CH TH SINH HC

CHNG 1 : GII THIU

I.CC KHI NIM Ch th sinh hc: sinh vt c kh nng chng chu vi nhng iu kin mi trng c hm lng nht nh cc yu t gy hi. Loi ch th: l loi mn cm vi iu kin sinh l v sinh ha ca mi trng b nhim Sinh vt cm ng (biosensor) Sinh vt tch t (bioaccumulator) Sinh vt ch th (Bio-indicator): c th, qun th hay qun x c kh nng thch ng hoc rt nhy cm vi mi trng nht nh. Sinh vt ch th l cc loi SV m s hin din v thay i s lng cc loi ch th cho s nhim hay xo trn ca mi trng. Cc loi ny thng c tnh mn cm cao vi cc iu kin sinh l, sinh ho Du hiu sinh hc: phn ng ca sinh vt vi mi trng Sinh l sinh ha: kh nng sng st, sinh trng ca c th. Sinh thi: bin i trong cu trc qun th v qun x sinh vt. Ch s sinh hc: BMWP, ch s a dng, ch s tng ng, ch s u th, ch th hnh thi v m. Nhng biu hin: Thay i cu trc qun x sinh vt Thay i a dng loi Thay i tp tnh, sinh l ca sinh vt C nhng t bin trong hnh thi v t bo Tch t sinh hc Tiu ch la chn sinh vt ch th nh loi r rng D thu mu, kch thc va phi C phn b rng C nhiu kim chng bng th nghim D tch t cht nhim D nui trng t bin d C gi tr kinh t hoc gy hi Hng tip cn: C th: Ch s sinh ha: hot tnh enzym, ADN, ARN, protein, trao i cht. Ch s sinh l: hm lng oxy, kh nng sng st, tiu ha, h hp. Qun th: giu loi, mt c th Qun x: vi khun/ nm nem; to/to bm; ng vt khng xng c ln. II. CC SINH VT CH TH - V D Thiobacillus thiodans, Thiobacillus ferroxidans t phn Coliform, Streptococcus, Clostridium nc nhim phn Rong cu (Gracilaria gracilis), Rong ui ch (Ceratophyllum demersum) ao h nc mn. t ngp ng: xut hin m nu trn l, l xon trn. t nhim mn: gim kh nng c nh m, t l ny mm. Thc vt c mch ch th hiu qu cho nhim KK Cht c khi quang ha California c bit khi c s bin i trn cy h u, rau bina, v hnh dng l To, a y ch th tt cho nhim khng kh To v vi khun lam ch th tt cho MT nc

ng vt thn mm l cng c quan trc trong mi trng nc vi mng li quan trc ton cu Sagitta eleganus dng nc bin khi c mn cao. Sagitta setosa nc ven b cng dng nc bi c Trch. Vorticella, Paramecium, Rotaria nhim bn cht hu c cha phn hy. Chydorus alexandrovi, Lecane bulla, Polyarthra vulgaris ch th nc phn (nghin cu Trm Chim). U IM t tn chi ph cho thu mu v phn tch. Phn hi s nhim chnh xc Quan trc nhanh. Du hiu bo trc ca thay i tc nhn nhim. Khai thc kh nng tch t cht nhim trong c th sinh vt. NG DNG nh gi sinh thi: c bit l cc khu vc cn bo tn nh gi mi trng: ch th s nhim; cung cp cc thng s mi trng, phc v cho cng tc qun l mi trng. Xc nh yu t chnh gy nh hng n mi trng nhm xy dng chin lc u tin qun l v x l mi trng nh gi hiu qu cc chnh sch mi trng Lm bn v s mn cm mi trng

