra tm m sao cho trn d ch c duy
nht im P sao cho IP = 6.
Cch hnh hc : Yu cu bi ton d(I, d) = 6
| 3(1) 4(2) + m |

= 6 vi I(1 ; - 2)
5
|m + 11| = 30 m = 19 hay m = - 41
3x + m
Cch i s : P thuc d : 3x 4y + m = 0 => P = (x ;
)
4
2
3x + m

IP = 6 (x 1)2 +
+ 2 = 36 (*)
4

Yu cu bi ton (*) c nghim duy nht = 0 . . . .

P
A

I
B

Mt trong cc dng tm im c dng tm im c nh ca mt h ng cong nh trong bi

di . V d cho h ng trn (Cm) : x2 + y2 2mx + 4my + 2m 10 = 0, chng minh .
H (Cm) lun qua hai im c nh khi m thay i.

Gii : Ta c : a2 + b2 c = 5m2 2m + 10 > 0 vi mi m => (Cm) l ng trn vi mi m.

Gi (xo ; yo) l to im c nh cn tm, ta c :
xo2 + yo2 2mxo + 4myo + 2m 10 = 0 tha vi mi m
2m(- xo + 2yo + 1 ) + xo2 + yo2 10 = 0 tha vi mi m
xo + 2 yo + 1 = 0
xo = 2 yo + 1
xo = 2 yo + 1
2

2
2
2
xo + yo 10 = 0
(2 yo + 1) + yo 10 = 0
5 yo + 4 yo 9 = 0
Gii h ny ta c : (3 ; 1) v (-13/5; 9/5).
Vy h (Cm) lun qua hai im c nh (3 ; 1) v (-13/5; 9/5).

9
Tuy nhin trong bi di y ta c mt h ng thng ph thuc hai tham s , ta s gii quyt
ra sao?
10. D2008 . Trong mt phng Oxy, cho parabol (P) : y 2 = 16x v im A(1; 4). Hai im phn bit B,
C (B v C khc A) di ng trn (P) sao cho gc BAC = 900. Chng minh rng ng thng BC lun i
qua mt im c nh.
Gii
V B v C thuc (P): y2 = 16x => B = (b2/16 ; b) v C = (c2/16; c), vi b, c 4.
JJJG JJJG
JJJG
JJJG
Ta c: AB. AC = 0 vi AB = (b 2 / 16 1; b 4) ; AC = (c 2 / 16 1; c 4)

b 2 16 c 2 16
.
+ (b 4)(c 4) = 0
16
16

Chia hai v cho (b 4)(c 4) , ta c :

(b + 4)(c + 4)
+ 1 = 0 bc + 4(b + c) + 274 = 0 (1)
256

b2
y b
Phng trnh ng thng BC : 2 162 =
16x (b + c)y + bc = 0 (2)
c b
cb

16 16
x

T (1) v (2), ta thy rng nu cho 16x = 274 v y = 4 th (2) l (1), tc (2) tha vi mi gi tr ca b,
c tha (1) khi x = 17 v y = - 4 , hay ng thng BC lun qua im c nh I(17 ; - 4).
Cch khc: Nu ta chn tham s l h s gc m ca ng thng AB th phng trnh AB: y = m(x
1
1)+ 4 v ca ng thng AC vung gc AB l y = ( x 1) + 4 .
m
Gii h ta s tm c to B v C theo m. T vit c phng trnh ng thng BC ph thuc
m. Ta c bi ton tm im c nh ca h ng thng m ta gii trong v d trn. Tuy nhin khng
phi con ng trn tru v d dng. Mi cc bn phiu lu.
DNG 2. Vit phng trnh ng thng , ng trn . . .tha mt c tnh cho trc :
Cch 1: Tm nhng im xc nh ng thng , ng trn : V d vi ng thng th tm hai
im m n i qua , hay 1 im v mt vect php tuyn ca n. Vi ng trn th phi tm
tm v bn knh . . .
11. D2010 . Trong mt phng ta Oxy, cho im A(0; 2) v l ng thng i qua O. Gi H l
hnh chiu vung gc ca A trn . Vit phng trnh ng thng , bit khong cch t H n trc
honh bng AH.
Gii
Nhn xt: V qua O nn ch cn bit to H l vit c phng trnh .
AH 2 = b 2
Gi H(a ; b), khong cch t H n Ox l |b|, ta c h: JJJG JJJG
AH .OH = 0

O
9

10
JJJG
JJJG
a 2 + (b 2) 2 = b 2
a 2 4b + 4 = 0 (1)
Vi AH = ( a; b 2) ; OH = ( a; b) : 2
<=> 2
2
a + b(b 2) = 0
a + b 2b = 0 (2)
(2) (1): b2 + 2b 4 = 0 b = 5 1 ; 5 1

Th vo (1): a2 = 4( 5 2 ) hay 4(- 5 2 ) : loi

Suy ra a = 2

52 .

