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B mn C s k thut Xy dng
CHNG II:
MNG NNG TRN NN THIN NHIN
1.
KHI NIM CHUNG
1.1. nh ngha
Mng nng l nhng mng xy trn h o trn, sau lp li, chiu su chn
mng khong di 23m, trong trng hp c bit c th su n 5m.
So vi cc loi mng su, mng nng c nhng u im:
+ Thi cng n gin, khng i hi cc thit b thi cng phc tp. Vic thi cng
mng nng c th dng nhn cng o mng, mt s trng hp vi s lng mng
nhiu, hoc chiu su kh ln c th dng cc my mc tng nng sut v gim thi
gian xy dng nn mng.
+ Mng nng c s dng rng ri trong cc cng trnh xy dng va v nh,
gi thnh xy dng nn mng t hn mng su.
+ Trong qu trnh tnh ton b qua s lm vic ca t t y mng tr ln.
1.2. Phn loi mng nng
1.2.1. Da vo c im ca ti trng
Da vo tnh hnh tc dng ca ti trng ngi ta phn thnh :
+ Mng chu ti trng ng tm.
+ Mng chu ti trng lch tm.
+ Mng cc cng trnh cao (thp nc, ng khi,...).
+ Mng thng chu lc ngang ln (tng chn, p nc, ...).
+ Mng ch yu chu ti trng thng ng, m men nh.
1.2.2. Da vo cng ca mng
+ Mng tuyt i cng: Mng c cng rt ln (xem nh bng v cng) v
bin dng rt b (xem nh gn bng 0), thuc loi ny c mng gch, , b tng.
+ Mng mm: Mng c kh nng bin dng cng cp vi t nn (bin dng
ln, chu un nhiu), mng BTCT c t l cnh di/ngn > 8 ln thuc loi mng mm.
+ Mng cng hu hn: Mng B tng ct thp c t l cnh di/cnh ngn < 8
ln. Vic tnh ton mi loi mng khc nhau, vi mng mm th tnh ton phc tp
hn.
1.2.3. Da vo cch ch to
Da vo cch ch to, ngi ta phn thnh mng ton khi v mng lp ghp.
+ Mng ton khi: Mng c lm bng cc vt liu khc nhau, ch to ngay
ti v tr xy dng (mng ti ch).
+ Mng lp ghp: Mng do nhiu khi lp ghp ch to sn ghp li vi nhau
khi thi cng mng cng trnh.
1.2.4. Da vo c im lm vic
Theo c im lm vic, c cc loi mng nng c bn sau :
+ Mng n: di dng ct hoc dng bn, c dng di ct hoc tng kt
hp vi dm mng.
+ Mng bng di ct chu p lc t hng ct truyn xung, khi hng ct phn
b theo hai hng th dng my ng bng giao thoa.
+ Mng bng di tng: l phn ko di xung t ca tng chu lc v
tng khng chu lc.
nng 9/2006
CHNG II
TRANG 13
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
CHNG II
TRANG 14
(a)
(b)
P 1,5kG/cm2
P > 1,5kG/cm2
Loi mng
Mc B tng
100
100
< 100
< 100
Mng bng
1,5
1,35
1,75
1,5
Mng n
1,65
1,5
2,0
1,65
Mng hc &
p lc trung bnh di y mng
BT hc khi
P > 2,5kG /cm2
P 2,5kG/cm2
mc va
50 100
1,25
1,5
10 35
1,5
1,75
4
1,75
2,00
Trng hp t ct thp bc cui cng th t s h/l ca cc bc pha trn phi
<1 (tc max = 450 ).
Chiu cao bc mng: Mng b tng hc h b 30 , mng gch xy th
h b = 35 60 cm.
* Vi mng n b tng ct thp th khng cn khng ch t s h/l m cn c
vo kt qu tnh ton xc nh chiu cao, kch thc hp l ca mng v ct thp.
nng 9/2006
CHNG II
TRANG 15
50
50
50
Lp va ximng Mac 50
Thep cu lp
200
50
50
100
75 2 8
6a200
>200
bc
50
>200
200 va<0,75ht
>200
75
bc
100
50
50
50
>200
50
>200
50
75
b<3000
100
100
50
200 va<0,75ht
Nhi btng ct liu nho
Mac >200
>200
ht
bc
Thep cu lp
75
75
b<3000
100
100
Thep cu lp
100
ht
b<3000
100
25-30cm
H
50
25-30cm
30d
30d
50 Lp va ximng Mac 50
50
50 Lp va ximng Mac 50
50
I-I
3
2
1
a
I
1. Ban
2. Sn
3. Ngam b tng
4. Ct
1
2
CHNG II
TRANG 16
b)
a)
Tng
b
c)
b
d)
I-I
l
b
II
II - II
II
m mong
b.
CHNG II
TRANG 17
a. Mong bng di ct
C= C
40
0-8 L
00
Nhi va Ximng
nng 9/2006
CHNG II
TRANG 18
II
II
I-I
II-II
2.3. Mng b
L mng b tng ct thp lin khi, c kch thc ln, di ton b cng
trnh hoc di n nguyn c ct ra bng khe ln.
Mng b c dng cho nh khung, nh tng chu lc khi ti trng ln hoc
trn t yu nu dng phng n mng bng hoc mng bng giao thoa vn khng
m bo yu cu k thut. Mng b hay c dng cho mng nh, thp nc, xil,
bunke b nc, b bi...
Khi mc nc ngm cao, chng thm cho tng hm ta c th dng phng n
mng b,lc mng b lm theo nhim v ngn nc v chng li p lc nc ngm.
Mng b c th lm dng bn phng hoc bn sn.
a)
b)
A-A
B-B
A B
c)
d)
D-D
C-C
C
CHNG II
TRANG 19
1
Pgh
p(kG/cm)
Thi gian T
Giai oan
bin dang deo
z=b/4
Giai oan
nen cht
S(mm)
S(mm)
Hnh 2.13
nng 9/2006
CHNG II
TRANG 20
thit k nn theo trng thi gii hn v bin dng th trc ht phi khng
ch ti trng t ln nn khng c ln qu mt tr s quy nh Pgh1 m bo mi
quan h bc nht gia ng sut v bin dng, t mi xc nh c bin dng ca
nn v tt c cc phng php tnh ln u da vo gi thit nn bin dng tuyn tnh.
Ti trng quy nh gii hn ( Pgh1) gi l ti trng tiu chun, hay p lc tiu
chun ca nn hay cn gi l p lc tnh ton quy c ca nn.
Khi thit k nn mng hay c th l xc nh kch thc y mng th ngi
thit k phi chn din tch y mng rng v sao cho ng sut di y mng
bng hoc nh hn tr s p lc tiu chun.
Vic xc nh p lc tiu chun ca nn t l cng vic u tin khi thit k
nn mng, c th xc nh p lc tiu chun theo hai cch sau y.
3.1.1. Xc nh p lc tiu chun theo kinh nghim
Tu theo tng loi t v trng thi ca n, theo kinh nghim ngi ta cho sn
tr s p lc tiu chun Rtc ca nn nh trong bng sau:
Bng 2.1:Tr s p lc tiu chun Rtc ca nn theo kinh nghim
Tn t
Rtc(kG/cm2)
Tn t
Rtc(kG/cm2)
t mnh ln
trng thi
1. t d to c ct nhi trong k h
6,0
t loi st H s st B
2.Cui si l mnh v kt tinh
5,0
(dnh)
rng e B=0 B=1
3. Dm, mnh v trm tch
3,0
8. ct
0,5
3,0 3,0
tc
2
t ct
R (kG/cm )
0,7
2,5 2,0
trng thi
9. st
0,5
3,0 2,0
t mnh ln
Cht Cht va
0,7
2,5 1,8
4. Ct th khng ph thuc m 4,5 3,5
1,0
2,0 1,0
5. Ct va, khng ph thuc m 3,5 2,5
10. St
0,5
6,0 4,0
6. Ct nh:
0,6
5,0 3,0
a. t m
3,0 2,0
0,8
3,0 2,0
b. Rt m
2,5 1,5
1,1
2,5 1,0
7. Ct bi
a. t m
2,5 2,0
b. Rt m
2,0 1,5
c. Bo ha nc
1,5 1,0
* Ghi ch: vi cc tr s e, B trung gian, xc nh Rtc bng cch ni suy. Cc tr s
trong bng ng vi b rng mng b=1m, hm=1,5 - 2m. Nu b # 1m v hm b # 1,5m th
phi hiu chnh:
(2.1)
Rtc = R.m.n
Trong :
R - Tr s p lc tiu chun tra theo bng trn.
m - H s hiu chnh b rng mng.
