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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

M U
I Tnh cp thit ca ti. Ngy nay, khi m cng ngh sinh hc (CNSH), cng ngh thc phm (CNTP) tr thnh mt ngnh mi nhn trong cc ngnh khoa hc cng ngh cao th ng dng ca n trong i sng l ht sc rng ri, c bit trong cc ng dng v cng nghip thc phm. Ti Vit Nam, cng ngh sinh hc mc d cn rt mi m nhng vic ng dng vo thc tin nghin cu, sn xut v nhng thnh tu t c ca n cng khng phi l nh so vi lch s pht trin ca mnh. Trong nhng nm gn y, Nh nc c bit u tin cho khi ngnh cng ngh cao trong c cng ngh sinh hc, l mt li th pht trin khng ngng, khi m mt thc t l nhng g m CNSH mang li l rt ln. Trong tt c cc lnh vc ca i sng nh y dc, khoa hc hnh s, c vt, mi trng, cng nghip, c bit cp n y l cng nghip thc phm ung, mt trong nhng ngnh cng nghip thc phm quan trng phc v nhu cu ln ca con ngi v thc phm. Cng nghip thc phm ngy nay c th ni l xut pht t vic ng dng cc quy trnh cng ngh cao (trong c CNSH) vo vic bo qun v ch bin cc sn phm nng sn cng nh t cc ngun nguyn nhin liu khc m con ngi c th s dng lm thc n cho mnh. Trong khi hng ngn nm trc y, khi m con ngi cha bit n cc khi nim v CNSH, hay cng nghip, cng ngh, th con ngi cng bit cch bo qun, ch bin nhng sn phm nng sn ca mnh thnh cc loi thc phm dinh dng khc nhau phc v i sng ca mnh nh ngm bia ru, lm da chua, lm sa chua, b, phomat... Mc d nhng sn phm c to ra nh nhng kinh nghim cuc sng thng ngy ca ngi dn, nhng n li l sn phm ca nhng quy trnh sinh ha hc ht sc phc tp m ngy nay ngi ta gi n l CNSH hay ng dng c th ca n trong cng nghip thc phm gi l CNTP. to ra mt sn phm s dng c th th n phi tri qua mt quy trnh cng ngh ht sc phc tp ca my mc, cc quy trnh cng on ca cng ngh sinh ha hc, cng ngh thc phm... hay cng ngh sinh hc ni
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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

chung. Trong qu trnh sn xut ra mt sn phm cng nghip cc qu trnh cng ngh khng th tn ti c lp hay c th hot ng ring r, m tt c cc qu trnh, quy trnh cng ngh u c mi quan h mt thit vi nhau, lin h vi nhau v cng ngh cng nh v quy trnh cng on m bo sn xut ra mt sn phm p ng y cc tiu chun v cng ngh, v sinh an ton thc phm, cht lng theo tiu chun cht lng thc phm quy nh. Nh vy, cc cng on trong ch bin sn xut mt sn phm thc phm cng nghip phi p ng rt nhiu cc yu cu ca mt quy trnh cng ngh thc phm. Cc quy trnh cng ngh ny cn c nghin cu v thit k mt cch khoa hc m bo cho mt mt sn phm ch bin ra i m bo cc tiu chun cht lng, cng nh sn xut an ton, m bo tit kim chi ph, nguyn nhin liu, cng nh bo v mi trng sinh thi. Xut pht t nhng vn ti tin hnh thc hin ti: Tm hiu quy trnh cng ngh sn xut bia ng chai ti cng ty c phn bia NaDa Nam nh II Mc tiu nghin cu. 1. Mc tiu chung. Tm hiu thc trng sn xut bia ti nh my bia thuc cng ty c phn bia NaDa, t a ra nhng kin ngh ng gp nhm hon thin hn na cng tc sn xut v mt cng ngh v k thut. 2. Mc tiu c th. - H thng ha quy trnh cng ngh sn xut bia ng chai ti nh my sn xut bia thuc cng ty c phn bia NaDa. - Tm hiu v nh gi thc trng sn xut v mt cng ngh cng nh cc quy trnh cng on lin quan trong sn xut. - xut mt s gii php nhm hon thin hn na quy trnh cng ngh sn xut nhm p ng nhng mc tiu quan trng v sn xut thc phm cng nghip ti nh my. III i tng v phm vi nghin cu. 1. i tng nghin cu.

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut bia ng chai ti phn xng 2 nh my bia NaDa, cng ty c phn bia NaDa Nam nh.

2. Phm vi nghin cu. - Phm vi v ni dung: Tp trung nghin cu cc quy trnh cng ngh sn xut bia ng chai t khu nghin nguyn liu n kt thc ng chai thnh phm. - Phm vi khng gian: Ti phn xng s 2 nh my bia NaDa, cng ty c phn bia NaDa. - Phm vi thi gian: T ngy 25 thng 06 nm 2009 n ht ngy 10 thng 06 nm 2009.

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

NI DUNG Phn 1 C s l lun v thc tin ca ti


I TNG QUAN V BIA 1. Khi nim Bia (t ting Php: bire hoc ting Anh: beer) ni mt cch tng th, l mt loi ung cha cn c sn xut bng qu trnh ln men ca ng l lng trong mi trng lng v n khng c chng ct sau khi ln men. Dung dch ng khng b ln men gi l hm bia, thu c t qu trnh ngm nc, hay "nc bia", ht ng cc c thnh mch nha, thng thng l la mch. Cc ung cha cn c lm t s ln men ng c trong cc ngun khng phi ng cc chng hn nc hoa qu hay mt ong ni chung khng c gi l "bia", mc d chng cng c sn xut t cng mt loi men bia da trn cc phn ng ha sinh hc. Ni mt cch khc, bia l loi nc gii kht c cn thp, bt mn xp v c hng v c trng ca hoa houblon. c bit CO 2 ha tan trong bia c tc dng gii nhit nhanh, h tr cho qu trnh tiu ha, ngoi ra trong bia cn cha mt lng vitamin kh phong ph (ch yu l vitamin nhm B nh vitamin B1, B2, PP,). Nh nhng u im ny, bia c s dng rng ri hu ht cc nc trn th gii vi sn lng ngy cng tng. i vi nc ta bia tr thnh loi ung quen thuc vi sn lng ngy cng tng v tr ngnh cng nghip thc phm mi nhn trong ngnh cng nghip nc ta. Qu trnh sn xut bia c gi l nu bia. Do cc thnh phn s dng sn xut bia c khc bit ty theo tng khu vc, cc c trng ca bia nh hng v v mu sc cng thay i rt khc nhau v do c khi nim loi bia hay cc s phn loi khc.
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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

2. Lch s Bia l mt trong cc ung lu i nht m loi ngi to ra, c nin i t nht l t thin nin k th V trc cng nguyn v c ghi chp li trong cc th tch c ca Ai Cp c i v lng h (Mesopotamia). Ging nh phn ln cc cht cha ng khc c th b ln men mt cch t nhin, rt c th l cc ung tng t nh bia c pht minh mt cch c lp gia cc nn vn minh trn ton th gii. Vic kim nh ha hc cc bnh gm c pht hin ra rng bia (tng t nh ru vang) c sn xut khong 7.000 nm trc khu vc ngy nay l Iran v l mt trong s cc cng ngh sinh hc bit, trong cc quy trnh sinh hc ca s ln men c p dng. Ti Lng H, chng c lu i nht v bia c cho l bc v 6.000 nm tui ca ngi Sumeria miu t nhng ngi ang ung mt th ung bng cc cn ht bng sy t thng cng cng. Bia cng c cp ti trong thin s thi Gilgamesh, mt bn trng ca 3.900 nm tui ca ngi Sumeria t lng tn knh n thn Ninkasi, v thn bo tr cho bia, n cha cng thc lm bia c nht cn st li v miu t vic sn xut bia t la mch thng qua bnh m. Bia tr thnh thit yu i vi tt c cc nn vn minh trng ng cc th gii phng Ty c xa, c bit l Ai Cp v Lng H. Ngi Thracia cng c bit l s dng bia sn xut t la mch en, thm ch t th k V trc cng nguyn, nh Hellanicos vit trong v cc opera. Tn gi cho bia ca h l Brutos hay Brytos. S b sung hoa bia vo bia to v ng, bo qun v hng v cho bia l mt pht kin tng i mi. Trong thi trung c nhiu hn hp khc ca cc loi tho mc thng thng c cho vo bia ch khng phi hoa bia. Cc hn hp ny thng thng c gi l gruit. Hoa bia c trng ti Php sm nht l vo khong th k IX. Vn bn c nht cn st li c ghi chp v vic s dng hoa bia trong bia c nin i vo nm 1067 bi n tu vin trng kim nh vn Hildegard: "Nu ngi ta nh lm bia t yn mch, n c chun b cng hoa bia."

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

Ti chu u, trong thi Trung c, bia ch yu c sn xut trong gia nh. Vo th k XIV v XV, vic sn xut bia dn dn chuyn t hot ng gia nh sang hot ng th cng, vi cc qun bia v tu vin sn xut bia ca mnh hng lot tiu th. Trong th k XV, Anh loi bia khng c hoa bia c bit n nh l ale, cn vic s dng hoa bia th ung gi l bia. Bia c cha hoa bia c nhp khu vo Anh t H Lan sm nht l t nm 1400 Winchester, v hoa bia c trng trn quc o ny t nm 1428. Tnh ph bin ca hoa bia ban u l hn hp - Cng ty bia ru London i xa ti mc ra thng bo "khng hoa bia, khng tho mc hoc nhng g khc tng t c cho vo bt k ale hay ru (mi) no s c sn xut - m ch c liquor (nc), mch nha, v men bia". Tuy nhin, vo th k 16, ale c dng ch cc loi bia mnh (nng cn cao) bt k, v tt c ale v bia u s dng hoa bia. Nm 1516, William IV, Cng tc x Bavaria, thng qua Reinheitsgebot (Lut tinh khit), c l l quy nh v thc phm c nht cn p dng n nay. Gebot quy nh rng thnh phn ca bia ch c bao gm nc, la mch, hoa bia, vi men bia c b sung sau pht kin ca Louis Pasteur vo nm 1857. Lut ca ngi Bavaria c p dng trong c nc c nh l mt phn ca nc c thng nht nm 1871 thnh ch c di thi Otto von Bismarck, v k t c cp nht phn nh xu hng hin i trong sn xut bia ru. Cho n nay, Gebot vn c coi l tiu chun ca tinh khit cho bia, mc d iu ny c th gy tranh ci. Phn ln cc loi bia cho n thi gian gn y thc cht l th m ngy nay gi l ale. Bia lager c pht hin ra mt cch tnh c vo th k 16 sau khi bia c lu tr trong cc hm lnh mt thi gian di; k t n c sn xut nhiu hn ale. Vi s pht minh ra ng c hi nc nm 1765, cng nghip ha sn xut bia tr thnh s tht. Cc ci tin mi trong cng ngh sn xut bia xut hin cng vi s ra i ca nhit k v t trng k vo th k 19, cho php cc nh sn xut bia tng tnh hiu qu v kim sot nng cn. Cho n cui th k 18, mch nha ch yu c lm kh bng la do t g, than ci, tru, v sau nm 1600 l t than cc. Ni chung, khng c loi mch nha no

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

trong s ny c che chn tt khi khi sinh ra trong cc l sy, v do cc loi bia thi k c thnh phn hi khi trong hng v ca chng; cc chng c ch ra rng cc nh sn xut mch nha v bia thng xuyn phi c gng gim thiu s m khi ca bia thnh phm. S pht minh ra l nng hnh trng nm 1817 ca Daniel Wheeler cho php to ra mch nha mch nha nng chn k v to tin cho sn xut cc loi bia en (porter v stout). S pht minh ra vai tr ca men bia trong qu trnh ln men vo nm 1857 bi Louis Pasteur gip cho cc nh sn xut bia phng php ngn chn v chua ca bia bi cc loi vi sinh vt khng mong mun. Nm 1953, Morton W. Coutts, mt ngi New Zealand pht trin k thut ln men lin tc. Morton ly bng sng ch cng ngh ca ng v n l mt cuc cch mng trong cng nghip bia do n lm gim thi gian v sn xut bia trc y l 4 thng xung cn cha y 24 gi. Cng ngh ca ng vn c s dng bi nhiu nh sn xut bia ln nht th gii ngy nay, bao gm c Guinness. Ngy nay, cng nghip bia l cng vic kinh doanh khng l ton cu, bao gm ch yu l cc t hp c ra i t cc nh sn xut nh hn. Trong khi bia ch yu l ung cha cn th mt s bin thi ca n cng tn ti, xut pht t th gii phng Ty, l cc loi bia i qua cng on x l loi b bt cn, sn xut ra ci gi l bia khng cn. 3. Cc loi bia.

Hnh 1: Mt s loi bia s dng nhiu Vit Nam Ale: Ale l bt k loi bia no c sn xut bng ln men ni, v n thng thng c ln men nhit cao hn so vi bia lager (15-230C). Cc
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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

men bia ale cc nhit ny to ra mt lng ng k cc ester, cc hng liu th cp v cc sn phm to mi khc, v kt qu l bia to ra c mi v ca hoa hay qu tng t (nhng khng ch c th) nh to, l, da, c, c kh, chui mn hay mn kh. Cc khc bit v kiu gia cc loi ale l nhiu hn so vi cc loi lager, v nhiu loi bia ale rt kh phn loi chng. Lager: Lager l loi bia c tiu th nhiu nht trn th gii. Chng c ngun gc t vng Trung u, c tn gi ny l t lagern ("lu tr") trong ting c. Men bia lager l loi ln men chm, thng thng c ln men nhit 7-12C (45-55F) ("pha ln men"), v sau c ln men th cp lu 0-4C (30-40F) ("pha lager ha"). Trong giai on ln men th cp, lager c lm trong v chn. Cc iu kin lnh cng kim ch vic sn xut t nhin cc ester v cc ph phm khc, to ra hng v "kh v lnh hn" ca bia. Cc phng php hin i sn xut bia lager c Gabriel Sedlmayr v Anton Dreher khai ph. Gabriel Sedlmayr tr l ngi hon thin bia lager mu nu sm nh my bia Spaten ti Bavaria cn Anton Dreher l ngi bt u sn xut bia lager, c l l mu h phch ti Wien khong nhng nm 1840 -1841. Vi vic kim sot qu trnh ln men c hon thin hn, phn ln cc nh sn xut bia lager ch s dng thi gian lu tr lnh ngn, thng thng t 1 n 3 tun. Phn ln bia lager ngy nay da trn kiu Pilsener, c sn xut ln u tin nm 1842 ti thnh ph Plzen, Cng ha Sc. Cc loi bia lager Pilsener ngy nay c mu sng v c cacbonat ha nng cao, vi hng v mnh ca hoa bia v nng cn 3-6% theo th tch. Cc thng hiu bia Pilsner Urquell hay Heineken l cc v d in hnh v bia pilsener. Loi bia hn hp: Kiu bia lai hay bia hn hp s dng cc nguyn liu v cng ngh hin i thay v (hoc b sung cho) cc kha cnh truyn thng ca sn xut bia. Mc d c mt s bin thi gia cc ngun khc nhau, nhng ni chung bia hn hp c th l: Bia rau qu v bia rau c l hn hp vi mt s loi ph gia t hoa qu hay rau c c th ln men trong qu trnh ln men, to ra cht lng hi ha mt cch r nt.

