VNH3.TB5.

24

MY KIN V CH TRNG HI NHP KINH T QUC T CA NG V NH NC

TS. Phm Vn Khnh Bo Nhn Dn

t vn Ch trng hi nhp kinh t quc t, thc hnh ng li i ngoi ha bnh, hu ngh vi cc quc gia, dn tc trn th gii c Ch tch H Ch Minh nu ra t khi thnh lp Chnh ph Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha. Trong qu trnh lnh o cng cuc i mi, ng v Nh nc ra ng li m ca kinh t, chuyn nn kinh t sang kinh t th trng v hi nhp kinh t quc t. C th ni, tch cc v ch ng hi nhp kinh t quc t l ch trng ln ca ng v Nh nc ta trong qu trnh lnh o s nghip i mi t nc. Thc hin ch trng ny, sau 20 nm i mi, nn kinh t nc ta hi nhp su v ton din vo nn kinh t th gii. Tip tc ng li i ngoi rng m, Vn kin i hi X ca ng nu r: Ch ng v tch cc hi nhp kinh t quc t theo l trnh, ph hp vi chin lc pht trin t nc t nay n nm 2010 v tm nhn n nm 2020. y mnh hot ng kinh t i ngoi, hi nhp su hn v y hn vi cc th ch kinh t ton cu, khu vc v song phng, ly phc v li ch t nc lm mc tiu cao nht. Pht huy vai tr ch th v tnh nng ng ca doanh nghip thuc mi thnh phn kinh t trong hi nhp kinh t quc t. Xc tin mnh thng mi v u t, pht trin th trng mi, sn phm mi v thng hiu mi. T khi Vit Nam chnh thc l thnh vin T chc Thng mi th gii (WTO) t ra nhiu vn mi v l lun v thc tin. Bi vit nhm nghin cu v qun trit t tng H Ch Minh, quan im, ch trng ca ng Cng sn Vit Nam v hi nhp kinh t quc t, trn c s phn tch thc trng qu trnh hi nhp ca nn kinh t nc ta trong cng cuc i mi v xut mt s gii php gp phn nng cao nhn thc l lun, y mnh tuyn truyn ng li, chnh sch ca ng v hi nhp kinh t. Ni dung nghin cu bi vit gm: - Khi lc t tng H Ch Minh v hi nhp v hp tc quc t. - Thc hin ch trng hi nhp kinh t trong qu trnh i mi. - Mt s gii php to ra nhng iu kin hi nhp v hp tc quc t hiu qu.
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Ni dung v kt qu nghin cu c th c dng lm ti liu tham kho gip xy dng chnh sch, lut php, tuyn truyn v ng li, chnh sch hi nhp kinh t v gi m cc bin php nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca nn kinh t cng cc doanh nghip hi nhp kinh t quc t hiu qu. 1. Khi lc t tng H Ch Minh v hi nhp v hp tc quc t Trong hnh trnh 30 nm tm ng cu nc, bn ba khp nm chu, bn bin, sng v hot ng trong phong tro gii phng dn tc v cng nhn quc t, thm nhun ch ngha Mc - Lnin, qua tri nghim thc tin u tranh cch mng, lnh t Nguyn i Quc - H Ch Minh t nn mng xy dng tnh hu i gia phong tro cch mng v cng nhn quc t, cc dn tc vi ng cng sn, t nc, nhn dn Vit Nam. V nc nm 1941, trc tip lnh o cuc u tranh cch mng gii phng dn tc v Tng khi ngha thng Tm nm 1945, sng lp nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha, Ch tch H Ch Minh ch trng thc hnh ng li i ngoi ha bnh, hu ngh v hi nhp vi th gii bo v ch quyn quc gia, kin thit nc nh. Ngay sau Cch mng thng Tm thnh cng, xut pht t nn kinh t nng nghip lc hu, cng ngh, k thut km pht trin, b kit qu v bc lt ca ch ngha quc, Ch tch H Ch Minh ch trng Vit Nam m rng quan h vi cc nc hc tp, tip thu kinh nghim pht trin kinh t, vn ha, x hi. Trong th gi B trng Ngoi giao Hoa K ngy 1/11/1945, Ch tch H Ch Minh ngh: Nhn danh Hi Vn ha Vit Nam, ti xin c by t nguyn vng ca Hi c gi mt phi on khong 50 thanh nin Vit Nam sang M vi nh mt mt thit lp nhng mi quan h vn ha thn thit vi thanh nin M, v mt khc xc tin vic tip tc nghin cu v k thut nng nghip cng nh cc lnh vc chuyn mn khc. (H Ch Minh, Ton tp, t4, tr.80) Quan im ni bt trong hi nhp v hp tc quc t ca H Ch Minh l lm bn vi tt c mi nc dn ch v khng gy th on vi mt ai, th hin t tng ha bnh, hu ngh, cng c li. Mt ln tr li cc nh bo, H Ch Minh ni: C th rng, chng ta hoan nghnh nhng ngi Php mun em t bn vo x ta khai thc nhng ngun nguyn liu cha c ai khai thc. C th rng: chng ta s mi nhng nh chuyn mn Php, cng nh M, Nga hay Tu, n y gip vic cho chng ta trong cuc kin thit quc gia. Theo H Ch Minh, trong iu kin t nc cn ngho th hi nhp, hp tc quc t, s gip ca cc nc l mt ngun vn qu cng nh thm vn cho ta. Ta phi kho dng ci vn y bi b lc lng ca ta, pht trin kh nng ca ta. Ngi khng bao gi nhm ln gia nhng gi tr vn minh ca nhn loi vi nhng xu xa ca ch ngha t bn thc dn. Ch tch H Ch Minh nhn thc r rng, mi thnh tu ca khoa hc k thut, mi ngun lc kinh t, vn ha c to ra u l ti sn chung ca vn minh nhn loi. Do , nc ta phi tch cc hi nhp thng qua cc hnh thc hp tc quc t khai thc tt nht mi gi tr ngun lc ca nhn loi nhm lm giu v tng cng sc mnh cho dn tc, gi vng quyn c lp t do, mu cu hnh phc cho ng bo. Ngay i vi nc Php tng xm lc nc ta, Ch tch H Ch Minh cng nu r lp trng: C gng lp
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li mi quan h kinh t v vn ha trn nguyn tc bnh ng v hai bn cng c li. Chng ta on kt vi nhn dn Php v nhn dn yu chung ha bnh th gii. T a v mt nc thuc a mi ginh c lp, li ngho, trong hi nhp, hp tc vi cc nc, bao gi cng tim n nhiu iu bt li. Do vy, H Ch Minh i hi hp tc, quan h quc t phi trn c s tht th v cng c li, chng li mi th on dn ti s can thip v thn tnh ln nhau. Ngi khng nh: Vit Nam sn sng cng tc thn thin vi cng dn Php. Nhng ngi Php t bn hay cng nhn, thng gia hay tr thc, nu h mun tht th cng tc vi Vit Nam s c nhn dn Vit Nam hoan nghnh h nh anh em b bn. Song nhn dn Vit Nam kin quyt c tuyt nhng ngi Php qun phit. Trong quan h hp tc vi cc nc, Ch tch H Ch Minh tm mi cch ngn chn nhng tc ng xu, nhng hnh ng li dng hp tc vi phm c lp ch quyn lnh th ca Vit Nam. Ngi ni: Nc Vit Nam dn ch cng ha sn sng t quan h thn thin hp tc vi bt k mt nc no trn nguyn tc tn trng s hon chnh v ch quyn v lnh th ca nhau, khng can thip ni tr ca nhau, bnh ng cng c li v chung sng ha bnh. Chng ti tin chc rng s hp tc s c li cho c i bn v c li cho cng cuc ha bnh ton th gii. (H Ch Minh, Ton tp, t8, tr.5) Quan im tch cc hi nhp, hp tc quc t ca Ch tch H Ch Minh th hin r trong th ca Ngi gi cho Lin hp quc thng 12/1946: i vi cc nc dn ch, nc Vit Nam sn sng thc thi chnh sch m ca v hp tc trong mi lnh vc: a) Nc Vit Nam ginh s tip nhn thun li cho u t ca cc nh t bn, nh k thut nc ngoi trong tt c cc ngnh k ngh ca mnh. b) Nc Vit Nam sn sng m rng cc cng, sn bay v ng s giao thng cho vic bun bn v qu cnh quc t. c) Nc Vit Nam chp nhn tham gia mi t chc hp tc kinh t quc t di s lnh o ca Lin hp quc Trong cuc u tranh v nhng quyn thing ling ca mnh, nhn dn Vit Nam c mt nim tin su sc rng h cng chin u cho mt s nghip chung: l s khai thc tt p nhng ngun li kinh t v mi t chc c hiu qu cho an ninh Vin ng. (H Ch Minh, Ton tp, t4, tr.470) Ngy nay, trong xu th ton cu ha, pht trin kinh t tri thc, qu trnh i mi nc ta cng i vo chiu su, hi nhp v hp tc quc t c vai tr to ln y mnh CNH, HH t nc. Quan im ca Ch tch H Ch Minh v hi nhp, hp tc quc t tht s l kim ch nam dn tc ta vt ln sm thot khi i ngho, thc hin dn giu, nc mnh. 2. Thc hin ch trng hi nhp kinh t trong qu trnh i mi T cui th k 20, ton cu ho kinh t pht trin mnh m, ton din c b rng v chiu su, nh hng su sc ti chnh tr, kinh t, vn ho, x hi cc quc gia, vng lnh th trn ton th gii. Qu trnh ton cu ho trong vng hai thp k qua cho thy cc nc pht trin u th ch ng. Cc nc ang pht trin vo v th b ng, i sau, thm tr c nhng nc b gt ra ngoi l ca ton cu ho. i vi nhng nc kinh t chm v ang pht trin, trong qu trnh hi nhp vo ton cu ho, nu khng nm bt c nhng thun li, c hi do ton cu ho to ra pht trin th kinh t ngy cng tt li xa hn, b
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l thuc v kinh t, v vn, cng ngh, th trng, tr thnh ni b khai thc, bc lt v ti nguyn, sc lao ng, l th trng tiu th hng ho, ni mua t cc thit b, cng ngh lc hu b thi loi v mi trng b nhim, hu hoi. Vit Nam l nc ang pht trin, thc hin i mi, nn kinh t nc ta ang chuyn i t c ch hnh chnh bao cp sang c ch kinh t th trng nh hng XNCN. Hi nhp, tham gia ton cu ho, nn kinh t Vit Nam ang trong qu trnh gn kt vi kinh t khu vc v kinh t th gii trn tt c cc mt nh lu chuyn cc yu t sn xut, m ca th trng, xut khu hng ho, xut khu lao ng, thu ht k thut, cng ngh, k nng qun l, cc ngun vn u t nc ngoi v u t ra ngoi nc, bun bn thng mi; tham gia vo s phn cng lao ng quc t, gia nhp cc t chc kinh t th gii v khu vc... gp phn lm thay i c cu, cht lng, tc tng trng ca nn kinh t. Theo kt qu iu tra ca Tng cc Thng k, trong thi gian 10 nm t 1991- 2000, tng sn phm trong nc tng lin tc qua cc nm vi tc tng trng bnh qun mi nm 7,56%, ng vo hng cc nn kinh t trong khu vc c tc tng trng cao ca thp nin 90. Cc nm 2001 n 2005 vn duy tr mc tng trng xp x 7,5%. cng l kt qu ca qu trnh thc hin hi nhp quc t v m ca th trng trong nc vi phng chm Vit Nam mun lm bn vi tt c cc nc trong cng ng th gii, phn u v ho bnh, c lp v pht trin. Chng ta tin hnh hi nhp kinh t th gii v khu vc, m ca th trng trong nc bng nhng bc i v vic lm theo chng trnh, k hoch, ngha l ch ng ch khng b ng. Do , tng bc vt qua thch thc, cn tr v pht huy c li th trong hi nhp, thu c nhng kt qu quan trng. M rng th trng xut nhp khu l kt qu trc tip ca qu trnh hi nhp. c bit, Vit Nam khc phc c khng hong th trng do Lin X v cc nc XHCN ng u tan v, nh hng ca cuc khng hong kinh t, ti chnh, tin t khu vc chu . Tng mc lu chuyn hng ho xut nhp khu bnh qun mi nm t 14,3 t USD, gp 2,5 ln so vi thi k 1981-1990. Ring nm 2000 mc lu chuyn ngoi thng t gn 30 t USD, gp 6,5 ln nm 1989. Kim ngch xut khu tng t 2,4 t USD nm 1990 ln 15,1 t USD nm 2001 v 15,6 t USD nm 2002. Nm 2004 l 26,5 t USD v cc nm 2005 v 2006 xut khu gi tr cao hn nhp khu. Nm 1990 mi c 270 n v trc tip xut khu do nh nc qun l, nm 2000 c hn 10.000 n v tham gia xut khu thuc mi thnh phn kinh t. Quan h quc t c nhng chuyn bin, nu nm 1990 Vit Nam c quan h bun bn (thng mi) vi hn 50 nc v vng lnh th th hin nay ln ti hn 170 nc v vng lnh th tt c cc chu lc, cc khi kinh t trn th gii. C th thy trong qu trnh hi nhp, kinh t i ngoi ca nc ta c bc pht trin, th hin r trn cc phng din: - Mc tng trng kh cao (gp 2,6 ln tc tng GDP). - Cc thnh phn kinh t tham gia tch cc.
