H thng kin thc ha hc lp 10 Chng trnh C bn v Nng cao

Chng 1 + 2: NGUYN T - BNG TUN HON HA HC A/ KIN THC CN NH

I/ THNH PHN NGUYN T

1/ Cu to nguyn t - c tnh cc ht: Nguyn t c cu to gm: - Ht nhn gia nguyn t, gm cc ht proton (p) (mang in tch dng) v cc ht ntron (n) (khng mang in). - V nguyn t gm cc ht electron (e) (mang in tch m) chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn. Ht Proton Ntron Electron Khi lng (m) Tht 1,6726.10-27 kg 1,6748.10-27 kg 9,1094.10-31 kg Tng i 1u 1u 1 u 1836 in tch (q) Tht +1,602.10-19C 0 -1,602.10-19C Tng i 1+ 0 1-

* Kt lun. + Khi lng nguyn t bng khi lng ht nhn nguyn t (v khi lng ca e rt b so vi khi lng m p 1, 6726.1027 = 1836 ). cc ht ntron v proton, c th me 9,1094.1031 + Nguyn t trung ha v in, nn s p = s e. 2/ Kch thc v khi lng nguyn t a/ Kch thc nguyn t: rt nh, c tnh bng n v nanomet (nm). 1 nm = 10-9m = 10 Nguyn t ht nhn Electron (hay proton) ng knh 10-1 nm 10 nm 10 nm
-8 -5

So snh Dnguyentu Dhatnhan Dnguyentu Delectron

= =

10 1 = 10 4 lan 5 10 10 1 = 107 lan 8 10

Dhatnhan 10 5 = 8 = 103 lan Delectron 10

V vy electron chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn trong khng gian rng ca nguyn t. b/ Khi lng nguyn t: rt nh, c tnh bng u (hoc vC). 1 1 Vi 1u = .m12 C = . 19,9265.10-27 kg 1u = 1,6605.10-27 kg. 12 12

II/ HT NHN NGUYN T. NGUYN T HA HC

1/ in tch ht nhn (Z+). in tch ht nhn chnh l tng in tch ca proton. Z = s proton = s electron = E (Nguyn t trung ha v in) 2/ S khi ht nhn (A). S khi ca ht nhn bng tng s proton (Z) vi tng s ntron (N). A=Z +N 3/ S hiunguyn t (Z). S hiu nguyn t l s n v in tch ht nhn nguyn t ca mt nguyn t. 4/ K hiu nguyn t ca nguyn t X.
A Z
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H thng kin thc ha hc lp 10 Chng trnh C bn v Nng cao

Trong :

A: s khi

Z: s hiu nguyn t

X: k hiu ha hc ca nguyn t

III/ NG V. NGUYN T KHI. NGUYN T KHI TRUNG BNH

1/ ng v: ng v l nhng nguyn t ca cng mt nguyn t c cng s proton, khc s ntron. 1 2 3 V d. Nguyn t H c 3 ng v 1 H , 1 H , 1 H Ch . Cc ng v bn c Z 82. 2/ Nguyn t khi. Nguyn t khi trung bnh a/ Nguyn t khi (M). Nguyn t khi l khi lng tng i ca nguyn t, bng s khi ht nhn M=A b/ Nguyn t khi trung bnh ( M ). Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca nguyn t c nhiu ng v c tnh bng h thc aA + bB + cC a+b+c Vi a, b, c: l s nguyn t (hoc % s nguyn t) ca mi ng v. A, B, C: l nguyn t khi (hay s khi) ca mi ng v. M rng: M= M= Vi: ni : % hay s mol hay th tch ca cht th i ( khi ni l th tch th ch s dng cho cht kh) Mi : Khi lng mol ca cht th i Nu trong hn hp ch c hai cht , ta c th gi x l s mol (% hay th tch) ca cht th nht trong 1 mol hn hp, khi suy ra s mol ca cht th hai l (1 x) mol. M = x.M 1 + (1 x ).M 2 Lu :

( n .M )
i =1 i i

n
i =1

Mmin < M < Mmax

n1 = n2 V1 = V2 ( th tch ca kh khng p dng cho th tch dung dch) x = x = 50% 2 1 M1 = M2 M = M 1 = M 2 , n,V , x M + M2 M= 1 2

M n cht M hp cht
S ng cho: V1 (hay n1) M1 M2 M M M1 V1 M 2 M = V2 M M 1

M V2 (hay n2) M2

* Ch : - Phn bit nguyn t v nguyn t: + Nguyn t l loi ht vi m gm ht nhn v cc ht electron quanh ht nhn. + Nguyn t l tp hp cc nguyn t c cng in tch ht nhn. - Tnh cht ha hc nguyn t l tnh cht ha hc cc nguyn t ca nguyn t . - Mi quan h gia cc ht c bn cu to nn nguyn t: + S ht c bn = 2.Z + N (mang in: 2.Z, khng mang in: N).
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H thng kin thc ha hc lp 10 Chng trnh C bn v Nng cao

+ S ht mang in = s electron + s proton = 2.Z . + S ht ht nhn = s proton + s ntron = Z + N. + iu kin bn ca ht nhn nguyn t l N 1 1,33 vi Z 20 Z N 1 1,5 vi Z 82 Z Tng ht = Z + E + N = 2.Z + N m : Z N 1,5.Z Nn: 2.Z + Z 2.Z + N 2.Z + 1,5.Z
A Z

3,5 3 - T k hiu nguyn t X => s p v s n trong ht nhn cng nh s electron v nguyn t v ngc li. - Tt c cc nguyn t c cng s in tch ht nhn Z u thuc cng mt nguyn t ha hc. - Cng thc tnh th tch ca mt nguyn t:

3.Z Tng ht 3,5.Z

hat Z hat

4 V = R 3 3

(R l bn knh nguyn t)

III/ S chuyn ng ca e trong nguyn t. Obitan nguyn t.

1/ S chuyn ng ca electron trong nguyn t Trong nguyn t, cc electron chuyn ng rt nhanh xung quanh ht nhn khng theo qu o xc nh no v to thnh m my electron. 2/ Obitan nguyn t (AO) a/ nh ngha: Obitan nguyn t l khu vc m my electron xung quanh ht nhn m xc sut c mt electron khong 90%. b/ Hnh dng obitan nguyn t: Da trn s khc nhau v trng thi electron trong nguyn t ta c: - Obitan s: dng hnh cu. - Obitan p: gm 3 obitan px, py, pz c hnh dng s 8 ni, nh hng theo 3 trc Ox, Oy, Oz ca h ta .

IV/ Lp v phn lp e:
1/ Lp electron: Lp electron gm cc electron c mc nng lng gn bng nhau. Cc lp electron xp theo th t mc nng lng t thp n cao (t gn nhn ra ngoi): Lp th n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Tn lp K L M N O P Q 2 C s obitan l n 1 4 9 16 2 C s electron ti a l 2n 2 8 18 32 2/ Phn lp electron - Mi lp electron chia thnh cc phn lp s, p, d, f gm cc electron c mc nng lng bng nhau: Phn lp s C s obitan 1 C s electron ti a 2 - Trong 1 lp electron th s phn lp = s th t lp: p 3 6 d 5 10 f 7 14 4 4s4p4d4f

Lp th 1 2 3 C phn lp 1s 2s2p 3s3p3d - Phn lp electron cha electron ti a gi l phn lp electron bo ha.

V/ Nng lng Cu hnh e trong nguyn t :

1/ Cc nguyn l v quy tc phn b electron trong nguyn t
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H thng kin thc ha hc lp 10 Chng trnh C bn v Nng cao

a/ Nguyn l Pauli: Trn 1 obitan c ti a 2e v 2e ny chuyn ng t quay khc chiu nhau: 1 obitan c 2e: 2e ghp i 1 obitan c 1e: 1e c thn

b/ Nguyn l vng bn: trng thi c bn, trong nguyn t cc electron chim ln lt cc obitan c mc nng lng t thp n cao. c/ Quy tc Hund: Trong 1 phn lp, cc electron s phn b trn cc obitan sao cho s electron c thn l ti a v c chiu t quay ging nhau. V d: 7N 1s2 2s2 2p3 d/ Trt t cc mc nng lng nguyn t: Trong nguyn t, cc electron trn cc obitan khc nhau, nhng cng 1 phn lp c mc nng lng nh nhau. Cc mc nng lng nguyn t tng dn theo trnh t: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p * e nh ta dung quy tac Klechkowsky 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 7f

2/ Cu hnh electron nguyn t: Cu hnh electron nguyn t biu din s phn b electron trn cc phn lp ca cc lp electron khc nhau. a/ Cch vit cu hnh electron nguyn t - Xc nh s electron trong nguyn t. - Phn b cc electron theo trt t mc nng lng AO tng dn. - Vit cu hnh electron theo th t cc phn lp electron trong mt lp. V d: 26Fe. Vit theo trt t mc nng lng AO tng dn: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6 - Sau vit li theo th t cc phn lp electron trong 1 lp: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6 4s2 - Vit gn: [Ar] 3d6 4s2 * Ch : Khi vit cu hnh electron d nh trt t cc mc nng lng, ta vit theo th t lp vi 2 phn lp s, p nh sau: 1s 2s2p 3s3p 4s ... 4p 5s ... 5p 6s ... 6p 7s ... 7p - Sau thm 3d vo gia lp 4s ... 4p - Thm 4d vo gia lp 5s ... 5p - Thm 4f 5d vo gia lp 6s ... 6p - Thm 5f 6d vo gia lp 7s ... 7p - Ta s c 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p b/ c im ca lp electron ngoi cng - Cc electron lp ngoi cng quyt nh tnh cht ha hc ca mt nguyn t. - S electron lp ngoi cng ti a l 8e + Cc nguyn t kim loi c: 1e, 2e, 3e lp ngoi cng.
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H thng kin thc ha hc lp 10 Chng trnh C bn v Nng cao

+ Cc nguyn t phi kim c: 5e, 6e, 7e lp ngoi cng. + Cc nguyn t kh him c: 8e (He c 2e) lp ngoi cng. + Cc nguyn t c 4e lp ngoi cng c th l kim loi (Ge, Sn, Pb) c th l phi kim (C, Si).

