NHM2: PHM TH THY VI TRN THO NAM TRN INH TH XUN DIU

Ni dung chnh
nh ngha bin hnh Protein II. Cc tc nhn lm bin hnh Protein
I.
1. 2. 3.

Tc nhn vt l Tc nhn ha hc Tc nhn sinh hc (Tc nhn enzyme hay vi sinh vt)

III. ng dng

I. nh ngha bin hnh Protein

Bin hnh Protein l dng cc tc nhn l hc, ha hc,

hay enzyme hc tc ng ln Protein lm thay i mt phn cu trc phn t cc tnh cht ca n cng thay i theo. Cc bin php gia cng k thut trong khi chun b cng nh ch to cc thc phm giu Protein u lm bin hnh Protein.

 Mc ch
To hnh dng v kt cu thch hp
Lm cho thc phm hp khu v v hp dn Thc phm c cht lng v sinh, cm quan, v gi

tr dinh dng cao Bo qun ph hp hn Tng mt hng thc phm

II.Cc tc nhn lm bin hnh Protein

Tc nhn vt l Bin hnh bng gia cng c hc Bin hnh bng x l nhit Tc nhn ha hc Thay i pH X l bng dung mi khng phn cc Gn vo protein cc nhm chc To ra cu ng ha tr Thy phn hn ch Tc nhn sinh hc lm bin hnh protein

1. Tc nhn vt l
a. Bin hnh bng gia cng c hc
Lm bin i cc tnh cht chc nng ca Protein. Bt Protein hoc Protein c c, vic nghin kh

tng kh nng hp th nc, ha tan, hp th cht bo v kh nng to bt. Huyn ph Protein hoc dung dch Protein dng bin php ng ha. to bt, s bin tnh mt phn cc Protein lm cho bt bn. Lc c hc ng vai tr quan trng trong vic to hnh protein

1. Tc nhn vt l
b. Bin hnh bng x l nhit
Ph thuc vo nhiu yu t
Chn trc khi ng hp rau qu lm bin tnh v v

hat cc enzym to mu sc, mi v xu (protease, polyphenoloxydase, lypoxydase) Gia nhit va phi, mt s thc phm d tiu ha hn nhit trn 110 115 0C, protein b ph hy mt phn cc gc Cystin, Cystein to ra H2S, dimetyl sulfua, acid cysteic .

1. Tc nhn vt l
b. Bin hnh bng x l nhit
Nhit trn 200 0C to cc dn xut d vng.
VD:

tryptophan s b vng ha to ra , hoc cacbolin

1. Tc nhn vt l
b. Bin hnh bng x l nhit
Khi t > 200 0C, cc Protein c pH trung tnh hoc

kim:
Hin tng raxemic ha gim gi tr dinh dng i 50%.

1. Tc nhn vt l
b. Bin hnh bng x l nhit
Ph hy mt s acid amin: To cu ni ng ha tr.

Gc DHA c to ra do phn ng loi (kh) gc Cystein hoc phosphoserin

1. Tc nhn vt l
b. Bin hnh bng x l nhit
To ra cu ng ha

tr lm gim tiu ha Nito v gi tr sinh hc ca Protein. Hiu ng khng gian cc cu ng ha tr (glutaminlizyl hoc aspartyl-lizyl) s ngn cn cc protease thy phn qu trnh tiu ha protein b chm li.

1. Tc nhn vt l
b. Bin hnh bng x l nhit
Ph hy mt s acid amin: To cu ni ng ha tr.

Gc DHA c to ra do phn ng loi (kh) gc Cystein hoc phosphoserin

2. Tc nhn ha hc
a. Thay i pH
a pH n acid hoc kim: c nh hng n tnh

ha tan ca Protein. Protein ca u tng nu kim ha n pH = 10 - 12 s c kh nng to gel nhit thng. tch v lm sch Protein a pH ca Protein n im ng in gy ta thun nghch nhng khng lm bin tnh Protein

2. Tc nhn ha hc
b. X l bng dung mi khng phn cc

Dung mi phn cc lm l ra cc vng k nc kt ta khng thun nghch ( pH trung tnh hoc ng in). Kt ta Protein bi dung mi c th dng to gel vi nng thch hp. Ure v cc mui ca guanidin dung dch m c (4 - 8M) ph hy lin kt hydro lm cho Protein b bin hnh.