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

Bia tho mc v bia gia v b sung cc cht chit ra t r, ht, l, hoa hay qu tho mc hoc cc loi cy gia v thay v (hoc b sung cho) hoa bia. Cc loi bia tn tr trong cc thng g l cc loi bia truyn thng hay thc nghim c lu tr trong cc thng g hoc c tip xc vi g (trong dng cc mnh nh, mu hay ht) trong mt khong thi gian (g si l ph bin nht). Thng thng, thng g hay cc ming g u tin c x l bng mt s loi ru mnh hay cc ung cha cn khc vic s dng ru bourbon, scotch v shrry l ph bin nht. Bia hun khi l bt k loi bia no m mch nha ca n c hun khi. Thng thng cc loi bia ny c mi v hng v ca khi. Cc v d in hnh ca kiu bia truyn thng ny l bia Rauchbiers Bamberg, c. Tuy nhin, nhiu nh sn xut bia ngoi nc c, ch yu l cc nh sn xut bia th cng M cng b sung mch nha bia hun khi vo bia en, ale Scotland v mt lot cc kiu bia khc. Bia c bit l cch gi chung ch cc loi bia c sn xut m s dng cc ngun ng, ht ng cc v tinh bt c th ln men khng thng dng. II TNG QUAN V NGUYN LIU. 1. Nc: 1.1 Khi nim v tnh cht nc. Nc rt cn thit cho s sng, l dung mi phn cc mnh, c kh nng ha tan nhiu cht. Trong iu kin bnh thng: nc l cht lng khng mu, khng mi, khng v. Khi ha rn n c th tn ti 5 dng tinh th khc nhau. Nc l hp cht chim phn ln trn tri t (3/4 din tch trn tri t l nc). Do thnh phn chnh ca bia l nc (chim t 80 - 90%) nn ngun nc v cc c trng ca n c mt nh hng rt quan trng ti cc c trng ca
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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

bia. Nhiu loi bia chu nh hng hoc thm ch c xc nh theo c trng ca nc trong khu vc sn xut bia. Mc d nh hng ca n cng nh l tc ng tng h ca cc loi khong cht ha tan trong nc c s dng trong sn xut bia l kh phc tp, nhng theo quy tc chung th nc cng l ph hp hn cho sn xut cc loi bia sm mu nh bia en, trong khi nc mm l ph hp hn cho sn xut cc loi bia sng mu, chng hn nh bia pilsener ca Cng ha Sc. Tnh cht vt l ca nc:

Khi lng phn t: 18 dvc Khi lng ring: 1 g/ml ( 00C, 1atm) Nhit nng chy: 00C Nhit si: 1000C

STT Chi tiu kim tra 1 2 3 4 pH kim tng TAC cng tng c

Yu cu 6,5 - 7,5 4oF 5oF 20NP

Bng 1: Ch tiu v nc trong bia 1.2 nh hng ca thnh phn ha hc v cc mui c trong nc n cc quy trnh cng ngh: - S tn ti ca mui cha Ca v Mg s quyt nh cng ca nc.

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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

+ Ca: Thng tn ti di dng mui Ca(HCO3)2 v nh hng n qu trnh nu bia do lm gim acid ca h malt v dch ng ha. + Mg: Hm lng trong nc tuy t hn Ca, nhng tc dng xu hn Ca v MgCO3 ha tan c, MgSO4 c v ng cht. C hai u lm nh hng n cht lng bia. - Na: Tn ti di dng NaHCO3, Na2CO3, Na2SO4 hay NaCl. Na2CO3, NaHCO3 lm gim acid ca h malt Na2SO4 vi hm lng cao s to cho bia c v ng, NaCl nu di 200mg/l s nh hng tt n mi, v bia. - Fe: Thng tn ti di dng Fe(HCO3)2 hm lng cao s gy nh hng xu n cht lng bia. V vy ch cho php t 0,2 0,5 mg/l . - Ngoi ra trong nc cn cha cc hp cht hu c dng keo v c hoc hu c (nh SiO2) hoc cc cht kh (O2, N2, CO2 . . .). 1.3 Yu cu ca nc trong sn xut bia: - Hm lng mui cacbonat khng qu 50mg/l. - Hm lng mui Mg khng qu 100mg/l. - Hm lng mui Clorua 75150 mg/l. - Hm lng mui CaSO4 130200mg/l . - Hm lng Fe2+ khng qu 0,3mg/l. - Kh NH3 v cc mui NO-3, NO2-: khng c. - Vi sinh vt khng qu 100 t bo /ml. - E.coli, coliform: khng c. - cng: 412. - PH: 6.5 7 1.4 S dng nc trong sn xut bia:

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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

Nc tham gia trc tip vo quy trnh cng ngh (nh ngm i mch, nu malt, lc dch nha, ln men, trong cng on hit rt), to nn sn phm cui cng. C th ni nc l nguyn liu chnh sn xut bia do trong bia hm lng nc chim n 9092% trng lng bia. Thnh phn v hm lng ca chng nh hng rt ln n quy trnh cng ngh v cht lng bia thnh phm. Nc cng ngh c s dng trong quy trnh nu malt, nu go, ra b, ngm i mch. - Nc dng ngm i mch sn xut malt: yu cu quan trng nht l nc khng c cha nhiu tp cht v vi sinh vt. - Nc dng nu bia: + Cc mui cacbonat v bicacbonat s ha tan cht ng, cht cht trong v malt (nht l Na2CO3) gy cho bia c v ng kh chu. + Nhng cacbonat v bicacbonat trong nc s lm h acid ca h malt lm cn tr hot ng ca h enzim trong malt. 2KH2PO4 + Ca(HCO3)2 = Ca(H2PO4)2+ K2HPO4 + 2H2O + 2CO2 Malt nc

T phn ng trn ta nhn thy rng hai phn t c tnh acid s thu c mt phn t kt ta v mt phn t c tnh kim. + Na2CO3 l mui lm gim acid mnh nht v: 2KH2PO4 + Na2CO3 = K2HP04 + Na2HPO4 + 2H2O + 2CO2 Nhn thy rng t hai phn t c tnh acid KH2PO4 s thu c 2 phn t c tnh kim K2HPO4, Na2HPO4 - Nc dng ra nm men v thit b: + Nc dng ra nm men cn phi sch, khng cha nhiu hp cht hu c, v c bit khng cha vi sinh vt. + Nc ra thit b nn c cng thp n trung bnh, c bit khng cha cc mui NH3 v cc mui nitrit.
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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

1.5 Nc phi cng ngh. Khng trc tip c mt trong thnh phn ca sn phm nhng rt cn thit trong quy trnh sn xut v cng nh hng n cht lng ca sn phm cui cng. Nc ny s dng vo nhiu mc ch khc nhau nh: nc ni hi, nc v sinh thit b, nc v sinh nh xng, nc thanh trng. Mi mc ch i hi cht lng ring, nc c s l theo yu cu s dng. 2. i mch: L nguyn liu c tnh cht truyn thng sn xut bia (c th thay th mt phn nguyn liu khc nhng nguyn liu ch yu vn chnh l i mch ny mm ). i mch cng ging nh nhng ng cc khc bao gm hai thnh phn chnh l glucid v protein nhng i mch c hm lng cao hn so vi cc loi ng cc khc v quan trng nht l t l glucid/protein cn i thch hp cho vic sn xut bia. 2.1 Phn loi cc ging i mch i mch c xp vo h Hordeum gm c: Hordeum sativum; Hordeum murinum; Hordeum jubatum. Theo mc ch s dng, i mch c chia lm 2 nhm chnh: + i mch dng trong cng nghip: dng ch bin bia hoc cc ngnh thc phm dng malt i mch. Thng dng ging i mch hai hng ( gi l H.distichum).

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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

Hnh 2: i mch 2 hng + Trong nng nghip dng ch bin cho cc loi thc n cho gia sc, gia cm Thng dng ging i mch nhiu hng ( gi l H.polystychum ).

Hnh 3: i mch nhiu hng ht 2.2 Cu trc v thnh phn ha hc ca i mch 2.2.1 Cu trc ht i mch:

Hnh 4: Ht i mch hai hng Gm 3 b phn chnh: v ht, phi v ni nh


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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

- V ht: t ngoi vo trong c chia lm 3 lp: v tru, v la v v alron. Phn ny thng chim 815% trng lng ht. - Phi: l c quan sng h hp ca ht. Phi c t 3750% cht kh l thnh phn nit, khong 7% cht bo, 56% saccharose, 77,5% pentozan, 66,5% cht tro v mt t thnh phn khc. Ring tinh bt hu nh rt t. Phi thng chim 2,55% trng lng ht. - Ni nh: chim 4568% trng lng ht, phn ny ca ht i mch gi vai tr quyt nh cht lng ca i mch trong sn xut bia. + Thnh phn chnh trong ni nh l nhng ht tinh bt hnh trn, c kch thc rt ln (2030 hoc rt b 210) rt t nhng ht c kch thc trung bnh. Nu hm lng protein trong i mch cng cao th cng nhiu ht tinh bt c kch thc nh. + Trng lng ring ca ht tinh bt kh cao (1,51,6) v vy trong nc chng lng xung rt nhanh, tinh bt khng ha tan c trong nc, k c nhng dung mi hu c trung tnh . + Tinh bt i mch c nhit h ha 75800C (ca go 750C, khoai ty 650C) tnh cht ny cn phi lu khi nu bia. Tinh bt qua h ha th khi ng ha s nhanh v thun li hn . + Cu to ht tinh bt gm hai dng polysaccharide l amylose v amylopectin. Amlose chim 1724% trng lng ht tinh bt, amylopectin chim 7683%. + Tinh bt s chu tc dng xc tc ca h enzim amylaza (gm amylaza v -amylaza) hiu qu xc tc s ph thuc vo nhit v pH. iu ny quyt nh kt qu qu trnh nu bia. 2.2.2 Thnh phn ha hc ca i mch.

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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

Bng 2: Thnh phn ha hc ca ht i mch Trong nhm glucide ca ht i mch, ngoi tinh bt c tp trung ni nh cn c cc thnh phn: + Cellulose: ch yu nm trong v tru ca ht i mch, chim khong 20% cht kh ca v. Cellulose c ngha ln trong qu trnh lc dch ng ha. + Hemicellulose: chim phn ln cht kh ca v tru, gm nhng hn hp polysaccharide khc nhau. S phn gii hemicellulose di tc dng ca enzyme Sitoase c ngha ln trong qu trnh ny mm, gip to iu kin thun li cho cc enzyme khc vo bn trong ni nh ca ht. + Pentozan: c trong thnh phn ca hemicellulose, c bit c nhiu trong v tru (2%), khng tan trong nc. Nu b thy phn cho ra ng arabilnose v kcilose. + Cc glucide cao phn t: trong i mch cn cha cc cht dng gom, nhng cht ny tan trong nc s to nn nhng dung dch nht. Khi chun b thy phn s cho galactose v kcilose, hoc nh pectin. Nhng hp

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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

cht ny khi i vo dch ng hoc bia s gy tr ngi cho qu trnh lc, song chng cng c kh nng to bt cho bia v c mi v c ci thin hn. + Cc cht ng: trong ht i mch c cha mt lng nh mono-, di-, tri-saccharide, trong nhiu nht l ng saccharose, chim khong 1,8% cht kh ca ht. Cc cht ny c ngha ln trong qu trnh sn xut malt, c bit l trong giai on u. + Cht ng v cht cht: c cha nhiu trong v tru ca ht i mch, n ng mt vai tr ln trong qu trnh ngm i mch, mt phn cht cht s lin kt vi protid, to thnh acid textinoic c v ng v mi kh chu chng khng ha tan trong nc l nhng ha tan tt trong dung dch kim long (0,20,4%). Qua ta thy cc cht cht, ng, mu c tc dng xu n thnh phn ca bia. V vy cc bin php cng ngh nhm loi b chng l rt cn thit. 2.2.3 Cc hp cht cha nit trong ht i mch. - Protid: khi lng v cht lng protid trong i mch c ngha quan trng trong cng ngh sn xut bia. Trc ht, ngi ta cho rng hm lng cc hp cht c cha nit trong i mch so vi hm lng tinh bt trong i mch c t l cn i nht (hay t l N: C) l ti u cho cng ngh sn xut bia (so vi cc loi ng cc khc). Mt d trong thnh phn nhng cht ha tan ca dch ng ha, protid chim mt t l kh nh (45%), song chng li tham gia rt tch cc trong quy trnh cng ngh v gp phn quyt nh cht lng sn phm. - Trong i mch c protid n gin (protein) v protid phc tp (proteit) - Edectin thuc phn nhm globulin khng ha tan trong nc l, bt u kt ta nhit ln hn 900C, kh tch hn ra khi thnh phn ca dch ng, v vy y l mt trong nhng yu t gy c bia. - Hordein thuc phn nhm prolamin, khng tan trong nc nhng tan trong dung dch acid hoc kimm. - Glutelin chim khong 3% cht kh trng i mch, thung b thi cng b malt sau khi nu.

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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

2.2.4 Cc cht cha Nit phi protid. Tp hp nhng sn phm phn gii protid vi mc phn gii khc nhau cho ra nhng sn phn khc nhau: - Albumoza v pepton c cu to gn ging protein song c s gc acid amin t hn c kh nng tan trong nc l, khng b kt ta trong qu trnh ch bin s i vo thnh phn nc ng ha lm tt kh nng to bt v gi bt ca bia. - Peptid c s gc acid amin t hn pepton, gm c di-, tri- v polypeptit, ha tan d dng trong nc v i vo thnh phn ca bia. - Acid amin chim khong 0,1% cht kh trong ht i mnh kn. Do tc ng ca enzym trong thi gian sn xut malt hm lng acid amin tng ln trong dch ng v bia. c bit chng c vai tr quan trng trong vic hnh thnh menadione thi k sy malt. 2.2.5 Cc nhm enzyme trong i mch. - Nhm enzyme xc tc cho qu trnh oxi ha kh. Ht i mch hot tnh gim thiu, giai on u ca vic to malt chng tng cng hot ng nhanh, trong qu trnh sy malt chng hu nh b ph hy. Nhm enzyme thy phn: ty thuc vo ngun c cht enzym xc tc cho qu trnh thu phn ta c th tch thnh hai nhm nh: + Nhm enzyme thy phn cc hp cht glucide. Diastase (Amylase) thy phn cc glucide c mch polyme tng i n gin (nh tinh bt) Sitaza thy phn cc glucide c mch polyme tng i phc tp hn (nh hemicellulose). Tc dng ca enzyme ny l ph v mng ngn gia ht go v v tru khi ht bt u ny mm, nh vy cc enzyme khc mi d dng xm nhp vo bn trong ni nh ca ht, lm bin i dn nhng thnh phn ha hc ca ni nh. y chnh l qu trnh chuyn ha t ht i mch thnh ht malt. + Nhm enzym thy phn protit: trong nhm ny tiu biu c:

Proteinase xc tc chuyn ha protid thnh albumoza v pepton ri chuyn thnh Polypeptit v peptit (t=500C, pH=5)
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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

Peptitdase chuyn polypeptit v peptit thnh axit amin gm polypeptitdase v dipeptitdase) ( t0 < 500C; pH=7,5) Amydase tc dng deamin ha cc acid amin, to thnh cc axid hu c v nit. ng thi chng cn ph v cc mi lin kt amid (- CO NH) ca cc mui amid.