Phng trnh ng thng () qua O v H(a ; b) : bx ay = 0 ( 5 1) x 2

5 2) y = 0

12.B2009 Trong mt phng Oxy cho ng trn (C): (x 2)2 + y2 = 4/5 v hai ng thng 1: x y
= 0 v 2 : x 7y = 0 Vit phng trnh ng trn (C1) bit ng trn (C1) tip xc vi cc
ng thng 1, 2 v c tm K thuc ng trn (C)
Gii
Nhn xt: y l bi tan ba n s : to tm K v bn knh R1 , ta phi thit lp 3 phng trnh
c h gii c. Nh rng ng trn (I, R) tip xc vi d(I, ) = R.
(a 2) 2 + b 2 = 4 / 5

Gi K(a ; b) l tm v R1 l bn knh ca (C1), ta c: d ( K , 1 ) = R1

d ( K , ) = R
2
1

(a 2) 2 + b 2 = 4 / 5 (1)

| a b |
= R1 (2)

2
| a 7b |
= R1 (3)

5 2
5(a b) = a 7b
b = 2 a
| a 7b |
T (2) v (3): | a b |=
<=>
<=>
5
5(a b) = a + 7b
a = 2b
2
* Th b = - 2a vo (1) : 25a 20a+ 16 = 0 (VN)
* Th a = 2b vo (1): 25b2 40b + 16 = 0 b = 4/ 5 => a = 8/5
2 2
Th vo (2) : R1 =
. Phng trnh ng trn (C1) : (x 8/5)2 + (y 4/5)2 = 8/25.
5
Cch 2: Tm cc h s xc nh ng bang cch gii h da vo iu kin cho.
Phng trnh ng thng c dng ax + by + c = 0 , phng trnh ng trn (x a)2 + (y
x2 y 2
2
2
2
2
b) = R hay x + y 2ax 2by + c = 0 ; phng trnh elip : 2 + 2 = 1. . .
a
b
13. A2008 . Trong mt phng Oxy, hy vit phng trnh chnh tc ca elp (E) bit rng (E) c tm sai
bng 5 /3 v hnh ch nht c s ca (E) c chu vi bng 20.
Gii

10

11
Phng trnh elip c dng:

x2 y 2
+
= 1 (a > b > 0) . Hnh ch nht c s c di 2a v 2b, tm sai l
a 2 b2

c
a2 b2
e= =
.
a
a
a 2 b2
5
a = 10 b
a = 10 b

=
<=>
Ta c h:

a
3 <=> 2 2
2
2
2
9(a b ) = 5a
4a = 9b
a + b = 10

x2 y2
Gii h ny, ta c :a = 3 , b = 2 , v phng trnh (E):
+
= 1.
9
4
14.A2007. Trong mt phng Oxy, cho tam gic ABC c A(0; 2), B(2; 2) v C(4; 2). Gi H l chn
ng cao k t B; M v N ln lt l trung im ca cc cnh AB v BC. Vit phng trnh ng
trn i qua cc im H, M, N.

A
Gii
Nhn xt: Ta d dng tm c to H, M, N, do
y l bi ton quen thuc vit phng trnh
H
ng trn qua 3 im.
Ta M ( - 1; 0), N(1 ; - 2).
M
x0
y2
Phng trnh ng thng AC:
=
4 0 2 2
x+y2=0
Phng trnh ng thng BH qua B(-2 ; - 2) v
N
JJJG
B
C
vung gc AC = (4; 4) = 4(1 ; - 1):
1.(x + 2) - 1.(y + 2) = 0

x -y =0.
x + y 2 = 0
To H l nghim ca h :
H = (1; 1).
x y = 0
Phng trnh ng trn c dng: x2 + y2 2ax 2by + c = 0 . Th to cc im M, N, H, ta c
2a + c = 1