Khi b 5m th m = 1,5 cho t ct, m = 1,2 cho t loi st.
Khi 1 < b < 5m th:
nng 9/2006
CHNG II
TRANG 21
m=
(b 1)
. + 1
4
(2.2)
.k (h 200)
m.R
(2.3)
h + h1
2h1
(2.4)
Trong :
m1 .m 2
[Ab + Bh ' + D.c tc ]
K tc
(2.6)
nng 9/2006
CHNG II
TRANG 22
Loi t
H s m2 i vi nh v cng trnh c s
kt cu cng vi t s gia chiu di
4
1,5
1,2
1,4
1,3
1,1
1,3
- No nc
Ct bi : - Kh v t m
1,2
1,2
1,1
1,0
1,3
1,2
- No nc
t hn ln c cht nht l st v
t st c st B 0,5
1,1
1,0
1,2
1,2
1,0
1,1
t hn ln c cht nht l ct v
t st, khng k t phn v bi
1,4
Ct mn : - Kh v t m
st trong tc (o)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0,00
0,03
0,06
0,10
0,14
0,18
0,23
1,00
1,12
1,25
1,39
1,55
1,73
1,94
3,14
3,32
3,51
3,71
3,93
4,17
4,42
nng 9/2006
CHNG II
TRANG 23
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
45
0,29
0,36
0,43
0,51
0,61
0,72
0,84
0,98
1,15
1,34
1,55
1,81
2,11
2,46
2,87
3,37
3,66
2,17
2,43
2,72
3,05
3,44
3,87
4,37
4,93
5,59
6,35
7,21
8,25
9,44
10,84
12,50
14,48
15,64
4,69
5,00
5,31
5,66
6,04
6,45
6,90
7,40
7,95
8,55
9,21
9,98
10,80
11,73
12,77
13,96
14,64
* Nhn xt: Vic xc nh p lc tiu chun theo kinh nghim (tra bng) thng thin
v an ton, cc tr s nu ra trong bng i din cho mt dy cc tr s dao ng trong
din rng. Trong thc t th cc loi t rt phong ph v loi v trng thi nn xc
nh Rtc t cch tra bng thng t chnh xc v khng cht ch v l thuyt. C th s
dng tr s ny trong thit k s b, hoc cho cc cng trnh nh t trn nn t tng
i ng nht, cng trnh loi IV v loi V.
Xc nh Rtc theo TCXD 45 - 70 v 45 - 78 cng cha cht ch lm v mt l
thuyt v s pht trin ca vng bin dng do ca t cng khc vi vt th n hi.
Tuy nhin khi vng bin dng do cn nh th sai khc cng khng ln, hin nay
trong thit k ngi ta hay s dng tr s ny.
Trong mt s nghin cu gn y cho thy c th s dng cng tnh ton
ca t nn trong tnh ton kch thc mng bng cch tnh ton cng chu ti ca
t nn theo cng thc ca Terzaghi hoc Berezantev ri chia cho h s an ton (Fs = 2
- 2,5). Theo quan im ny cho rng ly cng tnh ton nh vy va m bo iu
kin bin dng, va m bo iu kin chiu ti. Tuy nhin vic ly tr s Fs chnh xc
l bao nhiu th cng cha thng nht. Do vy vic tnh cng tnh ton ca nn t
theo phng php no sao cho ph hp vi thc t ca nn t v tnh cht cng trnh
m bo ti u trong thit k xy dng cng trnh.
3.2. Xc nh din tch y mng trong trng hp mng chu ti trong ng tm
Xt mt mng n chu ti trong ng tm nh hnh v (2.14):
Trong iu kin lm vic, mng chu tc dng ca cc lc sau:
- Ti trng cng trnh truyn xung mng qua ct mt nh mng: N Otc
- Trng lng bn thn mng: N mtc
nng 9/2006
CHNG II
TRANG 24
hm
Suy ra:
N otc
F = tc
p tb .hm
(2.9)
N otc
F tc
R tb .hm
(2.11)
Cng thc (2.11) cho php xc nh c din tch y mng F khi bit ti
trng ngoi tc dng N otc , p lc tiu chun Rtc v chiu su chn mng hm. y cn
ch rng tr s Rtc ly theo kinh nghim th xc nh c s b din tch y mng
F, cn nu Rtc xc nh theo cng thc (2.6) v (2.7) th tham s b rng mng b phi
gi thit trc, sau khi c c din tch y mng F, chn t s =
a
tm c
b
nng 9/2006
CHNG II
TRANG 25
ra ti y mng.
ptbtc =
N otc + G
axb
(2.13)
ptbtc =
N otc
+ tb .hm
.b 2
(2.14)
a
b
K 2 = M 3.
N otc
m. .
(2.17)
(2.18)
m.
L2 = M 3 .
(2.5).
N otc
m.
nng 9/2006
CHNG II
TRANG 26
M3
70,79
34,51
22,36
16,30
12,66
10,25
8,52
7,24
6,24
5,44
4,80
4,26
3,80
3,42
3,08
2,80
2,54
2,32
2,12
1,942
1,783
1,640
tc()
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
M1
5,51
5,39
5,29
5,19
5,10
5,02
4,94
4,87
4,82
4,75
4,69
4,64
4,60
4,55
4,52
4,47
4,44
4,41
4,38
4,35
4,32
4,30
4,27
M2
9,12
8,88
8,58
8,20
7,85
7,52
7,21
6,93
6,66
6,40
6,16
5,93
5,71
5,51
5,31
5,12
4,94
4,77
4,60
4,44
4,29
4,14
4,00
M3
1,511
1,393
1,287
1,188
1,099
1,017
0,944
0,872
0,808
0,749
0,694
0,643
0,596
0,552
0,512
0,474
0,439
0,406
0,376
0,347
0,321
0,296
0,273
CHNG II
TRANG 27
M tc
e = tc
N
(2.22)
eb
ea
a
Trong :
Mtc - Gi tr momen tiu chun
ng vi trng tm din tch y mng.
max>0
Ntc - Tng ti trng thng ng
min>0
tiu chun tc dng ln mng.
Hnh 2.15: Mng chu ti lch tm
3.3.1. Trng hp lch tm b
Trng hp ny lch tm e < a/6, biu
ng sut y mng nh hnh v (Hnh 2.15).
Vic xc nh kch thc y mng trong trng hp ny ging nh i vi
mng chu ti trong ng tm, sau tng din tch tnh ln chu mo men v lc
ngang bng cch nhn vi h s K (K= 1,0 - 1,5), khi momen v lc ngang b th ly K
b v ngc li.
