CHNG 7 VT LIU COMPOSITE (VT LIU T HP) 7.1. Khi nim v tnh cht 7.1.1.

Khi nim Vt liu composite l vt liu t hp t hai hoc nhiu loi vt liu khc nhau. Vt liu mi c to thnh c tnh cht u vit hn nhiu so vi tng loi vt liu thnh phn ring r. V mt cu to, vt liu composite bao gm mt hay nhiu pha gin on phn b u trn mt pha nn lin tc. Nu vt liu c nhiu pha gin on ta gi l composite hn tp. Pha gin on thng c tnh cht tri hn pha lin tc. Pha lin tc gi l nn (matrice). Pha gin on gi l ct hay vt liu gia cng (reenforce).

C tnh ca vt liu composite ph thuc vo nhng c tnh sau y: - C tnh ca cc vt liu thnh phn. Cc vt liu thnh phn c c tnh tt th vt liu composite cng c c tnh tt v tt hn tnh cht ca tng vt liu thnh phn. - Lut phn b hnh hc ca vt liu ct. Khi vt liu liu ct phn b khng ng u, vt liu composite b ph hu trc ht nhng ni ct vt liu ct. Vi composite ct di, phng ca si quyt nh tnh d hng ca vt liu, c th iu chnh c tnh d hng ny theo mun ch to c vt liu cng nh phng n cng ngh ph hp vi yu cu. - Tc dng tng h gia cc vt liu thnh phn. Vt liu ct v nn phi lin kt cht ch vi nhau mi c kh nng tng cng v b sung tnh cht cho nhau. V d lin kt gia ct thp v xi mng trong b tng. 7.1.2. Phn loi a) Phn loi theo hnh dng Composite si, composite vy, composite ht, composite in y, composite phin.

b) Phn loi theo bn cht v vt liu thnh phn - Composite nn hu c: nn l nha hu c, ct thng l si hu c hoc si khong hoc si kim loi. - Composite nn kim loi: nn l cc kim loi nh titan, nhm, ng, ct thng l si kim loi hoc si khong nh B, C, SiC. - Composite nn gm: nn l cc loi vt liu gm, ct c th l si hoc ht kim loi hoc cng c th l ht gm. 7.2. Vt liu v thnh phn ca composite 7.2.1. Vt liu nn a) Nha phnolformaldehyt b) Nha poxy c) Nha polyeste d) Cc loi nha khc 7.2.2. Vt liu gia cng a) Ct dng si

b) Ct dng vi c) Ct dng ht 7.2.3. Vng chuyn tip trong composite Vng trung gian l vng tip xc gia ct v nn v n thng l yu t c tnh quyt nh n cc tnh cht c hc v cc thuc tnh khc na ca composite. Vng trung gian chnh l ni chuyn ti trng t nn sang ct nn tc ng u tin ca n chnh l tc ng n bn. C nhiu yu t tc ng n thnh phn v th tch ca vng chuyn tip. u tin, l tnh thm t, tc l pha nn trng thi lng phi d dng thm t pha gia cng trc khi ng rn. Nhng thc t khng phi lc no cng c lin kte nn - ct l tng do bn cht ho l ca cc vt liu rt khc nhau. Trong trng hp ny, cn phi thm cht thm t ci thin kh nng thm t ct - nn. 7.2.4. Cc cht ph gia L nhng vt liu liu nhm ci thin mt s tnh cht ca composite nh: - Tnh dn in, dn nhit: thng dng bt, si hoc vy kim loi nh Fe, CU, Al, hoc bi trng kim loi. - Bi trn khi d khun. - To mu. - Chng co ngt. 7.3. Composite nn nha Cc loi nha nh poxy, phnolformaldehyt, polyeste u c tnh thm t tt i vi vt liu gia cng dng hu c, bi vy cng on trn nha vi ct rt thun li v n gin. Ring i vi ct l vt liu v c, v d nh cc loi

si gm, c tnh thm t rt km nn trc khi trn phi c cng on bc hoc thm ln trn ct. i vi dng vi, c nhiu cch ch to bn thnh phm. V d, nhng tm vi vo thng nha ri xp thnh tng lp v tin hnh p, hoc tri tng lp vi vo lng khun ri phun hoc qut nha, li tri vi, li qut nha Lp li quy trnh nh vy cho n khi t chiu dy yu cu. 7.4. Composite nn kim loi Trong vt liu composite nn kim loi, thng dng nhiu trong k thut l vt liu t hp nn kim loi mu do nhng tnh cht u vit m cc kim loi en khng c c, v d nh nh, bn nhit cao, chu mi mn tt nhng cng ngh ch to li n gin hn. Mt s loi nh sau 7.4.1. Composite nn nhm ct ht 7.4.2. Composite nn nhm ct si 7.4.3. Composite nn ng ht thp 7.5. Composite nn gm Vt liu composite nn gm (ceramic matrix composite, CMC) c nghin cu v s dng rng ri nhm khc phc nhng nhc im ca vt liu gm nguyn khi, l tnh dn c hu v kh nng ng dng hn ch ca vt liu gm nguyn khi. Vt liu composite nn gm thng dng ch to cc chi tit lm vic trong mi trng rt khc nghit nh: ng c tn la v ng c phn lc, ng c kh trong nh my nng lng, v cch nhit ca tu khng gian, lp lt u tin ca bung phn ng nu chy, phanh my bay, l nhit luyn y l mi trng lm vic c nhit rt cao nhng rt kh lm ngui bng cht lng thng thng. Mt khc, khi thay th cc siu hp hp kim bng vt liu gm composite cn tit kin c kh nhiu khi lng, iu v cng quan trng i vi ngnh hng khng v tr. Trong composite nn gm, vt liu ct c th l ct dng khng lin tc kiu ht, si ngn hoc lt vn. Cng c th dng ct lin tc dng si. Trong trng hp ct gin on, vic tng bn v dai va p ch c th tng n mt gii hn no nhng vn s dng. Mt v d composite nn gm si vn dng trong lnh vc dng c ct l composite SiC/Si3N4, trong SiC l pha gia cng, cn Si3N4 ng vai tr vt liu nn.