h: 2a 4b c = 5 a = ; b = - , c = - 2 .
2a + 2b c = 2

Phng trnh ng trn : x2 + y2 x + y 2 = 0

Cch 3: Tm mt ng thc f(x ; y) =0 gia to (x ; y) ca mt im bt k thuc ng th f(x;
y) = 0 chnh l phng trnh ca ng cn tm.
15. Cho hai ng trn (C): x2 + y2 2x 4y 7 = 0 v (C): x2 + y2 + 4x + 6y + 12 = 0 ngoi nhau.
Gi TT l on tip tuyn chung trong s 4 tip tuyn chung, v M l im thuc on TT sao cho
MT = 2MT. C 4 im M nh th . Chng minh 4 im M nh th thuc mt ng trn v vit
phng trnh ng trn y.
Gii
(C) c tm I(1 ; 2), bn knh R = 12

11

12
(C) c tm I(- 2 ; - 3), bn knh R = 1.
Gi (x; y) l to ca M, ta c;
MT2 = 4MT2 IM2 IT2 = 4( IM2 IT2)
(x 1)2 + (y 2)2 12 = 4[(x + 2)2 + (y + 3)2 1]
x2 + y2 2x 4y 7 = 4(x2 + y2 + 4x + 6y +12)
x2 + y2 + 6x + (28/3)y + 55/3 = 0 (*)
4 im M u c to tha (*). M (*) l phng trnh mt
ng trn , do ta c iu phi chng minh.

T
M
T
I

16. B2006 . Trong mt phng Oxy, cho ng trn (C): x 2 + y 2 - 2x - 6y + 6 = 0 v im M( - 3; 1).

Gi T1 v T2 l cc tip im ca cc tip tuyn k t M n (C). Vit phng trnh ng thng T1T2.
Gii
Nhn xt: y l phng trnh ng thng qua hai
im , nhng nu ta tm to ca hai im e rng vic
tnh ton kh phc tp. Ta s thit lp mt ng thc bc
nht gia to ca hai tip im theo hng ca
phng php.
(C) c tm I(1 ; 3), bn knh R = 2.
Gi (x; y) l to chung ca hai tip im T. im T
c hai tnh cht : T thuc ng trn v
JJG
JJJG
IT = ( x 1; y 3) ; MT = ( x + 3; y 1) vung gc. Do
to T tha h:
x2 + y 2 2 x 6 y + 6 = 0

( x 1).( x + 3) + ( y 3)( y 1) = 0

T1

M
I
H

T2

x 2 + y 2 2 x 6 y + 6 = 0 (1)
<=> 2
2
(2)
( x + y + 2 x 4 y = 0
Suy ra to T tha phng trnh (2) (1): 4x + 2y 6 = 0 2x + y 3 = 0
Vy hai tip im u thuc ng thng c phng trnh 2x + y 3 = 0 . Do phng trnh ng
thng (T1T2) l 2x + y 3 = 0

Cch khc: Ta c th vit phng trnh (T1T2) bng cch tm to H, giao im ca (T1T2) v IM.
IT12
IH IH .IM
4 1
=
=
=
= .
V IM vung gc T1T2 nn
2
2
IM
IM
IM
20 5
JJJG 1 JJJG
JJJG JJJG
4 2
V IH , IM = ( 4; 2) cng hng, suy ra : IH = .IM = ( ; )
5
5 5
=> H = (1/5 ; 17/5).
JJJG
Phng trnh (T1T2) qua H v vung gc IM = 2(2;1) l 2(x 1/5) + 1(y - 17/5) = 0
2x + y - 3 = 0