(2.23)
Flch tm = K.Fng tm
Sau khi chn c kch thc y mng cn kim tra li iu kin p lc:
tc
max
1,2 R tc
tbtc R tc
(2.24)
Vi:
hay:
tc
max,
min =
+ tb .h m
F
Wx Wy
N otc
6e
6e
(1 a b ) + tb .h m
axb
a
b
tc
tc
tc
N
min
tctb = max
= o + tb .h m
2
axb
tc
max,
min =
(2.25)
(2.26)
nng 9/2006
CHNG II
TRANG 28
3.4. Mt s bin php lm gim hoc trit tiu phn biu ng sut m di y
mng
+ Thay i kch thc, hnh dng mng
2N1
2N2
2N1
2N2
min<0
max>0
max>0
min>0
N2 >>N1
Hnh 2.17
.
+ Thay i trng tm mng
Tm ct trung tm mong
min<0
max>0
min>0
max>0
Hnh 2.18
Dm ging ngang
nng 9/2006
CHNG II
TRANG 29
3.5. V d mu:
V d II-1: Xc nh s b kch thc y mng di ct hnh ch nht kch thc
30x40cm vi t hp ti trng chnh ti mt mng l: N=90,0T, M=2,40Tm, Q=1,20T.
Nn t gm hai lp c cc ch tiu c l c bn nh sau:
Lp trn: st do cng c: =1.95T/m3, = 200, c=1,8 T/m2
Lp di: ct do c: =1.95T/m3, = 220, c=2,0 T/m2
Gii :
+ Xc nh ti trng tiu chun ca t hp ti trng chnh :
N otc = N / 1,2 = 75,0T , M otc = M / 1,2 = 2,0T , Qotc = Q / 1,2 = 1,0T
(1)
(2)
K1 = M1.h + M2. M 3 .
K 2 = M3 .
tb .h
N otc
m..
K1 = 5,91 . 2 + 10,99.
- 1,942.
= 17,58
1,95
1,95
nng 9/2006
CHNG II
TRANG 30
K2 = 1,942.
75,0
= 53,35
1.1,95.1,4
a.b
a
b
Trong : N dtc = N otc + tb .F . h = 75,0 + 2,2 .1,7 . 2,4 . 2 = 92,952 (T )
tc
Max
, Min =
tc
Max , Min
2
92,952 6 . 0,0533 25,82 (T / m )
=
1
=
1,7.2,4
2,4 19,75 (T / m 2 )
tbtc = tb .h +
N otc
75,0
= 2,2.2 +
= 22,78 (T / m 2 )
F
1,7.2,4
Hai iu kin (1) v (2) c tha mn, vy kch thc y mng chn
trn l chp nhn c.
V d II-2: Xc nh s b kch thc y mng di ct hnh ch nht kch thc
30x40cm vi ti trng ca t hp ti trng chnh (TH c bn) ti mt mng l:
N tto =80,15T, M tto =2,25Tm, Q tto =1,4T. Nn t gm hai lp c cc ch tiu c l c bn
nh sau:
Lp trn: t lp dy 0,8m, =1.8T/m3
Lp di: ct do c: =1.94T/m3, = 220, c=1,9 T/m2
Gii :
+ Chn vt liu : mng b tng ct thp
+ Chn su chn mng : hm = 1,5m
nng 9/2006
CHNG II
TRANG 31
m1 .m 2
[Ab + Bh ' + D.c tc ]
K tc
1.1,4
[0,61.1,6.1,94 + 3,44.1,5.1,87 + 6,04.1,9] = 29,3T / m 2
1,1
Mng chu ti trng lch tm, ta tng kch thc mng ln bng cch nhn vi h s
K=1,2
F * = K .F = 1,2.2,54 = 3,05m 2
6e
N otc
6.0,054
80,15 / 1,2
) + 2.1,5 = 27,27T / m 2
(1 +
(1 + a ) + tb .hm =
2
2.1,6
axb
a
tc
6e
N
6.0,054
80,15 / 1,2
tc
min
= o (1 a ) + tb .hm =
) + 2.1,5 = 20,47T / m 2
(1
2
2.1,6
axb
a
N tc
80,15 / 1,2
tbtc = o + tb .hm =
+ 2.1,5 = 23,87T / m 2
2.1,6
axb
tc
=
Vy : max
nng 9/2006
CHNG II
TRANG 32
N otc
6e
(1 b ) + tb .h m
b
1xb
2,5 / 1,2
=
= 0,083m , ea =0
30 / 1,2
tc
max,
min =
Vi : eb =
M otc
N otc
6e
N otc
6.0,083
30 / 1,2
) + 2.1,5 = 25,22T / m 2
(1 +
(1 + b ) + tb .hm =
1 .5
1.1,5
1xb
b
tc
6e
N
6.0,083
30 / 1,2
tc
min
= o (1 b ) + tb .hm =
) + 2.1,5 = 14,13T / m 2
(1
1,5
1.1,5
1xb
b
N otc
30 / 1,2
tc
tb =
+ tb .hm =
+ 2.1,5 = 19,67T / m 2
1.1,5
axb
tc
=
Vy : max
CHNG II
Tr s [Sgh] (cm)
Trung bnh
Tuyt i
TRANG 33
(2.29)
(2.30)
L
S1
S2
Tr s gc nghing ny phi b hn tr s gc
Hnh 2.20
nghing gii hn, quy nh theo quy trnh.
4.2. Tnh ton ln ca mng
Hin nay c nhiu phng php khc nhau tnh ton ln ca nn mng,
mt s phng php c trnh by k trong gio trnh C hc t. Trong ni dung
ny ch gii thiu nhng bc c bn ca phng php cng ln tng lp. y l mt
trong nhng phng php c ch nht v cho kt qu gn st vi thc t nht.
Ni dung ca phng php cng ln tng lp:
1. Chia nn t di y mng thnh nhiu lp c chiu dy hi (0,2 - 0,4)b
hoc hi 1/10 Ha, vi b l b rng mng, Ha l chiu su vng nn p.
2. Tnh v v biu ng sut do trng lng bn thn t:
zibt = i hi
(2.31)
gl
3. Xc nh p lc gy ln:
= tb .hm
(2.32)
nng 9/2006
CHNG II
TRANG 34
N otc + G
axb
tb =
(2.33)
e1i e2i
.hi
1 + e1i
Si =
ai
. pi .hi
1 + e1i
(2.35)
S i = aoi . pi .hi
Si =
Eoi
. pi .hi
S = Si
(2.36)
i =1
(2.37)
p 2i = p1i +
glzi 1 + glzi
(2.38)
hm
e
2
p(kG/cm)
e1i
p2i
hi
Ha
e2i
p1i
bt
z
5.
p1i
p2i
p(kG/cm)
2.21:
S
chia lp
t v ng
nn
ln V CNG
TNHHnh
TON
NN
THEO
TRNG
THIcong
GII
HN
(TTGH I)
nng 9/2006
CHNG II
TRANG 35
K at
(2.39)
Pgh
Pgh
p(kG/cm)
Trong :
N - Ti trong cng trnh tc dng ln mng
Nn t cng
- Kh nng chu ti ca nn theo phng
tc dng ca ti trng
Nn t mm yu
Kat - H s an ton, do c quan thit k quy
nh, h s ny ph thuc vo cp nh, cp cng
trnh, ngha v hu qu ca vic nn mt kh nng
S(mm)
chu ti, mc nghin cu cc iu kin ca nn
t, thng chn >1.
Hnh 2.22: Quan h P-S
2
Khi tnh ton nn theo TTGH1, lc ny ti
p(kG/cm)
trng khi gn t n TTGH1 l rt ln, ti nhiu
vng trong nn t quan h ng sut bin dng
khng cn bc nht na, lc ny khng th gii quyt
Nn a
bi ton theo kt qu ca l thuyt n hi na m
Nn t
phi gii quyt theo hai hng s trnh by cc
mc sau.