2. Tc nhn ha hc
c. Gn vo Protein cc nhm chc

Thay i cc nhm bn ca Protein( i s tch in ca Protein)bin hnh Protein hoc tp hp vi nhng phn t khc Gn cc nhm cacboxyl ion ha Protein s phn ly, gin mch d dng, tng kh nng hp th nc v bn nhit ca Protein.

2. Tc nhn ha hc
c. Gn vo Protein cc nhm chc
Gn cc nhm phosphat hoc sulfat vo gluten

tng kh nng hp th nc, to gel, to mng. Natri dodexylsunfat lm gin mch v bin hnh Protein. Cc cht ty ra dng anion lm bin hnh Protein.

2. Tc nhn ha hc
d. To ra cu ng ha tr
Gn vo Protein lm tng c cc v ha tan

khng b kt ta khi gia nhit. To ra cc cu disulfua. Ci thin tnh cht nht do ca gluten trong cng ngh bnh m. Gn ng ha tr cc acid amin vo Protein tng gi tr dinh dng ca Protein.

2. Tc nhn ha hc
d. To ra cu ng ha tr
VD: gn methionin vo Protein u nnh, c u im

hn b sung methionin t do:

Khng c mi ca methionin Methionin khng b mt Methionin khng b phn hy trong d c ca ng vt nhai

li Bo v c cc nhm NH2 v -NH2 tham gia vo phn ng Maillard.

C th gn acid amin vo Protein bng cch gia nhit

trc tip Protein vi cc N-cacboxyanhidric

2. Tc nhn ha hc
e. Thy phn hn ch
un nng Protein thc vt trong HCl c nng 1 - 3

M, tng lng nit phi Protein ln ba ln, c th lm tng ha tan ln rt nhiu. Thy phn bng acid lm bin i cc mch bn ca Protein, to cc sc t v dn sut c mi thm ca tht un nng cc Protein trong mi trng kim.
VD: un nng Protein trong NaOH c pH = 11 12,5 c th

ha tan v trch ly cc Protein t ha tan ca thc vt, ca vi sinh vt v c.

3. Tc nhn sinh hc
Cc enzyme thy phn protein (protease)
Cc

enzyme thy phn Protein thng c tn gi l protease, peptidase hay C-N hydrodase. Enzyme protease phn ct lin kt peptid gia cc L- axid amin:

3. Tc nhn sinh hc
Protease cn thit cho cc sinh vt sng, rt a dng

v chc nng t mc t bo, c quan n c th nn c phn b rt rng ri trn nhiu i tng t vi sinh vt (vi khun, nm v virus) n thc vt (u , da...) v ng vt (gan, d dy b...).

Phn loi protease

Protease( Peptidase) Exopeptidase

Endopeptidase

Aminopeptidase
Carboxypeptidase

Serine proteinase
Cystein proteinase Aspartic proteinase Metallo proteinase

Tc nhn sinh hc
Ngoi ra, protease c phn loi mt cch n gin

hn thnh ba nhm:
Protease acid: pH = 2 4; Protease trung tnh: pH = 7 8; Protease kim: pH = 9 11.

Tc nhn sinh hc
Ngun thu protease vi sinh vt
T vi khun

Lng protease sn xut t vi khun c c

tnh vo khong 500 tn, chim 59% lng enzyme c s dng. Vi khun c kh nng sinh ra c hai loi (endo v exo), do protease ca vi khun c tnh c hiu c cht cao c kh nng phn hy ti 80% cc lin kt peptid trong phn t protein.