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- Sn phm cng nghip ch bin chim t l ngy cng cao (63,3%) v sn phm cng nghip ch bin tng bnh qun cao nht (34%). ng ch l xut khu ca khu vc kinh t c vn u t nc ngoi c ng gp hiu qu vo tng trng kim ngch xut khu (chim 37%). Bn cnh , cc doanh nghip c vn u t nc ngoi cn gp phn thc y cc doanh nghip trong nc phi vn ln, i mi cng ngh, gim chi ph sn xut kinh doanh, nng cao cht lng sn phm, tip cn th trng, cnh tranh lnh mnh, tng bc thc hin hi nhp kinh t th gii. i vi nhp khu, trong qu trnh hi nhp, nhp khu ca Vit Nam phc v tt mc tiu xut khu v p ng nhu cu thit yu ca sn xut, i sng nhn dn, t liu sn xut nhp khu gp phn i mi trang thit b k thut v cng ngh sn xut, a nn kinh t nc ta pht trin theo hng y mnh CNH, HH, nht l nng cao nng lc cnh tranh cho cc doanh nghip, cht lng hng ho ngy cng tt hn, p ng th hiu v yu cu th trng ni a v xut khu. Kim ngch nhp khu ca khu vc kinh t c vn u t nc ngoi chim ti gn 20%. y c coi l kt qu quan trng trong qu trnh hi nhp kinh t ca Vit Nam vi th gii v khu vc (tng ng c cu vn u t nc ngoi 18,6%). Kt qu ca hi nhp v m ca th trng trong thi gian qua khng tch ri s lnh o ca ng. N bt ngun t ng li chnh tr, ng li kinh t v nhng quyt sch quan trng ca ng. Vi ng li i mi ton din t nc, pht trin nn kinh t hng ho nhiu thnh phn, vn hnh theo c ch th trng theo nh hng XHCN; vi ch trng ch ng hi nhp kinh t th gii v khu vc, m ca th trng ni a; xc nh pht trin kinh t l nhim v trung tm, ra sc pht huy ni lc, tranh th ngoi lc y mnh CNH, HH t nc pht huy c mi tim nng, kt hp sc mnh dn tc vi sc mnh thi i. ng Cng sn Vit Nam t chc v lnh o s nghip i mi thng li, chnh tr n nh l iu kin c bn cho kinh t pht trin. S tng trng ca nn kinh t, trong s tng trng ca cc ngnh sn xut quan trng l nng nghip, thu sn, cng nghip l tin vt cht quyt nh cho s n nh x hi. Kinh t pht trin, x hi n nh, i sng tuyt i a s nhn dn c ci thin v nng cao mt bc l nhn t hng u thu ht u t quc t. Trong bi cnh tnh hnh chnh tr th gii c nhiu bin ng sau khi h thng x hi ch ngha tan v, nht l sau s kin 11/9 M, chin tranh pganixtan v Irc, ch ngha cng quyn ca M honh hnh khp th gii, s tranh chp ch quyn cc nc trong khu vc gia tng... Vn gi vng c lp ch quyn quc gia, nh hng pht trin t nc theo con ng i ln CNXH, bo m nn ho bnh bn vng xy dng v pht trin t nc c ngha quyt nh cho hi nhp kinh t th gii v khu vc t c kt qu. Vic th ch ho ng li kinh t ca ng thnh nhng chnh sch ca Nh nc, sa i Hin php v xy dng lut php ca Nh nc to mi trng php l thun li cho vic gn kt nn kinh t Vit Nam vi kinh t th gii v khu vc. Chnh sch v m ca nh nc ta v gi c, hi oi, thu, ngn hng, ti chnh, hi quan, xo b c quyn
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ngoi thng... gp phn kch thch xut khu, tng thu ngoi t, to ra nhng iu kin thun li cho hi nhp kinh t khu vc v quc t. Gi gn v pht huy bn sc vn ho dn tc l mt trong nhng bi hc kinh nghim trong tin trnh hi nhp kinh t th gii v khu vc, m ca th trng ni a t hiu qu. Xem xt, nh gi v xy dng chin lc, chng trnh, k hoch hi nhp kinh t quc t v khu vc khng th b qua yu t vn ho dn tc v hiu qu kinh t ca hi nhp, m ca th trng khng th khng tnh n vn vn ho dn tc. Gi vng v pht huy bn sc vn ho dn tc trong tin trnh hi nhp c ngha va thc y kinh t ni a pht trin, va c tc dng kch thch thu ht u t nc ngoi trn mt s lnh vc quan trng nh du lch, gio dc, o to v hot ng vn ho. V lu di, cng tin hnh hi nhp kinh t th gii v khu vc, m ca th trng ni a ton din v su th vic gi vng, pht huy bn sc vn ho dn tc Vit Nam cng c v tr, vai tr quan trng trong gi vng c lp, t ch ca quc gia, dn tc. ng thi khng nh v th bn sc ca dn tc trong qu trnh ton cu ho. Nhng nm qua, chng ta c c bi hc thnh cng v cha thnh cng trong gi gn v pht huy bn sc vn ho dn tc khi thc hin m ca v hi nhp. Cuc xm lng v vn ho trong xu th ton cu ho khng t cc quc gia, dn tc gi m cho chng ta nhng suy ngh thc hin hi nhp kinh t th gii v khu vc, m ca th trng. Him ho v mt bn sc vn ho dn tc trong ton cu ho l mt thc t t ra i vi cc nc ang pht trin nh Vit Nam trong khi tin hnh hi nhp v m ca. Chng ta cn c quan im v phng thc ng x tip thu tinh hoa vn ho trong giao thoa vn ho cc dn tc trn th gii khi hi nhp lm giu, nng cao gi tr vn ho Vit Nam. 3. Mt s gii php to ra nhng iu kin hi nhp v hp tc quc t hiu qu Chin lc pht trin kinh t - x hi mi nm t 2000 - 2010 v tm nhn 2020 ra mc tiu a nc ta thot khi nc ngho tr thnh mt nc cng nghip theo hng hin i. Hi nhp kinh t th gii v khu vc hiu qu l phi gp phn thc hin mc tiu v nh hng nu trn. Bc sang th k 21, trong thp nin u vn hi nhp kinh t th gii ca Vit Nam c nh du bng hai s kin quan trng: Mt l Vit Nam v Hoa K k hip nh thng mi song phng. Hai l, cui nm 2006 t chc thnh cng hi ngh APEC v gia nhp WTO, theo Vit Nam tip tc m ca th trng hng ho, dch v, xy dng php lut, xy dng chng trnh hnh ng thc hin cc cam kt, hip nh ca t chc thng mi th gii (WTO) v nhng bin php u t lin quan n thng mi, v sinh dch t, s hu tr tu lin quan n thng mi, tr gi hi quan. Trc , nm 2003 l nm u tin thc hin cc quy nh ca Hip nh u i thu quan Khu vc mu dch t do ASEAN (CEPT/AFTA). Trong bi cnh ton cu ho kinh t pht trin mnh m v su rng, cch mng khoa hc k thut, i mi cng ngh, bng n thng tin v tnh hnh chnh tr th gii c nhng bin ng khn lng, hi nhp c hiu qu, Vit Nam xc nh phi ch ng, c bc i ph hp, tn dng thi c thun li, khc phc nhng cn tr, kh khn trong tin trnh m ca th trng v hi nhp kinh t th gii v khu vc.
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Trn c s d bo s pht trin ca tnh hnh, xut pht t thc tin t nc cn c v to ra nhng iu kin c bn tin hnh hi nhp c hiu qu. Gi vng mi trng ho bnh, chnh tr - x hi n nh y l iu kin c bn, tin quyt nht cho hi nhp kinh t th gii v khu vc ca nc ta thnh cng. Ngh quyt i hi IX ng cng sn Vit Nam nhn nh: Trong vi thp k ti, t c kh nng xy ra chin tranh th gii. Nhng chin tranh cc b, xung t v trang, xung t dn tc, tn gio, chy ua v trang, hot ng can thip lt , khng b cn xy ra nhiu ni vi tnh cht phc tp ngy cng tng. Ho bnh, hp tc v pht trin l xu th ln, phn nh i hi bc xc ca cc quc gia, dn tc... Ton cu ho kinh t l mt xu th khch quan, li cun ngy cng nhiu nc tham gia; xu th ny ang b mt s nc pht trin v cc tp on kinh t t bn xuyn quc gia chi phi, cha ng nhiu mu thun, va c mt tch cc, va c mt tiu cc, va c hp tc va c u tranh. Thc t chnh tr kinh t trn th gii nhng nm u th k 21 cho thy nhn nh ca i hi IX l ng n. Mc d ch ngha cng quyn, cc th lc quc hiu chin gy chin tranh nhiu ni; xung t v trang, khng b bo lon lt ... xy ra nhiu nc, nhiu vng nhng ho bnh, hp tc v pht trin vn l yu cu, i hi bc xc ca nhiu quc gia, dn tc. i vi nc ta, t gia th k 20 phi tri qua nhiu cuc chin tranh gii phng dn tc v bo v t nc th vic gi gn ho bnh lu di v bn vng pht trin kinh t, mi c iu kin hi nhp kinh t th gii v khu vc. Do c ho bnh v thc hin i mi, nn kinh t nc ta c bc pht trin vi tc tng trng hn 7,5% nm trong cc nm 1990-2000. Nu trc 1990 hng ho khan him, khng hong kinh t- x hi ko di th hin nay c nhiu hng ho tha, phi xut khu mi tiu th c v thc y sn xut trong nc. Cng vi iu kin t nc ho bnh, chnh tr x hi n nh l iu kin rt c bn pht trin kinh t trong nc, to mi trng thun li thu ht u t nc ngoi. Trong s pht trin ca x hi, cc mu thun trong ni b nhn dn, mu thun gia cc dn tc, cc vng, gia h thng chnh tr v cc tng lp nhn dn l mt thc t khng th ph nhn. Vic gii quyt, x l nhng loi mu thun ny khng kho, khng trit d dn n nhng xung t, gy mt n nh chnh tr, trt t x hi. Trong bi cnh chnh tr quc t v khu vc din bin ht sc phc tp, cc th lc th ch cch mng Vit Nam vn tm cch kch ng, gy bo lon lt nhng vng m chng ta s h, yu km, nu chng ta khng x l ng n s d gy ra nhng xung t chnh tr, x hi lm t nc ri lon, khng ch e do mt chnh quyn m cn l vn an nguy ca ch . Khi chnh tr, x hi ri ren, kinh t trong nc b nh hng, mt kh nng cnh tranh th khng th hi nhp thnh cng. Do , hi nhp kinh t th gii phi bo m gi vng c lp ch quyn quc gia, nh hng x hi ch ngha. i mi v nng cao nhn thc ton din v hi nhp kinh t v WTO Ch ng hi nhp kinh t th gii v khu vc cn c hiu y , ton din v su sc trong iu kin kinh t Vit Nam cn l nc ngho, chm pht trin ang trong qu