- Nhm enzyme esteraza tham gia lm v cc mi lin kt este gia cc hp cht hu c vi nhau hoc gia cc hp cht hu c v v c. + Lipase thy phn este ca glycerin v mt s loi ru vi cc acid bo bt cao. + Phosphatase: tch acid phosphoric ra khi nhng hp cht hu c c cha phospho, tiu biu l amylophosphatase v bytase. 2.3 Nhng yu cu cht lng i vi i mch dng trong sn xut bia. 2.3.1 Yu cu v cm quan: - Tt c cc ht thc phi thuc mt loi i mch, ng nht v kch c, khng ln ct , rm rc v nhng ht thuc loi thc khc. - Ht thc phi c v mng, mu vng nht ng nh, khng c vt trn v. - i mch tt phi c mi thm ca r rm, khi cn ht thc thy c mi tinh bt v hi ngt. 2.3.2 Sinh l: - Lc ny mm phi t 8085%. - Trng lng tuyt i thng 35 45 g/1000 ht. - Kh nng ny mm 9095 %. 2.3.3 Yu cu v thnh phn ha hc: - V: khng vt qu 79% trng lng ht. - Hm lng m: w = 1015%.

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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

- Hm lng protid 814% cht kh ca ht. - Hm lng glucid chim 5562 % trng lng ht (hoc 63 66 % trng lng cht kh). 2.4 Malt.

Hinh 5: S quy trinh san xut matl t ai mach 2.4.1 Ngm i mch. Hm lng m c sn trong ht khi bo qun l ti thiu, ch duy tr s sng tnh ca phi mm, ch khng d phi mm pht trin, v vy mun cho phi mm pht trin, ht ny mm tt, ht cn ht thm mt lng nc t do t mi trng. S chuyn bin t ht i mch thnh malt l kt qu ca nhng qu trnh sinh ha v cc qu trnh khc xy ra trong ht. Do vy, ngm i mch l qu trnh u tin v rt quan trng, n nh hng trc tip n thi gian m mm, hao ph cht kh trong qu trnh sn xut malt, do nh hng n cht lng thnh phm ca malt. - Mc ch ca qu trnh ngm.

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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

Ngm ht i mch nhm cung cp thm 1 lng nc t do t mi trng ngoi, to iu kin cho phi mm pht trin iu kin nhit , m thun li, cc h enzime c sn trong ht t trng thi tnh s chuyn dn v trng thi ng v bt u tham gia vo qu trnh ph v cc hp cht hu c dng i phn t (polyme) nh tinh bt, pentozan, protein,... to ra nhng cht dinh dng ha tan nui mm pht trin. - Cc bin i trong qu trnh ngm. Lng nc t do thm tch vo bn trong ht lm th tch, khi lng ht tng ln v ht mm hn v d thy phn hn. Nhng cht trong ht s d dng ha tan c vn chuyn n cung cp cho c quan phi mm, t phi mm s t t pht trin. ng thi, iu kin nhit , m, pH thun li, cc h enzim c trong ht t trng thi tnh s chuyn dn sang trng thi ng, v bt u tham gia vo cc qu trnh ph v cc hp cht hu c. Tr dng i phn t (polyme) nh tinh bt, protein, pentozan, to ra nhng cht ha tan, nui mm pht trin. - Cc yu t nh hng: + nh hng nhit ca nc ngm: trong mt gii hn nht nh, nu nhit nc ngm cng tng th tc ht nc ca ht cng nhanh v ngc li. Nhit ti u ca nc ngm di mch l 10120C, nu nhit thp hn 100C th mm s pht trin rt yu, cn nu nhit ln hn 150C th li lm cho cc vi sinh vt gy thi (ch yu) pht trin mnh, ng thi s h hp ca ht cng cc qu trnh sinh-ha trong ht tng nhanh tht thng, do lm gim kh nng ny mm ca ht. + nh hng ca oxi trong nc ngm: ty thuc vo kch thc ht v iu kin thng thong nhn to i vi nc ngm m c nh hng khc nhau ti thi gian ngm. giai on u ca qu trnh ngm trong nc, th oxy l yu t quyt nh n cng h hp, gip gii phng ra nng lng cn thit cho s pht trin ca mm. Do vic cung cp oxy cho nc ngm cng y v u n th s ht nc ca ht cng thun li, ng thi s pht trin ca mm cng iu ha hn.

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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

+ Anh hng bi thnh phn ha hc v cu trc cc thnh phn c trong ht: bn thn thnh phn ha hc ca nc ngm cng nh hng trc tip n vn tc ht nc ca ht. Thc t cho thy, s thay i thnh phn ha hc cu ht i mch trong khi ngm l khng ng k, mt phn nh glucid b tn tht cho qu trnh h hp ca ht, mt lng nh khc ca ca cht b khuych tn vo nc ngm nh ng, cht khong, pentozan,...tng tn tht ny khong 1% trng lng cht kh. Thng thng nc ngm c pH nghing v acid th d ha tan cc thnh phn tanin hoc cht ng trong v malt, gy nh hng xu n mi v, mu sc ca bia sau ny. hn ch iu ny i khi ngi ta dng nc ngm hi kim. trong ht i mch cng cha nhng cht km hm h enzime h hp, tc s gim kh nng h hp ca ht v lm yu qu trnh ny mm, l sc t vng thuc nhm acid-flavonic. Do mun tch chng ra khi ht thng phi thay nc ngm 5 6 ln. Ty theo tng loi malt m c mc d ngm khc nhau: i vi malt vng thng c Wcb = 42 44%. i vi malt en phi t Wcb = 45 47%. - Phng php ngm: Phng php ngm ti phun: y l phng php ngm tin tin nht hin nay. Bng phng php ny ta c th cung cp lin tc, u v u lng oxy cn thit cho ht. Thc cht ca phng phap ny l: ht trc khi ngm c ra s b nhng thng ring, sau c xung mng li chuyn ng thnh tng lp dy, mng li ny lin tc i qua nhng vi phun nc kiu hoa sen, ht c ti lin tc bi nhng lung nc rt mn v bo ha oxy ging nh sng, c nh vy lin tc cho n khi t m cn thit. Bng phng php ny, nu ngm 10120C th ch mt 48h, ng thi mm pht trin nhanh v mnh, sau khi ngm khong 70% ht nt mm, malt thu c c cha nhiu cht c N ha tan, ng thi hot ng ca amylase v protease rt mnh. 2.4.2 m mm Khi ht i mch qua qu trnh ngm t n m cn bng cn thit cho s ln mm s c nhng chuyn bin l-ha, sinh-ha. Khi nu cc iu kin v m, nhit , oxy y v thch hp th phi mm s pht trin

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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

nhanh. C th ni giai on m mm l qu trnh quan trng nht bin i ht i mch thnh malt. - m mm i mch trong cng ngh sn xut bia nhm mc ch: + To v duy tr iu kin thun li h enzyme thy phn tng trng v khi lng v cng lc xc tc. Gii phng chng khi trng thi lin kt to iu kin chng phn ct mt lng ng k cc cht cao phn t thnh cc sn phm phn t thp. ng thi ph v thnh t bo lm cho ht mm ra, to nn nhiu s bin i c l, ha l, ha hc trong thnh phn ht i mch. - Trong thi gian m mm, ht i mch s tri qua nhng bin i sau: + Bin i sinh l: s pht trin ca phi mm lin quan n s h hp v qu trnh tng hp nn nhng cht mi. + Bin i sinh ha: nhng phn ng thy phn cc cht d tr trong ni nh lin quan n cc enzym. + Bin i ha hc: l tc dng tng h gia nhng sn phm sau thy phn cht d tr cng nhng hp cht ha tan ca ht, t hnh thnh nn hng v ca ht malt. + Bin i vt l: l s vn chuyn qua li ca cc cht ha tan (dinh dng) gia ni nh v phi mm. - Nhng yu t nh hng ti qu trnh m mm: + Trong thi gian m mm cn c s kim sot cht ch cc yu t k thut ca mi trng, c bit l oxy, nhit , m nhm khng ch c s pht trin ti thiu ca mm r v mm l, ng thi li phi hot ha ti a cc h enzyme v tng hp cc enzyme mi. Chng tc ng mnh n cc bin i sinh ha trong ni nh, nh vy s thu c malt c phn gii cao, rt c li cho cc cng ngh tip theo. + Nhit v thi gian m mm: nhit ng mt vai tr c bit quan trng, nh hng trc tip n nhng bin ng enzyme trong

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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

qu trnh m mm trong thi gian ht ny mm, nhit trong khi c xu hng tng dn do s thi nhit trong qu trnh h hp. Trong mt gii hn nht nh s gia tng nhit s thc y h hp, cng hot ng ca cc h thng enzyme. T to iu kin cho phi mm pht trin mnh, ng thi gim nhanh hm lng cht kh trong ht. Trong trng hp nhit tng qu gii hn cn thit s nh hng xu n hiu sut cht ha tan v cht lng malt. Nhit cc i i vi sn xut malt vng l 18200C, vi malt en l 22250C. Thi gian m mm ph thuc vo nhit m mm. ng thi ph thuc vo nhng c trng k thut ca ging i mch. Bnh thng chu k m mm ca malt vng 68 ngy, ca malt en l 79 ngy. Sau khi m mm xong phi t c 75% s lng ht.

Malt vng c chiu di r < 1,5 chiu di ht, chiu di mm l < chiu di ht. Malt en th chiu di r < 2 ln chiu di ht v chiu di mm l 1 ln chiu di ht. Trong qu trnh m mm cht kh ca ht b tiu hao khong 1020%, trong 67% cho s h hp v 5% cho vic to r v mm l.

- Cc h enzyme trong ht sau giai on m mm: + H enzyme oxy ha kh: tham gia xc tc qu trnh h hp ca ht i mch gm c cc enzyme nh oxydase; peroxydase; catalase; sacarase v maltase. Khi h hp, nh oxy khng kh v tc dng xc tc ca oxydase s to thnh nc v kh CO2. Peroxydase s to thnh vi CO2 mt phc cht, gip qu trnh ph v CO2, t gii phng O2. nh hot tnh ca h enzyme oxy ha m s h hp ca ht cng tng nhanh. Cng ny ph thuc ch yu vo nhit v hm lng ca oxy trong mi trng nc ngm. + H thng enzyme sitase: s hot ng ca h thng enzyme ny c mt ngha nht nh trong qu trnh m mm. Chng l tp hp ca cenllulase, hemicenllulase v .glucozidase. Vi s hot ng ca enzyme cenllulase, chng s tn cng vo nhng t bo cenllulose nm trong mng ngn gia ni nh v v tru to ra nhng sn phm ng dng vi
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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

destrin. hot ng ca enzyme ny tng t t cho ti ngy th 7 vi pH ti u l 5 v nhit ti u l 400C. Vi s hot ng ca enzyme hemicenllulase chng tn cng vo nhng t bo hemicenllose nm trong v qu, t to thm nhng sn phm monosacaride nh glucose hoc pentose trong ht malt. Thng hot tnh ca enzyme ny tng mnh ngy th 57 vi iu kin pHop = 4,1 v t0op= 40500C: enzyme .glucozidase thng c sn trong lp mng alorong ca ht i mch. Khi n c hat ha, s tn cng vo cc hp cht dng gm mng alorong, to ra sn phm hecxose v pentose vi iu kin pHop = 4,4 v t0op = 37400C. Tng hot ng ca h thng enzyme sitase trong qu trnh m mm l lm thay i cu trc gia lp v ngn cch gi v tru v ni nh. + H enzyme amylase: h enzyme ny gm c .amylase, .amylase v amilophostase, phn ln chng tp trung phi mm v mt t phn b ni nh hoc trong mng ngn gia v tru v ni nh. Hot tnh ca .amylase bt u tng mnh giai on u ca qu trnh m mm, c bit mnh sau ngy th 34. Thi gian hot ng ca enzyme ny t cc i ph thuc vo nhit . C cht m n tc ng ln l tinh bt v destrin, t to ra sn phm maltose v destrin tn cng trong ht malt. Enzyme ny hot ng tt iu kin pHop = 5,8 v t0op = 72760C. Enzyme .amylase, thng tn ti trong ht i mch chn dng lin kt cng nh dng t do. Trong qu trnh m mm, hot tnh s tng dn u trong 78 ngy, ring hot tnh ca Enzyme .amylase t do tng 34 ln. Vi vi s tham gia ca enzyme ny, tinh b ht i mch s b ct thnh ng maltose v destrin, vi pHop = 5,55,8 v t0op =55600C. Enzyme amilophostase khng c trong ht i mch chn. Nhng enzyme ny c hnh thnh sau ngy th 2 ca qu trnh m mm, sau 8 ngy s t cc i. Enzyme ny sau khi s c hot ha tng ln khong 150200 ln. C cht tc dng ca n l tinh bt i mch gii phng ra ng maltose cng vi acid phosphoric trong ht malt. + H enzyme protease: trong ht i mch, ton b h thng enzyme ny trng thi lin kt, hu nh khng hot ng. Song, khi chuyn sang giai on m mm th hot tnh chung ca h enzyme
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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

protease tng nhanh, v thng t cc i sau ngy th nm ca qu trnh m mm. S tng ca nzyme ny ph thuc vo ging i mch v iu ki m mm. iu kin ti u ca enzym ny l pH op = 7,38,0 v t0op = 45500C. Nh vy, cc iu kin v nhit v pH trong thi gian m mm khng thun li cho h enzyme ny ni chung. - Phng php m mm: + Hin nay, trn th gii c nhiu phng n m mm theo phng php thng gi, ty thuc vo iu kin mi ni m chn la phng n la chn khc nhau nh: m mm thng gi trong hp m mm thng gi trong thng quay m mm thng gi lin tc. + V nguyn tc: m mm theo phng php thng gi: m mm thng gi c tin hnh bng cch thi lung kh c iu ha (t0, W) trc tip vo lp ht. Khng kh sau khi qua b phn iu ha s c lm sch bi, vi sinh vt, h nhit thp hn so vi nhit trong lp malt t 230C v m bo ha hi nc t n 98100%. Nh khng kh c thi qua lp malt t di ln trn tun hon, lin tc, m malt c m trong iu kin O2, t0, v W thch hp nht, kt qu l malt lun c cht lng n nh v ta c th kim sot c cc yu cu cht lng ca malt. 2.4.3 Sy malt. Sy malt ti l giai on cui cng ca malt ha i mch, y l qu trnh cng ngh cn thit nhm thu nhn c malt thnh phm c y tnh cht v tiu chun v cht lng. Sy malt ti nhm mc ch: malt ti lun c mt lng m kh ln (W = 40%), trong khi phi chm dt sm s pht trin ca ht malt (s pht trin ca chi v r) hn ch ti a tn tht cht kh ca ht, gip cho vic bo qun v vn chuyn i xa khng lm gim xt cht lng malt, do phi tin hnh sy malt ti. Tuy nhin vc sy malt ti t hiu qu tt nht cn phi nhn r mc ch phi t n l: - Tch trit m t do trong ht malt.