Tc nhn sinh hc
Ngun thu protease vi sinh vt
T vi khun
Trong cc chng vi khun c kh nng tng hp mnh

protease l Bacillus subtilis, B. mesentericus, B. thermorpoteoliticus v mt s ging thuc chi Clostridium. => B. subtilis c kh nng tng hp protease mnh nht

Tc nhn sinh hc
Ngun thu protease vi sinh vt
Nm mc
Nhiu loi nm mc c kh nng tng hp mt lng ln

protease c ng dng trong cng nghip thc phm l cc chng: Aspergillus oryzae, A. saitoi, Penicillium chysogenum

Tc nhn sinh hc
Ngun thu protease vi sinh vt
Nm mc
Cc loi nm mc ny c kh nng tng hp c ba loi

protease: acid, kim v trung tnh. Nm mc en tng hp ch yu cc protease acid, c kh nng thy phn protein pH 2,5 3. Mt s nm mc khc nh: A. candidatus, P. cameberti, P. roqueforticng c kh nng tng hp protease c kh nng ng t sa s dng trong sn xut fomat.

Tc nhn sinh hc
Ngun thu protease vi sinh vt
X khun:
V phng din tng hp protease, x khun c nghin

cu t hn vi khun v nm mc. Tuy nhin, ngi ta cng tm c mt s chng c kh nng tng hp protease cao nh: Streptomyces grieus, S. fradiae, S. trerimosus

Tc nhn sinh hc
Vai tr protease trong bin hnh protein
Cc protease c th xc tc phn ng phn ct cc

lin kt peptid cng nh phn ng tng hp ra cc lin kt peptid mi.

Tc nhn sinh hc
Khi lin kt peptid b thu phn th s dn ti cc hu

qu sau:
Tng s lng nhm c cc -NH3 v COO- v do tng

ho nc ca sn phm. Gim khi lng phn t ca cc chui polypeptid. Cu hnh phn t cng c th b thay i.

Khi lin kt peptid c tn to th ngc li. Protein b bin hnh bi protease c th bng phn ng kh trng hp hoc bng phn ng trng hp.

III.ng dng
1. Lm mm tht

2. Kh nng to bt nho
3. Kh nng to bt 4. Kh nng to gel

5. Kh nng c nh mi
6. Kh nng nh ha 7. Bin hnh protein bng phn ng plastein

1. Lm mm tht
Colagenase
Colagen l protein hnh si

ca tht. C cu trc gm nhiu si xon c v lin kt li thnh mt khi si. Colagenase l enzyme s dng rt tt trong lm mm tht. c ng dng rt nhiu trong ngnh cng ngh thc phm sn xut hp.

1. Lm mm tht
Papain
Papain l enzyme cystein protease c li trch t

nha cy u . Papain c kh nng lm mm tht tt hn protease t vi sinh vt. Ngoi ra, papain c s dng ngn chn hin tng vn c ca bia trong giai on n nh sn phm do n gin v gi thnh thp.

1. Lm mm tht
Papain
Trong qu trnh sn xut nc mm

rt ngn thi

gian ln men. Papain cn c th ng dng lm ng t sa v gim c t.

1. Lm mm tht
Bromelain
Bromelain

l enzyme c thu nhn t da (thn, chi,tri,v), chim 50% protein trong qu da. C kh nng thy phn mnh v hot ng t pH=6-8. Tc dng ca bromelin cn mnh hn papain v thc y qu trnh thy phn protein trong sn xut nc chm.

2. Kh nng to bt nho
Cc protein (gliadin v glutenin) ca gluten bt

m c kh nng to hnh v c bit l kh nng to bt nho c tnh c kt, do, v gi kh. Do khi gia nhit s hnh thnh cu trc xp cho bnh m.