VI. Mt s vn b sung:
Xc nh v tr ca nguyn t X trong bng tun hon ha hc: 1. Phn nhm chnh ( nhm A ) : khi cc e cui cng c in vo phn lp s hay p, c th: nsa npb (vi iu kin a,b s nguyn v a 1 , 0 b 6) a + b 3 K .L a + b = 4 K .L / P.K S th t nhm = a + b trong : a + b 5 P.K a + b = 8 Kh.h

2. Phn nhm ph ( nhm B ) : khi cc e cui cng c in vo phn lp d hay f, c th: (n-1)da nsb
(vi iu kin a,b s nguyn v b = 2 , 1 a 10) Nu a + b < 8 S th t nhm = a + b Nu a + b = 8 hay 9 hay 10 S th t nhm = 8 Nu a + b > 10 S th t nhm = (a + b) 10 Cc nguyn t nhm B u thuc kim loi chuyn tip. Ngoi tr: b = 2 , a = 4 b = 1 , a = 5 (bn bo ha gp) b = 2 , a = 9 b = 1 , a = 10 (bo ha gp)

VII. S bin i tun hon tnh cht ca cc nguyn t ha hc:

1. Bn knh nguyn t:

Trong cng mt chu k: i t tri sang phi theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn, bn
knh nguyn t ca cc nguyn t gim dn. Nguyn nhn l do s lp e ngoi cng nh nhau, khi i t ny sang sau lin k vi n th e lp ny tng ln v in tch ht nhn cng tng lm lc ht gia ht nhn v e tng bn knh nguyn t gim. Trong cng mt phn nhm chnh (nhm A): i t trn xung di theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn, bn knh nguyn t ca cc nguyn t tng dn. Nguyn nhn l do s lp e tng dn khi i t trn xung v e lp ngoi cng ging nhau lm lc ht gia ht nhn vi e lp ngoi cng gim dn, mc d in tch ht nhn c tng. n .e + m.e M n + M M m Ch : cation anion Khi mt ngt mt e to thnh ion dng (cation) th kch thc gim i rt nhiu bn knh ca cation bao gi cng nh hn bn knh ca nguyn t tng ng. Cng mt nguyn t, nu in tch ion cng ln th bn knh cng nh. Vd: rFe > rFe2+ > rFe3+

Khi mt ngt nhn thm e to thnh ion m (anion) th kch thc ion tng ln v e
nhn thm vo lm tng tng tc y e e. Bn knh ca anion bao gi cng ln hn bn knh ca nguyn t tng ng. Vd: rCl > rCl > rCl +

2. Nng lng ion ha: I

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H thng kin thc ha hc lp 10 Chng trnh C bn v Nng cao

Ni mt cch tm tt: nng lng ion ha l nng lng ti thiu cn tiu th tch mt e ra khi
nguyn t th kh v bin thnh ion dng. C th, nng lng ion ha ca mt nguyn t hay mt phn t l nng lng cn thit tch mt in t t nguyn t hay phn t trng thi c bn. Mt cch tng qut hn, nng lng ion ha th n l nng lng cn thit tch in t th n sau khi tch (n-1) in t u tin. Trng thi c bn chnh l trng thi m ti , nguyn t khng chu nh hng ca bt k mt t trng ngoi no c. Tc l mt nguyn t kim loi trng thi c bn s c dng kh, v cu hnh electron ca n cng l cu hnh c bn: tun theo nguyn l Pauli, Nguyn l vng bn v qui tc Hund. Theo t in Gio khoa Vt l ca cc tc gi V Thanh Khit,..., Nh Xut bn Gio dc- nm 2007 th nng lng ion ho c nh ngha nh sau: nng lng ion ha ca mt nguyn t, phn t hoc ion l nng lng cn thit tch lectron lin kt yu nht ra khi mt ht trng thi c bn sao cho ion dng c to thnh cng trng thi c bn. l nng lng ion ho th nht. Cc giai on ion ho tip theo s ng vi cc nng lng ion ho th hai, th ba,.. Nguyn t cng d nhng e (tnh kim loi cng mnh) th gi tr I cng nh. Phn bit nng lng ion ha th nht I1 , th hai I2 , M M+ + 1e , I1 > 0 M+ M2+ + 1e , I2 > I1

Quy tc Koopmans: Nng lng ion ha th nht I1 ca nguyn t l bng i ca nng lng ca
obitan m e b tch chim. Trong mt chu k, theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn, lc lin kt gia ht nhn v e lp ngoi cng tng, lm cho nng lng ion ha ni chung cng tng theo. Trong cng mt phn nhm chnh, theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn, bn knh nguyn t tng,lc lin kt gia e lp ngoi cng v ht nhn gim, do nng lng ion ha ni chung gim. i nt v ion : Ion l mt nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t b mt hay thu nhn thm c mt hay nhiu in t. Mt ion mang in tch m,khi n thu c mt hay nhiu in t, c gi l anion, v mt ion mang in tch dng khi n mt mt hay nhiu in t, c gi l cation. Qu trnh to ra cc ion gi l ion ha. Cc nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t b ion ha c biu din di dng cc s vit nh ln trn, bn phi k hiu ca nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t, th hin s lng in t m n thu c hay mt i (nu ln hn 1) v du + hay ty theo n mt hay thu c (cc) in t. Trong trng hp mt hay thu c ch mt in t th khng cn ghi gi tr s. V d H+ hay O2-. Cc kim loi c xu hng to ra cc cation (mt i in t) trong khi cc phi kim loi c xu hng to ra anion, v d natri to ra cation Na+ trong khi clo to ra cc anion Cl-. Cc ion ln u tin c l thuyt ha bi Michael Faraday khong nm 1830, miu t cc thnh phn ca phn t m chuyn ng v pha ant hay catt. Tuy nhin, c ch m cc chuyn ng ny c th din ra khng c miu t cho n tn nm 1884 khi Svante August Arrhenius trong lun n tin s ca mnh trong trng i hc tng hp Uppsala miu t chng. L thuyt ca ng ban u khng c chp nhn (ng nhn c hc v tin s vi im thp nht c vt qua) nhng lun n tin s ca ng ot gii Nobel v ha hc nm 1903. T ion c t tn bi Michael Faraday, t ting Hy Lp , ng tnh t thi hin ti ca , "chuyn ng", v th l "ngi i li". Danh php ny da trn xu hng ca cc anion chuyn ng v pha ant, v ca cc cation chuyn ng v pha catt. V th, anion ( v cation ( c ngha l "(mt th) i ln" v "(mt th) i xung", mt cch ) ) tng ng, v ant, , v catt, , c ngha l "i ln" v "i xung", tng ng t "ng". ,

3. i lc e: E
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H thng kin thc ha hc lp 10 Chng trnh C bn v Nng cao

i lc e cng l nng lng gii phng khi mt nguyn t th kh kt hp mt e vo bin thnh ion m. M + 1e M, E<0 Trong cng mt chu k, ni chung i lc e cng m theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn. Ngoi tr cc kh him li c i lc e dng. Trong cng mt phn nhm chnh, theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn, phn ln i lc e km m dn (gi tr tuyt i ca E gim dn). i lc e ca cc nguyn t nhm II.A,II.B c gi tr dng.

