C NHIU PHNG PHP X L, C TH K RA Y CC PHNG PHP SAU: 1.

Phng php hp th: Phng php ny s dng cc cht hp th nh dung mi, nc, cc hp cht hp th. Phng php ny s dung i vi cc dung mi h c, khng kh cha hi a-xt,... 3. Phng php t: S dng h thng ht, sau cho vo h thng bnh nn kh t. Phng php ny c th p dng t cc loi kh d chy nh CO, hi sn... 4. Phng php s dng thit b tnh in ht bi. Phng php ny c s dng trong cc nh my xi mng, may mc... 5. Phng php s dng vt liu/ho cht phn ng: S dng cc loi ho cht phn ng to ra CO2 v hi nc. Phng php ny p dng i vi nh my thi ra dung mi h c. 6. S dng cht xc tc to phn ng vi khng kh: Phng php ny p dng x l kh thi c hiu qu. Hin nay cc cht xc tc c s dng rng ri l nano TiO2, St t,... Ngoi ra, x l kh thi c th p dng song song nhiu phng php c ho v l. 1. Phng php x l l hc Trong nc thi thng cha cc cht khng tan dng l lng. tch cc cht ny ra khi nc thi. Thng s dng cc phng php c hc nh lc qua song chn rc hoc li chn rc, lng di tc dng ca trng lc hoc lc li tm v lc. Ty theo kch thc, tnh cht l ha, nng cht l lng, lu lng nc thi v mc cn lm sch m la chn cng ngh x l thch hp. 1.1. Song chn rc Nc thi dn vo h thng x l trc ht phi qua song chn rc. Ti y cc thnh phn c kch thc ln (rc) nh gi, rc, v hp, rc cy, bao nilon c gi li. Nh trnh lm tc bm, ng ng hoc knh dn. y l bc quan trng nhm m bo an ton v iu kin lm vic thun li cho c h thng x l nc thi. Ty theo kch thc khe h, song chn rc c phn thnh loi th, trung bnh v mn. Song chn rc th c khong cch gia cc thanh t 60 100 mm v song chn rc mn c khong cch gia cc thanh t 10 25 mm. Theo hnh dng c th phn thnh song chn rc v li chn rc. Song chn rc cng c th t c nh hoc di ng. Song chn rc c lm bng kim loi, t ca vo knh dn, nghing mt gc 45 600 nu lm sch th cng hoc nghing mt gc 75 850 nu lm sch bng my. Tit din ca song chn c th trn, vung hoc hn hp. Song chn tit din trn c tr lc nh nht nhng nhanh b tc bi cc vt gi li. Do , thng dng hn c l thanh c tit din hn hp, cnh vung gc pha sau v cnh trn pha trc hng i din vi dng chy. Vn tc nc chy qua song chn gii hn trong khong t 0,6 -1m/s. Vn tc cc i giao ng trong khong 0,75 -1m/s nhm trnh y rc qua khe ca song. Vn tc cc tiu l 0,4m/s nhm trnh phn hy cc cht thi rn. 1.2. Lng ct B lng ct c thit k tch cc tp cht v c khng tan c kch thc t 0,2mm n 2mm ra khi nc thi nhm m bo an ton cho bm khi b ct, si bo mn, trnh tc ng ng dn v trnh nh hng n cc cng trnh sinh hc pha sau. B lng ct c th phn thnh 2 loi: b lng ngang v b lng ng. Ngoi ra tng hiu qu lng ct, b lng ct thi kh cng c s dng rng ri. Vn tc dng chy trong b lng ngang khng c vt qua 0,3 m/s. Vn tc ny cho php cc ht ct, cc ht s v cc ht v c khc lng xung y, cn hu ht cc ht hu c khc khng lng v c x l cc cng trnh tip theo.