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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

- Bo ton c hot tnh ca enzyme. - Thng qua ch sy khc nhau, ta thu c nhng loi malt c yu cu cht lng khc nhau p ng cho vic sn xut ra cc loi bia c cht lng khc nhau. - Din ra mt lot cc qu trnh to thnh hng, v v tng cng mu ca sn phm. Quan trng nht trong sy malt l to melenoidin - mt hn hp bao gm nhiu hp cht, l yu t quan trng chi phi cht lng bia vng v l nhn t quyt nh v hng v, mu sc, kh nng to v bt bia en. Cc giai on trong qu trnh sy malt ti: - Giai on sinh l: giai on ny nhit sy s tng dn ln 45 0C, hm lng nc trong ht s h dn v khong 30%. iu kin m v nhit nh vy s rt ph hp cho s pht trin v sinh l ca ht mm, ng thi mt s enzyme thy phn cng bt u hot ha tr li, tc ng n ni nh lm cho mm tng thm mt t ng v acid amin. - Giai on sinh ha: giai on ny nhit sy malt tng dn t 45-700C. Cc bin i sinh l bt u dng li, cc enzyme thy phn vn tip tc hot ng song yu dn, c bit l i vi malt vng v lc ny m trong malt h v khong 10%. Tuy nhin i vi malt en th m giai on ny ch mi h v khong 2030%, cng vi nhit 45700C rt thch hp cho cc enzyme thy phn hot ng tt. Do vy, s phn hy ni cht ca malt en thng su xa v dn n hm lng ng v acid amin cao hn trong malt vng. - Giai on ha hc: giai on ny, nhit tng dn ln khong 751050C. Khi nhit >700C, cc qu trnh tc ng ca enzyme b hp ph bi cc cht keo ca ht malt, chng chuyn dn v dng lin kt vi cc phn t khc ca ht malt, tr v trng thi ngh tnh. Mt s enzyme km chu nhit s b bin tnh nh: pectindase, sitase, phytase, Do tng dn nhit ln cao, hm lng nc trong malt s gim v ti thiu, khi trong ht malt s xy ra cc bin i ho hc ch yu l to nn cc hp cht mu, mi thm v v c trng cho malt. Phn ng ha hc c trng l phn ng to thnh cc sn phm melanoidin. Vai tr ca cc hp cht melanoidin trong cng ngh sn

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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

xut bia l rt ln: chng to cho bia c mu v mi thm c bit, do kh nng hot ng b mt mnh nn chng l nhng cht c kh nng to bt tt. Chng cn ng vai tr bo v cc cht keo, ngn cn s kt ta ca cc cht keo khng bn vng (nh protein). Ngoi ra chng cn kh nng kh mnh, lm tng tnh cht bn vng ca bia, chng li hin tng c bia do oxy ha. V lng melanoidin trong bia en nhiu hn do vy tnh cht ny c th hin trong bia en r hn trong bia vng. Trong thnh phn ha hc ca r malt cha nhiu hp cht thuc nhm acid alkaloid. Nu nhng hp cht ny tn ti trong bia s gy nn nhng v ng rt kh chu. Mt khc, mt s thnh phn ha hc trong r malt l nguyn nhn gy nn nhiu ru bt cao trong qu trnh ln men bia, ng thi loi b s ht m (r, mm), ngn nga s ht m tr li sau khi sy. Qu trnh tch mm c tin hnh ngay sau khi malt va ra khi l sy. Lc ny mm v r trng thi kh, dn, rt d gy nu ngui mm v r s ht m, tr nn dai kh tch khi ht malt 2.4.5 Bo qun malt. Malt kh sau khi sy tch mm, r cn c bo qun tn tr nhit thp (200C), thong v khng kh kh. Thi gian bo qun ti thiu l 4 tun v ti a l 2 nm. Phi theo di thng xuyn nhit v khng kh trong kho theo di bin i cht lng malt trong thi gian bo qun. 2.4.6 Ch tiu nh gi cht lng malt kh. - T l thu hi malt kh: 100kg i mch c w = 15% s sn xut c 7578 kg malt kh c w = 24% - Kim tra cm quan: + Mu: malt vng c mu vng rm, malt en c mu sm hn, v malt phi ng nh, kch thc v hnh dng phi ging nh ht i mch kh. + Mi v v: phi c trng cho tng loi malt, khng c mi l, nu c mi chua hoc mc chng t malt cn m.

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Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

+ V sch: khng ln tp cht, ht khng b v (lng ht v ti a l 15%), lng ht bnh ti a l 1%, lng ht khng ny mm ti a l 5%. - Ch s c hc: + i vi malt rt nh: 480500g/l + Loi nh: 500530g/l + Trung bnh: 530560g/l + Loi nng 560g/l. + Trng lng tuyt i malt l t 2838g/1000 ht. - Thnh phn ha hc: + m malt (va sy xong) <4,5% v trong bo qun tt cho php w<7%. + Thi gian ng ha ca malt vng l 1020 pht 700C, malt en l 2030 pht 700C. + Cht ha tan trung bnh l 6582% cht kh. + Hm lng maltose ca malt vng l 70% cht ha tan, malt en 5965% cht ha tan. + axit: pH ng ha t 5,56,5. + Nhng thnh phn chnh ca malt kh (% cht kh):

Tinh bt: 58%

Pentose ha tan 1%

Hexozan v pentozan khng tan: 9,0%

Xenlulose: 6,0% Sacarose : 5%

ng kh: 4,0%
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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

Protein(n*6,25): 10,0% Protein ha tan: 3,0%


Cht bo: 2,5% Cht tro: 2.5% Tn ch tiu kim tra m ha tan trn cht kh xay nhuyn Chnh lch gia xay th v xay nhuyn Protein ha tan Protein tng s C ht > 2.5 mm C ht < 2.5 mm trong Thi gian ng ha mu pH Hot lc Ch s Kolbach Yu cu 45% > 75 % 1.2 1.8 % 4 4.8 % 10 12 % 80 % 1.5 % 2.5 % NEPH < 10 pht 3.0 4.5 0EBC 5.6 6 280 310 WK 37 43

STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Bng 3 : Ch tiu cht lng malt ca nh my bia Nada. 3. Houblon Houblon thuc h dy leo, sng lu nm (3040 nm), c chiu cao trung bnh 10-15m. Hin nay trn th gii ang trng trn 100 ging hoa houblon khc nhau. Loi thc vt ny ch thch hp vi kh hu n i nn c trng nhiu c, Tip, Lin Bang Nga, Php, M, Trung Quc, Hoa houblon c hoa c v hoa ci ring bit cho tng cy, trong sn xut bia ch s dng hoa ci cha
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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

th phn. Hoa c khng c s dng v n rt nh, cha t lng phn hoa (lupulin), cht ng cng rt km. Hoa houblon l nguyn liu c bn ng th 2 (sau i mch) ca cng ngh sn xut bia. Hoa houblon lm cho bia c v ng du, hng thm rt c trng lm tng kh nng to v gi bn bt, lm tng bn keo v n nh thnh phn sinh hc ca sn phm. Do nhng c tnh cc k c bit nh vy nn hoa houblon vn gi mt vai tr c tn v l nguyn liu khng th thay th trong ngnh sn xut bia.

Hnh 6: Gin hoa houblon 3.1 Thnh phn ha hc hoa houblon:

Bng 4: Thnh phn ha hc hoa houblon. 3.1.1 Cht ng.

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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

Vai tr trong cng ngh sn xut bia l rt ln. Cht ng to cho bia c v c trng v d chu, to ra mt c tnh cm quan rt c bit ca bia. Khi ha tan vo dch ng v tn ti trong bia, chng c hot tnh sinh hc cao to ra sc cng b mt gip cho bia c kh nng gi bt lu. Chng cn c tnh khng khun do lm tng bn sinh hc ca bia thnh phm. - -axit ng (humulon): 90% ng ca bia l -axit ng, bao gm humulon v cc ng phn ca n. -axit ng gy ng mnh nhng khng sinh rt yu. - -axit ng (lupulon) bao gm lupulon v cc ng phn i km ca n. -axit ng gc ng yu hn -axit ng nhng tnh khng sinh mnh hn do phi s dung kt hp c -axit ng v -axit ng. - Nha mm: l cc polyme acid ng chng c kh nng to ra lc ng cao hn -axit ng y l cht rt c gi tr ca cht ng. - Nha cng: l polyme ca acid ng nhng mt cao hn nhiu so vi nha mm. Cht ny khng tan trong nc v dch ng do khng c gi tr trong sn xut bia. 3.1.2 Tanin. Vi hm lng trung bnh 4% trng lng hoa, tanin c mt vai tr nht nh trong quy trnh cng ngh, t c nh hng trc tip hay gin tip cht lng bia. Trong qu trnh un si dch ng vi hoa houblon. Trc ht tanin c chit trch di dng ha tan, sau vi iu kin nhit cao v thi gian di chng s b oxy ha v trng ngng vi cc mc khc nhau, cc phn t trng ngng s hnh thnh mi lin kt ng in vi cc phn t protein trong dch ng hnh thnh nhng phc tanin-protein, to ra kt ta nng trong qu trnh ny. Mt khc, vi mt dng phc tng t nhng vi trng lng nh hn khng kt ta vi iu kin nhit cao, khi h nhit xung thp chng s kt ta li, to ra lin kt ta ngui trong dch ng. T ta nhn thy rng, tanin mt mt c nh hng tt n qu trnh cng ngh, gip cho dch ng trong nhanh v kt ta cc thnh phn protein khng bn, lm tng bn vng ca keo bia. Song mt khc tanin cng lm kt ta c nhng phn protein bn, dn n ch lm gim kh nng to bt ca bia.

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3.1.3 Tinh du. Tinh du phn hoa houblon chim 0,170,65% trng lng hoa. Tinh du ha tan trong dch ng, tn ti trong bia v to cho bia mi thm c trng rt nh nhng v d chu. Tinh du thm l cht lng trong sut mu vng nht hoc khng mu c mi thm rt l nhng ha tan rt yu trong nc (0,4mg/l), kh ha tan trong cn thp nhng ha tan hon ton trong cn nguyn cht v este. a phn cu t d bay hi, thm ch nhit d phng do trong thi gian un si dch ng vi hoa houblon, c n 98% lng tinh du thm bay ra ngoi ch cn 2% tn ti trong bia. 3.1.4 Gi tr cht lng hoa houblon:
Ch s Mu hoa Mu ht lupulin Mi Cnh hoa % tp cht % bnh hoa % cht ng % tro % m Loi 1 Vng n vng ng Vng, vng ng nh Thm d chu, c trng To, u, chc, khng b rch 1.75 0 > 15 10 < 13 Loi 2 Vng lc Vng, vng sm Thm, khng c mi tp cht khc Cnh c th b rch, c chm c ph 3 <1 > 12 11 < 13 Loi 3 Vng xanh n vng Vng sm Hi nng Rch nhiu, nhiu chm c ph 9 <5 > 10 12 < 13

Bng 5: Gi tr cht lng hoa houblon. 3.2 Ch phm houblon: - S dng hoa houblon nguyn cnh trong sn xut bia c u im l bo m c cht lng tt nht. nhng hoa hi v phi bo qun trong kho kh ro, ti v c nhit thp, v nhng thnh phn hu ch ca hoa rt d b oxy ha

33

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

lm gim dn gi tr cht lng. hn ch s gim st cht lng ny, trc ht phi m bo trong kho c W < 13%. ng thi hn ch tc ng xu ca m khng kh, nhit v nh sng mt tri. Thng ngi ta xy dng kho bo qun cch nhit, tht ti, v thng xuyn thng thong kho bng khng kh kh, lnh, gi nhit kho 0,520C.

Hnh 7: Hoa houblon ti Do s dng dng ny khng kinh t v gp kh khn trong cng tc vn chuyn cng nh s dng lu di. - Dng hoa cnh kh: hoa c sy w < 13%, sau c p cht thnh bnh bc kn trong cc loi giy c bit m khng kh khng th thm tch qua c, ng thi c th np thm kh tr ngn chn ti a tnh trng gim cht lng do bo qun. - Dng hoa houblon ht, vin s dng thun tin d tn km trong thi gian bo qun v vn chuyn, ngi ta nghin nt cnh hoa kh thnh dng bt. Sau cho qua my p vin nh hnh thu gn v c bc trong giy c bit c np thm kh tr nh hoa cnh kh. Gi tr cht lng c tnh theo -axit ng ca hoa cnh v hoa vin nh nhau. Song hoa vin c hiu qu s dng cao hn nn tit kim tt hn. - Cao hoa houblon: l hn hp cc cht ng c chit tch t hoa v em c c li. Hm lng axit ng chim 50%. Tuy nhin khi ch dng loi ny ta khng trch ly c polyphenol. Khng c li cho bn ca bia nhng cht lng cht ng c bo qun tt hn, ng thi vic s dng khi nu vi

34

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

dch ng s thun li v hiu qu hn nhiu. Thng thng gi tr s dng trong 1kg cao hoa tng ng 56 kg hoa cnh hoc hoa vin.