4. m in: (c l khi)
m in ca mt nguyn t c trng cho kh nng ht e ca nguyn t khi to thnh lin kt ha hc. m in ca mt nguyn t cng ln th tnh phi kim ca nguyn t cng mnh. Ngc li, m in cng nh, tnh kim loi ca nguyn t cng mnh. Trong cng mt chu k, i t tri sang phi theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn, m in ca cc nguyn t ni chung tng dn. Trong cng mt phn nhm chnh, i t trn xung di theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn, m in ca cc nguyn t ni chung gim dn. Nguyn t flo (F) c m in ln nht l 3,98 . 5. Tnh kim loi, tnh phi kim: Tnh kim loi l tnh cht ca mt nguyn t m nguyn t ca n d nhng e tr thnh ion dng. M n.e Mn+ Nguyn t ca nguyn t cng d nhng e, tnh kim loi cng mnh. Tnh phi kim l tnh cht ca mt nguyn t m nguyn t ca n nhn thm e tr thnh ion m. M + n.e Mn Nguyn t ca nguyn t cng d nhn e, tnh phi kim cng mnh. Trong cng mt chu k, i t tri sang phi theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn, tnh kim loi gim dn, tnh phi kim tng dn (ca cc nguyn t). Trong cng mt phn nhm chnh, i t trn xung di theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn, tnh kim loi tng dn, tnh phi kim gim dn (ca cc nguyn t). Trong Bng THHH, kim loi chim phn di bn tri v phi kim chim phn trn bn phi, gii hn ny khng r rt l ng cho k t gc trn bn phi. 6. S bin i v ha tr ca cc nguyn t: Ha tr cao nht ca mt nguyn t vi oxi, vi hidro ca cc phi kim bin i tun hon theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn. Trong mt chu k, i t tri sang phi theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn, ha tr cao nht ca cc nguyn t vi Oxi tng ln lt t 1 7, cn ha tr vi hidro ca cc phi kim gim t 4 1. Bng bin i tun hon ha tr ca cc nguyn t nhm A. Nhm Hp cht vi Oxi I.A Na2O K2O II.A MgO CaO III.A Al2O3 Ga2O3
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IV.A SiO2 GeO2

V.A P2O5 As2O5

VI.A SO3 SeO3

VII.A Cl2O7 Br2O7

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Ha tr cao nht vi Oxi Tng qut ha tr cao nht vi Oxi Hp cht kh vi hidro Ha tr vi hidro Tqut ha tr vi hidro

I R2O

II RO

III R2O3

IV RO2 SiH4 GeH4 IV RH4

V R2O5 PH3 AsH3 III RH3

VI RO3 H2S H2Se II RH2

VII R2O7 HCl HBr I RH

Ch : Ho tr cao nht vi oxi + ho tr vi hiro = 8 ( ch p dng cho nguyn t nhm A )

Tnh cht nguyn t nhm IA v IIA:

a) Nhm IA ( nhm kim loi kim ) - Tc dng vi nc k thng cho kim tng ng v gii phng hiro. 2M + 2H2O 2MOH + H2 - Tc dng mnh vi oxi cho ra oxit baz kim, cc oxit ny tc dng mnh vi nc cho kim 4M + O2 2M2O ( ch to ra peoxit v supeoxit ) M2O + H2O 2MOH - Tc dng vi phi kim cho mui. b) Nhm IIA ( kim loi kim th ) - k thng tc dng vi nc ( tr Mg tc dng chm vi nc lnh, Be khng p ) R + 2H2O R(OH)2 + H2 - Tc dng mnh vi oxi cho oxit, oxit tc dng mnh vi nc cho dung dch kim 2R + O2 2RO RO + H2O R(OH)2

7. S bin i tnh axit bazo ca oxit v hidroxit:

Oxit v hidroxit ca kim loi th hin tnh bazo. Oxit v hidroxit ca phi kim th hin tnh axit. Tnh axit bazo ca chng mnh yu ph thuc vo mnh yu ca kim loi v phi kim tng ng. Hidroxit kim loi M(OH)n c tnh bazo v: M l nguyn t kim loi, c xu hng nhng e, tng ng vi tc dng y e mnh s phn cc lin kt M O tng v s phn cc lin kt O H gim lin kt M O phn cc mnh hn, km bn, d t cho ion OH- Th hin tnh baz. Hidroxit phi kim R(OH)n c tnh axit v: R l nguyn t phi kim, c xu hng nhn e, tng ng vi tc dng ht e mnh s phn cc lin kt R O gim v s phn cc lin kt O H tng lin kt O H phn cc mnh hn, km bn, d t cho ion H+ Th hin tnh axit mnh. Trong cng mt chu k , i t tri sang phi theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn, tnh bazo ca oxit v hidroxit tng ng gim dn, ng thi tnh axit ca chng tng dn.

8. Quy tc bo ha sm v na bo ha sm:
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Cu hnh bn ca phn lp d ng vi trng thi bo ha (10e) hay na bo ha (5e). V vy, khi

v ngoi ca nguyn t, phn lp d c 9 hoc 4 e th c s nhy e t phn lp s ca lp lin bn ngoi phn lp d t trng thi bo ha hay na bo ha bn vng. Hin tng ny gi l bo ha sm v na bo ha sm. Hin tng ny thng xy ra i vi mt s nguyn t thuc nhm I.B v VI.B trong bng tun hon. Th d: Cu ( Z = 29 ): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9 4s2 thc t l: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1 Bo ha sm Th d: Cr ( Z = 24 ): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d4 4s2 thc t l: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1 Na bo ha sm 9. Bng tun hon cc nguyn t nhm A:

IA H 1 Hi nh s th t tng dn t tri sang phi Li 3 Li Na 11 No

IIA

IIIA

IVA

VA

VIA

VIIA

VIIIA He H 2

Be B

4B B

5C Ch

6N Nu

7O ng

8F Fi

9Ne Nu

10

Mg 12Al Mng n

13Si Sn

14P Phi

15S S

16C Ar 17 Cho Ai

18

Chu k 4 v 5: T II.AIII.A th ZIII = ZII+11

K Ca 19 Cn Khng Rb 37 Rt Cs 55 C (sa) Fr 87

20Ga G

31Ge G

32As n

33Se St

34Br Bom

35Kr 36 Khng

Sr 38In 49Sn 50Sb 51Te S (r) t Sang Sn T (nhiu) Ba Ba 56T Pb 82Bi B 81 TinPh (bun) (l) 83Po Ph

52I

53Xe X

54

Chu k 6: T II.AIII.A th ZIII = ZII+25

84At t

85Rn Ra

86

Ra

88

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F (ri) ***Cc v d:

Ra

Vd 1: Tng s ht proton, notron, v e ca mt nguyn t X trong mt nguyn t bng 21. a) Xc nh s proton, notron v s khi ca nguyn t. b) Vit cu hnh e ca nguyn t v biu din s sp xp chng trn cc obitan. Suy ra v tr ca nguyn t trong bng tun hon. Gii: a. N Z 1 N Cch 1: Ta c: 2.Z + N = 21 N = 21 2.Z Z < 82 1 1,5 hay Z N 1,5 Z 21 2.Z 1 Z 21 2.Z Z 21 3.Z 7 Z 6Z7 21 2.Z 1,5.Z 21 3,5Z 6 Z 21 2.Z 1,5 Z K bng: Z 5 6 7 8 N = 21 2.Z 11 9 7 5 A= Z + N 16 15 14 13 Z = 7 Chn E = 7 v A = 14 (vC) N = 7 Cch 2: 21 21 Z Ta c: Tng ht = 21 6Z7 3,5 3 K bng: Z 5 6 7 8 N = 21 2.Z 11 9 7 5 A= Z + N 16 15 14 13 Z = 7 Chn E = 7 v A = 14 (vC) N = 7 b. X l Nito : N N ( Z = 7 ): 1s2 2s2 2p3 N th 7 trong bng tun hon v thuc chu k 2. N c 3 e cui cng in vo phn lp p nn N l nguyn t p v c 5e thuc lp 2 N thuc nhm V.A Vd 2: Hai nguyn t A v B c phn lp ngoi cng l 3p v 4s tng ng. Bit tng s e ca 2 phn lp l 5 v hiu s l 3. Hy vit cu hnh e ca hai nguyn t v nh gi tr Z ca A v B. Gii: Gi x l s e ca phn lp 3p y l s e ca phn lp 4s
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x + y = 5 x = 4 Theo , ta c: x y = 3 y =1 Do , cu hnh e ca nguyn t A v B l: A: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 B: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 ZB = 19