1.3. Lng B lng c nhim v lng cc ht cn l lng c sn trong nc thi (b lng t 1) hoc cn c to ra t qu trnh keo t to bng hay qu trnh x l sinh hc (b lng t 2). Theo dng chy, b lng c phn thnh: b lng ngang v b lng ng. Trong b lng ngang, dng nc chy theo phng ngang qua b vi vn tc khng ln hn 0,01 m/s v thi gian lu nc th 1,5 2,5 h. Cc b lng ngang thng c s dng khi lu lng nc thi ln hn 15000 m3/ngy. i vi b lng ng, nc thi chuyn ng theo phng thng ng t di ln n vch trn vi vn tc t 0,5 0,6 m/s v thi gian lu nc trong b dao ng khong 45 120 pht. Hiu sut lng ca b lng ng thng thp hn b lng ngang t 10 20 %. 1.4. Tuyn ni Phng php tuyn ni thng c s dng tch cc tp cht ( dng rn hoc lng) phn tn khng tan, t lng km khi pha lng. Trong mt s trng hp, qu trnh ny cn c dng tch cc cht ha tan nh cc cht hot ng b mt. Trong x l nc thi, qu trnh tuyn ni thng c s dng kh cc cht l lng, lm c bn sinh hc. u im c bn ca phng php ny l c th kh hon ton cc ht nh, nh, lng chm trong thi gian ngn. Qu trnh tuyn ni c thc hin bng cch sc cc bt kh nh vo pha lng. Cc bt kh ny s kt dnh vi cc ht cn. Khi khi lng ring ca tp hp bt kh v cn nh hn khi lng ring ca nc, cn s theo bt ni ln b mt. Hiu sut qu trnh tuyn ni ph thuc vo s lng, kch thc bt kh, hm lng cht rn. Kch thc ti u ca bt kh nm trong khong 15 30 micromet (bnh thng t 50 120 micromet). Khi hm lng ht rn cao, xc xut va chm v kt dnh gia cc ht s tng ln, do , lng kh tiu tn s gim. Trong qu trnh tuyn ni, vic n nh kch thc bt kh c ngha quan trng. 2. Phng php x l ha hc v ha l 2.1. Trung ha Nc thi cha acid v c hoc kim cn c trung ha a pH v khong 6,5 8,5 trc khi thi vo ngun nhn hoc s dng cho cng ngh x l tip theo. Trung ha nc thi c th thc hin bng nhiu cch: - Trn ln nc thi acid v nc thi kim; B sung cc tc nhn ha hc; - Lc nc acid qua vt liu c tc dng trung ha; Hp th kh acid bng nc kim hoc hp th ammoniac bng nc acid. 2.2. Keo t to bng Trong ngun nc, mt phn cc ht thng tn ti dng cc ht keo mn phn tn, kch thc cc ht thng dao ng t 0,1 10 micromet. Cc ht ny khng ni cng khng lng, v do tng i kh tch loi. V kch thc ht nh, t s din tch b mt v th tch ca chng rt ln nn hin tng ha hc b mt tr nn rt quan trng. Theo nguyn tc, cc ht nh trong nc c khuynh hng keo t do lc ht Vander Waals gia cc ht. Lc ny c th dn n s kt dnh gia cc ht ngay khi khong cch gia chng nh nh va chm. S va chm xy ra nh chuyn ng Brown v do tc ng ca s xo trn. Tuy nhin trong trng hp phn tn cao, cc ht duy tr trng thi phn tn nh lc y tnh in v b mt cc ht mang tch in, c th l in tch m hoc in tch dng nh s hp th c chn lc cc ion trong dung dch hoc s ion ha cc nhm hot ha. Trng thi l lng ca cc ht keo c bn ha nh lc y tnh in. Do , ph tnh bn

ca ht keo cn trung ha in tch b mt ca chng, qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh keo t. Cc ht keo b trung ha in tch c th lin kt vi cc ht keo khc to thnh bng cn c kch thc ln hn, nng hn v lng xung, qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh to bng. 3. Phng php sinh hc Phng php sinh hc c ng dng x l cc cht hu c ha tan c trong nc thi cng nh mt s cht v c nh H2S, Sunfit, ammonia, Nito da trn c s hot ng ca vi sinh vt phn hy cc cht hu c gy nhim. Vi sinh vt s dng cht hu c v mt s khong cht lm thc n. Mt cch tng qut, phng php x l sinh hc