5.2. Sc chu ti ca nn
i vi nn , tnh nn ln ca n rt b,
S(mm)
khng ng k, moun bin dng ca c th ln
hn moun bin dng ca t hng ngn ln. C khi
Hnh 2.23
ng sut tc dng ln nn gn t n tr s ph
hoi m bin dng ca n cn rt b. V vy ngi ta
khng cn kim tra bin dng ca nn m ch cn tnh ton v kim tra nn theo
TTGH1 v cng .
nng 9/2006
CHNG II
TRANG 36
(2.41)
Trong :
pT : h s khng th nguyn ph thuc
vo YT v , tra bng (2-7)
YT =
q . tg + c
Hnh 2.24
Vi: 0 y b
.y
(2.42)
(2.43)
Trong : pT ph thuc vo YT =
.y
q. tg
(2.44)
.y
Bng 2- 7: Tr s ca pT.
nng 9/2006
CHNG II
TRANG 37
()
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
6,49
8,34
11,0
14,8
20,7
30,1
46,1
75,3
0,5
7,73
0,02
12,5
17,9
27,0
43,0
73,8
139
1,0
6,95
9,64
13,8
20,6
32,3
53,9
97,1
193
1,5
7,17
10,20
15,1
20,1
37,3
64,0
119
243
2,0
7,38
10,80
16,2
25,4
41,9
73,6
140
292
2,5
7,56
11,30
17,3
27,7
46,4
82,9
160
339
9,0
7,77
11,80
18,4
29,8
50,8
91,8
179
386
3,5
7,96
12,30
19,4
31,9
55,0
101,0
199
432
4,0
8,15
12,80
20,5
34,0
59,2
109
218
478
4,5
8,33
13,20
21,4
36,0
63,8
118
237
523
5,0
8,50
13,70
22,4
38,0
67,3
127
256
568
5,5
8,67
14,10
23,3
39,9
71,3
135
275
613
6,0
8,84
14,50
24,3
41,8
75,3
143
293
658
YT
(2.45)
P
q=.h
(2 .46)
Pgh
gh
(2.47)
CHNG II
TRANG 38
pgh =
1
.(pgh(y=0) + pgh(y=b)).b
2
(2.48)
gh = pgh.tg
b 2 . p gh ( y= b ) + p gh ( y=0 ) 3
.
3 p gh ( y= b ) + p gh ( y=0 ) 2
(2.49)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Nq
Nc
N
Nq
Nc
N
Nq
Nc
N
Nq
Nc
N
Nq
Nc
N
Nq
Nc
N
Nq
Nc
N
Nq
Nc
N
Nq
Nc
N
Nq
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1,57
6,49
0,17
1,24
2,72
0,09
2,47
8,34
0,56
2,46
6,56
0,38
1,50
2,84
0,17
3,94
11,0
1,4
3,44
9,12
0,99
2,84
6,88
0,62
1,77
2,94
0,25
6,40
14,90
3,16
5,56
12,52
2,31
4,65
10,00
1,51
3,64
7,27
0,89
2,09
3,00
0,32
10,70
20,7
6,92
9,17
17,50
5,02
7,65
14,30
3,42
6,13
11,00
2,15
4,58
7,68
1,19
2,41
3,03
0,38
18,4
30,2
15,32
15,60
25,40
11,10
12,90
20,60
7,64
10,40
16,20
4,93
7,97
21,10
2,92
5,67
8,09
1,50
2,75
3,02
0,43
33,30
46,20
35,16
27,90
38,40
24,38
22,80
31,10
17,40
18,10
24,50
11,34
13,90
18,50
6,91
10,20
13,20
3,84
8,94
8,49
1,84
3,08
2,97
0,47
64,20
75,30
86,46
52,70
61,60
61,38
42,40
49,30
41,78
33,30
38,50
27,61
25,40
29,10
16,41
18,70
21,10
9,58
13,10
14,40
4,96
8,43
8,86
2,21
3,42
2,88
0,49
134,50
133,50
236,30
96,40
95,40
163,30
85,10
84,10
109,50
65,40
64,40
70,58
49,20
48,20
43,00
26,75
35,75
24,86
25,40
24,40
13,31
16,72
15,72
6,41
10,15
9,15
2,60
3,78
nng 9/2006
CHNG II
TRANG 39
Nc
N
2,70
0,50
q=.h
/4/2
.b
p gh = N .
+ N q ..h + N c .c
2
(2.50)
q=.h
/4/2
/4/2
/4/2
Trong : N, Nq v Nc
- Cc h s sc chu ti, ph
thuc vo gc ma st v
tnh theo biu (hnh 2.27).
(2.51)
40
(2.52)
Nq
N
30
Nc
o
20
10
60
50
40
30
20
10
Nc , Nq
20
40
60
80
CHNG II
TRANG 40
Ki =
Mg
M gtr
R( g
i =1
cos i tg i + ci li )
(2.55)
R.g
i =1
sin i
CHNG II
TRANG 41
K=
M [K ]
M
M - Tng
gi
No
Mo
Qo
hm
min<0
max>0
(2.56)
gl
Hnh 2.29
Trong :
momen gi mng
gi
khng b lt, ly vi mp mng.
M gl - Tng momen gy lt cho mng, ly vi mp mng.
[K l ]
hm
n
.
Q
(2.57)
Trong :
N tt - Tng ti trng thng ng
tnh ton tnh ti y mng
vi:
tt
Hnh 2.30
= N +G
tt
o
G = tb .F .hm
CHNG II
TRANG 42
Loi t di y mng
1. t st v nham thch c b mt b bo mn
2. t st trng thi cng
3. t st trng thi do
4. Ct m t
5. Ct m
6. st trng thi cng
7. st trng thi do
8. ct trng thi cng
9. ct trng thi do
10. t
Tr s f
0,25
0,3
0,2
0,55
0,45
0,45
0,25
0,5
0,35
0,75
2
Trong iu kin chu lc nh vy, mng c kh
1
nng b ph hng theo cc kiu sau:
ttmax
1. Mng b chc thng bi ng sut ct trc ttmin
tip trn tit din xung quanh chn ct hoc
Hnh 2.31: Cc hnh thc ph
chn tng (ng 1 trn hnh v).
2. Mng b chc thng do tc dng ca ng hoi ca mng khi chu ti
sut ko chnh, lc ny mt ph hng l mt nghing 45o so vi phng thng
ng. (ng 2 trn hnh v).
3. Mng b nt gy do tc dng ca momen un. Trong phm vi chn ct hoc
chn tng, cng ca kt cu mng rt ln, nn c th xem mng b ngm ti
, phn mng cha ra ngoi chn ct (hoc chn tng) b un nh dm cng
xn.
Tnh ton mng theo trng thi gii hn I, hay ni cch khc l tnh ton bn ca
mng. Ni dung chnh l xc nh kch thc ca mng v cu to cho hp l, m
bo cho mng khng b ph hng theo nhng kiu nu trn. Vic tnh ton gm hai
ni dung chnh sau y:
- Tnh ton chiu cao ca mng, bc mng.
nng 9/2006
CHNG II
TRANG 43
hc
tt
o
N
u.Rc
(2.59)
hc
Mo
Qo
Mt pha hoai
Qo
hu
(2.58)
tt
max
I
II
b
N ott
Rc
u.hc
bc
ac
a
Hnh 2.33
(2.60)
Trong :
M momen un do phn lc nn gy ra ti tit din tnh ton (I-I) v (II-II)
a ac a ac
.
= 0,125 ttmax .b.(a a c ) 2
2
4
b bc b bc
= ttmax .a.
.
= 0,125 ttmax .a.(b bc ) 2
2
4
M I I = ttmax .b.