Cch gii va trnh by l v d m t phng php th 4 ta thng gp khi gii mt bi hnh

gii tch l :
Cch 4 : S dng kin thc hnh hc n gin ha php tnh

12

13
Nhng nm cng v sau, hnh hc cng c nhiu tnh hnh hc c in hn, do i
khi phi v hnh cn thn khai thc nhng tnh cht v gc khin vic tnh ton c
vt v hn
17.B2010 Trong mt phng to Oxy, cho im A(2; 3 ) v elip (E): 2x2+ 3y2 = 6. Gi F1 v F2 l
cc tiu im ca (E) (F1 c honh m); M l giao im c tung dng ca ng thng AF1 vi
(E); N l im i xng ca F2 qua M. Vit phng trnh ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ANF2.
Gii
Nhn xt: y l phng trnh ng trn qua 3
N
A
im v to 3 im A, N, F2 c th tm c
khng my kh khn. Ta c th gii nh bi 13. Tuy
M
nhin . . .
x2 y2
(E) :
+
=1
3
2
=> F1 (- 1; 0), F2(1 ; 0).
F1
F2
Phng trnh ng thng AF1 :
x +1 y 0
=
x= y 3 -1
3
3
Th vo phng trnh lip, ta c phng trnh
honh ca M: 2(y 3 - 1)2 + 3y2 = 6 9y2 4 3 y - 4 = 0
y = 2 3 /3 (v y > 0) . Suy ra : x = 1. Vy M(1 ; 2 3 /3).
Nhn xt l MA = MF2 = 2 3 /3 . Nh th tam gic ANF2 c MN = MF2 = MA nn vung ti A v
ng trn ngoi tip c tm l M v bn knh 2 3 /3 .
Phng trnh cn tm: ( x 1)2 + (y 2 3 /3)2 = 4/3.
Ghi ch : Nu khng c nhn xt ny th tm thm to im N l (1 ; 4/ 3 ) v lp phng trnh
gii nh bi 13, nhng rt vt v v khng bm my c!!!
18. A2010 . Trong mt phng Oxy, cho hai ng thng d1: 3 x + y = 0 v d2: 3 x y = 0. Gi (T)
l ng trn tip xc vi d1 ti A, ct d2 ti hai im B v C sao cho tam gic ABC vung ti B. Vit
phng trnh ca (T), bit tam gic ABC c din tch bng 3 /2 v im A c honh dng.
Gii
Nhn xt : Ch ai ng thng d1, d2 u qua gc O. d1 c h s gc
3 tc gc m tia Od1 ( pha trn Ox) to vi tia Ox l 120o. d2 c h
s gc 3 tc gc tia Od2 ( pha trn Ox) to vi tia Ox l 60o. Nh
vy gc nhn to bi d1, d2 l rt c bit l bng 600. y chnh l cha
kha ca bi ton.
Cng nh l trong c nu iu kin im A c honh dng, thng
l mt gi cho ta bit ta phi tm to ca im A trc tin, ri sau
mi n nhng im khc.
| 3. 3 1.1| 1
d1 v d2 ct nhau ti im gc O v : cos(d1, d2) =
=
3 + 1. 3 + 1 2

y
d1
O

d2
x

B
A
I
C

13

14
=> n
AOB = 600 .
Tam gic OAB na u . V tam gic ABC vung ti B nn AC l ng knh ca ng trn (T). D1
n = 90o , suy ra BAC
n = 60o.
tip xc (T) nn OAC
Ta c : A thuc d1 => A(a ; a 3) ; a > 0.
Li c: SABC = . AB.ACsinA m AB = OA 3 /2 , AC = OA

3 (OAC na u) , suy ra:

3 1
3
3
4
OA2 =
= .OA
.OA 3.
2
2
2
2
3
1
1
4
; 1 )
Vy : a2 + (a 3 )2 = a =
=> A(
3
3
3
1
Phng trnh AC qua A v vung gc d2: 1. (x ) + 3 (y + 1) = 0 3 x 3y 4 = 0. Vy to
3
3x y = 0
2
C ( ; 2)
C l nghim ca h:
3
3x 3 y 4 = 0
1
3
; ) v c bn knh IA = 1.
(T) c ng knh AC nn c tm I l trung im AC, c to (
2 3 2
2

1
3

Suy ra phng trnh (T): x +

+ y + 2 =1
2 3

THC TP
19. D2003. Trong mt phng Oxy, cho ng trn (C): (x 1)2 + (y - 2)2 = 4 v ng thng d: x y
1 = 0 Vit phng trnh ng trn (C) i xng ca (C) qua d v tm to giao im ca (C),
(C).
20. D2005. Trong mt phng Oxy, cho elip (E):

x2 y2
+
= 1 v C(2 ; 0). Tm A, B thuc elip sao cho
4 1

A, B i xng qua Ox v tam gic ABC u

21. D2009. Trong mt phng vi h to Oxy cho tam gic ABC c M(2; 0) l trung im ca AB
ng trung tuyn v ng cao qua nh A ln lt c phng trnh l 7x 2y 3 = 0 v 6x y 4
= 0 . Vit phng trnh ng thng AC.
22. D2010. Trong mt phng ta Oxy, cho tam gic ABC c A(3 ; - 7) , trc tm H(3 ; - 1), tm

ng trn ngoi tip l I(- 2; 0). Xc nh to C bit C c honh dng.