ZA = 16

Vd 3: Da vo bng khi lng ca proton, notron,v e. Hy tnh khi lng ca nguyn t: Cl gm 17p, 18n v 17e. Gii: Khi lng 1 nguyn t Clo l: mCl = (17.1,6726.10-24) + (18.1,6748.10-24) + (17.9,1094.10-28) = 58,596.10-24g Vd 4: Bit khi lng mt nguyn t st 93,6736.10-24g c 26 proton, t khi l 7,9. Bit cc nguyn t st trong tinh th ch chim 74% th tch. a) Tnh t s khi lng ca cc e trong nguyn t so vi khi lng ca ton nguyn t. T c th coi khi lng nguyn t thc t bng khi lng ht nhn c khng? b) Xc nh bn knh nguyn t gn ng ca st. Gii: me = 26.9,1094.1028 = 2,5284.104 = 1 a) T s khi lng e so vi khi lng ngun t st l: mngtu 93, 6736.1024 c th xem thc t khi lng nguyn t bng khi lng ht nhn b) Khi lng mol ca st: MFe = 93,6736.10-24.6,02.1023 = 56,391 g M 56,391 V= = = 7,138 cm3 Th tch 1 mol Fe: D 7,9 74% = 5, 41532 cm3 Th tch ca mt mol st trong mng tinh th l: 7,318. 100% 5, 41532 = 0,9.1023 cm3 Vy th tch ca mt nguyn t st trong mng tinh th: 23 6, 02.10 Gi s nguyn t Fe l mt khi cu: 4 3.V 3.V 3 3.0,9.1023 3 V = .R 3 R 3 = R=3 = = 2,150.1024 = 1, 29.108 cm3 3 4. 4. 4. 35 37 Vd 5: Khi lng nguyn t ca clo l 35,5. Clo c hai ng v l 17 Cl v 17 Cl . Tnh phn trm v s nguyn t ca mi ng v. Gii: Gi x l % ca s nguyn t ng v th nht y l % ca s nguyn t ng v th hai y = 100 x 35.x + (100 x).37 M= = 35,5 x = 75% 100 35 37 17 Cl chim 75% v 17 Cl chim 25%
1 Vd 6: Hidro iu ch t nc nguyn cht c khi lng nguyn t l 1,008. Hi c bao nhiu nguyn t 1 H

v 1 H trong 1g nc. Gii: 1 Gi x l thnh phn phn trm v s nguyn t ca ng v 1 H v (100-x) l thnh phn phn trm s
2 nguyn t ca ng v 1 H

11H : 99, 2% 1.x + (100 x).2 MH = = 1, 008 x = 99,2% 2 100 1 H : 0,8% 1 Ta c : 1g nc th c mol H2O 18
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M 1mol H2O c 6,02.1023 ht phn t H2O 1 S phn t H2O c trong 1g nc l: .6,02.1023 ht 18 1 99, 2 1 S nguyn t 1 H c trong 1g nc l: .6,02.1023.2. = 663,53.1020 ht 18 100 1 0,8 2 S nguyn t 1 H c trong 1g nc l: .6,02.1023.2. = 5,35.1020 ht 18 100 AB32 l 42. Trong cc ht nhn A cng nh B s proton bng s notron. Vd 7: Cho bit tng s e trong anion a. Tnh s khi ca A v B. b. Vit cu hnh e v s phn b e trong cc obitan ca cc nguyn t A, B. Gii: 40 = 13,33 Ta c: ZA + 3.ZB = 42 2 = 40 ZB < 3 B chu k 2 v v l phi kim (do to anion) nn B ch c th l Flo, Oxi, hoc Nito. Mt khc: AA = ZA + NA = 2. ZA (do s p = s n trong ht nhn A cng nh trong ht nhn B) AB = ZB + NB = 2. ZB Cc trng hp xy ra: F O N ZB 9 8 7 AB = 2. ZB 18 16 14 ZA = 40 3.ZB 13 16 19 AA = 2. ZA 26 32 38 Z A = 16 chn (v tha mn yu cu ) A l Lu hunh (S), B l Oxi (O). Z B = 8 Vd 8: Oxit cao nht ca mt nguyn t ng vi cng thc RO3. Trong hp cht ca n vi hidro th chim 94,12% v khi lng. Xc nh nguyn t R. Gii: Oxit cao nht ca R c CTTQ: RO3 R nhm VI nn hp cht R ng vi hidro c CTTQ : RH2 %R 94,12 R 94,12 = = Ta c: R = 32 (vC) R l nguyn t lu hunh (S). % RH 2 100 R + 21 100 Vd 9: Vit cu hnh e ca: Fe, Fe2+ , Fe3+ , Ni, Ni2+ bit s th t nguyn t ca Fe l 26, ca Ni l 28 v lp ngoi cng u c 2 e. T hy xc nh s th t chu k v phn nhm chnh ca Ni v Fe. Gii: Cu hnh e ca: 2 2 6 2 6 6 2 26Fe : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s Fe2+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 Fe3+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5
28

Ni : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d8 4s2

Ni2+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d8 C th x chu k v phn nhm ca Fe v Ni theo hai cch: Theo v tr trong bng HTTH: Chu k: 1 2 3 4 5 S nguyn t: 2 8 8 18 18 Chu k ln (gm 18 nguyn t) c phn thnh hai hng: Hng trn : 10 nguyn t.
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B/ BI TP T LUN

Hng di : 8 nguyn t. Ta thy nguyn t Fe (Z = 26) thuc chu k 4, gn cui hng trn ca chu k ny nn nhm VIII v thuc phn nhm ph (nhng nguyn t cui hng di chu k ln l phn nhm chnh nhm VIII). Tng t, Ni (Z = 28) cng thuc chu k IV, phn nhm ph nhm VIII. Theo cu hnh e: nhn thy lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t Fe v Ni u c 2e (4s 2) trong khi lp e th hai (tnh t ngoi vo) l lp 3d li cha s e cha y (cha bo ha) c dng: (n 1)d19ns2, v vy Fe v Ni u l hai kim loi chuyn tip, thuc phn nhm ph nhm VIII (v c cu hnh 3d64s2 v 3d84s2) v chu k 4, cui hng chn chu k ny. C th : a + b = 6 + 2 = 8 Fe VIII.B a + b = 8 + 2 = 10 Ni VIII.B

* Ch 1: Tnh nguyn t khi, nguyn t lng Bi 1: Bit khi lng nguyn t ca: mNa = 38,1634.10-27kg; mS = 53,226.10-27kg; mMg = 40,358. 10-27kg; mP = 51,417. 10-27kg Tnh nguyn t khi ca Na, S, Mg, P. (A: MNa = 23; MS = 32; MMg = 24; MP = 31) Bi 2: Bit nguyn t khi ca: MC = 12, MO = 16, MH = 1, MN = 14. Tnh khi lng phn t: CO2, CH4, NH3, H2O theo n v kg. (A:CO2:73,062.10-27kg; CH4: 26,568.10-27kg; NH3:28,229. 10-27kg; H2O:29,889. 10-27kg) Bi 3: Bit MC = 12,011. Trong phn t CS2 c 15,8% mC v 84,2% mS. Tm nguyn t khi ca S v khi lng nguyn t S gam. (A: MS = 32; mS = 32. 1,6605.10-24g) Bi 4: Bit nguyn t khi cacbon l 12 v khi lng nguyn t cacbon gp 11,905 ln khi lng nguyn t hiro. Tnh khi lng nguyn t hiro theo n v u v gam. (MH = 1,008u; 1,008.1,660510-24g) Bi 5: Bit khi lng nguyn t oxi, cacbon ln lt nng gp 15,842 ln v 11,905 ln khi lng nguyn t hiro. Nu chn 1/12 khi lng nguyn t cacbon lm n v th nguyn t khi oxi, hiro l bao nhiu? (A: MH = 1,008; MO = 15,967) * Ch 2: Khi lng ring ca nguyn t Bi 6: Tnh khi lng ring ca nguyn t a. Zn, bit rZn = 1,35.10-8 cm, MZn = 65 b. Al, bit rAl = 1,43 , MAl = 27 c. Na, bit rNa = 0,19 nm, MNa = 23 d. Cs, bit rCs = 0,27 nm, MCs = 133 (Bit rng trong tinh th cc kim loi ny nguyn t Zn, Al chim 74% th tch, cn Na, Cs chim 64% th tch tinh th). * Ch 3: Tm k hiu nguyn t Bi 7: X c tng s ht l 52, s khi l 35. Vit k hiu nguyn t X. Bi 8: X c tng s ht l 126, s ht ntron nhiu hn s proton 12 ht. Vit k hiu nguyn t X. Bi 9: X c tng s ht l 115, s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 25 ht. Vit k hiu nguyn t X. Bi 10: X c tng s ht l 28, s ht khng mang in tch chim 35,71% tng s ht. Vit k hiu ngt X. Bi 11: X c tng s ht l 180, s ht mang in chim 58,89% tng s ht. Vit k hiu nguyn t X. * Ch 4: Bit s nguyn t, s khi ca cc ng v tm nguyn t khi trung bnh v ngc li Bi 12: Tnh nguyen t lng trung bnh cua cac nguyen to sau, biet trong t nhien
chung co cac ong v la:

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58 60 61 62 a ) 28 Ni (67, 76%); 28 Ni (26,16%); 28 Ni(2, 42%); 28 Ni(3, 66%)

b) 16O(99, 757%); 17O(0, 039%); 18O(0, 204%) 8 8 8

55 56 57 58 c) 26 Fe(5,84%); 26 Fe(91, 68%); 26 Fe(2,17%); 26 Fe(0,31%)

d ) 204 Pb(2,5%); 206 Pb(23, 7%); 207 Pb(22, 4%); 208 Pb(51, 4%) 82 82 82 82
S: a) 58,74 ; b) 16,00 ; c) 55,97 ; d) 207,20

Bi 13: Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca brom l M Br = 79,91 . Bit brom c 2 ng v, ng v th nht c s khi l 79, chim 54,5% s nguyn t. Tnh s khi ca ng v cn li. (A: 81) Bi 14: Nguyn t X c 3 ng v: ng v th nht c 5 ntron, chim 50%; ng v th hai c 7 ntron, chim 35%; ng v th ba c 8 ntron, chim 15%. Tm s khi v vit k hiu nguyn t mi ng v. Bit 10 12 13 M X = 11,15 . ((A: Z = 5; 5 X ; 5 X ; 5 X ) Bi 15: Cho bit khi lng nguyn t trung bnh ca Clo l 35,5. Clo c 2 ng v l lng % ca
37 17 35 17

Cl v

37 17

Cl. Hm

Cl l bao nhiu?