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trnh chuyn i c ch qun l t hnh chnh bao cp sang kinh t th trng nh hng x hi ch ngha. Gia nhp cc t chc kinh t a phng, tham gia vo s phn cng lao ng quc t, gn kt nn kinh t ni a vi cc nc trong khu vc v th gii l mt qu trnh va hp tc, va u tranh v phi thc hin nhng quy nh chung ca cc t chc kinh t th gii v lut nh ca cc nc, lut php quc t. Trong qu trnh hi nhp phi chp nhn cnh tranh quc t ngy cng gay gt. Nhn thc v cnh tranh quc t hin nay ca cc cp, cc ngnh, ca cc doanh nghip, thm tr c mt s c quan qun l v hi nhp quc t cn cha ton din v y . Tuyn truyn, gio dc, ph bin v hi nhp kinh t th gii mi ch l bc u, cha u khp v cha kp thi. Do , nhn thc x hi v Hip nh thng mi Vit M, v T chc thng mi th gii, v cc t chc ti chnh, Ngn hng th gii cn s lc. Nhng yu cu ca m ca th trng v thu, cc bin php phi thu trong thng mi hng ho, dch v v u t... do cha nhn thc kp thi, y nn chm tr, mt c hi gp phn lm cho u t nc ngoi vo Vit Nam gim thiu, hng ho ca ta xut khu b thua thit, gim gi tr. Hn 11 nm m phn, ngy 7-11-2006, Vit Nam c kt np lm thnh vin th 150 ca T chc Thng mi th gii (WTO). Gia nhp WTO nh du bc ngot ca Vit Nam hi nhp su rng, ton din hn vi nn kinh t th gii. Gia nhp t chc thng mi ln nht th gii trong xu th ton cu ha kinh t, c hi v thch thc an xen, chng ta cn phi suy ngh nh th no? T khi chng ta tin hnh i mi c nhiu cch hiu khc nhau v hi nhp kinh t quc t. Qua thc t ca qu trnh hi nhp, k t khi Vit Nam tham gia Khu vc Mu dch T do ASEAN v k kt Hip nh Thng mi song phng vi Hoa K (BTA) v cc hip nh a phng vi cc t chc khu vc ASEM, APEC, GMS, cng nh m phn gia nhp WTO, chng ta nhn thc ngy cng r hn, hi nhp kinh t quc t l mt qu trnh gn kt nn kinh t Vit Nam vi nn kinh t ton cu. S gn kt ny th hin mc lu chuyn hng ha v cc yu t cu thnh lc lng sn xut, t nhn lc, khoa hc cng ngh n phng tin sn xut, tiu dng. Nn kinh t Vit Nam khi hi nhp tr thnh mt b phn ca nn kinh t ton cu. iu cng c ngha l cng vi m ca th trng ni a th ng thi phi xm nhp su rng th trng th gii. Ni mt cch hnh nh, khi cha m ca th trng th ta mt mnh mt ch, cn khi hi nhp th ta i vo ch quc t. Nu bit pht huy cc li th so snh th hng ha ca ta bn ra c li, gp phn thc y sn xut pht trin, tng trng kinh t, nng cao i sng nhn dn. Ngc li, khng bit tn dng thi c vt qua nhng ro cn, thch thc th phi gnh chu thua thit, ph thuc kinh t, pht trin chm, kh thot khi cnh ngho. Tham gia WTO chng ta c iu kin hi nhp su rng vo nn kinh t khu vc v th gii pht trin kinh t, y mnh CNH, HH t nc. Vn c ngha hng u l thng nht nhn thc ca ton x hi. Rng, hi nhp l xu th khch quan, Vit Nam mun sm thot khi nc ngho th phi bit kt hp sc mnh dn tc vi sc mnh thi i trong iu kin lch s mi, ch ng, tch cc hi nhp nh i hi X ca ng ch ra l pht huy vai tr ch th v tnh nng ng ca doanh nghip thuc mi thnh phn
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kinh t trong hi nhp kinh t quc t. Mun ch ng, tch cc hi nhp, khi gia nhp WTO th vic u tin cn lm l nm vng lut chi, l nhng ni dung c bn, cc quy nh c bn ca WTO, nhng cam kt v m ca th trng, tiu chun cht lng hng ha, nht l v gim thu, d b hng ro phi quan thu, quy tc ng x, lut php Vit Nam v lut php quc t... Cng cn thy nhng tc ng, nh hng tch cc v c nhng nh hng, tc ng xu ca qu trnh hi nhp i vi kinh t, x hi, chnh tr, vn ha. Bi v tham gia WTO thun li v kh khn lun ng hnh, tc ng v nh hng ln nhau, do cn xc nh mt thi ng, khng lc quan qu mc vo WTO th s nhanh giu cng nh khng bi quan, lo lng qu, s thua ngay sn nh. WTO l mt sn chi bnh ng, mi thnh vin u bnh ng v lut chi, ty tng i tc m c cch chi ph hp. S khn ngoan l ch tm ra cch chi chung cng nh cch chi ring vi cc i tc cc bn u thng. i mi v nng cao nhn thc v hi nhp kinh t quc t l mt qu trnh gn lin vi thc tin tin hnh hi nhp. Xut pht t c im ca nn kinh t ang chuyn i cn quan tm nng cao nhn thc v: Sn xut ra hng ho l bn, xut khu ra th trng quc t v khu vc. Cnh tranh tng th quc gia, li ch quc gia l quan trng trong hi nhp. Cc doanh nghip (nh nc, cc thnh phn kinh t) tng cng tm hiu nghin cu th trng quc t, khu vc, v cc nh ch, quy tc, nguyn tc, th hiu, tp qun, cc yu cu v k thut, cht lng hng ho. Cc c quan thng tin i chng phi hp cc c quan hu quan v hi nhp trao i thng tin, ph bin, qun trit n cc tng lp cn b, nhn dn, cc doanh nghip, cc thnh phn kinh t. a ni dung hi nhp vo chng trnh o to, bi dng cn b, sinh vin cc hc vin, nh trng. C thc gi gn, nng cao, pht huy bn sc vn ho dn tc trong hi nhp, m ca. Cng c, xy dng bi dng tnh cm quc t XHCN trong hi nhp m ca v nng cao thc chng din bin ho bnh, xm lng kinh t. Pht trin kinh t nhanh v bn vng V kinh t, Vit Nam l nc ang pht trin, thuc din nc ngho, thu nhp bnh qun u ngi cha vt qu 700 USD/ nm. Dn s thuc loi nc ng dn nhng sc mua v nng lc tch lu cho ti u t m rng sn xut rt hn ch. Trong khi , sc cnh tranh ca nn kinh t k c th trng ni a cn yu. Lc lng sn xut, nht l trnh k thut v cng ngh cn yu km. Nng lc v kinh nghim qun l cn trnh thp, yu km li tn ti dai dng, tm l li, trng ch bao cp, bo h ca nh nc (khng ch cc doanh nghip nh nc m c nng dn, cc thnh phn kinh t). Trong xu
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th ton cu ha th c th gii l mt th trng, Vit Nam phi gn kt th trng ni a vi th trng th gii, pht trin kinh t th trng. Do vy, vic m ca th trng cc doanh nghip nc ngoi vo lm n to sc p cnh tranh rt ln i vi cc doanh nghip v sn xut hng ha trong nc. ng thi cng to nhng iu kin mi cho cc doanh nghip trong nc pht trin, iu chnh c cu sn xut kinh doanh. Nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca nn kinh t, trc ht phi ni n l cc doanh nghip. Phn ln cc doanh nghip ca Vit Nam l nh v va, (cui nm 2006 s lng doanh nghip nh nc ch chim 3,61% s doanh nghip c nc) trong iu kin nn kinh t trnh pht trin thp li ang trong qu trnh chuyn i cho nn nng lc cnh tranh yu km. y l thch thc ln nht m cc doanh nghip trong nc cn c s h tr ca nh nc v c ch, chnh sch nng cao sc cnh tranh, cng c v th doanh nghip th trng ni a. Trc tin l ch trng xy dng, hon thin th ch kinh t th trng cng cc thit ch thc hin ph hp vi nhng quy nh ca WTO, cng khai l trnh hi nhp, nht l l trnh v thu, cc cam kt ca Vit Nam khi gia nhp WTO. Vic ci cch hnh chnh cn c bc t ph, to ra nhng chuyn bin tht s trong h thng chnh tr, c bit l cc c quan cng quyn, khng ch gim thiu phin h m l phc v nhanh, hiu qu cc doanh nghip pht trin. Nh nc xy dng, ban hnh cc chnh sch ln to iu kin hi nhp tm cao v chiu su. Chng hn chnh sch pht trin ngun nhn lc, nht l nhn lc cht lng cao. Hoc chuyn quyn qun l, iu hnh cc doanh nghip cho cc hip hi ngnh hng, xy dng cc mi lin kt gia cc doanh nghip, h tr thng tin, to iu kin cho nhau cng pht trin. Xut pht t nhu cu th trng v cc ngnh, cc lnh vc u tin pht trin, cc doanh nghip cn c chin lc pht trin trn c s t xc nh li th v kh khn ca mnh m t chc li sn xut kinh doanh, i mi cng ngh, nng cao trnh qun tr, nng cao nng sut lao ng, cht lng hng ha, xy dng thng hiu v gi ch tn trong quan h kinh doanh vi khch hng. Cc doanh nghip cn nm ly thi c hi nhp mi m pht trin nh tm cch tip cn cc i tc v th trng quc t, hp tc cht ch vi nhau, chia s kinh nghim, vn, h tr thng tin pht huy li th cnh tranh. Trong tin trnh i mi, chng ta tp trung pht trin kinh t hng mnh sang xut khu. Kt qu thu c rt to ln, gp phn quan trng vo tc tng trng cao ca nn kinh t hn mi nm qua. hi nhp su, rng hn sau khi gia nhp WTO, chng ta cn nm bt c hi tip cn th trng quc t v hng ha v dch v. Theo ci thin mi trng u t, nng cao hiu qu u t, tp trung mi ngun lc pht trin cc ngnh kinh t c li th cnh tranh hng vo xut khu nh ch bin nng lm thy sn, dt may, giy da (s dng nhiu lao ng), khuyn khch cc mt hng c hm lng cng ngh, cht xm cao nh in t, tin hc v ch bin thc phm, dc phm, sm khc phc nhng hn ch ca c cu kinh t ang trong qu trnh chuyn dch, cc ngun lc phn tn, cha c s dng c hiu qu, cn nhiu tht thot, lng ph, c s h tng kinh t - x hi cn yu km. Trong nhng thp nin u ca th k 21, hi nhp thnh cng, Vit Nam phi vn ln thot khi mt nc ngho, kinh t ni a tng trng nhanh v bn vng mi to ra iu
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kin tham gia ton cu ho m khng b thua thit. Cng vi y nhanh cng nghip ho nng nghip, nng thn, thc hin chuyn dch c cu kinh t theo hng hin i, hiu qu cn y nhanh tc c phn ho doanh nghip nh nc. ng thi to iu kin thun li cho kinh t t nhn pht trin pht huy kh nng cnh tranh cho hng ho Vit Nam th trng ni a v khu vc v cht lng v chng loi hng ho. u th ca kinh t t nhn (doanh nghip t nhn) l khng b rng buc bi cc th tc hnh chnh rm r, nng ng trong iu chnh mu m, quy cch sn phm, nm bt nhanh chng nhng c hi kinh doanh, linh hot mm do trong gi c nn c iu kin sn xut, tiu th hng ho th trng ni a v th trng khu vc, th trng quc t, k c cc th trng mi, th trng ln. Hin nay, Vit Nam c s dn hn 85 triu ngi, trong vi thp k ti con s s l hn mt trm triu dn. y l ngun lc quan trng nht pht trin t nc. Ngun lc con ngi Vit Nam cn c khai thc, pht huy y nhanh tc tng trng kinh t, bn vng, hiu qu. Vic pht trin ngun nhn lc p ng yu cu s nghip y mnh CNH, HH t nc cng to ra iu kin cho hi nhp thng li. Xt trn phng din lu chuyn ngi lao ng trn ton cu, vi ngun nhn lc c o to, nhn lc ca nc ta c kh nng tham gia trc tip vo cc qa trnh phn cng lao ng quc t ngy cng nhiu v s lng v cao v cht lng. Xy dng h thng chnh sch ng b, ph hp cc nguyn tc ca cc t chc kinh t quc t Trong qa trnh i mi, h thng chnh sch ca Nh nc ta c thay i rt c bn phc v nhim v pht trin kinh t, gp phn tng trng kinh t v hi nhp, m ca th trng. Song trn thc t h thng chnh sch kinh t ca nc ta cha ng b, cha ph hp vi nhng nguyn tc ca cc t chc kinh t quc t v khu vc. c bit l h thng chnh sch thu quan v phi thu quan, chnh sch thng mi, xut nhp khu. Tuy chin lc pht trin kinh t- x hi 10 nm 2000-2010 c thng qua ti i hi IX v X ca ng nhng vic c th ho thnh cc chnh sch cn chm. Nhiu chnh sch ban hnh mang tnh tnh th, chp v. Yu cu xy dng mt l trnh c th vi nhng chnh sch ph hp hin l yu cu bc xc. Mt s chnh sch hin nay khng cn ph hp vi thc tin pht trin kinh t ca t nc v cc nguyn tc, quy nh ca cc t chc kinh t khu vc v th gii nhng ta khng iu chnh kp thi gy cn tr, kh khn, lng tng cho cc gii doanh nghip trong v ngoi nc. Cha k n c nhng chnh sch ban hnh nhng cc quy nh li khng chi tit to ra s h hoc vic thc hin tu tin, khng thng nht (chnh sch t ai, chnh sch gi, chnh sch xut khu lao ng...). i mi chnh sch kinh t mt cch ng b v ton din phc v mc tiu tng trng kinh t, ph hp nguyn tc, quy ch ca cc t chc kinh t khu vc v quc t to iu kin thun li hi nhp kinh t hiu qu l yu cu bc thit hin nay. Hon thin h thng php lut, to mi trng php l thun li cho hi nhp, m ca th trng