M II II
(Lu : y thin v an ton ta s dng ttmax tnh ton momnen ti tit din)
W momen chng un ca tit din tnh ton:
nng 9/2006
CHNG II
TRANG 44
b.hu2
6
a.hu2
=
6
W I I =
W II II
huI 0,87(b bc )
ttmax
(2.62)
Rku
huI 0,66(b bc )
(2.63)
Rku
ttmax
(2.64)
Rku
hn
6.2.3. Xc nh chiu cao mng theo iu kin chng chc thng trn mt phng
nghing
Theo iu kin ny ngi ta cho rng nu mng b chc thng th s chc thng
xy ra theo b mt hnh chp ct c cc mt bn xut pht t chn ct, v nghing mt
gc 45o so vi phng thng ng.
mng khng b chc thng th sc chng chc thng ca thn mng phi ln
hn lc gy ra chc thng.
o
iu kin bn:
tt
Pct 0,75.Rk .U tb .hn
(2.65)
Mo
Qo
tt
Trong : Pct - Lc chc thng tnh ton,
c tnh bng hiu s gia lc dc tnh ton N ott
o
=45
bc
bct
b
vi:
min
tt
tt
N ott
max
+ min
=
=
2
a.b
tt
tb
ac
nng 9/2006
CHNG II
act
a
Hnh 2. 34
TRANG 45
Ut +Ud
2
r
29,48
= 0,66(2,4 0,65)
= 0,77 (m)
RK
65
r
29,48
= 0,66(1,7 0,30)
= 0,62 (m)
RK
65
CHNG II
TRANG 46
Mo
Qo
tt
max
min
=45
hu
Qo
ho
No
tt
max
min
bc
bc
ac
bct
1700
II
1700
II
ac
2400 I
Hnh 2.35
act
2400
ho
(2.66)
nng 9/2006
CHNG II
TRANG 47
30d
4
Ct thep s 1: Chu lc do mo men tai mt ngam I-I
Ct thep s 2: Chu lc do mo men tai mt ngam II-II
Y cu: Ct thep co >10 mm, khoang cach a = 10-25cm
Ct thep 3- Ct thep chu lc cua ct, b tr oan ch trn cot
mt oan L = 30d (d - ng knh ct thep)
Ct thep 4 - Ct thep ai, 6 8 , a = 20cm
3
2
100
100
100
I
ac
II
bc
II
540
II II
Max
418
8a200
Tnh v b tr ct thp
Theo phng cnh di
I
M IMax
19,19.10 5
F =
=
=12,6cm 2
0,9.h 0 .R ct 0,9. 0,65.26000
350
100
170 2.3,5
=13,58 cm
12
nng 9/2006
1312
a135 1
II
II
CHNG II
300
a=
1212
2
a210
100
400
1700
100
I
a
1212
2
a210
2400
Hnh 2.38
1312
1
TRANG
a135 48
chn a = 13,5cm=135mm
Theo phng cnh ngn
II
M IIMax
17,33
F =
=
= 11,39 cm 2
0,9.h 0 .R ct 0,9. 0,65.26000
II
a
240 2.3,5
= 21,18 cm
11
chn a = 21cm=210mm
B tr ct thp nh hnh v bn.
7.
TNH TON MNG MM
7.1. Khi nim v mng mm v m hnh nn
7.1.1. Khi nim
Tnh ton mng mm thuc phn Tnh ton dm trn nn n hi mt b phn
ca c hc cng trnh. B phn c hc ny xt n vic tnh ton cc loai kt cu nh:
mng bng, mng bng giao thoa, mng bn, mng hp, mng p thy in, tm trn
ng t, tm sn bay
Hin nay, cc cng trnh nh cao tng, ti trng ln c xy dng ngy cng
nhiu, nhiu khi phi xy dng trn nn t yu. Do vy cc loi mng bng, mng
bng giao thoa, mng b, mmg hp c s dng nhiu. Do vy vic nghin cu tnh
ton lai mng ny l cng vic ht sc cn thit phc v cng tc thit k nn
mng. m bo nn mng cng trnh iu kin chu lc v bin dng.
Khc vi mng cng, mng mm c kh nng b un ng k di tc dng ca
ti trng cng trnh, Bin dng un ny c nh hng nhiu n s phn b li ng
sut tip xc (phn lc nn) di y mng. Do vy khi tnh ton ta khng th b qua
bin dng un ca bn thn kt cu mng, hay ni cch khc l cn phi xt n
cng ca mng. Tuy nhin n gin trong tnh ton, ngi ta ch xt n cng
ca mng trong nhng trng hp mng c bin dng un ln n mt mc no .
Theo QP 20-64 nhng mng tha iu kin sau:
E0 l 3
t = 10 . 3 > 10
E h
(2.67)
nng 9/2006
CHNG II
TRANG 49
w(x)
q(x)
p(x)
d 4 w( x)
= [q ( x) p( x)].b
dx 4
(2.68)
Trong : b b rng dm
W(x) chuyn v ng ( vng) ca mng
EJ cng chu un ca mng
Di tc dng ca p lc y mng (bng nhng ngc chiu vi phn lc nn
p(x)) mt nn b ln xung. Gi S(x) l ln ca nn th iu kin tip xc gia
mng v nn sau khi ln l:
W(x) = S(x)
(2.69)
Nh vy ta c hai i lng cha bit l W(x) hay S(x) v p(x) m ch c mt
phng trnh (2.68) gi th cha . Do vy d gi c bi ton cn phi thit lp
thm mt phng trnh th hai th hin quan h gia ln ca nn v p lc y
mng, ngha l:
(2.70)
S(x) = F1[p(x)]
(2.71)
Hoc p(x) = F2[S(x)]
Mi quan h ny th hin c ch lm vic ca nn di tc dng ca ngoi lc
m ngi ta cn gi l m hnh nn. Ngha l nn t c m hnh sao cho gn st vi
thc t nht m bo s lm vic ca mng trong nn t gn ging vi m hnh.
7.1.2. Cc loi m hnh nn
7.1.2.1. M hnh nn bin dng cc b (Winkler)
M hnh ny cho rng ln ca nn, mng ch xy ra trong phm vi gia ti.
Gi thit ca loi m hnh nn ny l mi quan h bc nht gia p lc v
ln (m hnh ny do gio s ngi c Winkler xut nm 1867)
C ch ca m hnh ny c biu din bng quan h:
P(x) = C.S(x)
(2.72)
Trong : C l h s t l, cn gi l h s nn, th nguyn l lc/th tch (T/m3,
kN/m3, N/cm3) v c coi l khng thay i cho tng loi t, c th tra bng theo
cc ti liu tham kho hoc tnh ton t kt qu th nghim.
S(x) ln ca t trong phm vi gia ti
Quan h (2.72) ngha l cng phn lc ca t nn ti mi im t l bc nht vi
ln n hi ti im .
nng 9/2006
CHNG II
TRANG 50
s(x)
P(1 0 )
S( x ) =
.E o .d
(2.73a)
P
d
B
A
2.(1 0 ) D
ln
y=P
.E o
d
(2.73b)
CHNG II
Hnh 2.41b
TRANG 51
2b
N 6M o
p 6M o (2.74)
2 =q+
F
lb
bl
bl 2
Mx max
CHNG II
(2.75)
TRANG 52
min
(kG / cm 3 )
S min
(2.76)
S(mm)
CHNG II
C (kG/cm3)
0,6-0,7
0,8
1,0
1,2
2,0
1,6
1,4
1,8
3,0
TRANG 53
t ct cng B<0
dm, si, sn
2,2
2,6
z2
z1
h2
E0
(2.78)
2. 2
= 1
1
(2.79)
a 0=
zi
hi
2ht
h1
1. t bn
0,25
0,83
2. t ct
0,3
0,74
3. t ct, st
0,35
0,62
4. St
0,42
0,39
A
1,125
1,225
1,408
2,103
1. ct
2. st
0-1
0-0,25
0,25-0,5
nng 9/2006
320
340
320
240
270
250
160
220
190
CHNG II
100
170
140
70
140
110
110
80
TRANG 54
0,5-0,1
0-0,25
0,25-0,5
0,5-1
3. St
280
-
170
240
210
-
120
210
180
150
80
180
150
120
60
150
120
90
50
120
90
70
Trong : a otb =
(2.80)
oi
zih i
(2.81)
2h 2t
Vi
hi Chiu dy ca lp t th i (cm);
Zi Khong cch t trng tm lp t thi n nh tam gic ng sut gy ln
su 2ht.
