Mt s h iu hnh mng ph bin hin nay: H iu hnh mng UNIX: y l h iu hnh do cc nh khoa hc xy dng v c dng rt ph bin trong gii

i khoa hc, gio dc. H iu hnh mng UNIX l h iu hnh a nhim, a ngi s dng, phc v cho truyn thng tt. Nhc im ca n l hin nay c nhiu Version khc nhau, khng thng nht gy kh khn cho ngi s dng. Ngoi ra h iu hnh ny kh phc tp li i hi cu hnh my mnh (trc y chy trn my mini, gn y c SCO UNIX chy trn my vi tnh vi cu hnh mnh). H iu hnh mng Windows NT: y l h iu hnh ca hng Microsoft, cng l h iu hnh a nhim, a ngi s dng. c im ca n l tng i d s dng, h tr mnh cho phn mm WINDOWS. Do hng Microsoft l hng phn mm ln nht th gii hin nay, h iu hnh ny c kh nng s c ngy cng ph bin rng ri. Ngoi ra,Windows NT c th lin kt tt vi my ch Novell Netware. Tuy nhin, chy c hiu qu, Windows NT cng i hi cu hnh my tng i mnh. H iu hnh mng Windows for Worrkgroup: y l h iu hnh mng ngang hng nh, cho php mt nhm ngi lm vic (khong 3-4 ngi) dng chung a trn my ca nhau, dng chung my in nhng khng cho php chy chung mt ng dng. H d dng ci t v cng kh ph bin. H iu hnh mng NetWare ca Novell: y l h iu hnh ph bin nht hin nay nc ta v trn th gii trong thi gian cui, n c th dng cho cc mng nh (khong t 5-25 my tnh) v cng c th dng cho cc mng ln gm hng trm my tnh. Trong nhng nm qua, Novell cho ra nhiu phin bn ca Netware: Netware 2.2, 3.11. 4.0 v hin c 4.1. Netware l mt h iu hnh mng cc b dng cho cc my vi tnh theo chun ca IBM hay cc my tnh Apple Macintosh, chy h iu hnh MS-DOS hoc OS/2. H iu hnh ny tng i gn nh, d ci t (my ch ch cn thm ch AT386) do ph hp vi hon cnh trang thit b hin ti ca nc ta. Ngoi ra, v l mt phn mm ph bin nn Novell Netware c cc nh sn xut phn mm khc h tr (theo ngha cc phn mm do cc hng phn mm ln trn th gii lm u c th chy tt trn h iu hnh mng ny).

NOS (Network Operating System) - H iu Hnh Mng

de Size- Size+

L phn mm iu khin vic kt ni mng, nh ngha v qun l vic truy cps cc ti nguyn trong mng. Kh nng qun l cung cp cc ti nguyn, danh mc ngi dng, kh nng bo mt, truy cp v s dng ti nguyn.....l cc tiu ch nh gi v la chn h iu hnh ph hp cho mt nhu cu xy dng mng. Cc phn mm MS Windows 95, Windows 97 , Windows 98.....l cc h iu hnh mng ngang hng (peer-to-peer network). H iu hnh mng ngang hng c kh nng chia s ti nguyn ca mt my tnh trong mng thnh ti nguyn dng chung trong mng. Cc hn ch mng LAN (mng cc b) s dng h iu hnh mng ngang hng:
- Khng c kh nng qun l ti nguyn v "cp php truy cp" hiu qu cho cc ti nguyn mng.

- Kh nng bo mt km: kh nng phn bit c "bn" (ngi c quyn truy cp) v "th" (k truy cp tri php ti nguyn trn mng) rt hn ch. Cc ti nguyn trn mng ni chung ch c "chia s chung chung" (share-level access control), ai mun truy cp th truy cp. - Kh nng cung cp dch v ca "ch s hu ti nguyn" b hn ch do cc ci t trn my ch khng c ti u ha v khng chuyn mn ha. Trong v d sau: Mng ngang hng s dng cc HH mng MS Windows 98 v Windows 98 SE, nu MY 4 b li phn mm hoc b "treo" (halted) th kt ni Internet c cung cp bi MY 4 s b ngng ngay.

