Trng Cao ng K thut Cng ngh ng Nai Khoa in t - Cng ngh thng tin

NHP MN LP TRNH
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CC KHI NIM C BN V LP TRNH

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Ni dung

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Cc khi nim c bn

Cc bc xy dng chng trnh

Biu din thut ton

Ci t thut ton bng NNLT

NMLT - Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh

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Cc khi nim c bn

Lp trnh my tnh Gi tt l lp trnh (programming). Ngh thut ci t mt hoc nhiu thut ton tru tng c lin quan vi nhau bng mt ngn ng lp trnh to ra mt chng trnh my tnh. Thut ton L tp hp (dy) hu hn cc ch th (hnh ng) c nh ngha r rng nhm gii quyt mt bi ton c th no .
NMLT - Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh

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Cc khi nim c bn

V d Thut ton gii PT bc nht: ax + b = 0 (a, b l cc s thc).

u vo: a, b thuc R u ra: nghim phng trnh ax + b = 0 Nu a = 0 b = 0 th phng trnh c nghim bt k. b 0 th phng trnh v nghim. Nu a 0 Phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = -b/a

NMLT - Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh

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Cc tnh cht ca thut ton

Tnh chnh xc: qu trnh tnh ton hay cc thao tc my tnh thc hin l chnh xc. Tnh r rng: cc cu lnh minh bch c sp xp theo th t nht nh. Tnh khch quan: c vit bi nhiu ngi trn my tnh nhng kt qu phi nh nhau Tnh ph dng: c th p dng cho mt lp cc bi ton c u vo tng t nhau. Tnh kt thc: hu hn cc bc tnh ton
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Bao gm 5 tnh cht sau:

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Cc bc xy dng chng trnh

Biu din bng: Xc nh vn Ngn ng t nhin - bi ton Lu - S khi La chn M gi phng php gii Xy dng thut ton/ thut gii Ci t chng trnh Li c php Hiu chnh Li ng ngha chng trnh Thc hin chng trnh
NMLT - Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh

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S dng ngn ng t nhin

vo: a, b thuc R ra: nghim phng trnh ax + b = 0 Nhp 2 s thc a v b. Nu a = 0 th 2.1. Nu b = 0 th 2.1.1. Phng trnh v s nghim 2.1.2. Kt thc thut ton. 2.2. Ngc li 2.2.1. Phng trnh v nghim. 2.2.2. Kt thc thut ton. 3. Ngc li 3.1. Phng trnh c nghim. 3.2. Gi tr ca nghim l x = -b/a 3.3. Kt thc thut ton.
NMLT - Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh

u u 1. 2.

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S dng lu - s khi
Khi gii hn Ch th bt u v kt thc. Khi vo ra Nhp/Xut d liu. Khi la chn Ty iu kin s r nhnh. Khi thao tc Ghi thao tc cn thc hin. ng i Ch hng thao tc tip theo.
NMLT - Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh

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Gii thut v lu pt: ax+b=0

Begin

u vo: a,b u ra: x B1: Yu cu nhp a,b B2: Kim tra: Nu a=0 v b=0 => pt VSN Nu a=0 v b<>0 => pt VN Nu a<>0 => x=-b/a B3: Xut kt qu

Nhp a,b

a =0 v b=0

VSN
Text

a=0 v b<>0

VN
End

a <>0

X=-b/a

Nghim n x=
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Gii thut v lu pt: ax+b=0 (CT)

Begin

u vo: a,b u ra: x B1: Yu cu nhp a,b B2: Kim tra: Nu a=0 Nu b=0 => pt VSN Ngc li(b<>0) =>ptVN Ngc li(a<>0 => x=-b/a B3: Xut kt qu

Nhp a,b a=0 b=0 VSN

VN X=-b/a
End

Nghim n x=

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Gii thut pt: ax2+bx+c=0

u vo: a,b,c u ra: x1,x2 B1: Yu cu nhp a,bc B2: Kim tra: Nu a=0 Nu b=0 Nu c=0 => pt VSN NL(c<>0) => pt VN NL(b<>0) =>x=-c/b NL(a<>0) Tnh d=b2- 4*a*c Nu d=0 => x1=x2=-b/(2*a) NL(d<>0) Nu d<0 => pt VN NL(d>0) => x1=(-b+sqrt(d))/(2*a) x2=(-b-sqrt(d))/(2*a)

B3: Xut kt qu

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Lu pt: ax2+bx+c=0
Nhp a,b,c a=0 b=0 X=-c/b VN c=0 VN d<0 X1= x2= d=b2- 4*a*c d=0 X1=x2=

Begin

VSN Nghim n

End

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S dng lu - s khi
Bt u

c a,b a=0 b=0 Xut VSN Xut VN S Tnh x = -b/a Xut x S

Kt thc
NMLT - Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh

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S dng m gi

Vay mn ngn ng no (v d Pascal) biu din thut ton.

u vo: a, b thuc R u ra: nghim phng trnh ax + b = 0 If a = 0 Then Begin If b = 0 Then Xut Phng trnh v s nghim Else Xut Phng trnh v nghim End Else Xut Phng trnh c nghim x = -b/a
NMLT - Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh

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Ci t thut ton bng C/C++

#include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int a, b; printf(Nhap a, b: ); scanf(%d%d, &a, &b); if (a == 0) if (b == 0) printf(Phng trnh VSN); else printf(Phng trnh VN); else printf(x = %.2f, -float(b)/a); }
NMLT - Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh

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Bi tp l thuyt

1. Thut ton l g? Trnh by cc tnh cht quan trng ca mt thut ton? 2. Cc bc xy dng chng trnh? 3. Cc cch biu din thut ton? u v khuyt im ca tng phng php? Cho v d minh ha.

NMLT - Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh

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Bi tp thc hnh

4. Nhp nm sinh ca mt ngi. Tnh tui ngi . 5. Nhp 2 s a v b. Tnh tng, hiu, tnh v thng ca hai s . 6. Nhp tn sn phm, s lng v n gi. Tnh tin v thu gi tr gia tng phi tr, bit: a. tin = s lng * n gi b. thu gi tr gia tng = 10% tin

NMLT - Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh

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Bi tp thc hnh

7. Nhp im thi v h s 3 mn Ton, L, Ha ca mt sinh vin. Tnh im trung bnh ca sinh vin . 8. Nhp bn knh ca ng trn. Tnh chu vi v din tch ca hnh trn . 9. Nhp vo s xe (gm 4 ch s) ca bn. Cho bit s xe ca bn c my nt? 10.Nhp vo 2 s nguyn. Tnh min v max ca hai s .
NMLT - Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh

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