23.B2004. Trong mt phng Oxy mt phng Oxy, cho A(1; 1), B(4 ; - 3), tm im C thuc ng
thng x 2y - 1 = 0 sao cho khong cch t C n ng thng AB bng 6.
24. B2005. Trong mt phng Oxy cho A(2; 0), B(6; 4). Vit phng trnh ng trn (C) tip xc vi
Ox ti A v khong cch t tm ca (C) n B bng 5.
25. B2009. Trong mt phng vi h to Oxy cho tam gic ABC cn ti A c nh A (- 1;4 ), B, C
thuc ng thng : x y 4 = 0. Xc nh to B, C bit din tch tam gic ABC bng 18.
26. B2010. Trong mt phng to Oxy, cho tam gic ABC vung ti A, c nh C( 4; 1), phn gic
trong gc A c phng trnh x + y 5 = 0. Vit phng trnh ng thng BC, bit din tch tam gic
ABC bng 24 v nh A c honh dng.

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15
27. A2004. Trong mt phng Oxy , cho A(0; 2) v B( trn ngoi tip tam gic OAB.

3 ; - 1).Tm to trc tm v tm ng

28.A2006. Trong mt phng Oxy, cho cc ng thng: d1 :x + y + 3 = 0, d2 : :x y 4= 0 v d3: x 2

y = 0. Tm ta im M nm trn ng thng d3 sao cho khong cch t M n ng thng d1 bng
hai ln khong cch t M n ng thng d2.
29. A2009. Trong mt phng Oxy, cho hnh ch nht ABCD c tm I(6; 2), im M(1; 5) thuc ng
thng AB v trung im E ca CD thuc ng thng d: x + y 5 = 0 . Vit phng trnh ng thng
AB.
30. A2009. Trong mt phng vi h to Oxy cho ng trn (C): x2 + y2. + 4x + 4y + 6 = 0 v
ng thng x + my 2m + 3 = 0 vi m l tham s thc. Gi I l tm ca ng trn , tm m ct
(C) ti hai im phn bit A v B sao cho din tch tam gic IAB ln nht.
31. (A10)Trong mt phng to Oxy, cho tam gic ABC cn ti A c nh A(6; 6); ng thng i
qua trung im ca cc cnh AB v AC c phng trnh x + y 4 = 0. Tm to cc nh B v C,
bit im E(1; 3) nm trn ng cao i qua nh C ca tam gic cho.
GII VN TT:
19.

20.

15

16

21.

22.

16

17

23.

24.

25.

17

18

26.

27.

28.

18

19

29.

30.

Lm bn: Ta th gii bi ton tng t : Cho ng trn : x2 + y2 -2x 2y 15 = 0 c tm I v

ng thng : x + my + 1 = 0 . Tm sao cho ct (C) ti 2 im A, B v din tch tam gic IAB ln
nht.

Nu vn l lun nh cch gii trn ta i n vic nh m sao : d(I, ) =

V I(1 ; 1) v R = 4, ta c:

|2+m|

R
2

= 2 2 (m + 2)2 = 8(m2 + 1) =0

1+ m
7m 4m + 4 = 0 : phng trnh ny v nghim ???
2

19

20
Ti sao nh th? L do l l ng thng di ng nhng lun lun qua im c nh K(- 1; 0). M
im ny nm bn trong v gn tm nn khng th c trng hp tam gic IAB vung cn (hnh 1).
Cn bi trc th ng thng lun qua im c nh K ngoi ng trn (hnh 2).
A

K
B

Hnh 1

Hnh 2

Trong tnh hung ny ta phi gii nh sau:

(C) c tm I(1 ; 1), bn knh R = 4. lun qua im K( - 1; 0).
Ta c : SIAB = . IA. IB. sinAIB = . R2 sinAIB
Din tch AIB ln nht khi sinAIB ln nht. (Gc AIB trong trng hp ny lun t nn ta khng th
s dng sinAIB 1 v ng thc khng xy ra).
IH IK
5
2
K IH vung gc : cos(AIH) =
=> gc AIH > 450 => n
AIB = 2.n
AIH > 90o

=
<
AI
R
4
2
n
=> sinAIB ln nht khi AIB nh nht (hm s sinx gim trn
(/2, )) hay gc AIH nh nht hay
JJG
cos(AIH) ln nht , tc l khi H = K hay khi vung gc IK = ( 2; 1) (v tr ng mu xanh trong
hnh 1)
1
m
1
Khi :
= , => m = .
2
2 1
31.

20