Hnh 8: Hp cao hoa houblon - Mt v d v mt loi houblon thng phm dng lng tnh. AURORA Aurora (Super Styrian) l loi hoa lng tnh, c dng nh hoa thm v hoa ng cho hng v v mi thm c trng ca loi hoa thm cng vi ng cn thit. Aurora d dng bo qun. Ging hoa ny a li cho bia mc cm quan tt. Vi hm lng Alpha acid cc k tt ca v ma 2008 ging Aurora s c li cho vic sn xut bia khi dng n cho ng thi hai mc ch l ng v thm. Ging hoa Aurora cng cho hiu sut trch ly cao khi phi hp vi nhng ging hoa khc. Hnh 9: Sn phm hoa houblon
Maturity Growing Areas Yield (kilos per hectare) Yield (lbs per acre) Mid season Slovenia 1900 1695

35

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2 Alpha Acids* Beta Acids Alpha-Beta Ratio Cohumulone Colupulone Total content of Polyphenols Xanthohumol Total Oils Myrcene Linalool Beta-Caryophyllene Aromadendrene Humulene Farnesene Beta-Selinene Alpha-Selinene Storage**

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51 7.0 - 9.0% w/w 3.0 - 5.0% w/w 1.4 - 3.0 23 - 28% of alpha acids 50 - 55% of beta acids n/a 0.47% 0.9 - 1.4 mls/100 grams 35 - 53% of whole oil n/a 4.0 - 8.0% of whole oil n/a 20 - 27% of whole oil 6.0 - 9.0% of whole oil n/a n/a Very good Use as Aroma and Bitter

Bng 6: Ch s hoa houblon thng phm loi AURORA 4. Men bia

Hnh 10: Men bia Nm men thuc nhm c th n bo, chng phn b rng ri trong thin nhin, c bit c nhiu vng t trng nho v cc ni trng hoa qu. Nhiu loi nm men c kh nng ln men ru. T lu, ngi ta bit s dng nm men sn xut bia ru. Nm men sinh si nhanh, t bo cha nhiu vitamin,
36

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

acid amin khng thay th, hm lng protein chim ti 50% trng lng cht kh t bo, nn c nhiu loi nm men cn c s dng sn xut protein. Ngoi ra, nm men cn c s dng trong cng ngh sn xut bnh m. Tuy nhin, cng c nhiu loi nm men c hi, gy bnh cho ngi v gia sc, lm h hng lng thc, thc phm. Nm men trong sn xut bia thng l cc chng thuc ging Saccharomyces, chng c kh nng hp thu mnh cc cht trong mi trng nc mch nha nh cc loi ng ha tan, cc hp cht nito (cc acid amin, cc peptit), cc vitamin v cc nguyn t vi lng qua mng t bo. Sau , hng lot cc phn ng sinh ha m c trng l qu trnh trao i cht chuyn ha cc cht ny thnh nhng dng cn thit cho qu trnh pht trin v ln men ca nm men c tin hnh. T lu, trong cng nghip sn xut bia, nm men c chia lm 2 nhm ph bin: Nhm nm men ln men ni: + Nhit ln men: 10250C + Ln men mnh, qu trnh ln men xy ra trn b mt ca mi trng. + Khi qu trnh ln men kt thc, cc t bo kt chm, chui, to thnh lp dy trn b mt cng vi bt bia, bia t trong chm. + Kh nng ln men ng tan (rafinase) km (ch t 33%). Nhm nm men ln men chm: + Nhit ln men: 0100C + Qu trnh xy ra trong lng mi trng nn kh nng ln men tt. + C kh nng ln men hon ton (v c th ln men ng rafinosse hon ton). + Khi ln men xong, cc t bo kt thnh chm hoc chui kt lng xung y thng ln men rt nhanh, nh vy bia chng t trong hn hn men ni. Hin ti, nh my bia Nada s dng nm men
37

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

Saccharomyces carlsbergensis c Hasen phn lp nm 1833 vi y cc c tnh ca chng nm men chim v nhiu u im vut tri:

Ln men mnh trong lng mi trng; khi ht ngun cacbon trong mi trng, c xu hng kt chm, chui v lng nhanh xung y thng ln men, lm trong bia nhanh. Ln men c glucose, mannose, galactose, fructose, saccharose, malttose. c bit rafinose v cc dextrin n gin, ln men tt, thm ch nhit thp t 6100C (cc ging khc khng c kh nng ny). Khng ln men c cc ng: lactose, inulin, kxilose, arabinose, cellobiose, manit, socbit Ngoi ra chng nm men ny cn c kh nng ti s dng tt (68 i), t l t bo cht <10%. Hin nay oc s dng kh ph bin cc nh my bia trn th gii. Sinh sn tt 8250C. nhit thp (280C) chng sinh sn chm, nhng vn ln men mnh v kh nng to bo t ca nm men ny yu. Trong mi trng c y vitamin (c bit l vitamin B6) chng s pht trin tt nhng nh hng ca tng loi vitamin ln nm men l khng ging nhau. Kh nng kt lng ca nm men ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: cu to thnh t bo nm men, hm lng nit ha tan trong mi trng, nhit , tr s din tch in ca t bo v pH ca mi trng (thng 8,04,0).

5. Cc cht ph gia trong sn xut bia. Trong cng ngh sn xut bia, ngoi nhng nguyn liu khng th thiu c nh malt, houblon, nm men, ngi ta cn dng n mt s nguyn liu hay ha cht ph. Ty theo yu cu k thut, cng ngh, m nhng nguyn ph

38

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

liu hoc cc ha cht ny c s dng vi hm lng khc nhau, gi chung nhng dng ny l ph gia v chia thnh hai nhm chnh: 5.1 Nhm ph gia trc tip. Gm tt c nhng nguyn liu v ha cht c mt trong thnh phn ca sn phm vi s kim sot cht ch vi hm lng cho php.

Cc ha cht x l cng, iu chnh kim ca nc cng ngh nh HCl, Al2(SO4)3.16H2O, CaSO4,.... Cc ha cht a vo ngn chn qu trnh oxy ha nhng thnh phn trong bia nh acid ascorbic, H2O2, . . . Cc ha cht dng iu chnh pH nh: H2SO4, acid lactic, CaCl2 . . . Cht to mu cho bia: caramen,

5.2 Nhm ph gia gin tip. Nhm ny gm tt c nguyn liu v ha cht c s dng trong quy trnh cng ngh nhng khng c php c mt trong sn phm. Cc bt tr lc: PVPP, kizelgua, . . .

Cc ha cht v sinh thit b, v sinh phn xng nh: H2SO4, KmnO4, NaOH Cc cht c dng nh tc nhn lm lnh NH3, glycol, nc mui.

6. Th liu. Trong sn xut bia vic dng th liu thay cho malt ty thuc vo iu kin ch quan v khch quan, c th nhm mc ch h gi thnh sn phm to ra cc sn phm bia c mc cht lng khc nhau. Ci thin mt vi tnh cht ca sn phm, theo n t hng ca ngi tiu dng. Th liu phi di do ngun glucid m t di tc dng ca enzyme trong malt, glucid ca th liu s chuyn ha thnh ng ha tan. V vy, cc loi ng cc c chn lm th liu trong sn xut bia. Khi s dng th liu

39

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

cht lng ca th liu s nh hng trc tip dn cht lng bia (mu sc, mi v). V vy, phi quan tm n thnh phn ha hc ca th liu. Trong nh my bia Nada hin nay s dng th liu l go (chim 69% so vi matl) do go c nhng u dim sau: + C sn trong nc vi gi r v cht lng cao. + Do hm lng glucid v protein kh cao, kh nng chuyn ha thnh cht ha tan tt, c th t 90% cht kh. Thc t v thc nghim cho ta thy c th thay th go cho malt n 50% (nu malt c hot tnh enzyme tt). Thnh phn ha hc ca go:

Hm lng tinh bt: 77,8% Hp cht nit: 7,9% Hm lng cht bo 0,5%/cellulose ca v la: 0,5% Cht tro: 0,7%

m: 12.6% Ch tiu cht lng go dng sn xut bia: + Ht phi sch, khng c tp cht, khng c ht mc, mi hi. + Mu sc phi ng u, w < 12%. Ngoi ra mt s ni c s dng th liu khc nh: Bp c s dng cc nc chu Phi hoc M La Tinh, v trong bp c hm lng lipid cao nm trong phi v vy cn phi tch b phi v v ht. i mch: c s dng nhiu cc nc chu u, Bc M hoc mt s nc trng c i mch. Go m: do c tnh ca go m khng c v tru nh i mch, mt khc hm lng gluten kh cao, v vy mun dng go m lm th

40

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

liu cho malt i mch thng phi m mm ri dng kt hp vi malt. u: hm lng tinh bt trong u khng ln, thng nh hn 40% trng lng, v vy trong nu bia ngi ta dng u khng phi ngha th liu cho malt m vi ngha lm cho bia c kh nng to bt mnh (trong u c cha nhiu glucozit) l ngun thc n tt cho nm men v sau. Ngoi ra trong u cn cha nhiu vitamin v cc cht kch t tng trng i vi nm men. ng saccharose: c s dng nh mt th liu cao cp, a trc tip di dng tinh th vo ni un vi hoa hoc a vo di dng siro trong qu trnh chit bia (i vi mt vi loi bia ngt).

41

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

Phn 2 c im a bn v phng php nghin cu


I C IM A BN NGHIN CU 1. Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin ca cng ty. Cng ty c phn Bia Nada tin thn l cng ty c phn thc phm Thc phm cng nghip Nam nh. Cng ty c phn Thc phm cng nghip Nam nh c tin thn l cng ty hp doanh xng kem thnh lp nm 1960, n nm 1968 chuyn ln thnh X nghip Thc phm 1 6 Nam nh sn xut thm bnh ko phc v cho ngi tiu dng di s qun l ca S Cng nghip Nam nh. Nm 1983, t X nghip 1 6 c chuyn thnh Nh my Thc phm cng nghip Nam nh trc thuc S Cng nghip Nam nh. T nm 1990 1994 sau khi c ngh quyt VII c bn ph v m hnh chnh sch c chuyn sang c ch th trng km theo s pht trin ca x hi, sn phm sn xut ra tiu th theo thi v dn n sn lng gim st, lao ng d tha. Xut pht t tnh hnh n nm 1995, cn c vo nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng cng nh th trng Nh my mnh dn chuyn i dy chuyn, thit b c nhp mi, nh xng c m rng, i ng cn b cng nhn vin c o to, bi dng chuyn sang sn xut Bia, Ru v nc gii kht. Vi cng sut 15 triu lt bia/nm, trn dy truyn, thit b cng ngh do hng DANBREW ca an Mch chuyn giao. Sn phm ca nh my gm 2 loi : Bia NaDa ng chai v Bia hi NaDa ng vo bom bc u i vo th trng v c ngi tiu dng chp nhn. n nm 1996, nh my Thc phm cng nghip Nam nh chuyn ln thnh cng ty Thc phm cng nghip Nam nh v n thng 6 nm 2003 cn
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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

c quyt nh s 702/2002 Q UB ngy 01/02/2002 ca UBND tnh Nam nh v vic ph duyt chnh sch DNNN thc hin c phn ha nm 2002 cng ty Thc phm cng nghip Nam nh chuyn sang thnh cng ty c phn Thc phm cng nghip Nam nh. Theo giy php ng k kinh doanh s 0600312723 CTCP cng ty chnh thc i tn thnh cng ty c phn Bia NaDa. ng ti a ch s 3 ng Thi Bnh - phng H Long thnh ph Nam nh - tnh Nam nh. Cho n nay, thng hiu bia NaDa pht trin v c ch ng vng chc trong lng ngi tiu dng khng ch trong tnh m cn c mt cc tnh ln cn nh H Nam, Thanh Ho, Ninh Bnh, Thi Bnh, v dn ang vn ra PHNG HNH CHNH c nc. 36 Cn b 2. C cu t chc ca cng ty. 2.1 S t chc cng ty PHNG KCS 11 Cn b PHNG KINH DOANH 4 Cn b PHNG TI V 6 Cn b PHNG NGHIP V 3 Cn b PHNG BN SP 5 Cn b PHN XNG 1 6 T sn xut PHN XNG 2 8 T sn xut PHN XNG 3 2 T lao ng d phng
43

HI NG QUN TR

BAN GIM C

PHN XNG 4 C in, hi, x l nc thi

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

S 1: T chc cng ty 2.2 B my qun tr 2.2.1 Hi ng qun tr Hi ng qun tr do i hi c ng bu ra theo hnh thc b phiu kn, l c quan qun l cao nht ca cng ty, c ton quyn nhn danh cng ty quyt nh mi vic lin quan n mc ch, quyn li ca cng ty tr nhng cng vic ca i hi c ng. Nhim k Hi ng qun tr l 3 nm. 2.2.2 Ban gim c - iu hnh chung mi cng vic sn xut, kinh doanh ca cng ty. - ra cc chin lc lu di, chnh sch mc tiu v lp k hoch cht lng cho tng giai on. - Tuyn dng v iu ng nhn lc theo yu cu sn xut v nhu cu nng lc - Ph duyt cc d n u t, cc nh cung ng c la chn. - m bo mi ngun lc cho cc qu trnh sn xut, kinh doanh cc hot ng c hiu qu. - Duyt cc k hoch bo dng thit b. 2.2.3 Phng hnh chnh - Duy tr cc ch , thi gian lm vic, trt t tr an, v sinh cng ty. - Thc hin vic tuyn dng, iu ng nhn lc, o to nng cao tay ngh cho cng nhn.
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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

- Chun b cc iu kin vt cht cho cc hi ngh, thc hin vic khnh tit, giao dch. - Gim st vic thc hin ch i vi nhn s trong ton cng ty nh vn lng, ph cp lng, bo him x hi, cp pht bo h lao ng cng nh cc ch khc. 2.2.4 Phng KCS - Trng phng KCS l ph gim c cng ngh - T chc kim tra, th nghim cht lng sn phm, kim tra nh gi cht lng nguyn liu, nhn dng ha cht, ph gia. - Nghin cu xut thay i hoc iu chnh cng ngh cho sn phm mi. - xut, bo co dng cc qu trnh khi pht hin nguy c xy ra nh hng n cht lng sn phm. - Bo co ban Gim c cng ngh v mi vn nguyn liu cng nh sn phm nh tiu chun, hay sn phm khng ph hp, phi chuyn mc ch s dng. 2.2.5 Phng kinh doanh - Thc hin cc cng vic kinh doanh, tip th, qung co. - Lp v gim st cc hp ng mua bn nguyn vt liu, ha cht, ph gia, bao b cho sn xut; nh gi vic s dng nguyn vt liu. - Gim st, qun l k hoch sn xut v bn hng 2.2.6 Phng ti v Phng Ti v c quyn c lp v chuyn mn, nghip v k ton. - Phng Ti v tun th cc quy nh ca php lut v k ton, thc hin cc cng vic c phn cng v chu trch nhim v chuyn mn nghip v ca mnh. - T chc cng tc v t chc b my k ton, thng k gn nh, ph hp vi quy m v yu cu qun l ca Trng
45