* Ch 5: Da vo cu hnh electron. Xc nh cu to nguyn t, tnh cht nguyn t v ngc li Bi 16: Bit cu to cc lp electron ca cc nguyn t sau: A. 2/8/8 B. 2/8/18/7 C. 2/8/14/2 a. Cho bit tnh cht cc nguyn t trn? (kim loi, phi kim, kh him). b. Vit cu hnh electron cc nguyn t . D. 2/8/18/8/2

Bi 17: Vit cu hnh e nguyn t cc nguyn t c Z = 8; Z = 16; Z = 36; Z = 28. a. Cho bit s e, s lp e, s e lp ngoi cng? b. Cho bit cc nguyn t l kim loi hay phi kim? Bi 18: Hy vit cu hnh e y , in cc electron vo obitan v cho bit s hiu nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c cu hnh e ngoi cng nh sau: a. 2s1 b. 2s22p3 c. 2s22p6 d.3s2 e. 3s23p1 f. 3s23p4 g. 3s23p5 h. 3d34s2 Bi 19: Cho biet cau hnh e cua cac nguyen to sau:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 a) Goi ten cac nguyen to. b) Nguyen to nao la kim loai, phi kim, kh hiem? V sao? c) oi vi moi nguyen t, lp e nao lien ket vi hat nhan chat nhat, yeu nhat? d) Co the xac nh khoi lng nguyen t cua cac nguyen to o c khong? V sao?

Bi 20: Cho biet cau hnh e phan lp ngoai cung cua cac nguyen t sau lan lt
la 3p1 ; 3d5 ; 4p3 ; 5s2 ; 4p6. a) Viet cau hnh e ay u cua moi nguyen t. b) Cho biet moi nguyen t co may lp e, so e tren moi lp la bao nhieu? c) Nguyen to nao la kim loai, phi kim, kh hiem? Giai thch?

Bi 21: Nguyn t Al c z = 13; nguyn t Fe c z = 26; nguyn t S c z = 16; Nguyn t Br c z = 35; Nguyn t Ca c z = 20. Vit cu hnh electron cc ion tng ng: Al3+, Ca2+, Fe2+, S2-, BrBi 22: Vit cu hnh e ca Fe, Fe2+; Fe3+; S; S2- bit Fe th 26 v s ca S l 16 trong bng tun hon?

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Bi 23: Cation R+ c cu hnh e phn lp ngoi cng l 2p6 a. Vit cu hnh e nguyn t ca nguyn t R? b. Vit s phn b e vo cc obitan nguyn t? Bi 24: Cho 5,9 gam mui NaX tc dng ht vi dung dch AgNO3 thu c 14,4g kt ta.Xc nh nguyn t khi ca X v vit cu hnh e? Bi 25: Dung dch A c 16,38 g mui NaX tc dng vi lng d dd AgNO 3 thu c 40,18 g kt ta. Xc nh nguyn t khi, gi tn X, vit cu hnh e, vit s phn b e vo cc obitan nguyn t? Bi 26: X l kim loi ha tr II. Cho 6,082 gam X tc dng ht vi dd HCl d thu c 5,6 lt kh H2 ktc. a. Tm nguyn t khi ca X v cho bit tn ca X? b. Vit cu hnh e ca X?

C/ BI TP:
1. Nguyn t gm: A. Ht nhn mang in tch dng v lp v mang in tch m. B. Cc ht proton v electron. C. Cc ht proton v ntron. D. Cc ht electron v ntron. 2. Khi lng ca nguyn t bng: A. Tng s ht proton v tng s ht ntron. B. Tng s ht proton, tng s ht ntron v tng s ht electron. C. Tng khi lng ca cc ht proton v electron. D. Tng khi lng ca proton, ntron v electron c trong nguyn t. 3. Khi nim mol l A. S nguyn t ca cht. B. Lng cht cha 6,023.1023 ht vi m (nguyn t, phn t, ion). C. S phn t cht. D. Khi lng phn t cht. 4. Chn cu SAI A. S proton. B. S electron. C. S ntron. D. in tch ht nhn. 5. Mnh Sai v nguyn t l A. S hiunguyn t bng tr s ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t. B. S proton bng s ntron. C. S proton bng tr s in tch ht nhn. D. S proton bng s electron. 6. ng v l nhng nguyn t c cng s proton, nhng khc v: A. Khi lng nguyn t B. S khi. C. S ntron. D. C A,B,C u ng. 7. Trong k hiu A X th: z A. A l s khi. B. Z l s hiu nguyn t. C. X l k hiu nguyn t. D. Tt c u ng. 8. Chn cu NG 1. S hiu nguyn t bng in tch ht nhn. 2. S proton trong nguyn t bng s ntron. 2. S proton trong nhn bng s electron v. 4. Ch c ht nhn nguyn t nit c 7 proton. 5. Ch c ht nhn nguyn t ca nit c 7 ntron. 6. Ch c ht nhn nguyn t nit mi c t l N:Z=1:1 A. 1, 4, 5. B. 2, 3, 4, 6. C. 4, 5, 6. D. 1, 3, 4. 9. Hai nguyn t ng v c cng: A. S e ngoi cng. B. S p trong nhn. C. Tnh cht ha hc. D. A,B,C u ng. 10. K hiu nguyn t biu th y c trng cho 1 nguyn t ha hc v n cho bit: A. S khi. B. S hiu nguyn t Z. C. NTK ca nguyn t. D. S khi A v s Z. 11. Chn pht biu NG 26 27 35 37 Cho cc nguyn t 13 A,13 B,17 C ,17 D , khng cng tn gi l cc cp nguyn t sau: A. A, B. B. C, D. C. B, C. D. A,C;A,D;B,C;B,D. 12. Hai nguyn t X, Y khc nhau. Mun c cng k hiu nguyn t th X, Y phi c:
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A. Cng s e trong nhn. B. Cng s n trong nhn. C. Cng s p trong nhn. 13. Mt nguyn t c 8e, 8n, 8p. Chn nguyn t ng v vi n: A. 8p, 8n, 8e. B. 8p, 9n, 9e. C. 9p, 8n, 9e. 40 39 41 14. Nguyn t 20 Ca,19 K , 21 Sc c cng: A. S khi. B. S hiu nguyn t Z. C. S electron. 15. Nguyn t ca nguyn t no c ht nhn cha 27 ntron v 22 proton? 49 49 A. 49Ti . B. 27 Co . C. 27 ln . 22 16. Nguyn t c cng s ntron vi 51 A. 50 Ti . B. 23V . 22
23 11 24 12 24 11 25 12 54 24

D. Cng s khi. D. 8p, 9n, 8e. D. S ntron. D. D.

22 49

Ti . Mn .

Cr l C.
56 26

Fe .