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T nm 1992, sau Hin php c ban hnh, Nh nc ta ban hnh hn 100 Lut, b lut; hng trm php lnh, Ngh nh. Nhiu vn bn php quy, hng dn cc vn bn lut, b sung, chi tit ho cc quy phm php lut. Trong nhim k Quc hi Kha XI thng qua 84 lut, b lut v 16 ngh quyt c cha quy phm php lut, 32 php lnh. Tuy nhin tnh kh thi cn thp v nng lc thi hnh cn nhiu bt cp, yu km nn hiu qu cc vn bn php quy hn ch. Tin hnh hi nhp, thc t ca qu trnh tham gia AFTA, APEC, quan h thng mi vi Lin minh chu U (Eu), khu vc t do Bc M (NAFTA); thc hin thng mi Vit- M; tin trnh tham gia T chc thng mi th gii (WTO)... Vit Nam gp mt ro cn ln v lut php do h thng lut php nc ta cn nhiu khc bit so vi nhng nh ch ca cc t chc kinh t, cc quc gia ni trn. Bn cnh , cn c nhng chnh sch, quy ch khng ch khng ph hp m cn vi phm vi nhng nh ch ca cc t chc, quc gia ny v xut nhp khu hng ho, bun bn thng mi (ro cn k thut, tiu chun cht lng, tiu chun v sinh thc phm, tiu chun an ton cho ngi s dng, tiu chun lao ng...). Tham gia ton cu ho, tin hnh hi nhp, chng ta phi chp nhn h thng lut php, cc nh ch ca cc t chc kinh t th gii v cc quc gia m ta k hip nh thng mi song phng. chnh l nhng lut chi chung c th hin trong nhng iu c quc t rt phc tp. y cng l mt thch thc ln i vi Vit Nam v nc ta ang thc hin chuyn i nn kinh t sang c ch kinh t th trng nh hng x hi ch ngha. Yu cu t ra i vi Vit Nam trong qa trnh ch ng hi nhp kinh t th gii v khu vc phi tng bc hon thin h thng lut php (trc mt cn hon thin b lut u t v lut cnh tranh); iu chnh, b sung, xy dng mi nhng chnh sch kinh t, c ch qun l kinh t ca nh nc (i vi lnh vc hi nhp) ph hp vi h thng lut php, cc nh ch ca cc t chc quc t, cc quc gia ta k hip nh thng mi song phng; to mi trng php l vng chc, thng thong, thun li cho cc n v, ngnh kinh t tham gia hi nhp; ng thi bo m gi vng nh hng pht trin ca t nc, gi gn v pht huy, nng cao bn sc vn ho dn tc Vit Nam trong hi nhp. Xy dng, pht trin h thng giao thng, c s h tng kinh t, k thut ng b, tin tin Mt tiu ch quan trng nh gi trnh pht trin ca ton cu ho kinh t v hi nhp kinh t th gii ca mt quc gia, vng lnh th l mc lu chuyn ca cc yu t sn xut bao gm ti nguyn, sc lao ng, k thut, hng ho v tin vn gia cc quc gia, vng lnh th v trn ton th gii. Phng tin, iu kin thc hin s lun chuyn ny l giao thng, c s h tng kinh t, k thut... Vit Nam l nc ang pht trin , tin hnh hi nhp kinh t th gii v khu vc trong bi cnh va thot khi cc cuc chin tranh c lit v lu di, do h thng giao thng, c s h tng kinh t, k thut rt yu km. Trong khi thu nhp quc dn cn thp, iu kin u t cho ti sn xut v tch lu t ni b nn kinh t cn t th yu cu xy dng , pht trin h thng giao thng, c s h tng kinh t, k thut li rt ln p ng yu cu pht trin sn xut, ci thin i sng nhn dn v thc hin hi nhp, m ca th trng, tip nhn u t v lu chuyn cc yu t sn xut trong nc, khu vc v th gii.
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Nh vy, gii quyt mu thun ny to iu kin cho hi nhp kinh t th gii v khu vc, trong thi gian u cn tp trung u t cho kt cu h tng kinh t, k thut, trong h thng giao thng cn c u tin xy dng, pht trin cng vi h thng nng lng v mng li thng tin. Nng cao cht lng ngun nhn lc, trng dng nhn ti Ngun lc con ngi l yu t quyt nh nht thc hin hi nhp kinh t th gii v khu vc. Pht trin v nng cao cht lng ngun lc con ngi gm th lc, tr tu v nhn cch. Tuy nc ta c xp vo hng quc gia c trnh hc vn cao nhng li thiu nhng nh qun l gii, nhng nh doanh nghip, thng nhn c ti v nhng ngi lao ng tinh thng cng vic. So vi nhng nc pht trin, mt s nc trong khu vc th ngun nhn lc ca nc ta cn trnh thp km. Theo s liu iu tra ca Tng cc thng k, nc ta hin c hn 50 triu ngi t 15 tui tr ln nhng t l qua o to ngh nghip v chuyn mn k thut rt thp. S ngi tui t 13 tr ln ch c gn 8% c o to, trong 2,3% l cng nhn k thut v nhn vin nghip v; 2,8% c trnh trung hc chuyn nghip; 0,7% cao ng v 1,7% i hc, 0,1% c trnh trn i hc (k c gio vin v thy thuc l hai ngnh t l qua o to cao nht). C cu o to li bt hp l: i hc v trn i hc l 1; Trung hc chuyn nghip l 1,13 v cng nhn k thut l 0,92 (th gi l 1- 4- 10). Do , tnh trng tha thy, thiu th trong nn kinh t ngy cng trm trng. Sinh vin ra trng khng c vic lm ngy cng nhiu, song cc khu cng nghip, cc doanh nghip u t nc ngoi li khng tuyn chn c cng nhn k thut v th c tay ngh, chuyn gia v cc nh qun l ti nng. Thi k t 2000 n 2020 kinh t nc ta trong giai on y mnh CNH, HH trong xu th ton cu ho kinh t, khoa hc cng ngh pht trin, kinh t tri thc ngy cng c vai tr to ln. Yu cu v ngun nhn lc c o to c cht lng ngy cng cao l rt bc thit v cht lng lao ng l yu t quan trng hng u m cc doanh nghip quan tm ch khng phi s lng lao ng tp trung khai thc trc y. nng cao cht lng ngun nhn lc v nc ta c th ch ng hi nhp kinh t th gii v khu vc c hiu qu ch c gii php va c bn, va cp bch l pht trin , i mi, nng cao cht lng gio dc o to mt cch ton din, gn kt gio dc v o to vi nghin cu khoa hc, cng ngh v bm st, thm tr i trc mt bc yu cu pht trin kinh t t nc. Trong ch trng hai lnh vc l m rng o to cng nhn, k thut vin, nhn vin nghip v v o to i hc, trn i hc. i mi phng php dy v hc, pht huy t duy sng to v nng lc t o to ca ngi hc. i mi chng trnh o to i hc, trung hc chuyn nghip v dy ngh thit thc, hin i. Cn quan tm vic trang b kin thc tin hc, ngoi ng cho hc sinh, sinh vin v l nhng cng c c th tip cn nhanh vi x hi, th gii, tham gia vo qu trnh hi nhp kinh t mt cch nhanh chng v hiu qu. i vo kinh t tri thc, hi nhp, tham gia ton cu ho kinh t, trong vi ba thp k u ca th k 21, Vit Nam phi xy dng mt chin lc tng th quc gia v chng trnh hnh ng c th v i mi v nng cao cht lng gio dc, o to. Trn c s nng cao dn tr m pht trin, nng cao cht lng ngun nhn lc y
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mnh CNH, HH t nc, tin hnh hi nhp kinh t th gii. c bit cn c nhng c ch, chnh sch thu ht v s dng nhn ti ngi Vit v nhn ti quc t. y mnh ci cch hnh chnh lnh vc kinh t hi nhp Quan liu, ca quyn, tham nhng, thiu trch nhim, v li, km thc k lut, yu v nng lc, kin thc ca h thng hnh chnh t Trung ng n a phng l nhng cn tr rt ln i vi tin trnh hi nhp kinh t ca nc ta vi khu vc v th gii. Do , y mnh ci cch hnh chnh lnh vc kinh t hi nhp phi t ra thng xuyn v lm thng xuyn, khng ch phi c quyt tm m iu quan trng l xy dng b my c ch vn hnh, i ng cn b, cng chc. Trong lnh vc qun l kinh t hi nhp cn quy nh r rng, minh bch cc th tc hnh chnh. c bit l trch nhim c th ca c quan qun l, trch nhim c nhn ca cn b cng chc mi cp, mi ngnh, mi khu. n gin ho cc th tc hnh chnh to iu kin d dng, thun li cho kinh t hi nhp. Cng vi vic xy dng h thng lut php hon chnh, nht qun, ph hp lut php v thng l quc t, h thng hnh chnh vn hnh tri chy, sun s th cn xy dng, o to bi dng i ng cn b, cng chc thnh tho cng vic, tinh thng ngh nghip, tn tu v trong sch. Khuyn khch u t ra nc ngoi, gn kt ton din nn kinh t quc gia vi kinh t th gii Tp ch Nghin cu vn quc t s thng 6/2001 ca Vin nghin cu vn quc t Trung Quc nu nhn xt, trong s pht trin ca ton cu ho kinh t, cc nc pht trin thi hnh chnh sch bun bn v u t quc t ngy cng c xu hng nghing v li ch ca h. Do dn s lm vic ca cc nc pht trin hng nm s gim 1% sau nm 2010 nn d tr v u t ton th gii s suy gim v lm s pht trin kinh t cc nc pht trin chm li. Cng ty t vn u t ton cu Lander cho rng, kinh t ton cu pht trin thnh cng th vn quan trng l to ra nhng iu kin thun li hng ho, tin vn v lao ng, k thut c t do lu chuyn xuyn quc gia. Mt c im ln na trong qu trnh ton cu ho kinh t hin nay l s lu chuyn cc yu t sn xut rt khng ng u trn ton th gii v c xu hng ngy cng gia tng. Ch ng hi nhp kinh t th gii v khu vc, mt mt nc ta m ca th trng thu ht vn, k thut, k nng qun l t bn ngoi; kt hp vi sc mnh kinh t ni a pht trin kinh t nhanh, bn vng, hiu qu; mt khc chng ta cng phi xut khu ton din t hng ho n cc yu t ca sn xut, gn kt cht ch nn kinh t ni a vi nn kinh t th gii khu vc v tham gia vo s phn cng lao ng quc t, gia nhp cc t chc kinh t a phng. Ngay t nhng thp nin u ca th k 21, Nh nc ta cn c chnh sch khuyn khch u t ra nc ngoi, to hnh lang php l thng thong cc thnh phn kinh t, cc doanh nghip, cc ch th kinh t l ngi Vit Nam tm hiu th trng khu vc v th gii, pht huy li th so snh ca Vit Nam u t ra nc ngoi. Trong qu trnh hi nhp kinh t th gii v khu vc, cn nghin cu nhng c im mi ca qu trnh ton
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cu ho th trng cc nc trong khu vc v trn th gii c nhng ng x kp thi, nm c c hi xut khu hng ho, xut khu lao ng, thc hin c hiu qu vic gn kt cc yu t sn xut ca nn kinh t ni a vi nn kinh t th gii v cc t chc kinh t a phng. ng thi nng cao nng lc cnh tranh tng th quc gia ca nn kinh t, v li ch quc gia dn tc khng v hi nhp, m ca m li ph thuc v thua thit. Nng cao hiu qu v nng lc cnh tranh ca nn kinh t Hiu qu ca nn kinh t l chi ph thp m t c kt qu cao. i vi nc ta, vic duy tr tc tng trng 7,5% nm lin tc trong thi gian thp nin cui th k 20 v nhiu nm sau ny mi c th a nc ta thot khi tnh trng nc ngho v thc hin c mc tiu c bn tr thnh nc cng nghip vo 2020. duy tr tc tng trng kinh t cao v bn vng, phi pht huy cao ni lc, ng thi kt hp s dng hiu qu ngoi lc. Ngha l nng cao hiu qu vic s dng cc ngun lc, cc ngun vn, pht huy nhng tim nng, li th ca nn kinh t, sc mnh tng hp ca cc thnh phn kinh t. Ch c nng cao hiu qu nn kinh t mi tng cng nng lc cnh tranh. Nng lc cnh tranh ca nn kinh t khi thc hin hi nhp v m ca trong iu kin kinh t th trng, ton cu ho kinh t th hin tng mt hng, cc loi dch v, mi doanh nghip v tng th quc gia. Cn c nhng bin php khc phc cng sm cng tt nhng yu km ca cc doanh nghip Vit Nam v cc c quan qun l trong qu trnh hi nhp lm gim nng lc cnh tranh ca nn kinh t nh mu m hng ho n iu, gian ln thng mi, cht lng sn phm hng ha khng m bo chun v sinh, an ton cho ngi tiu dng, cht lng lao ng thp, nhng nhiu, tham nhng, chi ph u t qu cao. c bit cn gim chi ph cho cc loi dch v m hin nay so vi cc nc l qu cao. Chng hn cc in thoi cao gp by ln Singapore, cao gp hai ln so vi Thi Lan v hai ln so vi Trung Quc. V ph gi container cao gp ba ln Trung Quc; cao hn Thi Lan t 20% n 40%.... Hiu qu kinh t thp, nng lc cnh tranh yu li cng yu i s dn n thm bi ngay trn th trng ni a, khng th hi nhp kt qu. y l mt thc t khch quan trong nhng nm m ca th trng, hi nhp kinh t th gii va qua. C th khng nh rng: Nng cao hiu qu v nng lc cnh tranh ca ton b nn kinh t quc gia l nhn t quyt nh nht cho hi nhp kinh t th gii v khu vc thnh cng. Nhng iu kin c bn trn y hi nhp kinh t c hiu qu va l khch quan, va l ch quan. C nhng iu kin do thc tin qu trnh pht trin kinh t x hi, chnh tr th gii v trong nc m c, cng c nhng iu kin phi do chng ta to ra v kt hp gia ci khch quan v ci ch quan. cng l bin chng ca qu trnh lch s pht trin hi nhp nn kinh t Vit Nam vi kinh t quc t. Kt lun Nm 2007 c hai s kin nh du v th mi ca Vit Nam trong hi nhp kinh t quc t v quan h i ngoi: Nc ta tr thnh thnh vin WTO v y vin khng thng
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trc Hi ng bo an Lin hp quc. l kt qu ca ng li i mi, m ca, hi nhp kinh t quc t v i ngoi rng m. Song, gia nhp WTO nc ta cng gp nhng kh khn cn tip tc nghin cu, tm nguyn nhn v li gii, v sao: Hng ha nng, hi sn xut khu ca Vit Nam cht lng khng ng u, v sinh an ton thc phm cha bo m, thng hiu cha c uy tn, nguy c mt th trng c d bo? Lm g v lm th no nng dn Vit Nam tham gia hi nhp kinh t quc t khng b thua thit, bo m an ninh lng thc quc gia v nng cao mc sng ngi nng dn. Xut khu lao ng ca nc ta ch yu l nhn lc trnh thp v nhp khu lao ng l nhn lc c k thut, trnh cao. Nhn lc cht lng cao, c o to v c k nng ngh nghip, chuyn mn rt thiu, khng p ng nhu cu pht trin kinh t. Gio dc, o to, dy ngh nh th no pht trin ngun nhn lc p ng yu cu hi nhp? Chnh sch g gn kt th trng ni a v th trng quc t m pht huy c ni lc ca nn kinh t, li th so snh v a kinh t, sn phm hng ha v ngun nhn lc con ngi Vit Nam? Thu ht u t nc ngoi ngy cng gia tng nhng cng nhn lao ng trong khu vc ny li biu tnh rng khp! Cn c nhng chnh sch no xy dng, bo v, pht trin giai cp cng nhn, ngi lao ng trong qu trnh hi nhp v CNH, HH. Nhng vn mi v nhng kh khn sau khi Vit Nam gia nhp WTO cn c s nghin cu v phi hp ca nhiu c quan, nghin cu ban u ny kt qu t c cn hn ch, cn c thc tin kim nghim.