CHNG 2: CC PHNG PHP NGHIN CU CH TH MT

PHNG PHP CHN V THU MU Chn im thu mu: c trng vi mi trng Th hin mc nhim cao nht v thp nht Ngun kinh ph S ln lp li Phng php thu mu ty thuc vo i tng cn nghin cu VD: li Juday cho PSV, co y cho V, vt tay, cng ngh vin thm. Phn ng ca cc loi n l : Loi ch th Sinh vt nhy cm Sinh vt tch t Phn ng ca a loi (qun x) : Gim st sinh hc Ch s sinh hc S dng phn tch a bin Quan trc cu trc qun x LOI N L Loi ch th: c mt hay vng mt. VD: mui lc (Chironomus riparins), giun t t (Tubifex tubifex) xut hin nhiu ni nhim hu c, chun chun ni nc sch Sinh vt nhy cm: nh hng ln s sinh trng v pht trin ca sinh vt. VD: Daphnia magna, Brachionus caudatus thay i hnh dng do nh hng ca cht nhim. Da leo: etylen 50bpm, s lng hoa ci tng; 100bpm ch yu l hoa ci. Sinh vt tch t: tch ly cht nhim trong m, c th din ra trong sut vng i.Hin tng khuch i sinh hc : kh nng tch t gp 103 106 ln so vi mi trng. VD: Thlaspi calminare tch t 39600ppm Zn. Pteris vitata hp thu 10% As trong t/ nm.

A LOI (QUN X) Gim st sinh hc o mc phong ph ca cc loi. Lit k (kim k) tng s c th di nh hng ca yu t mi trng. o m cc nhm theo chc nng dinh dng. Cc ch s kt hp. Cc ch s sinh hc Cc t l: Chironomidae/ cn trng khc, Tubificidae/ VKXS khc. Cc ch s nh lng: ch s Trent, ch s sinh hc B, im s BMWP, ch s ASPT. Ch s bn nh lng: im s Chandler, ch s Chutter Cc ch s a dng, tng ng: Shannon, Simpson, Pielou, Margalef S dng php phn tch a bin: Kha ch th nh phn Kha Twinspan Quan trc sinh hc Php th sinh hc Xy dng bn nhim. Phng php so snh S dng loi c hu, qu him Phng php din th Php th sinh hc: s dng sinh vt iu kin i chng v nhng tc ng ca cht nhim mc cp tnh hoc mn tnh. Kt qu: Xc nh tc ng ca mt cht nhim hay nhiu cht ln c th, qun th hay qun x. Ngng gy c, IC50, IC100 D bo nhim Xc nh tnh mn cm ca sinh vt Mt s v d: Vi khun, ng vt nguyn sinh: tnh t bin, BOD, kh nng phn hy. To, thc vt : tc sinh trng, tc sinh sn, kh nng quang hp, tnh t bin. ng vt khng xng c ln: hiu ng gy cht, tc ti sinh, bin i sinh ha, bin i tp tnh. Bn nhim: Da vo s thch nghi ca cc loi trong qun x a ra s phn b ngun cht nhim ca mi trng. VD: bin i v khng gian v thi gian ca 3 loi a y Parmelia, Lecanora, Pleurococcus hnh thnh bn nng nhim SO2. Ve (Humerobactes rostrolamellatus mn cm vi SO2, m s con cht trong 7 ngy xc nh nng SO2 ca khng kh ti ch. Phng php so snh:S dng nhiu trong cc quan trc mi trng nc ngt. Xc nh MT nhim v mi trng khng nhim, nh gi mc tng ng v cu trc qun x xc nh mc nhim. Phng php din th: L s pht trin theo th t ca qun x lin quan n nhng thay i ca mi trng. H sinh thi n nh l mc cao nht ca din th. VD: t trng trng c trng cy bi trng tha thng xanh rng kn thng xanh rng kn thng xanh nhiu tng. S DNG V KHNG XNG SNG C LN u th: Phn b rng v nhiu trong cc h thng sng, sui, ao h. Di chuyn chm, d thu mu C kha phn loi r rng, n nh. Phn ln tp trung y Vng i di Phn ng nhanh vi bin i mi trng.