56 25

17. C 4 nguyn t X ; Y ; Z ; T . Cp nguyn t c cng tn ha hc l: A. Ch X, Z. B. Ch Y, T. C. Ch Y, Z. D. Cp X, Z; cp Y, T. 18. Tng s proton, ntron v electron trong nguyn t ca mt nguyn t l 28. S khi ca ht nhn nguyn t ca nguyn t l A. 18. B. 19. C. 28. D. 21. 19. X l kim loi ha tr II, Y l kim loi ha tr III. Tng s ht trong nguyn t X l 36 v trong nguyn t Y l 40. X, Y l A. Ca v Al. B. Mg v Cr. C. Mg v Al. D. Kt qu khc. 20. Nguyn t R c tng s ht proton, ntron, electron l 52 v c s khi l 35. in tch ht nhn R l A. 17. B. 25. C. 30. D. 15. 21. Mt nguyn t c khi lng l 80, s hiu 35. Chn cu tr li ng v cu to nguyn t: A. 45p; 35n; 45e. B. 35p; 45n; 35e. C. 35p; 35n; 35e. D. 35p; 35n; 45e. 22. Mt nguyn t c s hiu 29, s khi 61. Nguyn t c: A. 90 ntron. B. 61 ntron. C. 29 ntron. D. 29 electron. 23. Mt nguyn t c s khi l 167, s hiu nguyn t l 68. Nguyn t ca nguyn t ny c: A. 55p, 56e, 55n. B. 68p, 68e, 99n. C. 68p, 99e, 68n. D. 99p, 68e, 68n. 24. Nguyn t A c tng s ht l 82, s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 22, s khi ca nguyn t A l A. 56. B. 60. C. 72. D. Kt qu khc. 86 25. Tng s ht proton, electron, ntron trong nguyn t 37 Rb l A. 160. B. 49. C. 123. D86. 26. Nguyn t X c tng s ht l 82, s khi ca X l 56. in tch ht nhn ca X l A. 87+. B, 11+. C. 26+. D. 29+. 27. Trong nguyn t, cc electron c sp xp theo cc lp v phn lp. Lp th 3 c: A. 3 obitan. B. 3 electron. C. 3 phn lp. D. C A,B,C u ng. 28. biu din s phn b electron trn cc phn lp thuc cc lp khc nhau c gi l A. Phn lp electron. B. m my electron. C. Phn mc nng lng. D. cu hnh electron. 29. Chn cu NG. Obitan nguyn t l . . . A. khu vc xung quanh nhn, c dng hnh cu. B. qu o chuyn ng ca e, c th c dng hnh cu hoc s 8 ni. C. lng t, c ghi 2 mi tn ngc chiu. D. khu vc xung quanh nhn m xc sut tm thy e khong 90%. 30. Nguyn t X x tng s ht gp 3 ln s e v, vy nguyn t X c: A. S n gp 2 s e. B. S khi l s l. C. T l N : Z = 1 ; 1. D. A,B,C u sai. 31. S electron ti a trong 1 lp electron th n th bng: A. 2n. B. n2. C. 2n2. D. n + 2. 32. Cc obitan trong mt phn lp ... 1. c cng s nh hng trong khng gian. 2. khc nhau s nh hng trong khng gian. 3. c cng mc nng lng. 4. khc nhau mc nng lng. 5. s obitan trong cc phn lp l cc s l. 6. s obitan trong cc phn lp l cc s chn. A. 1,3,5,6. B. 2,3,4,6. C. 3,5,6. D. 2,3,5. 33. Lp M c s phn lp electrron l A. 4. B. 2. C. 3. D. 1.
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34. Hy ch ra mc nng lng vit SAI A. 4s. B. 3d. C. 2d. D. 3p. 35. S electron ti a ca lp M l A. 12. B. 6. C. 16. D. 14. 36. S electron ti a trong phn lp d l A. 2. B. 6. C. 10. D. 14. 37. Cu hnh electron SAI l A. B. C. D. 38. Obitan pz c dng: A. Hnh s tm ni v khng r nh hng theo trc no. B. Hnh s tm ni v nh hng theo trc X. C. Hnh s tm ni v nh hng theo trc Z. D. Hnh dng phc tp v nh hng theo trc Z. 39. S electron ti a trong phana lp f l A. 6. B. 8. C. 14. D. 18. 35 2 2 6 2 5 40. Nguyn r Clo c k hiu 17 Cl c cu hnh electron : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p . in tch ht nhn ca nguyn t clo l A. 17. B. 18. C. 18+. D. Tt c u sai. 41. Chon cu pht biu NG NHT A. Cc nguyn t c 1,2,3 e lp ngoi cng l nhng nguyn t kim loi. B. Cc nguyn t c 5,6,7 e lp ngoi cng l nhng nguyn t phi kim. C. Cc nguyn t c 4 e ngoi cng c th l kim loi hoc phi kim. D. C A,B,C u ng. 42. Cu hnh electron nguyn t ca Na (z = 11) l A. 1s22s22p63s2. B. 1s22s22p63s1. C. 1s22s22p23s1. D. 1s22s22p63d1. 43. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t X (z = 25): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s2, c s electron ngoi cng l A. 5. B. 2. C. 7. D. 4. 44. Cho bit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t sau: X: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 Y: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p5 Z: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 Kt lun NG l A. X l kim loi, Y l phi kim, Z l kh him. B. X, Y l kim loi, Z l kh him. C. X, Y, Z l phi kim. D. X, Y l phi kim, Z l kh him. 45. Cu hnh electron ca selen (z = 34) l: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p4. Vy A. lp e ngoi cng ca nguyn t selen c 4e. B. lp e ngoi cng ca nguyn t selen c 6e. C. lp th 3 ca selen c 10e. D. selen l nguyn t kim loi. 46. Nguyn t X c 3 lp electron vi lp electron ngoi cng c 6e, s hiu nguyn t Z l A. 8. B. 18. C. 16. D. 28. 47. Nguyn t Y c 3e phn lp 3d, Y c s hiu nguyn t Z l A. 23. B. 21. C. 25. D. 26. 48. Cc electron ca nguyn t X c phn b trn 3 lp, lp th 3 c 6 electron. S n v in tch ht nhn ca nguyn t ca nguyn t X l A. 6. B. 8. C. 14. D. 16. 16 49. Nguyn t 8 O c s electron c phn b vo cc lp: A. 2/4/2. B. 2/6. C. 2/8/6. D. 2/8/4/2. 50. Tng s electron phn lp 3s vi 3p ca 15P l A. 1. B. 3. C. 5. D. 7. 51. Nguyn t ca nguyn t no c s electron c thn nhiu nht? A. Co (Z = 27). B. Ni (Z = 28). C. Cu (Z = 29). D. Ga (Z = 31). 7 52. Nguyn t X c electron cui phn b vo phn lp 3d , s electron trong nguyn t X l A. 24. B. 25. C. 27. D. 29. 53. Cu hnh electron ngoi cng ca nguyn t 26Fe sau khi mt 3e l A. 3d34s2. B. 3d5. C. 3d6. D. 3d74s1.

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54. A khng phi l kh him. Tng s ht p, n, e trong nguyn t ca nguyn t A l 34. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t ny l A. 1s22s22p63s2. B. 1s22s22p63s1. C. 1s22s22p6. D. 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p4. 39 2 2 6 2 6 1 55. Nguyn t Y c cu hnh electron l: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s . Vy ht nhn nguyn t Y c: A. 20p; 19n. B. 19p; 20n. C. 20p; 19e. D. 19p; 20e. 3 56. Nguyn t X c phn lp cui l: 4p c s hiu nguyn t l A. 32. B. 33. C. 34. D. 35.