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Vn kin ng Cng sn Vit Nam cc i hi 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. 2. H Ch Minh, Ton tp, cc tp 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. 3. Vit Nam 20 nm i mi, Nxb Chnh tr Quc gia, H.2006. 4. GS Ng Qu Tng, Kinh t tri thc, xu th mi ca x hi th k 21, Nxb Chnh tr Quc gia, H.2000. 5. GS Trn Nhm (ch bin), C mt Vit Nam nh th - i mi v pht trin, Nxb Chnh tr Quc gia, H.1997.

16

SOME IDEAS ON ADVOCACY OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION BY THE COMMUNIST PARTY AND STATE OF VIETNAM

It is President Ho Chi Minh who had raised advocacy of international economic integration and implementation of the line of friendly and peaceful foreign relations with all nations and countries in the world right after the establishment of the Government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. In the process of leading the renewal cause, the Communist Party and the State of Vietnam have worked out the line on open-door economy, shifting the economy to the market economy and implementing the international economic integration. It is the great advocacy of the Party and the State to take active action and the initiative in the process of leading the countrys renewal. As a result, after twenty years of renewal, Vietnams economy has made comprehensive and deeper integration into the worlds economy. To continue the open-door policy, the document of the Tenth National Congress of the Party points out: Take the initiative and be active in the international economic integration in accordance with the roadmap in conformity with the countrys development strategy from now to 2010 and the 2020 vision. Enhance the foreign relations economy, integrate in a more comprehensive and deeper manner with all the global, regional and bilateral economic institutions, taking the service of national interests as the primary objective. Promote the role of the subject and dynamism of businesses of all the economic sectors in the international economic integration. Promote more vigorously trade and investment, develop new market, new products and new trade names. A lot of new issues have been raised theoritically and practically since Vietnams joining WTO. This subject aims to study and grasp Ho Chi Minh Thought, the view points and policies of the Communist Party of Vietnam on the international economic integration, and on that basis, analyse the actual situation in the process of integration of Vietnamese economy in the renewal and hold out a number of solutions to make a contribution to raising the theoritical awareness and pushing ahead the dissemination of the line and policy of the Party on economic integration. The content of the research subject includes: I/ A summary of Ho Chi Minh Thought on integration and international cooperation. II/ Implementation of advocacy of economic integration in the process of renewal. III/ A number of solutions that help create conditions for effective internatioanl integration and co-operation.
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The content and the results of the research work can be used as a reference to make policy and law, disseminate the line and policy of the economic integration and suggest the measures to raise the competitive capacity of the economy in order to together with businesses to make a more effective international economic integration.

A SUMMARY OF HO CHI MINH THOUGHT ON INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION AND CO-OPERATION

On his 30-year long journey in search of the path for national salvation, through the five continents and the four oceans, leader Nguyen Ai Quoc-Ho Chi Minh who lived and worked in the national liberation movement and the international workers movement, penetated with Marxism-Leninism, experienced through the actuality of the revolutionary struggle, had laid the foundation for the building of good friendship between the revolutionary movement and the international workers movement, between nations and the Communist Party, between the country and the people of Vietnam. Having returned to his homeland in 1941, President Ho Chi Minh who directly led the revolutionary struggle for national liberation and the August 1945 General Uprising and established the Democratic Republic of Vietnam advocated to implement the foreign policy of peace, friendship and integration with the world for the defence of national sovereignty and for national construction.