CHNG 3 : CC YU T NH HNG V THCH NGHI CA SINH VT CH TH

NHN T SINH THI Nhn t sinh thi l nhn t tc ng n sinh vt t im bt li cc tiu n im bt li cc i. Cc yu t v sinh: nhit , pH, nh sng, nc, m, CO2, O2, hm lng cht dinh dng. Cc yu t hu sinh: cc mi quan h trong loi, qun th, qun x, con ngi. Cc nhn t sinh thi tc ng ln SV: Bn cht ca nhn t Cng tc ng Tn s tc ng Thi gian tc ng. Tc ng ca nhn t sinh thi gm 4 cp bc: ti thiu, ti cao (gy t vong), khng thun li thp, khng thun li cao (hn ch), ti u (pht trin cc i). La c xem l mt nhn t sinh thi Rng khp, ng c, lau sy: cung cp nhiu mui khong. Thc y phn hy xc ng thc vt. CC MI TNG TC Trung tnh : khng nh hng cho nhau (Ch ng chung vi mo) Tng tc m: Hm sinh: loi 1 nh hng ti loi 2 (nm mc trn tri du) Cnh tranh: hai loi nh hng ln nhau (cp tranh ginh mi) Vt d - con mi: con mi kch thc nh, s lng ng; vt d kch thc ln, s lng thp K sinh vt ch: k sinh trong m hay thc n ca vt ch (ve ch) Tng tc dng: Hi sinh: loi 1 c li, loi 2 khng li khng hi (Hi qu v c h, dng x v cy g) H sinh: cng sinh khi cn thit (chim v hu cao c, tru) Cng sinh: cng pht trin (a y, mi v trng roi) CU TRC KHNG GIAN Cc c th trong qun th phn b theo 3 dng: Phn b u: mi trng ng nht, cnh tranh khng gian gia c th mnh. Phn b ngu nhin: mi trng ng nht, cnh tranh khng gian t. Phn b theo nhm: mi trng khng ng nht, khuynh hng t tp thnh nhng im ni c iu kin thun li. Cc yu t mi trng phn b khng u cu trc qun x, h sinh thi. C 3 dng: Theo mt phng. Theo chiu thng ng Theo dinh dng

CC NH LUT SINH THI : nh lut ti thiu Nu lng mui cungc p cho TV l ti thiu th s tng trng ca TV ch t mc ti thiu. nh lut v gii hn sinh thi gii hn chu ng ca c th i vi mt nhn t sinh thi nht nh nh lut ng thi v tc ng qua li gia SV khng ch sinh thi tc ng n SV muh SV cn tc ng n sinh thi, lm thay i cc tnh cht ca sinh thi nh lut tc ng tng hp cc nhn t ST MT gm nhiu yu t sinh thi c tc ng qua li. VD : C mui khong nhng cy ko th hp thu nu m hok thch hp, nh sng v khng kh ko th tc ng tt ln cy nu thiu mui khong. nh lut tc ng khng ng u ln chc nng ca c th sng cc thun ca qu trnh ny nhng li c hi hay nguy him cho qu trnh khc. VD : tng qu nhit khng kh s lm tng qu trnh trao i cht V mu lnh nhng li lm gim s di chuyn ca chng rt nhiu. THCH NGHI CA SINH VT Thch nghi hnh thi: xy ra sut thi gian sng ca sinh vt di s thay i cc yu t mi trng. Thch nghi di truyn: xut hin trong qu trnh pht trin c th. Bin ng s lng: tng hay gim C s thay i v hnh thi ca mt s nhm phiu sinh ng vt v ng vt y: * theo ma * theo khng gian * s xut hin con n mi

o m s a dng:
diversity: l a dng sinh hc trong mt vng no , qun x hay h sinh thi, o m s loi trong mt h sinh thi. diversity: a dng loi gia cc h sinh thi, so snh s loi c trng i vi tng h sinh thi. diversity: a dng v mt phn loi ca mt vng vi vi h sinh thi. Global diversity: a dng sinh hc trn Tri t.