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

- T chc thu thp x l kim tra phn tch v cung cp thng tin chnh xc, trung thc, kp thi, y tnh hnh ti sn, vt t, tin vn trong qu trnh hot ng ca Trng. - T chc kim tra k ton trong ni b n v - Thc hin o to, bi dng, nng cao trnh , xy dng i ng cn b nhn vin k ton n v. - T chc phn tch hot ng kinh t ti chnh, pht hin nhng lng ph bo co ban Gim hiu s l kp thi. 2.2.7 Phng nghip v - Lp k hoch, gim st vic mua bn thit b, ph tng nguyn vt liu cho cc cng trnh ph tr v c s h tng. - Lp hp ng, gim st vic lp t cc thit b. - nh gi theo di cc nh cung ng thng qua vic mua v cung cp hng. - xut vic dng sn xut khi pht hin ra nhng du hiu khng an ton cho ngi v sn xut trong phm vi mnh ph trch. 2.2.8 Phng bn sn phm - Ph trch vic bn sn phm ra ngoi th trng, thc hin cc dao dch mua bn theo k hoch phng kinh doanh. - T chc bn gii thiu sn phm qua h thng ca hng gii thiu sn phm 2.2.9 Phn xng 4 - Chu trch nhim v in, nc, hi, v ton b phn t ng ha trong cng ty. - Lp k hoch, gim st vic thc hin bo dng, nghim thu, xc nhn kt qu bo dng cc thit b trong phm vi ca mnh. - Phi hp cng phng nghip v x l cc s c thuc phm vi qun l. - Lp k hoch mua bn, bo dng cc thit b trong phm vi qun l.
46

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

2.2.10 Phn xng sn xut Bao gm cc phn xng 1 v 2 - Chu trch nhim v ton b cc qu trnh sn xut to ra cc sn phm bia hi, bia ng chai cc loi, thc hin bo dng cc thit b trong phm vi qun l. - Phi hp phng nghip v x l cc s c gy nh hng n sn phm. - Phi hp vi phng kinh doanh, phng bn sn phm theo di tin tiu th sn phm; phi hp phng KCS theo di cht lng sn phm. - xut thng pht i vi cng nhn trc tip sn xut. 2.2.11 Phn xng 3 - Chu trch nhim cc cng vic ca h thng kho, tip nhn, bc xp, bo qun cc loi thit b, ph tng, nguyn vt liu, bao b, ha cht ph gia, thnh phm bia chai cc loi. - Thng xuyn v nh k cung cp s lng, cht lng cho cc phng kinh doanh, phng cng ngh KCS v ban gim c. 2.3 H thng sn xut kinh doanh.

47

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

QUN C

Ph qun c ph trch cng ngh

Ph qun c ph trch thit b

Cc nhn vin trong phn xng

T NU

T LN MEN

T CHIT CHAI

T PH

CC TRNG CA SN XUT S 2: H thng phn xng sn xut 2.4 Hot ng sn xut kinh doanh. Thi gian u nhng nm mi i vo hot ng sn xut, cng ty cn rt non yu cng nh cha c kinh nghim, th trng cha c, cc thng hiu bia ni ting khc ang c ch ng vng chc, v th m sn phm ca cng ty cng nh nng sut sn phm ra cha cao, nng sut hng nm mi ch t di 4 triu lt/ nm.

48

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

Nh c thay i cng ngh, cng nh tm hiu, i su vo th trng, vic o to i ng cn b cng nhn vin, nng cao tay ngh m nng sut sn xut cng nh tiu th dn c tng ln, th hin qua th sau.
Nng sut (triu lt)
30

28 25 18

10 8

3.5

01995199920002003 200620082009 Nm

th: Mc tng trng v sn lng bia qua cc nm

Cng vi s pht trin v sn lng bia th cht lng bia cng dn tng ln do c s thay i v cng ngh, tay ngh cng nhn, cng nh cng tc qun l trong cng ty Nm 1995, sn phm ca cng ty t gii khuyn khch Gii thng cht lng Vit Nam.

49

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

Nm 2000, sn phm t gii vng Gii thng cht lng Vit Nam. Nm 2002, cng ty sn xut c bia nu v bia en di s gip cng tc ca cc chuyn gia c. Cho n ny, cng ty sn xut c 8 chng loi bia khc nhau, dn khng nh c v tr ca mnh trong lng ngi s dng, c bit chim lnh ton b th trng Nam nh. T nm 2003 n 2007, cng ty cn nhn thm 1 dy chuyn sn xut ca cng ty bia Hura Hu, chuyn sn xut bia Hura ng chai cho cng ty c phn bia Hura Hu. Vi s pht trin mnh m ca mnh, t nhng nm 2006 tr li y cng ty lun duy tr n nh sn lng v cht lng ca bia NaDa. Cng ty cng m bo y s n nh, tng trng v doanh thu, m bo thu nhp cho ngi lao ng trong cng ty t trung bnh t 1.300.000/thng tr ln. 2.5 Quy m, chc nng, nhim v ca cng ty. 2.5.1 Quy m: Vi quy m hn 3ha, cng ty c phn bia NaDa nm trn trc ng chnh trong thnh ph Nam nh ang pht trin vi mt dn c cao, thun li cho sn xut v tiu th sn phm. Ti y, cng ty c k hoch m rng thm quy m sn xut ca mnh, khi m cm cng nghip trn trc quc l 21 hon thnh, u t vi quy m v trang thit b cng ngh hin i hn. Hin nay, cng ty c 3 c s: Khu A: S 3 ng Thi Bnh, phng H Long, TP Nam nh, Nam nh. y l c s chnh chuyn sn xut bia NaDa ng chai.

Khu B: Km s 3 khu cng nghip Ha X, TP Nam nh, tnh Nam nh. y l c s chuyn sn xut bia hi ng vo bom v ru. Khu C: S 36 ng Gii Phng, TP Nam nh, tnh Nam nh. y l khu chuyn sn xut bao b.

2.5.1 Chc nng Tn cng ty : Cng ty c phn bia NaDa


50

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

a ch

: S 3 ng Thi Bnh Phng H Long Thnh ph Nam nh Tnh Nam nh

in thoi

: 03503643381

Chc nng cng ty : - Chim hu, s dng, nh ot ti sn doanh nghip trong tng thi gian phc v cho sn xut kinh doanh ca cng ty t hiu qu cao nht. - M rng kh nng sn xut ca cng ty theo kh nng ca cng ty v nhu cu th trng. c php m rng kinh doanh trong cc ngnh ngh khc khi c s cho php ca c quan Nh nc c thm quyn. - Ch ng tm kim th trng, khch hng, i tc lin doanh lin kt sn xut, kinh doanh, mua nguyn vt liu, vt t trang thit b, bn sn phm hng ha v k kt cc hp ng kinh t trong v ngoi nc theo lut nh. - T chc b my qun l v nhn s, t chc kinh doanh ph hp vi mc ch v ni dung hot ng ca cng ty. c php tuyn dng o to, hp ng thu mn lao ng, cho thi vic v ngh vic theo yu cu cng vic sn xut kinh doanh v theo ch i ng ca Nh nc quy nh. La chn hnh thc tr lng, thng, k lut lao ng theo quy nh lut lao ng v da trn s cng hin ca ngi lao ng i vi hiu qu sn xut kinh doanh. - Ch ng p dng cc bin php tin tin trong sn xut kinh doanh nng cao hiu qu, kh nng cnh tranh trong c ch th trng. 2.5.2 Nhim v ca cng ty. - Sn xut kinh doanh ng ngnh ngh ng k ghi trong giy php v mc ch thnh lp cng ty c phn. - Bo m cht lng hng ha theo tiu chun cht lng ISO 9001 : 2000 v cng b cht lng sn phm cng ty ban hnh. - m bo li ch, vic lm, i sng cho ngi lao ng. - Tun th mi quy nh ca Nh nc v hot ng sn xut kinh doanh, tun th ch hch ton, thng k, bo co nh k theo quy nh ca Nh nc v
51

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

cc c quan c thm quyn lin quan. Thc hin ngha v thu v cc ngha v khc. - Tun th cc quy nh v an ninh, quc phng, trt t an ton x hi, sn xut an ton, bo v ti nguyn, mi trng v cc vn lin quan n hot ng sn xut kinh doanh nm trong quy nh pht trin chung ca a phng cng nh ca c nc. II PHNG PHP NGHIN CU. 1. Phng php chung. - Phng php duy vt bin chng: L phng php nghin cu cc hin tng kinh t x hi trong mi quan h hu c tc ng qua li ln nhau thy c mc nh hng ca mi yu t n tng th khch quan. - Phng php duy vt lch s: Nghin cu v nh gi s vt hin tng phi coi trng cc quan im lch s, cc s vt tng ng xy ra trc 2. Phng php c th. - Phng php thu thp s liu: Phng php thu thp s liu l cch thc thu thp cc ti liu, thng tin c sn trong sch bo, tp ch, cc bo co khoa hc hoc iu tra thc t phc v cho ti nghin cu. Trong ti ny s liu c thu thp t phng cng ngh KCS, phng hnh chnh v t cng nhn lao ng trc tip trong cng ty. - Phng php x l s liu: Sau khi thu thp s liu y s liu cn c tin hnh phn loi sp xp li mt cch hp l theo trnh t thi gian hoc i tng nghin c. Qu trnh x l s liu trong ti ch yu p dng k thut tnh ton hoc bng tnh Excel v s dng my tnh c nhn trong nhng tnh ton n gin. - Phng php phn tch: Phn tch s liu l phng php dng l lun v dn chng c th tin hnh phn tch theo chiu hng bin ng ca cc s vt, cc hin tng tm
52

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

ra nguyn nhn nh hng n kt qu ca hin tng trong phm vi nghin cu, t tm ra bin php gii quyt. c kt qu phn tch h thng cn cc thng tin, s liu chnh xc, c th, y v kp thi.Trong phn tch s dng thng k so snh thy c s khc bit xu hng bin ng qua cc nm ca cc ch tiu phn tch. - Phng php sinh hc nh gi cc vn sn xut, cng ngh, mi trng, di gc sinh hc, mi trng. Nhn nhn vn lin quan n cng ngh sn xut, vic s dng nguyn vt liu, hp cht ha hc, ph gia, cht bo qun, vn nc thi. Cc qu trnh cng ngh x l nguyn liu, ln men, s dng men sinh hc, cc vn v v sinh an ton thc phm trong sn xut ung ng chai.

Phn 3 Kt qu nghin cu
53

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

I S QUY TRNH CNG NGH SN XUT BIA. Go Nghin H ha B Nc ra Malt lt Malt Nghin ng ha Lc Houblon ha 1 Houblon ha 2 Lng xoy Lm lnh nhanh Men ging Ln men chnh B men Thu hi Ln men ph Lc trong Bo qun Bo ha CO2 ti tank n nh S 3: Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut bia NaDa. II THUYT MINH S CNG NGH SN XUT BIA TRN C S DY CHUYN SN XUT BIA TI NH MY BIA NADA.
54

Nc sch Mm ha Nc

Chai Ra Kh trng Chit chai Dp np Thanh trng

Dn nhn Bn ch

Xp thng

Xut xng

Chit box

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

1. Nu nguyn liu. 1.1 Nguyn liu (malt/go). Kho cha nguyn liu: gm 2 ngn cha malt, sc cha 40tn/ngn v 2 ngn cha go, sc cha 70tn/ngn. i vi ngn cha malt c chia lm 3 nhm c th cha c 3 loi malt khc nhau. Hin nay, nh my s dng hai loi malt khc nhau trong phi trn nn trong qu trnh xay phi iu chnh mi loi malt cho ng. Go c nh my nhp t nh my xay xt Nam nh, Thi Bnh, go thng c nhp trc tip khi cn, t khi phi d tr. 1.2 Lm sch. 1.2.1 My tch rc: - Bn cha trung gian tng 4 c ni trc tip vi my sng. My c t nghing khong 100 so vi phng nm ngang nhm to dc cho nguyn liu v rc trt xung. - My gm c hai lp li: + Lp trn c l li hnh trn, ng knh kong 5mm (i vi go) v 8mm (i vi malt). + Lp di c l hnh vung nh hn. + Gia hai lp li ny c nhng vin bi cao su chy nhm trnh cho rc v nguyn liu b kt gia hai lp li. My hot ng nh hai m t in, khi hot ng, li rung mnh theo phng nm ngang. - Nguyn tc hot ng: nguyn liu vo u cao, do lc rung, nguyn liu s lt qua lp li trn, cn tp cht ln s b gi li trn lp li v c a ra ngoi. Khi xung lp li pha di, cc tp cht nh ct, bt mn s lt qua lp li ny, sau nh h thng qut ht, cc tp cht ny s c ht ra ngoi. Cn nguyn liu tt (vn cn sn c ng knh tng ng nh ht malt/go) s nm pha trn lp li, t y nguyn liu s c chuyn xung my sng tch sn tng 3.