Right after the successful August revolution, stemming from a backward agricutlrual economy, a less developed techonolgy and techniques and being utterly exhausted by the exploitation of imperialism, President Ho Chi Minh advocated that Vietnam should open its relations with the outside world so that it could learn and take stock
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of experience in social, cultural and economic development. In his letter dated i Janaury 1945 to the US Foreign Secretary, President Ho Chi Minh proposed: In the name of the Cultural Association of Vietnam, I would like to express the Associations wish to send a mission of about 50 Vietnamese young people to the US with the aim on the one hand of establishing the friendly cultural relations with the American young people, and on the other hand of promoting the continutity of studying the agricultural techniques as well as other professional areas (Ho Chi Minh, Complete works, T4, P. 80). The prominent viewpoint of Ho Chi Minhs international integration and cooperation is to befriend all the democratic countries and make no enemies with anyone, reflecting the ideas of peace, friendship and mutual benefits. Ho Chi Minh once said in an interview with a reporter: It can be said that we welcome the French who want to bring its capitalism to our country to exploit all the material resources which have never been exploited before. It can be said that we will invite the French as well as American, Russian or Chinese specialists to come here to help us in the national construction. According Ho Chi Minh, in the condition that Vietnam was still a poor country, international integration and co-operation and the assistance of foreign countries can be served as a valuable resource of capital and an additional capital for us. So we should skilfully use that capital to strengthen our forces and develop our capabilities. He had never been mistaken between the values of civilisation of human kind and the evils of colonialism and capitalism. President Ho Chi Minh was highly conscious that all the scientific and technical achievements, all the economic and cultural resources already created should belong to the common treasure of civilisation of human kind. Vietnam should therefore be active in its integration through the forms of international co-operation to exploit to the best all the values of resources of human kind in order to enrich and beef up the strength for the nation, maintain its independence and freedom, and pursue happiness for the compatriots. Even as far as France who had invaded Vietnam is concerned, President Ho Chi Minh also made his viewpoint clear: Efforts should made to re-establish the economic and cultural relations in the principle of equality and mutual benefits. We unite with the French people and the peace-loving people in the world. From a position of a colonial country which had just regained independence and a poor country as well, there must be many hidden disadvantages once we start integration and co-operation with foreign countries. For this reason, Ho Chi Minh demanded that international co-operation and relations should be based on honesty and mutual interests and he was against all the ploys that could lead to intervention and annexation. He reaffirmed: Vietnam is ready to have friendly co-operation with French citizens. All the French capitalists or workers, businessmen or intellectuals, if they are honest in having cooperation with Vietnam, will be welcomed by the Vietnamese people as friends and brothers. However, the Vietnamese people will resolutely repudiate the French militarists. In the relations and co-operation with foreign countries, President Ho Chi Minh had found all ways and means to stop all the adverse impacts, all the actions that took advantage of cooperation to violate independence and territorial sovereignty of Vietnam. He said: The
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Democratic Republic of Vietnam is ready to set up the friendly relations and co-operation with any country on the principle of mutual respect of the completeness of sovereignty and territories, without intereference in internal affairs, equality and mutual benefits and peaceful co-existence. We believe that this co-operation will be beneficial for both sides and for peace in the whole world. (Ho Chi Minh, Complete works, T 8, P. 5). President Ho Chi Minhs active viewpoint on international integration and cooperation was clearly reflected in his letter to the United Nations Organisation (UNO) in December 1946: As for democratic countries, Vietnam is ready to materialise its open-door and co-operation policy in all fields: a/ Vietnam reserves all favourable conditions to receive investment of the foreign capitalists and technicians and all of their technologies. b/ Vietnam is ready to open wide its sea ports, air ports and communication roads for trade and international transit. c/ Vietnam accepts to join all the international economic co-operation organisations under the UNOs leadership.... In the struggle for their sacred interests, the Vietnamese people have a profound belief that they are also fighting for the common cause: It is to exploit satisfactorily all the economic sources and all organisations just for the effectiveness of security in the Far East (Ho Chi Minh, Complete works, T4, P.470). Nowadays in the tendency of globalisation, the development of the knowledge-based economy, the process of Vietnams renewal has gone ever deeper international integration and co-operation plays a great role in the national industrialisation and modernisation. President Ho Chi Minhs viewpoint on international integration and cooperation is really the lodestar for the nation to strive to get out of hunger and poverty and implement the objectives of prosperous people and powerful country.

II

IMPLEMENTATION OF ADVOCACY OF ECONOMIC INTEGRATION IN THE RENEWAL PROCESS

In the late 20th century, economic globalisation developed vigorously and comprehensively as far as its width and depth are concerned, making a profound influence on politics, economy, culture and society of the countries and territories all over the world. The two-decade long globalisation shows that the developed countries have been in their active position. The developing countries have been in passive position and even some of them have been brushed aside of globalisation. As for those countries with slow and
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developing economy, in the process of integration in globalisation, if they cannot seize the advantages and opportunities created by globalisation, their economy will be left far behind and they will depend on economy, capital, technology and market and become the places where their resources and labour will be exploited and they will be the goods consuming markets, will buy costly equipment and backward technology and their environment will be polluted and destroyed. Vietnam is a developing country. Having implemented the renewal line, Vietnams economy has shifted from the subsidized, administrative mechanism to the socialist-oriented market economy. With its integration and participation in globalisation, Vietnams economy is in the process of linking to the regional and world economy in all areas such as the change of production factors, the opening of market, export of goods, export of labour, attraction of techniques, technology, managerial skills, sources of foreign direct investment and investment abroad, trade, participation in international labour distribution, accedence in the regional and world economic organisations, making a contribution to changing the structure, quality and growth rate of the economy. According to the survey results conducted by the General Department of Statistics, within ten years from 1991 to 2000, GDP had continuously increased with average annual growth rate of 7.56%, occupying the high position among the regional countries with high economic growth rate in the 1990s. From 2001 to 2005, a 7.5% growth rate was still maintained. This is the result of the process of implementing international integration and opening the domestic market with a motto Vietnam wants to befriend all the countries in the world community, striving for peace, independence and development. It can be seen here that in the process of integration, Vietnams external economy has seen development, manifesting in these aspects: - A relatively high growth (2.6 times over GDP growth rate) - Active participation of all economic sectors. - Products of processing industry occupies an ever increasing rate (63.3%) and products of processing industry has the highest average growth (34%). Worthy of note is that export of the economy with foreign direct investment has made an effective contribution to increasing export turnover (37%). Apart from that, businesses with foreign direct investment have made a contribution to accelerating domestic businesses to strive forward, renovate their technologies, reduce production costs, raise products quality, get access to market, hold for healthy competition and step by step carry out international economic integration. As for export, in the process of integration, Vietnams export has served well the export objectives and met the essential requirements of production and of the peoples life; imported production materials have made a contribution to renovating technical
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equipment and production technolgy, bringing Vietnams economy to develop in the direction of pushing ahead industrialisation and modernisation, particularly to raise the competitive capacity of the businesses; goods quality has become ever better, meeting the taste and requirement of domestic market and export. Import turnover of the foreign direct investment area is around 20%. This is considered an important result in the process of Vietnams economic integration in the region and the world (corresponding to foreign invested capital structure of 18.6%). The results of integration and market opening in the recent past cannot be seperated from the leadership of the Communist Party of Vietnam. It has stemmed from the political and economic lines and the important policies of the Party. With the national comprehensive renewal line, the development of multi-sectoral commodities economy operating in accordance with the socialist-oriented market mechanism; with the policy of taking the initiative in the regional and international economic integration, opening the domestic market; with economic development defined as the central task, striving to promote internal strength and taking advantage of external strength to push ahead industrialisation and modernisation, all potentials have been brought into full play, the national strength has been combined with the epochal strength. The Communist Party of Vietnam has organised and led the renewal cause successfully; political stability is the fundamental condition for economic development. The economic growth, including the growth of important production branches, in which agriculture, fisheries and industry are the decisive material premise for social stability. Economic development, stable society, improved life of the majority of people are the top elements to attract international investment. In the background that there are changes in the worlds economic situation after the disintegration of the socialist system, particularly the September 11 incident in the US, the Iraqi and Afghanistan wars, together with the fact that with its violent might, the US has tried to rule the roost all over the world and the countries disputes over their sovereignty have increased in the region and so on and so forth, the maintenance of the national independence and sovereignty, the orientation of national development on the path toward socialism, the guarantee of a lasting peace for national construction and development are of decisive significance for the effective international and regional economic integration. The institutionalization of the Partys economic line into the States policy, the amendment of the Constitution and the making of the States law have created a favourable legal environment for the linkage of Vietnams economy with the regional and worlds economy. The Vietnamese States macro policy on prices, foreign exchange, taxes, banking, finance, customs, elimination of the monopoly of foreign trade and so on have made a contribution to stimulating export, increasing foreign currencies, creating favourable conditions for the regional and international economic integration. Maintaining and promoting the national cultural identity is one of the experience lessons in the process of the international and regional economic integration and the effective opening of the domestic market. While considering, assessing and building
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strategy, programme and plan of international and regional economic integration, it is impossible to neglect the factor of the national culture, because the economic result by integration and market opening cannot but take into account the national cultural issue. Maintaining and promoting the national cultural identity in the process of integration is of significance both for enhancement of the development of domestic economy and for the usefulness in stimulating the attraction of foreign invesment in a number of important areas such as tourism, education, training and cultural activities. As for the long-term purposes, the more comprehensive and deeper is the international and regional economic integration and the opening of domestic market, the more valuable is the maintenance and promotion of Vietnams national cultural identity and the more important is the maintenance of the national independence and sovereignty. At the same time it will re-affirm the position of the national identity in the process of globalisation. In recent years, we have learnt both the successful and unsuccessful lessons in maintaining and promoting the national cultural identity while implementing the policy on integration and door opening. The cultural invasion in the trend of globalisation in not a few countries and nations has helped make us think about the implementation of the international and regional economic integration and the market opening. The danger of losing the national cultural identity in globalisation is a fact posed to all such developing countries as Vietnam while implementing integration and door opening. It is necessary for us to have the viewpoint and mode of behaviour in such a way as to absorb the cultural quintessence in the cultural confluence of the nations in the world in the process of integration to enrich and raise the cultural values of Vietnam.

III

A NUMBER OF SOLUTIONS CREATE CONDITIONS FOR EFFECTIVE OPERATION INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION AND CO-

The 2000-2010 social and economic development strategy and the 2020 vision have mapped out the objectives to take Vietnam out of poverty to become a modernityoriented industrialized country. The effective international and regional economic integration is to make a contribution to carrying out the above-said objectives and orientations.

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Entering the 21st century, the early years of Vietnams international economic integration have been marked with two important events: First, Vietnam and the US signed a bilateral trade agreement. Second, in late 2006, it successfully organised the APEC conference and joined the WTO. As a result of it, Vietnam continues to open its goods and service market, make laws and the action programme to implement its commitments and agreements with the WTO on the investment method in relation to trade, epidemic hygiene and intellectual property related to trade and customs value. Earlier, the year 2003 was the first year to carry out the stipulations of the ASEANs CEPT/AFTA. In the background of globalisation with vigorous and deep economic development, the scientific and technical revolution, technological innovation, information boom and unpredictable changes of the worlds political situation, to have effective integration, Vietnam affirms that it will take the initiative and have suitable development steps, make full use of favourable opportunities, overcome any obstacles and difficulties in the process of opening the market and the international and regional economic integration. On the basis of the forecast of the development situation, stemming from the actual facts, Vietnam find it necessary to have and create the fundamental conditions to have effective integration.

