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I. iu kin ra i, tn ti, c trng v u th ca SXHH: 1) nh ngha hng ha: L sn phm ca lao ng c th tha mn mt nhu cu no ca con
ngi thng qua trao i, mua bn. 2) iu kin ra i ca sn xut hng ha: a. Phn cng lao ng XH:
+ Phn cng lao ng XH l s chuyn mn ha sx mt ngnh, ngh nht nh. + Do phn cng lao ng, mi ngi ch sx 1 hoc 1 s sp. Trong nhu cu cn nhiu th,
mun tha mn nhu cu, ngi ta trao i sp cho nhau. Nh vy, phn cng lao ng XH lm xut hin nhu cu trao i. b. C s tch bit tng i v mt KT:
S tch bit tng i v mt KT lm cho trao i mang hnh thc trao i HH. 3) c trng v u th ca SXHH: a.
c trng ca SXHH:
+ Th nht, SXHH l sx ra sp trao i, bn. + Th hai, L ca ngi SXHH va mag tnh cht t nhn, va mang tnh cht XH. b.
u th ca SXHH: So snh vi sx t cung t cp, SXHH c nhng u th:
+ Th nht: Khai thc c nhng li th v t nhin, XH, k thut ca tng ngi, tng c s
cng nh tng vng, tng a phng.
+ Th hai: To iu kin thun li cho vic ng dng nhng thnh tu khoa hc k thut vo sx,
thc y sx.
+ Th ba: Buc ngi SXHH phi lun lun nng ng, nhy bn. + Th t: Lm cho giao lu kinh t vn ha gia cc a phng, cc ngnh ngh ngy cng pht
trin. + Th nm: Xa b tnh bo th, tr tr ca KT t nhin.
1) Hng ha v hai thuc tnh ca n: Khi nim: hng ha l sp TM nhu cu no ca con ngi thng qua trao i mua v bn.
+ Tnh thng nht: l HH phi c 2 thuc tnh. + Tnh mu thun: tuy l 2 mt thng nht trong mt HH nhng gi tr v gi tr s dng li c s
tch ri nhau trong khng gian v thi gian.
+ i vi ngi sx, ngi bn HH-iu h quan tm l gi tr. Nhng thu c gi tr, trc
ht h phi sx ra cc gi tr s dng trong sx, sau mi thu c trong lu thng trn th trng.
+ L to ra gi tr s dng ca hng ha. + L c s ca phn cng L XH. + KHKT ngy cng pht trin, cc hnh thc L c th ngy cng a dng, phong ph. + L phm tr vnh vin ( XH ngy cng pht trin, cc hnh thc L c th c th thay i ). b. L tru tng: + Nu gt b cc hnh thc biu hin c th th mi L SXHH u c 1 c im chung ging
nhau, l s hao ph sc lc ( thn kinh, c bp ) ca ngi SXHH.
+ L c th biu hin thnh L t nhn. + L tru tng biu hin thnh L XH. + Mu thun c bn ca nn SXHH l: mu thun gia L t nhn v L x hi.
Biu hin: + Sp do ngi sx nh to ra c th khng ph hp vi nhu cu XH.
+ Hao ph L c bit ca ngi sx c th cao hn hao ph L m XH chp nhn. + Mu thun gia L t nhn v L XH cha ng nhng mm mng ca mi mu thun trong
nn SXHH.
3) Lng gi tr HH:
a. Thc o lng gi tr hng ha:
+ Gi tr hng ha o s lng L XH cn thit sx ra HH quyt nh. + n v o: thi gian L nh ngy thng nm b. Thi gian L: + Thi gian L c bit. + Thi gian L XH cn thit ( trong k bnh thng ca XH: KT trung bnh, thnh tho trung
bnh, cng L trung bnh ). Lu : lng gi tr HH khng o bng thi gian L c bit m o bng thi gian L XH cn thit.
+ S lng L hao ph sx ra 1 n v sp. + Tng nng sut L: tng hiu qu, nng lc sx ca L. + Khi nng sut L tng:
S lng sp sx ra trong 1 n v thi gian tng.
+ Cng L c o bng s tiu hao L trong 1 n v thi gian v thng c tnh bng
s calo hao ph trong 1 n v thi gian.
L gin n l L khng qua hun luyn, o to. L phc tp l L phi qua hun luyn thnh tho, l L thnh tho. + Khi trao i trn th trng, ngi ta ly L gin n lm cn c v quy tt c L phc tp v
L gin n.
+ Quy lut lu thng tin t l quy lut qui nh s lng tin cn thit mi thi k nht nh. + Khi tin mi ch thc hin chc nng l phng tin lu thng th s lng tin trong lu
thng c tnh thao cng thc. Cng thc: Tng gi c hng ha trong lu thng S lng tin cn cho lu thng =
+ Trong iu kin tin thc hin chc nng thanh ton th cng thc s lng tin t cn thit
cho lu thng s c trin khai nh sau: K hiu: G: tng gi c. T: tng s tin. Gc: tng s gi c HH bn chu. Tk: tng s tin khu tr cho nhau. Ttt: tng s tin thanh ton n k hn tr. N: s vng lu thng ca cc ng tin cng loi. G ( Gc + Tk ) + Ttt T= N IV. Quy lut gi tr: 1) Ni dung ca quy lut gi tr:
+ C th: trong sx, khi lng sp do ngi sx to ra phi ph hp vi nhu cu c kh nng thanh
ton ca XH.
+ Thc hin la chn t nhin v phn tn giu ngho. KT HH, KT th trng gn lin vi s
phn ha giu ngho nhng trong KT HH, nh sx no sx ra HH co gi tr c bit < gi tr XH th s
pht trin lm giu, cn ngc li th thua l, ph sn. Mt khc, KT th trng cn chu tc ng ca yu t thi c, may ri; cng dn ti s phn ha giu ngho. KT th trng cng vinh danh nhng nh sx c ti ng thi o thi nhng nh sx, qun l yu km. V. Th trng: Gi c th trng:
+ Gi c th trng l cng c quan trng Nh nc thc hin qun l, kch thch, iu tit cc
hot ng kinh t theo nh hng, mc tiu nht nh. Nhng nhn t tc ng ln gi c hng ha:
+ Gi tr ca HH.
+ Quan h cung cu:
Cung = cu gi c = gi tr. Cung > cu gi c < gi tr. Cung < cu gi c > gi tr.
+ Quan h cnh tranh.