* Phng php xc nh h s nn C
Theo phng php lp tng ng:
h t = Ab
(2.82)
Trong :
A=
(1 ) 2
1 2
(2.83)
(2.86)
z1
z2
0,89
..b
E
0,863
S=
..b
- Vi t ct:
E
0,83
..b
- Vi t ct, st: S =
E
0,782
S=
..b
- Vi t st:
E
S=
- Vi t bn:
zi
h2
(2.85)
hi
A..b
E
2b
S = 0,95
h1
(2.87)
(2.88)
Hnh 2.46
(2.89)
.b
E
(2.90)
C=
2E
b
, v Smin = S/4
2
(2.91)
nng 9/2006
2E tb
b
(2.92)
CHNG II
TRANG 55
E tb =
Vi
E h z
i
2b
(2.93)
w(x)
(2.95)
EJ
hay
t
(2.96)
(2.97)
(2.98)
Phng trnh (2.98) l phng trnh vi phn c bn tnh ton dm trn nn n hi.
* Trng hp ti trng ngoi q(x)=0
Nu dm khng chu tc dng ca lc phn b tc q(x)=0 th ta c phng
trnh thun nht:
d 4 y ( x)
+ 4a 4 y ( x ) = 0
4
dx
(2.99)
CHNG II
TRANG 56
(2.100)
Trong : Ci l cc hng s xc nh t iu kin bin c th ca tng bi ton.
7.4.2. Trng hp dm di v hn chu ti trng tp trung thng ng ti mt
im.
Chn gc ta im t ti trng, bi ton i xng qua gc ta . Cc iu kin
bin sau nghim ng:
* Ti x = , y=0
Thay x = vo (2.100) ta c:
y ( x) = C1e ax cos ax + C 2 e ax sin ax = 0 hay C1 =C2 = 0, nghim tng qut (2.100) vit li
thnh:
y ( x) = C 3 e ax cos ax + C 4 e ax sin ax
(2.101)
Phng trnh (2.101) biu din vng ca dm di v hn.
* Ti x = 0, gc xoay = y = 0
Ta c:
y ' ( x) = C 3 { ae ax cos ax + ae ax ( sin ax)} + C 4 { ae ax sin ax + ae ax cos ax}
y ' ( x) = ae ax C 3 (cos ax + sin ax) + ae ax C 4 ( sin ax + cos ax)
thay x = 0, ta c:
y(x=0) = a(C4 C3) = 0 C3 = C4 = C
Phng trnh (2.101) tr thnh:
y ( x) = e ax C (cos ax + sin ax)
(2.102)
P0
2
ax
ax
y ' ( x) = ae C (cos ax + sin ax) + ae C ( sin ax + cos ax)
nng 9/2006
CHNG II
(2.103)
(2.104)
(2.105)
TRANG 57
Po ax
e (cos ax sin ax )
4a
t : 1 = e ax (cos ax + sin ax )
M(x) =
(2.106)
2 = e ax (cos ax sin ax )
3 = e ax cos ax
Ta c:
Po
.1
(2.107)
8a 3 EJ
Pa
r ( x ) = o 1
(2.108)
2
Pa
Q( x) = o . 3
(2.109)
2
P
M ( x ) = o .2
(2.110)
4a
Cc h s 1 , 2 , 3 - ph thuc v h s ax, c th tnh ton hoc tra bng (bng
y ( x) =
/a
3/4a
Y
P
8a3EJ
/a
/a
/4a
M
P
4a
/2a
Q
P
4a
nng 9/2006
CHNG II
TRANG 58
oo
oo
* Ti x = 0, y = 0, thay x = 0 vo (2.101) ta c:
y(x=0) = C3 = 0 hay
y ( x) = C 4 e ax sin ax
(2.111)
Mo
2
ax
ax
ax
y ' ( x) = ae C 4 sin ax + ae C 4 cos ax = ae C 4 (cos ax sin ax)
M0
.e ax . sin ax
2
4a EJ
(2.112)
Tng t ta c:
r ( x) = a 2 M 0 .e ax . sin ax
aM 0 ax
Q( x) =
.e (cos ax + sin ax)
2
M
M ( x) = 0 .e ax cos ax
2
ax
t 4 = e . sin ax
M
Ta c: y ( x) = 2 0 . 4
4a EJ
r ( x) = a 2 M 0 . 4
aM 0
Q( x) =
.1
2
M
M ( x) = 0 . 3
2
Cc h s 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - Ph thuc v h s ax, tra bng (2.15)
(2.113)
(2.114)
(2.115)
(2.116)
(2.117)
(2.118)
(2.119)
(2.120)
nng 9/2006
CHNG II
TRANG 59
Mo
oo
oo
Hnh 2.50: Cc
biu momen,
lc ct v phn lc
nn ca dm trn
nn n hi chu
tc dng ca
momen tp trung
1
1
0.9907
0.9651
0.9267
0.8784
0.8231
0.7628
0.6997
0.6354
0.5712
0.5083
0.4476
0.3899
0.3355
0.2849
0.2384
0.1959
0.1576
0.1234
0.0932
0.0667
0.0439
0.0244
0.008
-0.0056
-0.0166
-0.0254
-0.032
-0.0369
-0.0403
-0.0423
-0.0431
-0.0431
-0.0422
-0.0408
2
1
0.81
0.6398
0.4888
0.3564
0.2415
0.1431
0.0599
-0.0093
-0.0657
-0.1108
-0.1457
-0.1716
-0.1897
-0.2011
-0.2068
-0.2077
-0.2047
-0.1985
-0.1899
-0.1794
-0.1675
-0.1548
-0.1416
-0.1282
-0.1149
-0.1019
-0.0895
-0.0777
-0.0666
-0.0563
-0.0469
-0.0383
-0.0306
-0.0237
nng 9/2006
3
4
1
0
0.9003 0.0903
0.8024 0.1627
0.7077 0.2189
0.6174
0.261
0.5323 0.2908
0.453
0.3099
0.3798 0.3199
0.3131 0.3223
0.2527 0.3185
0.1988 0.3096
0.151
0.2967
0.1091 0.2807
0.0729 0.2626
0.0419
0.243
0.0158 0.2226
-0.0059 0.2018
-0.0235 0.1812
-0.0376 0.161
-0.0484 0.1415
-0.0563 0.1231
-0.0618 0.1057
-0.0652 0.0896
-0.0668 0.0748
-0.0669 0.0613
-0.0658 0.0491
-0.0636 0.0383
-0.0608 0.0287
-0.0573 0.0204
-0.0534 0.0132
-0.0493 0.007
-0.045 0.0019
-0.0407 -0.0024
-0.0364 -0.0058
-0.0323 -0.0085
ax
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
6
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
7
2
3
4
1
-0.0366 -0.0124 -0.0245 -0.0121
-0.0341 -0.0079 -0.021 -0.0131
-0.0314 -0.004 -0.0177 -0.0137
-0.0286 -0.0008 -0.0147 -0.0139
-0.0258 0.0019 -0.012 -0.0139
-0.0231 0.004 -0.0095 -0.0136
-0.0204 0.0057 -0.0074 -0.0131
-0.0179 0.007 -0.0054 -0.0124
-0.0155 0.0079 -0.0038 -0.0117
-0.0132 0.0085 -0.0023 -0.0109
-0.0111 0.0089 -0.0011 -0.01
-0.0092 0.009 -0.0001 -0.0091
-0.0075 0.0089 0.0007 -0.0082
-0.0059 0.0087 0.0014 -0.0073
-0.0045 0.0084 0.0019 -0.0065
-0.0033 0.0079 0.0023 -0.0056
-0.0023 0.0075 0.0026 -0.0049
-0.0014 0.0069 0.0028 -0.0042
-0.0006 0.0064 0.0029 -0.0035
0
0.0058 0.0029 -0.0029
0.0005 0.0052 0.0029 -0.0023
0.001
0.0046 0.0028 -0.0018
0.0013 0.0041 0.0027 -0.0014
0.0015 0.0036 0.0025 -0.001
0.0017 0.0031 0.0024 -0.0007
0.0018 0.0026 0.0022 -0.0004
0.0019 0.0022
0.002 -0.0002
0.0019 0.0018 0.0018
0
0.0018 0.0015 0.0017 0.0002
0.0018 0.0011 0.0015 0.0003
0.0017 0.0009 0.0013 0.0004
0.0016 0.0006 0.0011 0.0005
0.0015 0.0004
0.001
0.0006
0.0014 0.0002 0.0008 0.0006
0.0013 0.0001 0.0007 0.0006
CHNG II
TRANG 60
Mi
xi
O
Oi
xk
y
(2.121)
Chuyn v ng ti K do tt c cc ti trng gy ra l:
n
y( x k ) = y ki
(2.122)
i =1
n
n
Pi
Mi
ai
.