Maintaining peaceful environment and stable society and politics

This is the most fundamental prerequisite for a successful international and regional economic integration of Vietnam. The Resolution of the 9th National Party Congress states: In several decades to come, there is no prospect of any world war. But the local wars, armed conflicts, ethnic or religious conflicts, arms race, interference for subversion and terrorism have still happened in many areas with an ever increasing complications. Peace, co-operation and development is the great trend, reflecting the urgent demand of all nations and countries. Economic globalisation is the objective trend, attracting ever more countries to join; this trend is being governed by a number of developed countries and the trans-national capitalist economic groups, bearing many conflicts, so it has both active and passive aspects, both co-operation and struggle. The actual political and economic situation in the world in the early years of the 21 century shows that the analysis of the 9th National Party Congress is correct: Even though the war-like imperialists forces have used their violent might to cause the war in many regions; armed conflicts and terrorism and subversion have happened in many countries and many regions, peace, co-operation and development remain an urgent demand of many countries. As for Vietnam, it had to undergo the national liberation wars for national defence since mid-20th century, the maintenance of a lasting peace for economic development can help have more conditions for international and regional economic integration. Thanks to peace and renewal, Vietnams economy has seen vigorous development with annual growth rate of 7.5% in the 1900-2000 period. If before 1900, there
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was a shortage of goods and a long-lasting social and economic crisis, at present, there is some surplus of goods that need to be exported to push ahead domestic production. Together with the country in peace, social and political stability is a very fundamental condition for domestic economic development, creating favourable environment to attract foreign direct investment. In the social development, it is an undeniable fact that there are internal conflicts among people, conflicts among nations and regions, between the political system and people of all strata. If these conflicts are not settled and treated in a dexterious and thorough-going manner, it could lead to confrontations, causing political instability and social disorder. In the background when there are very extremely conplicated international and regional developments, all of Vietnams hostile forces are still finding ways and means to excite and cause turmoils in the areas where we are off-guard and weak in administration, so if we do not handle it in a skilful and correct way, it is very easy to cause social and political confrontation, causing chaos in the country. It does not only threaten the loss of power, but also the safety and security of our system. When there is social and political confusion, domestic economy will be much influenced, losing its competetive capabilitiess, hence unsuccessful integration. It is therefore necessary to guarantee the maintenance of national sovereignty and socialist orientation when we carry out international economic integration.

Renewal and raising comprehensive awareness of economic integration and WTO

It is necessary to understand the initiative we have taken in international and regional economic integration in a full, comprehensive and profound manner in the economic condition that Vietnam is still a poor, less developed country and it is in the process of shifting its managerial mechanism from a subsidized economy to the socialistoriented market economy. Joining the multilateral economic organisations, participating in international labour distribution, associating domestic economy with international and regional economies is the process of both co-operation and struggle and of implementing the general stipulations of the worlds economic organisations and the different countries laws and international law. In the process of integration, we have to accept the every acute international competition. It is still incomplete and incomprehensive awareness of international integration among branches, sectors and businesses, even among some agencies which do the job of managing integration. Dissemination, education and popularisation of international economic integration is only the initial step and is yet to be spreading and timely. It is therefore still a simple social awareness of the Vietnam-US trade agreement, of the World Trade Organisation, of the international financial organisations and banks. It is still untimely awareness of the requirements of the market opening concerning taxes, the non-tariff measures in commodities trade, service and investment, leading to
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delays and losses of opportunities, reducing foreign investments into Vietnam and causing losses to exported goods. After over eleven years of negotiations, on 7 November 2006, Vietnam was admitted as the 50th member of the WTO. This marked a turning point of Vietnam for its broader and deeper integration in the worlds economy. This event also happened at the time when there was the trend of economic globalisation, the overlapping opportuniities and challenges, so how do we think about it? Since our renewal, there have been different understandings about international economic integration. Through the factual situation of the process of integration, since Vietnams joining ASEANs AFTA and signing the bilateral trade agreement with the US and other multi-lateral agreements with the regional organisations like ASEM, APEC and GMS, as well as the negotiations to join the WTO, we are ever more conscious that international economic integration is the process of linking Vietnams economy to the global economy. This linkage manifests in the circulation of goods and the componential elements of production forces, from human force, science and technology to the means of production and consumption. Vietnams economy once integrated has become part of the global economy. This also means that together with the opening of domestic market, at the same time it is necessary to penetrate deeper in the worlds market. Figuratively speaking, when Vietnams market was yet to open, we were the one man show in the market, but when we started our integration, we have entered the international market. If we know how to bring into full play the comparative advantages, Vietnams goods will be sold with profits, making a contribution to pushing ahead the development of production, strengthening economy and raising the peoples lives. On the contrary, it we do not know how to make full use of the opportunities to get over all the barriers and challenges, we will have to bear all the losses and be landed in a state of economic dependence and slow development and we will find it difficult to get out of poverty. By joining the WTO, we have conditions to make deeper and broader integration in the international and regional economy to develop our economy and push ahead the national industrialisation and modernisation. It is of primary significance to have a unified awareness of the whole society that integration is the objective trend, if Vietnam wants to get out soon of poverty, it should know how to combine the national strength with the epochal strength in the new historical condition, to take the intiative and to be more active in integration as the Partys 9th Congress had put forth: to bring into full play the role of the subject and dynamism of businesses under all the economic sectors in international economic integration. If we want to take the initiative and to be active in integration, when joining the WTO, the first and foremost thing we need to know and grasp is the rules of the game. They are the WTOs basic contents and fundamental stipulations, the commitments concerning the market opening, the good quality criteria, particularly the reduction of taxes and the dismantle of none-tariff, the rule of conduct, Vietnams law and international law, and so on and so forth. It is also necessary to see the active impacts as
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well as adverse impacts in the process of integration on economy, society, politics and culture. It is because of the fact that joining the WTO, advantages and difficulties have always gone together, making mutual impact and influence, so it is necessary to determine a correct attitude with not too much optimism that having joined the WTO, we will get rich fast, but also with not too much pessimism that we will lose immediately right on the home ground. The WTO is a fair playing ground where all of its members are on equal footing concerning the rules of the game, depending on each specific partner, we will have a suitable way of playing. The wit lies in the fact that we can find the common ground as well as the private ground to play with all the partners so that all the parties will win in the end together. The renewal and the raising of the high sense of awareness of the international economic integration are a process of the close association with the fact when integration is being implemented. Stemming from the characteristics of a shifting economy, it is necessary to pay attention to raising the awarenes of the fact that: Goods produced are for sale, for export on the regional and international market. National overall competition, national interests are important in integration. Businesses (the State-run businesses and businesses of other economic sectors) should enhance their understanding and research of the regional and international market, of the institutions, rules, principles, tastes, customs, technical requirements and goods quality. All the mass media agencies should co-ordinate with the agencies concerned to exchange information, popularize it among the people of all walks of life, businesses and the economic sectors. The content of integration should be included in the training programmes in courses for officials and in institutes and schools for students. The national cultural identity should be maintained and raised in integration and door opening. The socialist international sentiments in integration and door opening should be consolidated and built and the awareness against peaceful evolution and economic invation should be raised.

Fast and sustainable economic development

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Economically, Vietnam is a developing country, lying in the area of a poor country with annual per capita income of only USD700.0. Its population belongs to the densely populated countries, but its purchasing power and accumulation ability for reinvestment and production expansion remain limited. At the same time, the competition of the economy, even in the domestic market, is still weak. Production forces, particularly the technical and technological levels, are still low. Managerial abilities and experience are still at a low level, the sense of dependence and subsidy remains persistent (this sense is not only found in the State-run businesses, but also among peasants and other economic sectors). In the trend of globalisation, the market here is the whole world and Vietnam should associate the domestic market to the world market and develop the market economy. Thats why, the opening of the market for foreign businesses to come and do business here can create a great pressure to domestic businesses and goods manufacturers. But at the same time it can also create new conditions for the development of domestic businesses and adjust their business structure. To raise the competitive capacity of the economy, first of all businesses should be mentioned here. Most of the Vietnamese businesses are small and medium-sized businesses (by the end of 2006, the number of the State-run businesses occupied only 3.61% of the number of the nation-wide businesses) in a condition that the economy was a low level of development and it is in the shifting process, so the competitive capacity is poor. This is the greatest challenge, so domestic businesses need the help from the State concerning mechanism and policy so as to reaise their competitive abilities, consolidate their position in the domestic market. First of all, attention should be paid to building and perfecting the market economic institution together with other institutions in conformity with the WTOs stipulations. The roadmaps, particularly the roadmap of taxes, and Vietnams commitments when it joined the WTO, should be made public. There should be a brealthrough in the administrative reform so as to create the real changes in the political system, particularly in the civil rights agencies, so that there is not only the reduction of troubles, but also the fast and effective services for the development of businesses. The State builds and promulgates the major policies to create conditions for integration in so far as the height and depth are concerned. For example, it is the policy on development of human resource, particularly the high tech human resource. Or the transfer of the managerial right of businesses to the sectorial associations, the building of the linkages between businesses, the support of information and creation of conditions for mutual development. Stemming from the market demands and the demands of sectors and the areas with priorities for development, businesses should have the development strategy on the basis of determining the adgvantages and difficulties so as to reorganise their production and business, innovate their technologies, raise their managerial level and productivitiy, goods quality, build their trade names and honour their prestige in business relations with their clients. Businesses should grasp the opportunities of integration for development. For example, they should get access to partners and international market, keep close cooperation and share experience, capital and information to promote competitive advantages.

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In the process of renewal, economic development has been directed strongly to export. The results are very great, making an important contribution to the high growth rate of the economy in the past ten years. To be able to have deeper and broader integration after having joined the WTO, Vietnam should grasp the opportunities to get access to international goods and service market. As a result, we can improve investment environment, raise the effectiveness of investment, concentrate all development resources of the economic branches with the competitive advantages so as to direct them to export such as agricultural and aqua products processing, textile and garments, leather shoes industries (these are the labour intensive industries), encourage the production of goods with high technological content such as electronics, information, food processing and phamaceuticals so that we can overcome the limitations of the economy in the process of shifting such as the scattered resources with no effective use, a lot of losses and wastes and poor social and economic infrastructures. In the first decades of the 21st century, to have successful integration, Vietnam should strive to get out of the state of a poor country, to have a fast and sustainable domestic economic growth so as to create conditions to join the globalisation without being incurred with losses. Together with the accelaration of agricultural and rural industrialisation, the implementation of shifting the economic structure in the direction of modernisation and effectiveness, it is necessary to push ahead the speed of equitization of the State-run businesses and at the same time to create favourable conditions for the development of private economy so as to bring into full play all the competitive capabilities of Vietnammade goods in the domestic and regional market in terms of goods quality and goods varieties. The advantages of private economy (private businesses) lie in the fact that it has no binding to the troublesome administrative procedures. It is more dynamic to change their samples and designs of their products, quickly grasp business opportunities; it is more flexible in terms of prices and so it has more conditions for production and sale of their products in the domestic as well as in the regional and international markets, inclduing the new and big markets. At present, Vietnams population stands at over 85 million and in several decades to come, it will be over hundred million. This is the most important resource for the development of the country. This resource should be exploited and promoted to accelerate the economic growth rate in an effective and sustainable manner. The development of human resource to meet the requirements of enhancing industrialisation and modernisation also creates conditions for the succdessful integration. With the global movement of labourers being considered, with the trained human resource, Vietnams human resource will be able to participate directly in the process of international labour distribution with an ever greater quantity and ever better quality.

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Building a synchronous policy system in conformity with principles of international economic organisations

In the process of renewal, the States policy system has changed fundamentally to serve the economic development tasks, making a contribution to economic growth and integration and to market door opening. However, in fact, Vietnams policy system is yet to be synchrnous and suitable to the principles of the international and regional economic organisations. Particularly the tariff and non-tariff policy system, the trade, export-import policy. Even though the 2000-2010 social and economic development strategy was approved at the Partys 9th and 10th Congresses, the concretization of these polices have still gone slowly. Many policies once made public could help solve only a certain actual situation. The requirement for building a specific roadmap with the suitable policies remains the urgent requirement now. A number of policies are now not suitable to the realities of economic development and all the principles and stipulations of the regional and international economic organisations, but no timely adjustments have ever been made, so it has caused a lot of obstacles and difficulties, even confusions, to the domestic and foreign businesses. Let alone the promulgated policies with no detailed stipulations have created a lot of loopholes or careless and ununified implementation (the policies on land, prices, labour export, ect.). The renovation of the economic policy in a synchronous and comprehensive manner to help serve the objectives of economic growth, conform to the principles and stipulations of the international and regional economic organisations so as to create favourable conditions for an effective economic integration is now an urgent demand.