55

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

- My c ng c 0,25kw, hot ng vi nng sut 6 tn/h. 1.2.2 My tch sn : - My tch sn hot ng theo nguyn tc kh ng v lc phng. My b tr nghing so vi mt t 890,c m t in gn mt u to rung theo chiu dc. - Nguyn tc hot ng: nguyn liu c a vo u cao hn. Kh thi vo va nng ht ln, cn sn nng hn nm di. Khi sng rung, nh rung ca sng, ht di chuyn v u thp xung di, cn sn i v hng ngc li vo thng cha. My cng c ni vi qut ht bi nh my tch rc. - My c ng c 25KW, hot ng vi cng sut 5 tn/h. 1.3 Cn. Nguyn liu sau khi lm sch c i qua h thng cn t ng nh lng cho mi m nu. i vi nh my bia NaDa th t l go v malt l nh sau cho mi loi bia. Sn Malt Go ng Cao hoa Hoa houblon Loi bia lng (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) vin (kg) (lt) Bia hi 400.000 2.900 2.000 800 23 20 Bia chai 400.000 3.100 2.000 800 25 20 Bng 7: Thnh phn nguyn liu trong sn phm bia NaDa. 1.4 Nghin. - Mc ch: ph v cu trc tinh bt ca ht, nghin ht thnh nhiu mnh nh tng b mt tip xc vi nc, gip cho s xm nhp ca nc vo cc thnh phn ni nh nhanh hn, thc y qu trnh h ha v cc qu trnh thy phn khc nhanh v trit hn. - Nguyn tc chung cho ch nghin : + i vi go: do go cha qua ny mm nn cu trc tinh bt cn nguyn vn. Mt khc h thng enzyme amylase v protease c trong ngo rt
56

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

ngho li khng c hot ha nn chng kh b th phn. Do go phi c nghin cng mn cng tt, kh nng tip xc gia c cht v enzyme cng cao, hiu qu thy phn cng trit . + i vi malt: ngoi vic quan tm n kch thc ca bt nghin th nguyn ca v tru cng rt c quan tm. Nu nghin th th c li cho vic lc b malt. Lc ny lp v tru cng ng vai tr l lp vt liu lc rt tt. Nhng nu nghin qu th th ng ha s khng hon ton. Ngc li nu nghin qu mn th v tru s b nt, khng to c xp cao, b mt lp lc d b bt kn, kh nng lc km. Ngoi ra khi nghin qu mn th trong qu trnh nu v lc, cc cht trong v tru s chit vo dch nha (tannin, polyphenol, lignin . . .) nh hng xu n cht lng ca bia thnh phm. - Nguyn tc hot ng : + Nguyn liu sau mi m nu s theo h thng gu ti vo thng cha ri vo my nghin ba tng 4. Nguyn liu sau khi qua my nghin nh ng lc ca qut ht di my nghin, nguyn liu c ht qua ca vo, qua phn g hnh tam gic. y gi c thi vung gc vi dng nguyn liu, nhng ht nguyn liu nh s thay i gc ri, ri vo thng nghin, cn nhng ht sn v tp cht nng s c gi li v ri vo thng cha tp cht ca my. Trc khi vo my nghin, nguyn liu cn c i qua nam chm mnh ht nhng mnh st vn cn li trong nguyn liu. + Nguyn liu xung pha di b p nt bi cc ba p vi tc 3000 vng/pht. My c hp i chiu, dng thay i chiu quay ca ba p, hn ch trng hp ba p b mn mt pha. My nghin c tt c 71 ba, c xp thnh 8 dy, mi dy c 9 ba. Nguyn liu c nghin do va p gia cc nguyn liu vi nhau, do ba p, do nguyn liu va p vo thnh my v do li nghin (ng knh l li nghin go l 22,3mm, ca malt l 2.22.5mm). Ngoi ra kch thc ht sau khi nghin cn ph thuc vo tc quay ca roto. + Bt malt v bt go sau khi nghin c ht vo trong cc ti vi nh p lc, khng kh qua vi theo ng ht ra ngoi. Bt malt v bt go c gi li trong ti ny v theo nh k my t ng r bt xung bi kh nn. Bt nghin sau s c vis ti a vo thng cha trung gian tng 2.
57

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

+ Trong qu trnh vn hnh, hn ch ba b mn mt bn th mi ngy cng nhn iu chnh i chiu quay ca ba. Nu li nghin b rch m khng kp thay s nh hng n mn ca bt v t nh hng n qu trnh h ha, dch ha, ng ho v gim hiu sut thu hi. Do o, th 2 hng tun l ngy tng v sinh ton b my mc thit b trong phn xng nu. + Trong h thng xut xay, bi malt thu hi s c tn dng nu, cn bi go th khng. + Thi gian nghin xong 2000kg go khong 35 pht v thi gian nghin xong 2900kg malt khong 75 pht. + My nghin c cng sut 4 tn/h vi ng c 37kw. 1.5 Quy trnh cng on nu. 1.5.1 H ha (nu cho) - Mc ch qu trnh ny l chuyn tinh bt trong go dng khng tan v dng ha tan phc v cho qu trnh ng ha.

Hnh 11: Pha trn ni h ha (nu cho)


58

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

- Nguyn liu cho mt m nu: + Go 350kg + 100kg malt lt, v nc vi t l: nc/(go + malt) = 1/5 + Enzym b sung: Termamyl L120 + Ph gia: CaSO4.2H2O - Tin hnh nu: + Bc 1: Cp nc vo ni gi nhit 50 0C, sau cho 1 lp malt lt (khong 10kg) mc ch h tr qu trnh h ha v malt cha t tinh bt v c 1 lng emzym s lm gim nht ca dch h ha v thy phn mt phn nh cc cht (tinh bt, protein, axit amin,) + Bc 2: Cho cc ha cht b sung CaSO4.2H2O, Termamyl vo.

CaSO4.2H2O c vai tr lm gim cng ca nc, lm bn enzym.

Termamayl l mt ch phm ca -amylaza c kh nng chu nhit, c tc dng thy phn tinh bt. + Bc 3: Go c nghin nh c chuyn vo v phi trn khong 10 pht tt c vi 14.3hl nc 500C, sau ngm 10 pht. + Bc 4: Nhit c nng ln 750C trong 25 pht, sau gi 15 pht 750C. Tip nng ln 1000C trong 45 pht, sau gi 20 pht.

Ngm 500C to iu kin cho proteaza trong malt lt hot ng. Nng ln 750C, trong tri qu ngng 650C -amylaza hot ng, thi gian ny din ra trong 25 pht. Gi nhit 750C 15 pht -amylaza hot ng, thi gian ny tinh bt c thy phn gn nh hon ton. Trong qu trng nng nhit ln 1000C tri qua bc nhit 900C trong 10 pht, y l nhit ti u cho qu trnh h ha, nhng nhit ny dung dch rt nht, kh bom vo ni malt,
59

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

v th nhit cn tng ln 1000C v gi 20 pht lm long dung dch (gim nht) ng thi ha tan nhng ht tinh bt ln cn li. - Trong qu trnh nu dung dch c khuy o lin tc nh 2 cnh dao ln y ni, gip cho h ha nhanh hn. Cn m bo pH 5.25.6 ca dch nu cc enzym hot ng bng cch b sung H2SO4 2%. - Tng thi gian h ha l 125 pht.

Hnh 12: Hai cnh dao trong y ni nu cho 1.5.2 ng ha. - Mc ch qu trnh ny l s dng h enzym c sn trong malt phn ct cc hp cht cao phn t khng ha tan trong bt malt thnh dng ha tan trong nc, chng cng vi cc cht ha tan trong dch h ha v nguyn liu khc chuyn thnh cht ha tan ca dch ng (nc nha). - Nguyn liu: + T l nc/malt = 5/1

60

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

+ Ch phm enzym: Cereflo + Cht ph gia: H3PO4, CaSO4.2H2O, CaCl2. - Tin hnh nu:

Hnh 13: Pha trn ni ng ha malt. + Bc 1: Song song vi h ha l qu trnh cp nc v ni malt v gi 45 C; sau khi h ha c 1 na thi gian th bt u tin hnh cho ha cht v cc loi ch phm enzym v cho malt nghin vo ni.
0

Cereflo: l ch phm ca -glucanaza nhm gim nht ca dch ng.


H3PO4: nhm iu chnh pH ca mi trng dch ng. CaSO4.2H2O, CaCl2: gim cng ca nc.

+ Bc 2: Malt ngm 25 pht nc xm nhp vo ni nh, cc hp cht phn t thp c sn trong nguyn liu s ha tan vo nc v tr thnh cht chit ca dch ng sau ny.

61

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

+ Bc 3: Chuyn dung dch h ha (cho) v malt; nng nhit ln 67 C trong 10 pht v gi 50 pht to iu kin cho -amylaza hot ng.
o

+ Bc 4: Nng ln nhit 760C trong 10 pht v gi 15 pht amylaza hot ng. - Kt thc qu trnh ng ha dch ng thu c c nng ng l 9.7 th kt thc qu trnh nu. Nu nng ng khng th b sung ng. - T nu thng nu 8 m lin tc, nu nng ng cc m khng t tiu chun th m nu cui cng nng ng c iu chnh cho nng ng ca dch ln men t tiu chun. 1.5.3 Lc dch ng. - Mc ch qu trnh ny l loi b b malt; b go gm: v, ht cn, cc cu t khng ha tan ra khi dch ng.

Hnh 14: 2 ni lc - Tin hnh: Qu trnh ny gm 2 giai on.

62

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

+ Giai on 1: Lc hn hp thy phn, thu c nc nha u. Cp nc qua h thng ng ng cha y khong khng gia 2 y. Bm dch ng v thng lc bt h thng cnh khuy dn u khi dch. yn khi dch trong 10 pht lp b lng xung, to lp lc. M van x dch dch ng lc ny cn c nn phi bm hi lu v thng lc ti khi dch trong th bm ngay sang ni nu hoa houblon. + Giai on 2: Ra b, thu nc nha cui. Cp nc ra c nhit khong 76770C vo khi b. y, phn cht tan cn thit cn nm trong b c chuyn vo nc ra nh hin tng khuch tn. Kt thc ra b khi nc ra c nng ng < 10P, nu ra tip, nc nha b long c bit 1 s cht ng v tanin s c trch ly vo nc nha to mi v kh chu. Nc ra c bm sang ni hoa. - p lc lc l yu t quan trng m bo tin trnh lc c th iu chnh bng cch tng hoc gim lu lng dch cho bm vo hoc dch ng chy ra. - Tc lc dch ph thuc nht dch ng. nht cng cao th tc lc cng chm v th gim nht ca dch ng, lc nhit tng i cao v nc s dng lc cng nhit cao khong 75770C. Ngoi ra, lc nhit cao th khi nu hoa s gim thi gian v nhit cp cho ni hoa. - Nng ng ca dch cui cng ca qu trnh lc l 9.70P. 1.5.4 Nu hoa (houblon ha). - Mc ch: Nu hoa l qu trnh un si dch ng vi hoa houblon nhm trch li cc thnh phn cht tan ca hoa vo dch ng. Mt khc, un si hoa cn lm mt hot lc ca cc enzym nhit cao, lm ng t protein do s kt hp gia polyphenol v protein, thanh trng nc nha do kh nng khng khun cao ca hoa houblon, ng thi cng c c nc nha n nng thch hp v n nh thnh phn nc nha - Vai tr ca cc thnh phn cht tan: + Cc cht thm: terpen, ru, axeton, aldehyt, este, to hng thm + Cc cht ng: tanin, -axit, -axit, to v ng.
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+ Polyphenol: tng kh nng gi bt v mu sc cho bia, nhit cao polyphenol kt hp vi protein cao phn t to phc dng mng nhy c tc dng tt cho qu trnh lng cn. - Tin hnh nu:

Hnh 15: Cng nhn ang cho hoa vo bnh cha hoa ca ni nu. + Dch lc (gm nc nha u v cui) c bm sang ni hoa v un n nhit si (khong 1000C) + Qu trnh houblon ha c chia lm 2 ln:

Qu trnh cp houblon ln 1, tin hnh nng nhit ln 100.40C v gi nhit ny trong sut qu trnh cp houblon, thi gian cp houblon ln 1 khong 50 pht. Trong qu trnh cp houblon c khong 45 pht th b sung acid lactic iu chnh pH. ng thi kim tra balling, nu nh khng t 130 balling th phi tng thi gian un si hoc gim bt lng nc ra. Mc ch chnh ca qu trnh houblon ho ln 1 l:

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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

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- Trch ly cht ng, polyphenol, cc hp cht cha nit v cc thnh phn khc ca hoa houblon vo trong dch ng. - Lm n nh thnh phn ca dch ng, a dch ng v nng (130 balling), to cho bia c mi v ca hoa houblon. - Lm keo t phn ln protein bt n nh v cc cht khng ho tan khc ca dch ng, to nn ta nng v lng xung y ni un si. Lm tng bn keo v thnh phn sinh hc ca bia c n nh. Tuy nhin, nhng cht cht (tanin) khng b oxy ho cng to thnh phc vi protein, tn ti trong dch ng di dng ta ngui. y chnh l nguyn nhn lm cho bia thnh phm b c. - V hot ton b h thng enzim v v trng dch ng to iu kin cho qu trnh ln men. - Qu trnh un si ko di xy ra phn ng caramen, to ra mu vng c trng cho bia vng.

Sau khi kt thc qu trnh cp houblon ln 1, tin hnh cp houblon ln 2 khong 0.1284% tng s nguyn liu go v malt. Thi gian cp houblon ln hai rt ngn ch khong 5 pht. mc ch chnh ca qu trnh cp houblon ln 2 l: trch ly tinh du trong hoa houblon vin. V trong qu trnh un si, phn ln (7788%) tinh du s b khuych tn trong hi nc v bay ra ngoi, phn cn li c nhit bay hi cao hn, s tn ti trong dch ng v sau tip tc mt i trong qu trnh ln men ( c th n 90 96% ), tn ti mt lng rt nh dng kh bn v gy cho bia mi thm c trng. Sau khi cp hoa houblon ln 2 xong, tip tc un si khong 20 pht na th kt thc qu trnh hoablon ha. Tng thi gian houblon ha l 75 pht, bao gm 70 pht un si v 5 pht cp houblon ln 2.

- Sn phm ca qu trnh houblon ha l dung dch phc tp cha cc cht tan cng b hoa, kt ta protein, to ra trong khi nu

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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

- Ch tiu quan trng nh gi qu trnh un nng l nng cht ha tan v s tn ti ca cc kt ta bng (kt ta protein). - Dch sau khi nu hoa c nng ng l 9.80P. - Thi gian nu hoa ko di khong 90 pht. 1.5.5 Lng xuy. - Mc ch qu trnh lng xuy l tch cn ln ra khi dch ng v dch ng sau khi houblon ha l hn hp rt phc tp, ngoi b hoa trong cn cha v s cc loi mng ln ca kt ta protein, cc ht cn c kch thc rt khc nhau. - Nguyn tc ca lng xuy l tch cn da vo lc hng tm.

Hnh 16: Ni xuy lng xng nu bia NaDa - Tin hnh.

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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

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+ Dch ng sau khi c houblon ha s c bm vo ni lng xuy vi lu tc ln cn lng c ht vo tm thng. + Gi trong 20 pht qu trnh lng cn din ra. + Dch thu c sau khi lng xuy c bm vo h thng lm lnh nhanh. - Tc lng ca chng ph thuc vo khi lng ring ca ht, nhit v nng dch ng. Nhng ht c kch thc ln c th kt lng khi nhit ca dch ng cao, nhng ht c kch thc nh thfi lng nhit thp hn. - Thi gian lng xuy: 20pht kt thc khi nhit ng h xung khong 900C 1.5.6 Lm lnh nhanh. - Mc ch ca lm lnh nhanh dch nha l m bo nhit ln men chnh khong 15160C, ng thi to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh bo ha O2.

Hnh 17: Cu to thit b lm lnh nhanh nh my bia NaDa - Tin hnh: + Trc khi lm lnh nhanh dch nha cn v sinh thit b. Trc tin cho NaOH (22,5%) hoc acid (0.5%) qua ng ng trc sau ra li tht sch

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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

bng nc sch. Trc khi bm dch nha tin hnh ra li ng ng bng nc nng. + Dch c bm trc tip t ni lng xuy qua thit b lm lnh nhanh v dch lm lnh nhanh c chuyn trc tip vo tank ln men. - Tt c cc m dch u c lm lnh n 150C, tng ng vi nhit ln men chnh, cht ti lnh s dng y l nc nhit 20C. - Qu trnh lm lnh v dn dch vo tank ln men c km theo vic sc kh sch vo 2/3 tng lng dch dn vo tank. Mc ch ca vic sc kh l cung cp y lng oxy cn thit cho qu trnh tng sinh khi ca nm men. + Ma h sc 9.4l kh/pht. + Ma ng sc 11.6l kh/pht.