Ch s giu c ca loi (species richness): Ch s giu c (S) ca loi l s loi c trong mt h sinh
thi. Ch s ny khng s dng phong ph tng i. Ch s Margalef: xc nh tnh a dng hay phong ph v loi.

d=S/N1/2 hay d=s-1/lgN

Trong : d ch s a dng Margalef S: tng s loi trong mu N: tng s lng c th trong mu

Ch s a dng sinh hc ca Fisher S = * ln( l + N/ )

S: tng s loi trong mu N: tng s lng c th trong mu : ch s a dng loi trong qun x thp khi a dng loi thp v ngc li, ch s khng ph thuc vo kch thc mu. Cc nh sinh thi hc cho rng c th s dng ch s so snh s a dng cc khu vc v thi gian khc nhau. Ch s ch ph thuc vo s loi v s lng c th c trong mu.

tng ng (Evenness) tng ng Evenness so snh s ging nhau ca kch thc qun
th ca loi hin din, o m phong ph tng i ca cc loi khc nhau to nn giu c ca mt vng. E bin ng 0<= E <= 1, khi E = 1 ng u cao nht. Mt qun x m c 1 hoc 2 loi u th th c xem nh l km a dng hn mt qun x khc m vi loi c phong ph ging nhau.

E=H/Hmax

Q/x a A B

b 1 10

c 1 10

d 1 10

e 1 10

f 1 10

g 1 10

h 1 10

i 1 10

k 1 10

91 10

Trng hp A: mc bnh qun ti thiu, tnh u th l ti a. Trng hp B: mc bnh qun l ti a, khng c loi u th. S bin ng ca cc loi trong qun th cng t th E cng cao. Cc ch s u th, hu ht cc loi thng thng c ng gp ln v khi thm vi loi him s khng tng gi tr cc ch s. 0<= D <= 1

Ch s Simpson (Simpson index):

D cng nh th a dng sinh hc cng cao.

D i 1 pi
s

Ch s a dng Simpson thng c th hin l 1-D, vi 0<=D<=1.

ni (ni 1) N ( N 1) i 1
s

D' 1 D 1 i 1 pi2
s

Ch s Shannon Weiner:Ch s ny thun li khi xem xt s loi v mc ng u ca cc

loi. Ch s ny tng khi c nhiu loi c o hay c giu c ca loi(S) ln.

ni ni H ' ln N i 1 N
Trong : S: s loi N tng s c th Pi =ni/N l mc phong ph tng i ca loi

ng u EH: Cc ch s a dng cung cp thng tin v loi him, loi ph bin trong mt
qun x. Kh nng nh lng a dng theo cch ny l mt cng c quan trng cho cc nh sinh hc c gng tm hiu cu trc ca qun x.

EH = H/Hmax vi Hmax = lnS 0<=EH <=1

Ch s Jaccard: so snh mc khc nhau ca hai qun x

K=c/(a+b-c)
Trong : c: l s loi ging nhau gia 2 qun x a: s loi ca qun x 1 b: s loi ca qun x 2

CHNG 4: THIN CH - SINH VT CH TH MT

I. THIN CH:

L mt s loi sinh vt c li trong t nhin c s dng dit tr cc su bnh hi, bo v ma mng. Trong c vng i, mi mt thin ch tiu th rt nhiu mi. Cc loi su hi c kh nng sinh sn cao b li t l cht t nhin cao. T l cht bnh thng l -99%
Vd: Mt con ry nu ch cn 1-2 con c th sinh sn nhiu su non, nhng do thin ch, k sinh v bnh hi tn cng

iai on su non v trng thnh ca hu ht cc loi thin ch tn cng su hi cy trng v trong qu trnh pht trin ca mi thin ch cn rt nhiu mi. Thin ch cng c k th. Mi mt thin ch, k sinh u c thin ch, k sinh v ngun bnh ring ca chng. Hu ht cc thin ch n tht ng loi, mt tp tnh m bo rng khng cn ch th, ch cn mt s con sng st. Thin ch (k th t nhin) i lc b nhm ln vi su hi. Thnh phn v s lng ca thin ch c vai tr quan trng trong cn bng sinh thi. S cn bng t nhin gia su hi v thin ch thng b ph v do s dng thuc tr su ha hc khng chn lc. Thin ch rt d dng b tiu dit bng ha cht trong mi trng thm canh. Ch th mi trng rt tt. Thin ch chia lm 3 nhm: Thin ch bt mi n tht: d nhy n trng su, b cnh cng n su, b ra n rp, b nga bt su, rn bt chut, mo bt chut. Thin ch k sinh (thng phi c k ch c th): ong k sinh nhng, ong k sinh su cun l, ong k sinh su c qu, ong k sinh su o. VSV gy bnh hi cn trng, lm su b bnh v cht: nm gy bnh cho su cun l, nm gy bnh cho rp. Quan h gia nhim mi trng v s bng pht dch hi: Ngun nhim l cc ha cht v kim loi nng (cht thi ca hot ng sn xut cng nghip v nng nghip) gy tc ng kch thch hoc km hm cc loi dch hi v cc loi sinh vt c li.