e
[cos
a
+
sin
a
]
+
.e ai . sin a i
i
i
3
2
8
a
EJ
4
a
EJ
i =1
i =1
Hay: y( x k ) =
(2.123)
Lc ct v mo men:
n
Pi ai
aM i ai
.e cos a i
.e .[cos a i + sin a i ]
2
i =1 2
i =1
n
n
P
M
M ( x k ) = i .e ai [cos a i sin a i ] + i .e ai . cos a i
i =1 4a
i =1 2
n
Q( x k ) =
(2.124)
(2.125)
Do ta tm c:
nng 9/2006
CHNG II
TRANG 61
1
(P3 aM o 2 )
2EJa 3
1
M = ( P 4 + aM o 1 )
a
Q = (P1 + 2aM o 4 )
y=
(3.126)
(3.127)
(2.128)
0,3m
P2 = 100kN
x
8m
1m
7m
16m
Gii:
Momen qun tnh ca tit din dm:
J=
b.h 3 1.0,33
=
= 0,00225m 4
12
12
Chn b tng mc 200 c Rn = 9000kN/m2; thp AII, cng tnh ton Ra = 260000
kN/m2; Fa = 10cm2=10-3m2, moun n hi b tng Eb=21000000 kN/m2.
Eb.J=21000000.0,00225=47250 kN/m2
K=c.b=50000.1=50000 kN/m2
a=4
K
50000
=4
= 0,717
4E b .J
4.47250
Xt iu kin: l
2. 2.3,14
=
= 8,76 m
a
0,717
Pi
. 2
4a
i vi lc P1 th x=0, ax=0, 2 = 1
M1 =
P1
80
.1 = 27,894kNm
. 2 =
4.0,717
4a
P2
100
.0,0472 = 1,64kNm
. 2 =
4.0,717
4a
nng 9/2006
CHNG II
TRANG 62
M = M1 + M2 = 27,894+1,64=29,534kNm
Kim tra tit din:
iu kin: M R b .b.x (h o x )
x=
R a .Fa 260000.0,001
=
= 0,029m
R b .b
9000.1
ho = 0,3-0,029=0,271m
a)
x
y
Po Mo
b)
y
P* M*
c)
Xc nh gi tr ca P* v M*:
Gi momen v lc ct ti O do bi ton 1 gy ra l Q1 v M1:
Po ax
aM o ax
.e cos ax
.e .[cos ax + sin ax ]
2
2
P
M
M 1 = o .e ax [cos ax sin ax ] + o .e ax . cos ax
4a
2
Q1 =
(2.129)
(2.130)
nng 9/2006
CHNG II
TRANG 63
P * aM *
2
2
P* M*
M2 =
+
4a
2
Q2 =
(2.131)
(2.132)
M* =
(2.133)
(2.134)
Q b =
(2.135)
M b
(2.136)
M x = M b +
i =1
Ni
. 2
4a
(2.137)
V d II-7: Tnh ton ni lc trong mng bng di dy ct, kch thc mng bng v
ti trng cho nh hnh v 2.55, cho h s nn c=0,5kG/cm3.
P=35T
1,5m
P=35T
3,5m
P=35T
3,5m
P=35T
3,5m
P=35T
3,5m
0,6m
0,3m
0,35m
1,2m
Gii:
Xc nh h s bin dng a ca mng:
a=4
b.c
4EJ
EJ = 2,268.104 Tm2
nng 9/2006
CHNG II
TRANG 64
600
= 0,285m 1
4
4.2,268.10
3,14
Chiu di ti hn: L th = =
= 11,01m nn ba ti trng u tin phi xt n nh
a 0,285
a=4
P 1 M1
P=35T
P=35T
P=35T
P=35T
P=35T
P=35T
P=35T
P=35T
P=35T
P=35T
Hnh 2.56
Xc nh ti trng b:
Ta chn gc ta mt tri dm, ta cc im t lc l xi = 1,5+3,5(i-1); ta
tng i: ax = 0,4275+0,998(i-1).
Mo men v lc ct do cc ti trng gy ra mt tri (theo s v hn) ln lt l:
n
Ni
. 2i = 30,7 2i
i =1 4a
i =1
n
n
Ni
Q1 = .3i = 17,5 3i
2
i =1
i =1
n
M1 =
Vi n=3, ta c:
M1 = 30,7.(0,3231-0,2031-0,1252)=-0,2Tm
Q1 = -17,5.(0,5934+0,0348-0,0668)=-9,82T
Ti trng b ti mt tri :
2Q1
2.(9,82)
4M 1 =
4.(0,2) = 69,71Tm
0,285
a
P* = 4Q1 + 4aM 1 = 4.(9,82) + 4.0,285.(0,2) = 39,508T
M* =
P*
M*
39,508
69,71
. 2 +
.3 =
. 2 (ax ) +
.3 (ax ) = 34,66. 2 (ax ) + 34,85.3 (ax )
4a
2
4.0,285
2
M = M b + 30,7. 2i
i =1
Trong : 2i = 2 (a ( x x i )
* Ti x=0: ax = 0, 2(0)=1, 3(0)=1
Momen b: Mb = -34,66+34,85=0,195Tm
nng 9/2006
CHNG II
TRANG 65
xi
1,5
5,0
8,5
12,0
a(xi x) 0,4275 1,425
2,4225 3,42
0,3231 -0,2031 -0,1252 -0,0225
2i
-6,235 -3,844 -0,691
30,7. 2i 9,92
Tng momen: M=0,195+9,92-6,235-3,884-0,691=-0,695Tm
* Ti x = 1,65: ax =0,4275; 2(0,4275)=0,3231, 3(0,4275)=0,5934
Momen b: Mb = -34,66.0,3231 + 34,85.0,5934 = 9,48Tm
xi
1,5 5,0
8,5
12,0
a(xi x) 0
0,9975 1,995 2,9925
1
-0,11 -0,18 -0,057
2i
30,7. 2i 30,7 -3,377 -5,526 -1,75
Tng momen: M = 9,48 + 30,7 -3,377 5,526 1,75 = 29,53Tm.
* Ch : Nhng dng bi ton tnh dm trn nn n hi theo phng php h s nn,
tnh ton nhanh v cho kt qu chnh xc, hc vin c th lp chng trnh trn my
tnh trn c s cc cng thc trn. Ngoi ra c th s dng chng trnh tnh ton kt
cu Sap2000 m hnh ha dm lin kt vi nn bng cc l xo c cng K = c.b.li
ri tnh ton.