HH Windows tt c cc my tnh MY 1,2,3,4 u thc hin 3 chc nng chnh: DOS - l lp phn mm iu khin my tnh n bn di giao din ha (underlying control program). Client Software - l phn mm "Client for Microsoft Networks" c ci t phn mng (Control panel -> Network -> Configuration), l lp "v" gia DOS v NOS. NOS - H iu hnh mng cho php qun l v chia s ti nguyn. Cc ti nguyn dng chung trong mng bao gm: My in Laser ci MY 1 nhng c MY 1 "cho php xi chung" : cc my tnh khc c th s dng n nh th my in c gn trc tip vo mi my tnh vy. Th mc C:\DATA ca MY 3 nhng c MY 3 "cho php xi chung" : cc my tnh khc c th truy cp vo th mc ny ly thng tin thi (nu MY 3 cp php "CH C" - Read Only) hoc c th cp nht thm/xa/sa thng tin trong th mc ny (nu MY 3 cp php "TON QUYN" - Full Access). Kt ni Internet: My 4 c ci t HH mng Microsoft Windows 98 v cu hnh cho php chia s kt ni Internet (Internet Connection Sharing - ICS). Cc my tnh MY 1, 2, 3 c th "cng s dng kt ni Internet" thng qua modem c ni MY 4.

H iu hnh Unix
Unix hay UNIX l mt h iu hnh my tnh vit vo nhng nm 1960 v 1970 do mt s nhn vin ca cng ty AT&T Bell Labs bao gm Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie v Douglas McIlroy. Ngy nay h iu hnh Unix c phn ra thnh nhiu nhnh khc nhau, nhnh ca AT&T, nhnh ca mt s nh phn phi thng mi v nhnh ca nhng t chc phi li nhun. Unix c th chy trn nhiu loi my tnh khc nhau, t nhng my tnh c nhn cho n cc my ch dch v. N l mt h iu hnh a nhim(c th cng lc thc hin nhiu nhim v) h tr mt cch l tng i vi cc ng dng nhiu ngi dng. Unix c vit bng ngn ng lp trnh C, mt ngn ng rt mnh v mm do. Unix h tr cc ng dng mng v h tr nhiu mi trng lp trnh khc nhau. Vi hng trm lnh v mt s lng rt ln cc ty chn, Unix thc s l mt kh khn i vi ngi mi bt u. Vi s pht trin ca cc shell Unix h iu hnh ny tr nn ph dng hn trong lnh vc in ton. V Bell Laboratories b cm khng cho php tip th Unix v lnh chng c quyn i vi AT & T nn Unix c cung cp min ph cho cc trng i hc trn ton Bc M t nm 1976. Nm 1979 i

hc California ti Berkeley xy dng mt phin bn ca Unix dng cho cc my tnh VAX. Sau khi c a thch trong cc lnh vc cng ngh, AT & T ginh c quyn tip th i vi Unix v cho ra i System V vo nm 1983. Cho n nay Unix vn c s dng rt rng ri trong th trng dnh cho my ch. c nhiu phin bn pht trin khc nhau, trong c Linux. Unix l mt trong nhng h iu hnh 64 bit u tin. Hin nay Unix c s dng bi nhiu cng ty tp on ln trn th gii v mc bo mt ca n tng i cao. H iu hnh UNIX AT&T

-1969: khi u - Multics & UNIX (Unics) UNIX bt ngun t mt n nghin cu trong Bell Labs ca AT&T vo nm 1969. Lc Ken Thomson, Dennis Ritchie v nhng ngi khc na lm ra trn my PDP-7 mt th m by gi gi l UNIX. Ch UNIX ban u vit l Unics l mt kiu chi ch ca cc tc gi khi so snh sn phm ca h vi h iu hnh Multics lc by gi. Unics l ch vit tt ca Uniplexed Information and Computing System. -Nhng nm u Trong 10 nm u, vic pht trin UNIX gii hn bn trong Bell Labs l chnh. Nhng version trong thi gian ny c gi l Version n (Vn) v c chy trn PDP-11 (16-bit) ri k l VAX (32-bit). +1973: V4 c vit bng C Nm 1973, V4 c vit bng C. y l s kin ng ch nht trong lch s h iu hnh ny v n lm cho UNIX c th c chuyn sang cc hardware mi trong vng vi thng. +1976: V6 c pht min ph cho cc trng i hc Nm 1976, V6 l version u tin c pht hnh ra ngoi Bell Labs v c pht min ph cho cc trng i hc. -1979: Pht hnh rng ri V7 nh sn phm thng mi Ba nm sau, 1979, V7 c pht hnh rng ri vi gi $100 cho cc trng i hc v $21000 cho nhng thnh phn khc. V7 l version cn bn cho cc version sau ny ca UNIX. Sau khi pht hnh V7, AT&T lp ra UNIX Support Group (USG) khai thc UNIX nh l mt sn phm thng mi. Sau ny USG i thnh UNIX System Laboratories (USL). Bell Labs v USL cng tip tc pht trin UNIX. Cc release System III v System V ca USL c pht hnh rng ri v gy nh

hng chnh n cc h thng sau ny. Trong khi ng gp ca Bell Labs l cc cng c pht trin nh SCCS, v named pipes. BSD