c th phn thnh 2 loi: - Phng php k kh s dng nhm vi sinh vt k kh, hot ng trong iu kin khng c oxy. - Phng php hiu kh s dng nhm vi sinh vt hiu kh, hot ng trong iu kin cung cp oxy lin tc. Qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c nh vi sinh vt gi l qu trnh oxy ha sinh ha. thc hin qu trnh ny, cc cht hu c ha tan, c cht keo v cht phn tn nh trong nc thi cn di chuyn vo bn trong t bo vi sinh vt theo 3 giai on chnh nh sau: Chuyn cc cht nhim t pha lng n b mt t bo vi sinh vt. Khuch tn t b mt t bo qua mng bn thm do s chnh lch nng bn trong v bn ngoi t bo. Chuyn ha cc cht trong t bo vi sinh vt, sn sinh nng lng v tng hp t bo mi. Tc qu trnh oxy ha sinh ha ph thc vo nng cht hu c, hm lng cc tp cht v mc n nh ca lu lng nc thi vo h thng x l. mi iu kin x l nht nh, cc yu t chnh nh hng n tc phn ng sinh ho l ch thy ng, hm lng oxy trong nc thi, nhit , pH, dinh dng v cc yu t vi lng. 3.1. Phng php sinh hc k kh Qu trnh phn hy k kh cc cht hu c l qu trnh sinh ha phc tp to ra hng trm sn phm trung gian v phn ng trung gian. Tuy nhin phng trnh phn ng sinh ha trong iu kin k kh c th biu din n gin nh sau: Vi sinh vt Cht hu c > CH4 + CO2 + H2 + NH3 + H2S + T bo mi Mt cch tng qut qu trnh phn hy k kh xy ra theo 4 giai on: - Giai on 1: thy phn, ct mch cc hp cht cao phn t; - Giai on 2: acid ha; - Giai on 3: acetate ha; - Giai don 4: methan ha. Cc cht thi hu c cha nhiu cht hu c cao phn t nh proteins, cht bo, carbohydrates, celluloses, lignin,trong giai on thy phn, s c ct mch to nhng phn t n gin hn, d phn hy hn. Cc phn ng thy phn s chuyn ha protein thnh amino acids, carbohydrate thnh ng n, v cht bo thnh cc acid bo. Trong giai on acid ha, cc cht hu c n gin li c tip tc chuyn ha thnh acetic acid, H2 v CO2. Cc acid bo d bay hi ch yu l acetic acid, propionic acid v lactic acid. Bn cnh , CO2 v H2, methanol, cc ru n gin khc cng c hnh thnh trong qu trnh ct mch carbohydrate. Vi sinh vt chuyn ha methan ch c th phn hy mt s loi c cht nht nh nh CO2 + H2, formate, acetate, methanol, methylamines, v

CO. Ty theo trng thi ca bn, c th chia qu trnh x l k kh thnh: - Qu trnh x l k kh vi vi sinh vt sinh trng dng l lng nh qu trnh tip xc k kh (Anaerobic Contact Process), qu trnh x l bng lp bn k kh vi dng nc i t di ln (UASB); - Qa trnh x l k kh vi vi sinh vt sinh trng dng dnh bm nh qu trnh lc k kh (Anaerobic Filter Process). 3.2. Phng php x l sinh hc hiu kh Qu trnh x l sinh hc hiu kh nc thi gm ba giai on: - Oxy ha cc cht hu c; - Tng hp t bo mi; - Phn hy ni bo. Cc qu trnh x l sinh hc bng phng php hiu kh c th xy ra iu kin t nhin hoc nhn to. Trong cc cng trnh x l nhn to, ngi ta to iu kin ti u cho qu trnh oxy ha sinh ha nn qu trnh x l c tc v hiu sut cao hn rt nhiu. Ty theo trng thi tn ti ca vi sinh vt, qu trnh x l sinh hc hiu kh nhn to c th chia thnh: - X l sinh hc hiu kh vi vi sinh vt sinh trng dng l lng ch yu c s dng kh cht hu c cha carbon nh qu trnh bn hot tnh, h lm thong, b phn ng hot ng gin on, qu trnh ln men phn hy hiu kh. Trong s cc qu trnh ny, qu trnh bn hot tnh l qu trnh ph bin nht. - X l sinh hc hiu kh vi vi sinh vt sinh trng dng dnh bm nh qu trnh bn hot tnh dnh bm, b lc nh git, b lc cao ti, a sinh hc, b phn ng nitrate vi mng c nh.