Perfecting the law system, creating favourable environment for integration and market door opening

Since 1992, after the promulgation of the Constitution, the State of Vietnam has promulgated over 100 laws and codes; hundreds of Ordinances and Decrees. Many legal documents have given guidance, amendments and details to the law regulations. The National Assembly, its 11th tenure, passed 84 laws, codes and 16 degrees and 32 ordinances. However, the feasibility of these legal documents is still low and their inactment has still a lot of insufficiencies and weaknesses, so their effectiveness is still limited. In the process of integration, through its participation in trade relations with AFTA, APEC, EU, NAFTA, the US and the WTO, Vietnam has met with a lot of legal barriers due to the difference of its legal system from the legal institutions of the above-said economic organisations and
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countries. Besides, there are still the policies and stipulations which are not only unsuitable to, but also in violation of, the institutions of these organisations and countries in terms of export of goods and trade relations (barriers in techniques, in criteria of quality and food hygiene, in criteria of safety for users and criteria of labout). By joining globalisation and undertaking integration, we have to accept the law system and institutions of the economic organisation of the countries and the world with which we have signed the bilateral agreements. This is the common rule of game reflected through the very complex international treaties. This is also the great challenge for Vietnam because it has been implementing the shift of its economy to the socialist-oriented market economy. Vietnam is required in the process of taking the initiative in the international and regional economic integration to step by step perfect its law system (in the immediate future, it is necessary to perfect the investment code and the competition law); adjust, add and formulate the new economic policies and the States economic managing mechanism (for the integration areas) to be in conformity with the law system and the institutions of the international organisation and countries with which Vietnam has signed the bilateral trade agreements; create a firm and favourable legal environment for integration by the economic units and branches; at the same time guarantee to maintain the orientation of development of the country, maintain, promote and raise Vietnams national cultural identity in integration.

Building and developing a synchronous and advanced communication system, economic and technical infrastructure

An important criterion to judge the development level of a countrys economic globalisation and international economic integration is the territorial area. This is the level of movement of the production elements including natural resources, labour force, techniques, goods and capital between nations, territories and the whole world. The means and conditions to implement this movement is communication and the technical and economic infrastructure. Vietnam is a developing country, so its communication system and the technical and economic infrastructre are still in poor conditions while it started undertaking international and regional economic integration in such a situation that it had just got out of the fierce and prolonged wars. While the national income was still low, investment conditions for reproduction and accumulation from the inside of the economy were still not many, the demands for construction and development of the communication system and the technical and economic infrastructure were very great to meet the requirements for the development of production, for the improvement of peoples life and the implementation of integration, for the market door opening, the reception of investment and the movement of the domestic, regional and international production elements. So to settle this contradiction to create condition for the international and regional economic integration, in the initial
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period of time, it is necessary to pool all efforts to make investment in the technical and economic infrastructure, in which priority should be given to the construction and development of the communication system together with the energy system and the information network.

Raising the quality of human resource and putting talents in important positions

Human resource is the most decisive factor to implement the international and regional economic integration. The quality of human resource with physical fitness, mental abilities and personality should be developed and raised. Even though Vietnam is ranked among the nations with high educational level, we still lack well-qualified managers, talented businessmen and traders and skilful workers. Human resource of Vietnam in comparison with the developed countries and a number of the regional countries is still at a low level. According to the survey figures of the General Department of Statistics, Vietnam now has over 50 million people of 15 years of age and older, but the rate of these people undergoing the job and technical training is very low. The number of people of 13 years of age and older through training occupies only 8%, in which 2.3% are technical workers and professional staff; 2.8% have the vocational secondary school level; 0.7% has senior secondary education, 1.7% have university level and 0.1% has the post-graduate education level (including teachers and physicians who have experienced the highest level training). The training structure is unreasonable: University and post-graduate education is 1; the vocational secondary school training is 1.13 and technical workers is 0.92 (while in the world, this rate is 1- 4- 10 respectively). As a result, we have an ever more serious state of a surplus of teachers and a shortage of workers in the economy. Jobless university graduates are in an ever greater number, but the industrial zones and foreign invested businesses cannot recruit enough skilled technicians and workers and the talented experts and managers. In the 2000-2020 period, Vietnams economy has been accelerating its industrialisation and modernisation in the tendency that the economy has been globalized, science and technology have developed and the knowledge-based economy has played a major role. The requirement for an ever better quality trained human resource is very urgent because labour quality is the primary important element that businesses have paid attnetion to, not the labour quantity they had exploited in the past. To raise the quality of human resource and Vietnam can be able to take the intiative to have an effective international and regional economic integration, there is only fundamental but urgent solution being development, renovation, improvement of educational and training quality in a comprehensive way, linkage of education and training to scientific and technological researches and sticking and even taking one step ahead to
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meet the requirements of national development. Attention should be paid to expanding the training of technical workers and professfional staff and the training of university and postgraduate education. The teaching and learning method should be renovated, the learners thinking and self-teaching abilities should be promoted. The university and secondary vocational training school programmes should be renovated to be more practical and moderner. It is necessary to pay more attention to teaching information and foreign languages because these are the tools to help students to get quick access to society and the world and to join the process of economic integration in a fast and effective manner. To join the knowledge-based economy, integration and economic globalisation, in the first two or three decades of the 21st century, Vietnam needs to build a national overall strategy and a concrete action programme on renewal and raise the quality of education and training. We should base ourselves on raising the peoples intellectual standards to develop, on raising the quality of human resource to push ahead the national industrialisation and modernisation and to carry on international economic integration. Especially it is necessary to have mechanism and policies to attract and use the Vietnamese and international talents.

Pushing ahead administrative reform in the area of integration economy

Bureaucracy, authoritativeness, corruption, irresponsibility, mercenary, lack of discipline and of abilities and knowledge of the administrative from the central to locel levels are the gib obstacles for the process of the countrys international and regional economic integration. It is therefore necessary to push ahead the administrative reform in the area of integration economy and this should done in a regular way not with only great determination. The important thing is that we have to build an operational administrative apparatus with well-qualified staff. In the management of integration economy, it is necessary to define clearly and transparently all the administrative procedures, particularly the concrete responsibilities of the managing agencies and the individual responsibilities of officials at all levels and sectors. The administrative procedures should be streamlined in such a way as to facilitate the integration economy. Together with the formulation of a perfect and consistent law system in conformity with the international law and practices, if we want to have a smoothly operating administrative system, it is necessary for us to build and foster a contingent of well-qualified staffmen who are not only capable of handling the job skilfully, but also devoted and clean in doing the job.

Encouraging investment abroad, comprehensive linkage of national economy with international economy

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The magazine International Affairs Studies, edition of June 2001 of Chinas Research Institute of International Affairs remarked that in the process of development of economic globalisation, the developed countries have practised their policies on trade and international investment with the tendency ever more inclining to their own interests. It is due to the fact that the working population in the developed countries will decrease annually by 1% after 2010, the global reserve and investment will decrease, thus slowing down their economic development. The Lander global consulting company holds that to make the global economy develop successfully, it is important to create favourable conditions for the transnational free movement of goods, capital, labour and techniques. Another big characteristics in the process of the present economic globalisation is the movement of production elements which is not the same in the whole world and this has a tendency to increase. By taking the initiative to have international and regional economic integration, Vietnam on the one hand opens its market to attract capital, techniques and managerial skills from outside; combines the strength of the domestic economy for the effective, sustainable and fast economic development; on the other hand exports in a comprehensive way from all the goods to the elements of production, closely associates the domestic economy with the international and regional economies and joins the international labour distribution and participates in multilateral economic organisations. Right from the first decades of the 21st century, the State of Vietnam needs to have policies to encourage investment in foreign countries, creating an open legal corridor for all the economic sectors, businesses and the economic subjects being the Vietnamese to delve into the markets in the region and the world, thus promoting Vietnams comparative advantages to make investments in foreign countries. In the process of international and regional economic integration, it is necessary to study all the new characteristics of the process of globalisation in the markets in the region and the world so as to be able to have timely responses, grasp opportunities to export goods and labour to effectively implement the linkage of production elements of the domestic economy with the worlds economy and the multilateral economic organisations. At the same time, it is necessary to raise the national overall competitive abilities of the economy for the benefits of the nation, not for the dependence and losses due to integration and door opening. Raising competitive effectiveness and capabilities of the economy

The effectiveness of the economy is cost effective with high results. As for Vietnam, the maintenance of the continuous 7.5% growth rate in the late decade of the 20th century and the years after that could help take the country out of the state of poverty and implement the fundamental objectives to become an industrialized country by 2020. To maintain the high and sustainable growth rate, it is necessary to bring into the fullest play the internal strength and at the same time to combine with the effective use of the external strength. It
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means that it needs to raise the effectiveness of the sue of resources, sources of capital, promote all the potentials and advantages of the economy and the general strength of the economic sectors. Only by raising the effectiveness of the economy can the competitive abilities be strengthened. The competitive abilities of the economy when the integration and door opening is implemented in the condition of a market economy and the economic globalisation can manifest in each item of goods, kinds of services, in each business and in the whole nation. It is necessary to have measures to overcome as soon as possible all the weaknesses of the Vietnamese businesses and the managerial agencies in the process of integration that could reduce the competitive abilities of the economy such as monotonous trade marks, trade frauds, products quality with no guarantee of hygienic standards and safety, low labour quality, corruption and high investment costs. Particularly it is necessary to cut expenditures for all kinds of services which are now much higher than other countries. For example, telephone charge is seven times higher than Singapore, two times higher than Thailand or China; container keeping charge is three times higher than China or 20% to 40% higher than Thailand and so on and so forth. Low economic effectiveness, weak competitive abilities will lead to disaster right in the domestic market, hence impossibility for effective integragion. This is an objective fact in the years of opening the market and international integration in recent years. It can be reaffirmed here that raising effectiveness and competitive abilities of the whole national economy is the most decisive element for a sucessful international and regional economic integration. The above-mentioned fundamental conditions for an effective economic integration are both objective and subjective. Some of the conditions are from the realities in the process of the social, political and economic development at home and abroad, some are created by ourselves and combined between the objective and subjective things. This is the dialect of the process of history of development and integration of the economy of Vietnam with the economy of the world.

CONCLUSION

The year 2007 saw two events marking the new positions of Vietnam in its international and regional economic integration: Vietnam became a member of the WTO and a non-permanent member of the US Security Council. This is the result of the renewal line, the line of door-opening and international economic integration and wide-opening

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foreign raltions. However, Vietnams joining the WTO have also met with difficulties, so it is necessary to continue to study to find out the reasons and the answers. Why?

Vietnams farm and aqua products have no similar qualities, food hygiene is yet to be guaranteed, trade names have yet to be trusted and the danger of losing the market has been predicted. So what and how can be done to have Vietnamese peasants join international economic integration without losses, to guarantee national food security and raise the peasants living standards? Labour exported in Vietnam is mainly human resource of low level and labour inported is human resource of high technical level. Vietnam is running short of wellqualified human resource with good professional level, thus failing to meet the requirements of the economic development. So how can education, training and vocational education be conduted to develop human resource to meet the requirements of integration? What is the policy that can link the domestic market to the international market so as to promote the internal strength of the economy, the geographical comparative advantages, goods and products and the Vietnamese human resource? There is an ever increasing tempo of foreign investments, while wide spread strikes by the workers working for foreign investement businesses are happening in many areas. So what policy is needed to build, protect and develop the working class and workers in the process of integration and industrialisation and modernisation? The new problems and difficulties cropped up after Vietnams joining the WTO need a study and co-ordination of many agencies and the initial results show their limit, that need being tested through practice./.

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