 Kiu A: ph bin ni b nhim nng, cc loi dch hi c kh nng chng chu tt vi nhim hoc c vng i trnh c tc ng trc tip ca cht gy nhim, cc loi thin ch b gim mt . Kiu B: xut hin ni b nhim va n thp, cc loi dch hi c tp tnh sng mn cm vi cht gy nhim, do nhim khng kh gy hi n cn trng cnh tranh vi chng. Kiu C: lin quan n cc loi su hi xa vng b nhim. THIN CH CA SU HI LA

C n
C n t C n

ng (Co opt ra Micraspis crocea - ra . Harmonia octomaculata - ra chm.

ng (Ort opt ra Metioche vittaticollis, Anaxipha longipennis, Conocephalus loggipennis. n (Odonata Agriocnemis pymaea, Agriocnemis femina

Menochilus sexmaculatus ra chm. Ophionea nigrofasciata cnh cng 3 khoang.

C n n a (H mipt ra Microvelia douglasi atrolineata xt nc n tht, Limnogonus fossarum xt nc gng v, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis xt m xanh C n da ( rmapt ra

C n m ng (H m nopt ra Panstenon sp. Ong n trng b ry. Solenopsis geminata Kin n

tht (n trng v b xt en trng thnh)

N n n (Aran a

K SINH CA SU HI LA C n m ng (H m nopt ra Hai n n ( ipt ra n (Str p ipt ra

NGUN NH CA SU HI LA NH N M - Moniliales nh VIRUS Baculovirus - Baculoviridae

IN PHP KI M SOT SINH HC

Q n l dch hi tng hp l s dng cc bin php tng hp qun l dch hi cy trng, trn s sinh thi hc s m tng nng t, ci thin cht ng nng sn phm, bo v mi trng, v gim i p t. Vic kim sot mi loi su hi u c nguy c. a lo lng chnh khi th cc thin ch l: 1)Liu chng c p o cc thin ch khc cng tn cng mt loi su hi hay khng? 2)Liu chng c tn cng cc loi hu ch? 3)Ngay khi c th vo mi trng, liu chng c tr thnh mi phin toi trong tng lai? Mt s loi su hi c th c kim sot bng thin ch, song nhng loi khc i hi phi s dng nhiu phng php v k thut, nh ho cht, c hc, v sinh, canh tc, by v gim st. Kim sot sinh hc c chia lm ba loi chnh: Loi kim sot sinh hc c in: t nhin y cc bin php kim sot v cn bng iu ho dn s ca cc loi. Loi kim sot sinh hc bo tn: thc hin nhiu bc m bo mi trng sng cung cp nhng th c bn m thin ch cn pht trin, chng hn thc n, nc v ni c ng. Loi kim sot sinh hc gia tng s lng cn trng hu ch c th gip phng nga cc t dch bnh trc khi chng lan rng.

CNG NGH SINH THI Cng ngh sinh thi (ecological engineering) l nhng tc ng ca con ngi nhm ci thin mi trng da trn nhng nguyn tc v sinh thi (Parrott, 2002). p dng cng ngh sinh thi (ecological engineering) kin thit ng rung theo mun nhm thu ht thin ch n dit tr su hi cy trng gim vic s dng thuc tr su, bo v mi trng. Vd :Trng cc loi c c hoa trn b rung thu ht thin ch.