T nm 1977, Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) ca trng i hc California, Berkeley c quyn s dng code ca UNIX pht trin ra nhn hiu UNIX khc l BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution). BSD pht trin t version 1 n version cui cng 4.4 nm 1992. Khi AT&T bt u khai thc UNIX nh sn phm thng mi th tin bn quyn UNIX tng ln nhanh chng lm cho Berkeley phi t k hoch thay source code ca AT&T bng code ring. Vic ny tn rt nhiu thi gian v khng kp hon thnh khi Berkeley b ngng ti tr nghin cu h iu hnh, CSRG gii tn. BSD UNIX v AT&T UNIX l hai dng chnh ca UNIX. BSD gip cho UNIX tr nn ph bin v c nhiu ng gp v mt k thut nh: csh, termcap, curses, vi, TCP/IP socket, long file name, symbolic link. Cc hng pht trin khc

-Workstation Trong nhng nm 80, cc hng khc (ch yu l cc hng ch to workstation) cng thc hin cc UNIX ca ring h da vo bn quyn ca AT&T. l Sun vi SunOS, DEC vi Ultrix, HP vi HP-UX, IBM vi AIX, Silicon Graphics vi IRIX, Microsoft vi Xenix, SCO vi SCO-Xenix, SCO-UNIX. Nm 1985 Sun gii thiu NFS. -Free UNIX Ngoi ra cn c nhng bn UNIX khng cn license chy trn PC, trong thng gp nht l Linux. Linux nguyn thy c vit bi Linus Torvalds Helsinski, by gi c pht trin tip bi mt cng ng rt ng. Mt bn UNIX free khc l FreeBSD, bt ngun t BSD. Cc version khc nhau ca UNIX lm cho UNIX tr nn khng thng nht. Do , cc tiu chun c hnh thnh phn no chun ho UNIX. Cc tiu chun thng l do mt nhm cc hng lin minh li t ra, v d OSF, X/Open. IEEE a ra POSIX (Portable Operating System Interface). Sau khi tham gia OSF, DEC ngng pht trin Ultrix, ch lm ra UNIX theo tiu chun OSF/1 ca OSF. OSF X/Open

Nm 1992, AT&T bn quyn khai thc UNIX cho Novell. Novell c quyn thu tin bn quyn trn mi bn UNIX ca cc hng khc bn ra. Novell pht hnh sn phm UNIX tn l UnixWare. Cui nm 1993, Novell nhng quyn khai thc nhn hiu UNIX li cho X/Open. UnixWare c bn li cho SCO. POSIX Lch s pht trin gn cht vi ngn ng C

Lch s pht trin gn cht vi ngn ng C. Ngn ng C c thit k cho UNIX v c thc hin u tin trn UNIX. Hu ht cc chng trnh ng dng trn UNIX c vit bng C. Multiplatform

c tnh multiplatform c t rt sm, gn nh t u. c thc hin trn hu ht cc my t 16-bit n 64-bit. Tnh nng v chng trnh ng dng c pht trin t nhiu ngun. 64-bit