D.Bi tp lm thm:
Cu 1: C 4 k hiu nguyn t 26 X, 26 Y, 27 Z, 24 T . Pht biu ng l 13 12 13 13 A. X v Y l hai ng v ca nhau. B. X v Z l hai ng v ca nhau. C. Y v T l hai ng v ca nhau. D. X v T u c s proton v s ntron bng nhau. Cu 2: Nguyn t no sau y c hai electron c thn trng thi c bn? A. Ne (Z = 10). B. Ca (Z = 20). C. O (Z = 8). D. N (Z = 7). Cu 3: Cu hnh electron: 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 l ca nguyn t ca nguyn t ha hc no sau y? A. Na (Z = 11). B. Ca (Z = 20). C. K (Z = 19). D. Rb (Z = 37). Cu 4: Nguyn t 23Z c cu hnh e l: 1s22s22p63s1. Z c A. 11 ntron, 12 proton. B. 11 proton, 12 ntron. C. 13 proton, 10 ntron. D. 11 proton, 12 electron. Cu 5: Cu hnh electron no sau y l ca cation Fe2+ (Bit Fe c s th t 26 trong bng tun hon). A. 1s22s22p63s23p63d5. B. 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2. 2 2 6 2 6 5 1 C. 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s . D. 1s22s22p63s23p63d6. Cu 6: Cu hnh electron ca ion Cl- l A. 1s22s22p6 B. 1s22s22p63s23p6 C. 1s22s22p63s23p5 D. 1s22s22p63s23p4 Cu 7: Ion 52 Cr3+ c bao nhiu electron? 24 A. 21. B. 24. C. 27. D. 52. 2 2 5 Cu 8: Nguyn t X c cu hnh e l: 1s 2s 2p th ion to ra t nguyn t X c cu hnh electron no sau y? A. 1s22s22p4. B. 1s22s22p6. C. 1s22s22p63s2. D. 1s2. Cu 9: Ion no sau y c cu hnh electron bn vng ging kh him? A. 29Cu2+ B. 26Fe2+ C. 20Ca2+ D. 24Cr3+ + 2 2 6 Cu 10: Dy gm cc ion X v Y v nguyn t Z u c cu hnh e l: 1s 2s 2p ? A. Na+, F-, Ne. B. Na+, Cl-, Ar. C. Li+, F-, Ne. D. K+, Cl-, Ar. 2 2 6 Cu 11: Cho mt s nguyn t sau 10Ne, 11Na, 8O, 16S. Cu hnh e sau: 1s 2s 2p khng phi l ca ht no trong s cc ht di y? A. Nguyn t Ne. B. Ion Na+. C. Ion S2. D. Ion O2. 39 Cu 12: Cu hnh e ca nguyn t 19 K l 1s22s22p63s23p64s1. Vy nguyn t K c c im A. K thuc chu k 4, nhm IA. B. S ntron trong nhn K l 20. C. L nguyn t m u chu k 4. D. C A, B, C u ng. Cu 13: Mt nguyn t X c tng s electron cc phn lp p l 10. Nguyn t X thuc loi g? A. Nguyn t s. B. Nguyn t p. C. Nguyn t d. D. Nguyn t f. Cu 14: Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c tng s ht electron trong cc phn lp p l 7. S ht mang in ca mt nguyn t Y nhiu hn s ht mang in ca mt nguyn t X l 8 ht. Cc nguyn t X v Y ln lt l (bit s hiu nguyn t ca nguyn t: Na = 11; Al = 13; P = 15; Cl = 17; Fe = 26) A. Fe v Cl. B. Na v Cl. C. Al v Cl. D. Al v P. Cu 15: Nguyn t X c tng s ht c bn (p + n + e) = 24. Bit trong nguyn t X s ht proton bng s ht ntron. X l A. 13Al. B. 8O. C. 20Ca. D. 17Cl . Cu 16: Mt nguyn t R c tng s ht mang in v khng mang in l 34. Trong s ht mang in gp 1,833 ln s ht khng mang in. Nguyn t R l A. Mg. B. Na. C. F. D. Ne. Cu 17: Nguyn t ca nguyn t R c tng s ht c bn (proton, ntron, electron) l 52; trong tng s ht khng mang in gp 1,059 ln ht mang in dng. R l A. 35Cl . B. 37Cl . C. 27 Al . D. 39 K
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Cu 18: Cho 2 ion XY32- v XY42-. Tng s proton trong XY32- v XY42- ln lt l 40 v 48. X v Y l nguyn t no sau y? A. S v O. B. N v H. C. P v O. D. Cl v O. + 2+ 22 2 6 Cu 19: Cc ion Na , Mg , O , F u c cu hnh electron l 1s 2s 2p . Th t gim dn bn knh ca cc ion trn l A. Na+ > Mg2+ > F- > O2-. B. Mg2+ > Na+ > F- > O2-. C. F- > Na+ > Mg2+ > O2-. D. O2-> F- > Na+ > Mg2+. Cu 20: Trong hp cht ion XY (X l kim loi, Y l phi kim), s electron ca cation bng s electron ca anion v tng s electron trong XY l 20. Bit trong mi hp cht, Y ch c mt mc oxi ha duy nht. Cng thc XY l A. LiF. B. NaF. C. AlN. D. MgO. Cu 21: Hai nguyn t X v Y thuc cng mt nhm A chu k 2 v 3 c s n v in tch ht nhn hn km nhau l A. 8. B. 18. C. 2. D. 10. Cu 22: Hai nguyn t A, B 2 nhm A lin tip trong h thng tun han. B thuc nhm V. trng thi n cht, A v B khng phn ng vi nhau. Tng s proton trong ht nhn nguyn t A v B l 23. Tn ca A v B l A. cacbon, photpho. B. oxi, photpho. C. nit, lu hunh. D. nit, oxi. Cu 23: Hai nguyn t A, B c phn lp electron ngai cng ln lt l 2p, 3s. Tng s electron ca hai phn lp ny l 5 v hiu s electron ca chng l 1. S th t A, B trong bng HTTH ln lt l : A. 5, 10 B. 7, 12 C. 6, 11 D. 5, 12 Cu 24: Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c tng s electron trong cc phn lp p l 7. Nguyn t ca nguyn t Y c tng s ht mang in nhiu hn tng s ht mang in ca X l 8. Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca Y l A. 3s2 3p4. B. 3s2 3p5. C. 3s2 3p3. D. 2s2 2p4. Cu 25: Mt nguyn t thuc nhm VA c ha tr cao nht vi oxi v ha tr trong hp cht vi hidro ln lt l A. III v V. B. V v V. C. III v III. D. V v III. Cu 26: Nguyn t X l phi kim c ho tr cao nht vi oxi l a; ho tr trong hp cht kh vi hidro l b. Quan h gia a v b l A. a = b. B. a + b = 8. C. a b. D. a - b = 8. Cu 27: Nguyn t chu k 4, nhm VIB c cu hnh electron ha tr l A. 4s24p4. B. 6s26p2. C. 3d54s1. D. 3d44s2. 3+ Cu 28: Tng s ht trong ion M l 37. V tr ca M trong bng tun han l A. chu k 3, nhm IIIA. B. chu k 3, nhm IIA. C. chu k 3, nhm VIA. D. chu k 4, nhm IA. Cu 29: Nguyn t X c tng s ht c bn (p, n, e) l 82. S ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 22. V tr ca X trong bng tun hon l A. chu k 4, nhm VIB. B. chu k 4, nhm VIIIB. C. chu k 4, nhm IIA. D. chu k 3, nhm IIB. 2+ Cu 30: Anion X v cation Y u c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 3s23p6. V tr ca cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc l A. X c s th t 17, chu k 4, nhm VIIA; Y c s th t 20, chu k 4, nhm IIA. B. X c s th t 18, chu k 3, nhm VIA; Y c s th t 20, chu k 4, nhm IIA. C. X c s th t 18, chu k 3, nhm VIIA; Y c s th t 20, chu k 3, nhm IIA. D. X c s th t 17, chu k 3, nhm VIIA; Y c s th t 20, chu k 4, nhm IIA. Cu 31: Tnh phi kim ca cc nguyn t trong nhm VIA theo th t: 8O, 16S, 34Se, 52Te, bin i theo chiu A. tng. B. gim. C. khng thay i. D. va tng va gim. Cu 32: Cc nguyn t thuc nhm IIA trong bng tun hon c tnh cht no sau y? A. D dng cho 2e t cu hnh bn vng. B. D dng nhn 2e t cu hnh bn vng. C. D dng nhn 6e t cu hnh bn vng. D. L cc phi kim hot ng mnh. 2 2 6 2 6 Cu 33: Ion Y c cu hnh e: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p . V tr ca Y trong bng tun hon l A. chu k 3, nhm VIIA. B. chu k 3, nhm VIIIA. C. chu k 4, nhm IA. D. chu k 4, nhm VIA.
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Cu 34: Nguyn t cc nguyn t trong mt nhm A ca bng tun han th c cng A. s ntron. B. s lp electron. C. s proton. D. s e lp ngoi cng. Cu 35: Trong nguyn t ca nguyn t R c 18 electron. S th t chu k v nhm ca R ln lt l A. 4 v VIIIB. B. 3 v VIIIA. C. 3 v VIIIB. D. 4 v IIA. Cu 36: Da vo quy lut bin i tnh cht ca bng tun hon th kim loi mnh nht (tr nguyn t phng x) v phi kim mnh nht l A. franxi v iot. B. liti v flo. C. liti v iot. D. xesi v flo. Cu 37: Trong mt chu k ca bng tun hon, s bin i tnh axitbaz ca cc oxit cao nht v cc hidroxit tng ng theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn l A. tnh axit v bazo u tng. B. tnh axit tng dn, tnh bazo gim dn. C. tnh axit v bazo u gim. D. tnh axit gim dn, tnh bazo tng dn. Cu 38: Cho cc nguyn t M (Z=11), X (Z=17), Y(Z=9) v R (Z=19). m in ca cc nguyn t tng dn theo th t A. M<X<R<Y. B.Y<M<X<R. C. M<X<Y<R.D. R<M<X<Y. Cu 39: Hidroxit no mnh nht trong cc hidroxit Al(OH)3, NaOH, Mg(OH)2, Be(OH)2 A. Al(OH)3. B. NaOH. C. Mg(OH)2. D. Be(OH)2. Cu 40: Cho 3 kim loi thuc chu k 3: 11Na, 12Mg, 13Al. Tnh kh ca chng gim theo th t sau A. Na > Mg > Al. B. Al > Mg > Na. C. Mg > Al > Na. D. Mg > Na > Al. Cu 41: Nguyn t X khng phi l kh him, nguyn t c phn lp electron ngoi cng l 3p. Nguyn t ca nguyn t Y c phn lp electron ngoi cng l 3s. Tng s electron hai phn lp ngoi cng ca X v Y l 7. in tch ht nhn ca X v Y l A. X (18+) ; Y (10+). B. X (13+) ; Y (15+). C. X (12+) ; Y (16+). D. X (17+) ; Y (12+). Cu 42: Cho mt s nguyn t sau 8O, 16S, 6C, 7N, 1H. Bit rng tng s proton trong phn t kh XY2 l 18. Kh XY2 l A. SO2. B. CO2. C. NO2. D. H2S. Cu 43: Bn knh nguyn t ca cc nguyn t: 3Li, 8O, 9F, 11Na c xp theo th t tng dn t tri sang phi l A. Li, Na, O, F. B. F, O, Li, Na. C. F, Li, O, Na. D. F, Na, O, Li. Cu 44: Dy cc nguyn t sp xp theo chiu tng dn tnh phi kim t tri sang phi l A. P, N, F, O. B. N, P, F, O. C. P, N, O, F. D. N, P, O, F. Cu 45: Trong mt nhm A, tr nhm VIIIA, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t th A. tnh kim loi tng dn, bn knh nguyn t gim dn. B. tnh kim loi tng dn, m in tng dn. C. m in gim dn, tnh phi kim tng dn. D. tnh phi kim gim dn, bn knh nguyn t tng dn. Cu 46: Trong t nhin nguyn t X c hai ng v : 69X chim 60,10% cn li l ng v th hai c s ht khng mang in nhiu hn ng v 69X l 2 ht. Khi lng nguyn t trung bnh ca nguyn t X (vC ) l A. 70,20 B. 68,20 C. 71,20 D. 69,80 63 65 Cu 47: Trong t nhin, nguyn t ng c hai ng v l 29 Cu v 29 Cu . Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca ng 63 l 63,5. Thnh phn phn trm tng s nguyn t ca ng v 29 Cu l A. 27%. B. 50%. C. 54%. D. 73%. 109 Cu 48: Trong t nhin bc c 2 ng v, trong ng v Ag chim 44%, bit nguyn t khi trung bnh ca bc l 107,88. ng v th hai ca bc c s khi l A. 108. B. 107. C. 109. D. 106. Cu 49: Mt nguyn t gm hai ng v c s nguyn t t l vi nhau l 27: 23. Ht nhn ng v th nht cha 35 proton v 44 ntron. Ht nhn ng v hai hn 2 ntron. Vy khi lng nguyn t trung bnh v tn nguyn t l A. 80,08 vC, brom. B. 79,92 vC, brom. C. 78,08 vC, selen. D. 39, 96 vC, canxi. Cu 50: Hp cht kh vi hidro c dng RH2, trong oxit cao nht cha 60% oxi theo khi lng. Nguyn t R l A. lu hunh. B. clo. C. selen. D. photpho.
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E. Bi tp v bng tun hon:

Bi 1 Ho tan hon ton 1,2 gam mt kim loi thuc nhm IIA trong bng h thng tun hon, bng dd axit HCl. Sau p thu c 1,12 lt kh H2 (ktc). Kim loi l : A. Be B. Mg C. Ca D. Ba Bi 2 Ho tan hon ton 2,4 gam mt kim loi R thuc nhm IIA vo 100 ml dd axit HCl 1,5 M. Sau p thy vn cn mt phn R cha tan ht. Cng 2,4 gam R trn nu cho tc dng vi 125 ml dd axit HCl 2 M. Sau p thy vn cn d axit. R l A. Be B. Mg C. Ca D. Ba

Bi 3 Cho 0,425 gam hn hp 2 kim loi kim thuc hai chu k lin tip p vi mt lng nc c d. Sau p thu c dd A v 168 cm3 kh H2 (ktc). trung ho ht dd A cn phi dng va ht V ml dd H2SO4 1M. Hai kim kim v gi tr V l : A. Li, Na v V = 60 ml B. Na, K v V = 30 ml C. Mt kt qu khc. Bi 4 Hp cht kh vi hiro ca mt nguyn t c dng RH3. Oxit cao nht ca nguyn t ny cha 25,92 % R. a)Nguyn t R l : A. N B. P C. As D. Sb b) So snh tnh phi kim ca R vi O, F, P. Bi 5 Cho 13,7 gam hn hp gm Ba v Ca tc dng ht vi nc th thot ra V lt kh H2 (ktc) Xc nh V. Bi 6 Oxit cao nht ca nguyn t R c khi lng phn t l 108. Hy bin lun xc nh nguyn t R. A. Si B. N C. P D. Mt kt qu khc. Bi 7 Oxit cao nht ca nguyn t R c khi lng phn t l 80. Hy bin lun xc nh nguyn t R. A. Si B. N C. P D. Mt kt qu khc. Bi 8 T l gia khi lng phn t hp cht kh vi hiro ca nguyn t R so vi oxit cao nht ca n l 17 : 40. Hy bin lun xc nh nguyn t R. Bi 9 T l gia khi lng phn t hp cht kh vi hiro ca nguyn t R so vi oxit cao nht ca n l 1 : 2,75. Hy bin lun xc nh nguyn t R. Bi 10 Cho 6,2 gam hn hp Na v mt kim loi kim X tc dng ht vi 104 gam nc thu c 110 gam dd. Xc nh kim loi X bit MX < 40. Bi 11 Cho 2,74 gam mt kim loi thuc nhm IIA vo cc cha nc. Kt thc p thy khi lng dung dch thu c tng 2,7 gam. Kim loi l A. Ca B. Sr C. Ba D. Ra Bi 12 Cho 3,6 gam hai kim loi thuc nhm IIA v thuc hai chu k k tip vo cc cha dd axit HCl. Kt thc p thy khi lng dung dch thu c tng 3,2 gam. Hai kim loi l
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A. Be v Mg B. Mg v Ca C. Ca v Ba D. Ra v Ba Bi 13 Cho 20 gam kim loi Ca tc dng ht vi nc th sinh ra V lt kh H2 o 27 0 C v 1 atm. Tnh V A. V = 8,96 lt B. V = 12,3 lt C. V = 17,44 lt D. Mt kt qu khc. Bi 14 Cho 0,56 gam kim loi kim tc dng ht vi nc th sinh ra 0,873 lt kh H2 o 0 0 C v 780 mm Hg. Kim loi kim l A. Li B. Na C. K D. Cs Bi 15 Ho tan ht mu hp kim Ba Na vo nc c dd A v c 6,72 lt kh H2 bay ra (ktc). Cn dng bao nhiu ml dd HCl 1M trung ha hon ton 1/10 dd A. A. 60 ml B. 40 ml C. 600 ml D. 750 ml Bi 16 Ho tan 46 gam mt hn hp gm Ba v 2 kim loi kim A v B thuc hai chu k lin tip vo nc th c dd D v 11,2 lt kh o ktc. Nu thm 0,18 mol Na2SO4 vo dd D th sau p th vn cha kt ta ht ion Ba. Nu thm 0,21 mol Na2SO4 vo dd D th sau p cn d Na2SO4. Xc nh 2 kim loi kim A, B. Bi 17 Mt nguyn t X c cu hnh e phn lp ngoi cng l 4s1. a) Vit cu hnh e y v suy ra s hiu nguyn t v tn nguyn t. b) xc nh ng X, ngi ta ly 2,8 gam oxit ca X cho tc dng va vi 50 ml dd axit HCl 1,4 M. Gi tn ng X. Bi 18 Ho tan ht 4 gam mt kim loi vo 96,2 gam nc, c dd baz c nng 7,4 % v V lt kh H2 (ktc). Tm kim loi v th tch V. A. Na v V = 11,2 lt B. Ca v 2,24 lt C. K v V = 3,3 6 lt D. mt kt qu khc Bi 19 Khi cho 3,1 gam hn hp 2 kim loi kim A, B tc dng vi 47 gam nc thy c x lt kh thot ra (ktc). Dung dch thu c c tng nng phn trm ca cht tan l 9,6 %. a) Tnh gi tr x : A. 1,12 B. 2,24 C. 3,36 D. mt kt qu khc. b) Nu A, B l 2 kim loi kim thuc hai chu k lin tip, hy xc nh 2 kim loi trn. Bi 20 Gi tn nguyn t trong chu k 3 v vit cu hnh e ca nguyn t bit rng nng lng ion ho (I) c cc gi tr sau ( tnh theo kJ/mol ) I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 1012 1903 2910 4956 6278 22230 Bi 21 Gi tn nguyn t trong chu k 3 v vit cu hnh e ca nguyn t bit rng nng lng ion ho (I) c cc gi tr sau ( tnh theo kJ/mol ) I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 577 1816 2744 11576 14829 18375 Bi 22 A, B l hai nguyn t cng nm trong mt nhm A v thuc hai chu k lin tip trong bng HTTH. Tng cc ht mang in ca A v B l 160. Vit cu hnh e ca A v B. Bi 23 Hp cht Z c to bi 2 nguyn t M v R c cng thc MaRb, trong R chim 6,667 % v kki lng. Trong ht nhn nguyn t M c n = p + 4, cn trong ht nhn ca R c n = p. Bit rng tng s ht proton trong phn t Z bng 84 v a + b = 4. Tm CTPT ca Z.
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CC CNG THC TNH TON

Vkh m m = n.M 2. Vkh = n . 22,4 => n = 22, 4 M mct .100% C %.mdd mct = 4. C % = mdd 100% 6. Tnh theo sn phm: 1. n =
H = m thuc te *100% = > m li thuyet
m li thuyet m thuc te *100% = >

3. CM =

n n => n = CM .V => V = V CM

5. %mA =

mA .100% mhh

thuc te

H.m li thuyet == > m 100%

H .m

li thuyet

m = thuc te *100% H

Tnh theo cht tham gia:

H = m
li thuyet

= = > 100%

thuc te

li thuyet thuc te

m =

*100%

p.V R.T P: p sut kh A o t0C (tnh bng atm) V: th tch kh A o t0C (tnh bng lt) n: s mol cht kh A T: nhit tuyt i (tnh bng 0K) T = t + 273 (T tnh bng 0K) R = 22,4/273 = 0,082 7. S mol A o t0C, P atm. nA = 8. T khi hi ca cht kh A. d 9. Khi lng ring: D =
1 C%D 0 CM = M
A B

MA MB

d A kk =

MA 29

Mkk = 29

mdd = Vdd . D Vdd ( ml ) 10. Mi lin quan gia nng phn trm v nng mol/l D: khi lng ring; M: khi lngmol cht tan

mdd ( g )

Trn Hong Tun

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