7.5. Tnh ton mng bng theo phng php ca B.N. Jemoskin
7.5.1. C s v s tnh ton
Phng php da trn gi thit
P
P
nn l na khng gian bin dng tuyn
tnh trnh by mc (7.1.2.2).
Ta chia dm thnh n on bng
nhau v bng li sao cho phn lc nn
trong mi on phn b u.
li
li
li
li
li
S tip xc gia dm v nn
P
P
trn din tch li.b (b b rng dm)
c thay th bng cc lin kt gi ta
trn nhng thanh cng, nhng thanh
cng t ti gia mi on li v chu
Hnh 2.57
ti trng do dm truyn xung ri
nng 9/2006
X1
li
P
X2
X3
X4
X5
X6
a1
a2
CHNG II
yo
ak
Hnh 2.58
TRANG 66
21 X 1 + 22 X 2 + 23 X 3 + ... + 2i X i + ... + y o + a 2 o + 2 p = 0
...............................................................................................
n1 X 1 + n 2 X 2 + n 3 X 3 + ... + ni X i + ... + y o + a n o + np = 0
(2.138)
X 1 + X 2 + X 3 + ... + X i + ... = Pi
a 1 X 1 + a 2 X 2 + a 3 X 3 + ... + a i X i + ... = M p
(2.140)
a 1 a i2 (3a k a i )
a i2
(a k i ).
=
3 EJ
6EJ
2
wki
ak
ak-ai/3
Mk
Nu ai > ak th hon v ak v ai
trong cng thc trn
t:
Xi = 1
ak
M i .M k
dx
EJ
a
3a
a
y = ( i ) 2 .( k i )
li
li
li
Mi
Xi = 1
ai
y ki =
ai/3
Hnh 2.59
*
ki
Ta c:
y ik =
li
.y *ki
6E b J
(2.141)
- ln ca nn Wki c xc nh nh sau:
+ Trng hp bi ton khng gian:
nng 9/2006
CHNG II
TRANG 67
Wki =
1 o2
.Fki
E o l i
(2.142)
(2.143)
Vi:
E 0 l i
6E b J (1 o2 )
kz =
(2.144)
(2.145)
Vi:
E 0 l i (1 2b )
6E b J (1 o2 )
f =
(2.146)
b
l i 2b
2
+ Ch : chiu di mi on chia nn ly
x/ li
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0,7
4,27
1,062
0,515
0,34
0,252
0,202
0,17
0,14
0,13
0,11
0,1
1
3,53
1,032
0,508
0,338
0,251
0,201
0,17
0,14
0,13
0,11
0,1
1,5
2,9
0,986
0,498
0,335
0,25
0,2
0,17
0,14
0,13
0,11
0,1
2
2,42
0,94
0,488
0,331
0,249
0,199
0,17
0,14
0,13
0,11
0,1
2,5
2,08
0,894
0,477
0,328
0,248
0,199
0,17
0,14
0,13
0,11
0,1
3
1,87
0,848
0,467
0,324
0,246
0,198
0,17
0,14
0,13
0,11
0,1
3,5
1,7
0,802
0,456
0,321
0,245
0,197
0,165
0,14
0,12
0,11
0,1
4
1,54
0,756
0,446
0,317
0,244
0,196
0,165
0,14
0,12
0,11
0,1
4,5
1,43
0,71
0,436
0,314
0,242
0,195
0,165
0,14
0,12
0,11
0,1
5
1,32
0,664
0,425
0,31
0,241
0,194
0,165
0,14
0,12
0,11
0,1
0.5
1.5
2.5
0.25
0.63
1.38
1.75
3.5
6.5
6.75
10.1
16
2
2.5
nng 9/2006
3.5
4.5
2.125
2.5
9.5
13.5
16.88
20.25
22
28
34
31.3
40.63
50
5.5
2.875
3.25
11
12.5
23.63
40
59.38
68.75
6.5
3.625
14
15.5
27
30.38
46
52
78.13
4.375
4.75
17
18.5
33.75
37.13
58
64
87.5
96.88
CHNG II
7.5
8.5
5.125
5.5
20
21.5
40.5
43.875
47.25
70
76
82
106.3
115.63
125
9.5
10
5.875
6.25
23
24.5
6.625
7.375
26
27.5
29
50.63
88
54
57.375
60.75
64.125
94
100
106
112
134.4
143.75
153.13
162.5
171.88
TRANG 68
54
3.5
4
67.5
81
94.5
108
121.5
135
148.5
162
175.5
189
202.5
216
229.5
243
85.75
104.1
122.5
140.9
159.3
177.6
196
214.38
232.8
251.1
269.5
287.88
306.25
324.63
152
176
200
224
248
272
296
320
344
368
392
416
182.3
212.6
243
273.4
303.8
334.13
364.5
394.9
425.25
455.63
486
516.38
250
287.5
325
362.5
400
437.5
475
512.5
550
587.5
625
332.8
378.1
423.5
468.88
514.3
559.6
605
650.38
695.75
741.13
432
486
540
594
648
702
756
810
864
549.3
612.63
676
739.4
802.75
866.13
929.5
992.88
686
759.5
833
906.5
980
1053.5
1127
843.8
928.1
1012.5
1096.9
1181.3
1265.6
1024
1120
1216
1312
1408
1228.3
1336.6
1445
1553.4
1458
1579.5
1701
1714.8
1850.1
128
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
9.5
10
2000
c.B m
4E c I
(2.147)
Trong : c - H s nn
Bm B rng ca mng b
Ec- Moun n hi ca vt liu mng
I Momen qun tnh ca tit din mng
Trnh t tnh ton:
1. Tnh tng cc lc thng ng N do cc ct truyn xung
N = N
+ N 2 + N 3 + ... + N i
B m .L m
M x .y M y .x
Jy
Jx
(148)
Trong :
Jy =
B m .L3m
- momen qun tnh ca tit din mng vi trc x
12
nng 9/2006
CHNG II
TRANG 69
B 3m .L m
- qun tnh ca tit din
12
Lm
BiL
mng vi trc y
M x = N.e L - momen quanh trc x
BiB
= tb .B iB .L m
Hay : p i = tb .B iB .L m
(2.149)
Vi : tb =
(2.150)
B m .L m
Bm
Jx =
7. Hiu chnh p lc :
Tng p lc N ly trc tip t cc ct trn di i s khng bng vi N i , do cc
lc ct bn hng di khng c a vo tnh ton. Do vy phn lc ny phi c
hiu chnh bng tng lc bnh qun :
tb
N + N
i
(2.151)
tb
B iB .L m
hay *tb =
tb
(2.152)
B iL .B m
H s p lc c hiu chnh :
F=
N
N
tb
(2.153)
nng 9/2006
CHNG II
bc+ho
bc+ho
bc
bc+2ho
bc
TRANG 70
Hnh 2.61
E.h 3
12(1 2 )
(2.154)
D
c
(2.155)
Bn knh nh hng ca mi ct l 4L
5. Xc nh momen theo ta cc (r,):
Gm momen hng tm Mr v momen
tip tuyn Mt (trn mt n v b rng
bn) v bin dng w ti im bt k :
r
Z 3' ( )
r
L
M r = Z 4 ( ) (1 )
r
L
( )
L
Z 3' ( )
r
L
M t = Z 4 ( ) + (1 )
r
L
( )
PL2
r
w=
Z3 ( )
4D
L
(2.156)
(2.157)
Mt
0,4
Mr
0,3
0,1
Z3(r/L)
Z'4(r/L)
0
(2.158)
r
nh hnh (2.62).
L
Z'3(r/L)
-0,1
Z4(r/L)
-0,2
-0,3
-0,4
-0,5
0,2
0,5
CHNG II
Hnh 2.62
TRANG 71
Mr
(2.161)
nng 9/2006
Mt
Hnh 2.63
CHNG II
TRANG 72