3. Kh nng to bt
Bt thc phm l h phn tn ca cc bng

bt trong mt pha lin tc l cht lng hoc cht na rn: bt bia, bnh m,... Cc bng bt thng cha khng kh hoc kh CO2 v c p sut ln hn p sut ngoi. Mng bng bt rt mng rt d nt v v.

3. Kh nng to bt
Khi protein c hp th vo b mt lin pha

s to ra mt mng n hi v khng thm kh c kh nng bo v bng bt. Cc cht to bot thc phm thng l protein: lng trng trng, protein ca u tng

4. Kh nng to gel ca protein

Khi cc phn t protein b bin tnh tp hp li thnh

mt mng li khng gian c trt t s to gel Rt nhiu thc phm nh gi la, phomat, bnh m,...l nhng sn phm c kt cu b khung t gel protein. Kh nng to gel ca protein c ng dng trong sn phm surimi

4. Kh nng to gel ca protein

Surimi l mt t ca Nht Bn ch nhng sn phm

tht ca c c tch xng, xay nhuyn, ra bng nc v phi trn Surimi c hm lng protein cao, lipid thp, khng c cholesterol v glucid, c th d hp th. c bit surimi c tnh cht to thnh khi do, mi v v mu sc trung ha, nn t cht nn surimi ngi ta c th ch bin ra cc sn phm m phng c gi tr cao nh: tm, tht, s, ip, cua, gh, xc xch...

 Tm tt quy trnh sn xut surimi

5. Kh nng c nh mi
Protein c kh nng hp ph l ha hc cc cht c mi

thng qua tng tc Van der Waals, lin kt ng ha tr, hoc lin kt tnh in Cc hp cht bay hi c cc nh ru thng c nh vo protein bng lin kt hydro. Cc cht bay hi khi lng phn t thp li c nh vo cc gc acid amin khng cc qua tng tc k nc ng dng kh nng c nh mi ca protein: nc gii kht, ru mi, hng liu d bay hi

6. Kh nng nh ha
Nh tng l h thng khng bn nhit ng. cho

nh tng bn, ngi ta dng cht nh ha: cht in ly v c, cht hot ng b mt, cht cao phn t ha tan trong pha lin tc Protein hp ph vo b mt lin pha gia cc git du phn tn v pha nc lin tc s to ra cc tnh cht c l nh dy, nht, n hi, cng gip khng hp git. Ty thuc pH, s ion ha cc nhm bn ca protein cng to lc y gip nh tng bn

6. Kh nng nh ha
Mt ng dng cht nh ha l protein

Trong mayonnaise cht nh ha truyn thng l lng trng g. Khi ngi ta quan tm n cholesterol, cht bo, nng lng thp th ngi ta bt u s dng cht nh ha c ngun gc thc vt vi nhiu u im hn. Cht nh ha ngun gc thc vt c s dng kt hp vi mt s cht nh ha tng hp tng bn v n nh ca nh tng mayonnaise.

7. Bin hnh protein bng phn ng plastein

Phn ng plastein l mt phn ng ti tng hp

protein t dch thy phn nh tc dng ca mt protease Phn ng ny c 2 giai on

Giai on 1: dng pepsin hoc papain pH trung tnh thy phn hn ch protein nng thp (<5%), n peptit c M=10 20 Kdal Giai on 2: dch thy phn c c c n nng 30 40% v ti tng hp bng mt protease to plastein.

7. Bin hnh protein bng phn ng plastein

ng dng ca phn ng plastein

S dng phn ng plastein cho php lm gim thiu hoc thm ch loi tr v ng ca cc peptid to t dch thy phn protein u tng Tuy nhin, ng dng ln nht ca phn ng plastein l kh nng ci bin cc tnh cht dinh dng ca protein Tuy nhin hin nay phng php to plastein dng trong cng nghip thc phm cn qu t.

Ti liu tham kho

L Ngc T. Ha hc thc phm. NXB khoa hc v k

thut vi.wikipedia.org Baigiang.violet.vn Diendandaihoc.vn