Mc d hu ht cc processor mi ngy nay c hoc s c kin trc 64-bit, cc h iu hnh li chm chn hn. Mt trong nhng l do l cha c nhiu chng trnh ng dng i hi kh nng 64-bit. Xu hng hin nay ca cc h iu hnh ni chung, trong c UNIX l cung cp kh nng 64-bit nng cao thnh tch ca cc chng trnh ng dng. -Kh nng 64-bit gm c: +File system ln File system ln hn hn ch 4GB ca 32-bit. Trong kha cnh ny s thay i t 32-bit ln 64-bit khng ln i vi h iu hnh v chng trnh ng dng. +File ln Thay i ny nh hng ng k n application v vn tng thch binary code. +64-bit networking NFS version 3 dng s 64-bit ch kch thc file. Kch thc file c th ln n 263-1 bytes v truy xut file vi offset 64-bit. +Physical memory H iu hnh qun l c hn 4GB physical memory. em li li ch khi nhiu ng dng chy cng lc cn nhiu hn 4GB memory (mi ng dng khng dng qu 4GB) v kch thc physical memory tht s ln hn 4GB. Li ch l h iu hnh khng phi swap memory. +Virtual memory Cho php mi ng dng truy xut hn 4GB virtual memory. Chc nng ny s tng thnh tch cho cc ng dng cn d liu ln hn 2-4GB. Trong tng lai vic nh a ch 64-bit c th dng to ra mt m hnh memory phng tri ra trn nhiu my trong network (cluster), nh vy vic pht trin cc ng dng phn tn s n gin hn. Symmetrical multi processor v cluster

Hu ht cc hng lm UNIX u cung cp kh nng multi processor v nhng thread ca cng mt ng dng c th thc hin ng thi trn nhng processor khc nhau. Nhng h iu hnh UNIX c th lm vic c hiu qu n vi chc processor. Cluster l k thut lin kt nhiu my vi nhau cng thc hin chng trnh ng dng. Qun l a cng

Cc kh nng di y mi c trn mt s UNIX. T ng khi phc d liu trong file system sau khi c s c: Journaled File System. T ng di chuyn file gia cc physical volume cn bng hot ng ca cc volume. Undelete. Defragmentation. Parallel file system: tn dng kh nng SMP x l nhiu yu cu I/O cng lc trn nhiu processor. Networking

UNIX cung cp kh nng networking rt mnh, c bit trong vic kt ni gia cc h thng t nhiu nh sn xut khc nhau. Protocol chun l TCP/IP. Xu hng hin nay l: Kt ni vi PC LAN: Netware v NT. Cung cp cc protocol lin quan n Internet: PPP, SMTP, POP3, IMAP4, HTTP. Security

Cc hng thc hin cc kh nng an ton n mc C2 theo tiu chun ca National Computer Security Center (M). Xu hng hin nay l, song song vi vic cung cp thm cc cng c tr gip. Mt s hng nng mc an ton ln mc B. Cng c qun l h thng

Trc y UNIX ni ting l km v cc cng c qun l h thng. Ngi qun tr h thng phi sa rt nhiu cc thng s kh nh, kh hiu trong rt nhiu configuration file nm ri rc trong my. Hin nay nhiu cng c qun l theo kiu GUI gip ngi qun tr h thng rt nhiu. Xu hng chung l to ra mt b cng c qun l h thng mt cch tin li d dng. UNIX cn cung cp nhng cng c qun l h thng hu hiu da trn giao din kiu k t. Nhng cng c nh vy cho php qun l h thng t xa qua telnet mt cch hiu qu.

Mt s h iu hnh mng ph bin hin nay H iu hnh mng Windows NT: y l h iu hnh ca hng Microsoft, cng l h iu hnh a nhim, a ngi s dng. c im ca n l tng i d s dng, h tr mnh cho phn mm WINDOWS. Do hng Microsoft l hng phn mm ln nht th gii hin nay, h iu hnh ny c kh nng s c ngy cng ph bin rng ri. Ngoi ra, Windows NT c th lin kt tt vi my ch Novell Netware. Tuy nhin, chy c hiu qu, Windows NT cng i hi cu hnh my tng i mnh. * H iu hnh mng Windows for Worrkgroup: y l h iu hnh mng ngang hng nh, cho php mt nhm ngi lm vic (khong 3-4 ngi) dng chung a trn my ca nhau, dng chung my in nhng khng cho php chy chung mt ng dng. H d dng ci t v cng kh ph bin. * H iu hnh mng NetWare ca Novell: y l h iu hnh ph bin nht hin nay nc ta v trn th gii trong thi gian cui, n c th dng cho cc mng nh (khong t 5-25 my tnh) v cng c th dng cho cc mng ln gm hng trm my tnh. Trong nhng nm qua, Novell cho ra nhiu phin bn ca Netware: Netware 2.2, 3.11. 4.0 v hin c 4.1. Netware l mt h iu hnh mng cc b dng cho cc my vi tnh theo chun ca IBM hay cc my tnh Apple Macintosh, chy h iu hnh MS-DOS hoc OS/2.