Hnh 18: Ton cnh t nu. Nh vy, n cng on ny l kt thc cng vic ca t nu, t nu trong h thng sn xut bia ca mt nh my bia ni chung cng nh nh my bia NaDa ni ring l t nhim v quan trng hng u. Cng on nu gn nh quyt nh n 8090% thnh cng ca mt m bia. Ti sao ni nh th, cng on nu m bo gn nh 100% thnh phn nguyn liu cho mt m
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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

bia, n m bo tt c cc thnh phn nguyn liu, ha cht, ph gia, cho bia. Trong cng on sau cng on ln men, th cng vic ch c ln men, iu chnh bia v nng kh. Khng c thm hay bt bt c loi nguyn liu, ha cht hay ph gia no khc. V vy, cng vic ca t nu l ht sc quan trng, cn c ch nhiu hn vo cc quy trnh cng on. 2. Ln men. 2.1 Nhn ging men. - Qu trnh nhn men ging nhm chun b lng men ging ban u cn thit. ng thi hot ha tnh nng ca nm men. Ti cng ty bia NaDa, men c s dng l ging nm men ln men chm. - c im ca nm men chm: + Thuc loi Saccharomyces carlbergensis. + C th pht trin tt t = 670C. + Trong iu kin bnh thng, nm men sinh sn theo cch ny chi, khi iu kin khng thun li, nm men sinh sn theo cch to bo t. + Qu trnh sinh trng ca nm men cng tun theo 5 pha sinh trng l pha tim sinh, pha logarit, pha sinh trng chm, pha n nh v pha cht. - Yu cu i vi nm men: + Mt nh mc: 1525.106 t bo/ml. + T l t bo cht/t bo sng cho php trong sn xut l nh hn 10%. + Mt gieo: 15.106 t bo/ml. - Ngun men: + Hin ti, cng ty bia NaDa vn nhp men ging t an Mch, sau t quay vng men cho 1 nm. + Men c bo qun 40C, cc men quay vng tng tr nhit 040C.

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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

+ Cng ty s dng axit H3PO4 loi tr men gi v men di trong bo qun cng nh x l men thu hi sau khi s dng. - Ngun thu nm men: + Cch 1: S dng men ging Cc thao tc chnh: cy ging kim tra cht lng nhn ging.

u tin dng 1 que cy ging ly mu ging t ng thch nghing cho vo mi trng dch th v trng n mt ch tiu nht nh ri chuyn sang mi trng v trng khc v nui n khi s lng. Ging nhn ny c chuyn vo thng bo qun men trong xng sn xut tip tc nhn ln, ln ny s dng mi trng dch ng trc tip ca xng nu, tuy nhin iu chnh nng ng ti 10.50P.

Hnh 18: H thng bo qun v tng tr men. + Cch th 2: S dng men ti sinh.
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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

l quay vng nm men ca cng ty, y l ngun men ch yu trong sn xut ca cng ty.

Sau khi ln men chnh, nm men c thu hi y tank ln men, t y chuyn v thng cha men. Men trong thng c gi lnh v c hot ha, s dng H3PO4 loi tr men gi v men yu, men di, ng thi a pH mi trng v 34.

Men ging s dng sau khi quay vng thng c cc tank kt thc ln men chnh trc t nht 2 gi.

cng ty bia NaDa th men sa c s dng n i th 8, tuy nhin men c hot lc cao nht vo khong i th 36.

Hnh 19: H thng bo qun v tng tr men nh my bia NaDa - Trong nh my s dng h thng gy men 2 bnh: + Bnh nh: 430kg, p sut 0,5atm. + Bnh ln: 3200kg. - Nc nha nng sau khi lng cn s c bm vo bnh gy men nh v c un si n 1000C nhm mc ch thanh trng c cht. Sau h dn nhit

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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

xung 150C v tin hnh cy men ging. Gi nhit ny trong sut qu trnh gy men v y l qu trnh thch hp cho qu trnh ln men v to iu kin cho nm men thch nghi dn vi iu kin ln men chnh. + O2 c cung cp t ng v my cung cp O2 c ci t sn: c chy 5 pht th ngh 3 pht, mi ln chy cung cp khong 33g O2. + Bnh gy men hot ng p sut 0,5atm. + Thi gian gy men trong bnh gy men nh khong 3 ngy - Sau khi gy men xong bnh nh s c gy men bnh ln cha 280kg dch nha. Bnh gy men ln hot ng tng t nh bnh gy men nh v sau 3 ngy s c em i cy vo bn ln men chnh. 2.2 Ln men. - Ln men l giai on quyt nh chuyn ha dch ng Houblon ha thnh bia nh tc ng trc tip ca h thng nm men di hot ng sng ca chng. - Ln men bia trong nh my bia NaDa din ra trong tng thi gian l 9.5 ngy, din ra trong hai giai on ln mn: + Ln men chnh: ko di 7 ngy nhit 160C. + Ln men ph: Thc t th ma h tin hnh ln men ph v tng tr khong 2.5 ngy, cn ma ng th vic ln men ph v tng tr c th ko di ti 2 thng. Nhit ln men ph l -0.510C. 2.2.1 Ln men chnh. - Mc ch ln men chnh l nhm chuyn ha ng trong dch nha thnh ethanol, carbondioxide cng vi cc sn phm ph v sn phm trung gian t qu trnh trao i cht ca nm men. - Phng php ln men: Cng ty bia NaDa s dng h thng sn xut ln men bia 1 pha. l qu trnh ln men chnh v ln men ph c thc hin trong cng mt thit b. Phng php ln men ny c thc hin trong nhiu loi thit b c hnh dng khc nhau. Cng ty bia NaDa la chn loi tank tr trn

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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

ln c y dng phu. S iu chnh nhit ln men nh vo cc lp o lnh, tank ln men nh my bia NaDa c h thng 2 lp o lnh, c cp lnh trc tip nh h thng lm lnh ca nh my ti khu vc ln men. T l nm men ging c s dng cao hn so vi phng php c in. ng ngha l thi gian ln men cng c rt ngn li, vi phng php ny th gim bt tn tht v cc chi ph cho qu trnh sn xut.

Hnh 20: H thng ln men trong nh nh my bia NaDa

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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

Hnh 21: H thng tank ln men ngoi tri nh my bia NaDa - Cc bin i trong qu trnh ln men chnh: * Bin i sinh hc: + Giai on sinh trng hiu kh: y l giai on u ca qu trnh ln men. giai on ny, nm men ny chi v pht trin nhanh chng, t cc i l cui ngy th 3 ng thi l s gim nhanh nng cht ha tan trong dch ng, nhit tng dn v s xut hin ca nhiu bng kh to, ph kn b mt dch nha. + Giai on sinh trng k kh: Trong giai on ny nm men vn tip tc sinh trng nhng trong iu kin khng c oxy v nng ng thp. Qu trnh ln men chuyn dn t kiu ln men hiu kh ( tng sinh khi) sang ln men k kh (len men ru to C2H5OH, CO2 v mt s sn phm ph khc). * Bin i vt l:

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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

+ Nhit ln men:

Trong qu trnh ln men chnh yu t nhit ng vai tr rt quan trng, nh hng trc tip n tc ln men v t nh hng n cht lng bia. Nhit trong qu trnh ln men tng dn do qu trnh trao i cht ca nm men c km theo hin tng gii phng nhit. Do , m bo nhit lun n nh ngi ta thng iu chnh nhit trong qu trnh ln men mt cch t ng, hay bn t ng bng cch tip kh CO 2 lnh vo tank, khuy o gim nhit . Khi n dch vo tank ln men th nhit iu chnh l 120C, sau m dch cui cng 12h th tng nhit ln 160C. Khi nhit tank n nh 160C th tip ging, ging c tip vo tank nhit 180C, n nh sau 2h th h nhit xung 160C tin hnh ln men chnh. Thc t th nhit t t ng trong tank v nhit thc lun chnh lch nhau, do , khi mc chnh lch qu cao th tin hnh tip kh CO2 lnh v khuy o h nhit trong tank. Tank ln men c hai tng nhit khc nhau, pha trn ca tank ln men nhit cao hn pha di (hnh phu), mc d nhit t l nh nhau, nhng nhit tht th thay i.

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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

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Hnh 21: Thng s nhit ca 1 tank trn bng iu khin nhit ln men, y l h thng iu khin nhit bng tay. Ch s mu xanh l nhit t, ch s mu l nhit thc tank ln men.

Kt thc qu trnh ln men chnh th h nhit t t xung 40C to iu kin cho qu trnh lng men v chun b cho ln men ph.

+ p sut ln men:

Qu trnh ln men th p sut ca tank ln men s tng dn do gii phng lng CO2 trong qu trnh phn gii glucose, v qu trnh tip CO2 lnh iu chnh nhit v th tank ln men trang b h thng iu p t ng.

p sut ln men lun duy tr 1atm, mc d p sut lun dao ng, tuy nhin khng ln.

p sut ca tank ln men trong qu trnh n dch l 0.4atm.

* Bin i ha sinh:
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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

+ Trong qu trnh ln men din ra s trao i glucid t bo nm men ch yu bao gm: S thy phn cc loi ng disacharide, trisacharide, thnh glucose di tc dng ca mt s enzym tng ng nh: maliase, invertase, melibiase,

Chuyn ha glycose thnh etanol v CO2. Ngoi ra cn chuyn ha cc loi ng khc thnh cc loi ru nh propylic, izopropylic, amilic S tng hp vt cht t bo t glucose thnh glucogen cng c th xy ra trong qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin ca nm men.

+ S trao i lipid:

Trong qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin hiu kh thng km theo qu trnh tng hp cc acid bo v sterol nm men. Cc cht ny l thnh phn quan trng ca t bo.

+ S trao i cc hp cht nit:

Cc hp cht nit c trong dch nha go gm: cc phn on protein (cc polypeptide, peptid, pepton, acid amin), cc mui amoni, cc purite, nucleotide Trong s cc hp cht ny th cc mui amoni v c v cc acid amin s c nm men s dng nh ngun cung cp nit phc v cho qu trnh sinh trng v trao i cht.

* Bin i ha hc: + S thay i hm lng cht kh trong qu trnh ln men, nm men s dng ng trong dch nha tng sinh khi v ln men ethanol. Do nng cht kh trong dch ln men s gim dn. Ngi ta da vo s thay i Balling lm thng s iu khin qu trnh ln men. Balling trc qu trnh ln men l 130Balling ( Balling nguyn thy). Ty theo

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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

tng loi bia m kt thc qu trnh ln men chnh v ln men ph c Balling khc nhau. + S thay i pH: Sau khi kt thc qu trnh ln men chnh pH gim xung cn khong 4,44,5. Hin tng gim pH trong qu trnh ln men l do s hnh thnh acid H2CO3 (do CO2 sinh ra trong qu trnh ln men ha tan vo nc), s vn chuyn ion H+ qua mng t bo v hnh thnh nn cc acid hu c. Trong qu trnh trao i cht ca nm nem nh acetic, acid, formic, acid lactic, acid citric + S thay i hm lng khong cht trong qu trnh ln men, nm men s dng mt s kim loi cn cho s sinh trng v pht trin ca nm men nh: Ca2+; Mg2+; Fe2+; Mn2+; Co2+; K+; Ni2+ v Zn2+. Dch nha c xem l ngun cung cp cc thnh phn khong cn thit cho nm men. V vy, trong qu trnh nu dch nha cn b xung thm Ca2+ v Zn2+. + S to thnh cc ester: Cc ester c to thnh vo cui giai on ln men chnh nh phn ng ester ha gia alcol (ch yu l ethanol) v cc acid hu c sinh ra trong qu trnh ln men. Cc loi ester ny to nn hng c trng cho bia thnh phm. * Bin i ha l: + S hnh thnh bt: Bt c to thnh trong qu trnh ln men chnh nh s gii phng cc kh dng khng lin kt c bit l CO2. Do bn cht ca dch nha l h keo gm cc hp cht c tnh hot ng b mt nh protein, palyphenol, cht ngCc cht ny to nn mt lp hp ph trn b mt cc bng kh do kh kh thot khi bng ny v to thnh bt mn. Nhng bt ny c xu hng thot ln trn b mt to nn s khuy trn trong qu trnh ln men. + S ha tan kh CO2: ha tan ca CO2 trong dch ln men thp hn trong nc ng thi hm lng CO2 sinh ra tng nhanh cng hm lng ethanol. Do , mt phn CO2 tn ti trong dch men di dng lin kt vi mt s thnh phn khc nh protein, ester. Phn CO2 cn li c xu hng thot ln trn b mt to ln s t khuy o dch ln men.

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Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

Ngoi ra, s t khuy o dch ln men cn din ra bi s chnh lch nhit trong qu trnh gi n nh nhit. - Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh ln men chnh: * T l ging cy: + Trong qu trnh ln men chnh, nu t l ging cy qu thp th kh nng ny chi v thi gian t c t l nm men theo yu cu l qu di, nh hng n s sinh trng, pht trin v trao i cht ca nm men t nh hng ti hiu qu ln men v cht lng thnh phm. + Nu t l ging cy qu cao dn ti t l ny chi v tc sinh trng tng i thp do s cnh tranh v dinh dng nhng tc ln men ln. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp ny cng cho bia c cht lng khng tt v thi gian ln men ngn, sn phm trao i bt 2 do t bo nm men sinh ra cng thp v s hnh thnh ln nhng ester cng thp. + Do , nh my bia NaDa chn mt gieo cy thch hp i vi tng la men khc nhau cho hot lc ln men l cao nht. Thng nh my chn mt 15.106 t bo/ml l ph hp. * iu kin ln men: + Nhit v thi gian ln men: Nhit v thi gian ln men l 2 yu t quan trng nh hng trc tip n tc ln men v t nh hng ti cht lng thnh phm.

i vi nh my bia NaDa th mi i men u tin hnh ln men nhit 160C. Thi gian ln men 7 n 10 ngy cn ty thuc vo nhit v pH ln men.

+ PH dch ln men: PH nh hng quan trng n h enzym nm men, do phi theo di pH theo di hot ng trao i cht ca nm men. pH ca dch nha trc khi ln men l t 5,25,6 v kt thc qu trnh ln men l 4,44,5.

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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

+ nh hng bi oxy: Oxy l yu t rt cn thit cho nm men sinh trng v pht trin trong giai on u ca qu trnh ln men. Thc cht y l giai on ln men hiu kh nhm tng sinh khi nm men. S sinh tng hp mt lng ln enzym nm men l yu t quan trng nh hng ti cng ln men. + p sut b mt: p sut b mt ca dich ln men nh hng trc tip ti mc bo ha CO2 trong bia, tuy nhin hp cht ny l yu t c ch qu trnh ln men do p sut lun gi n dnh p sut 1atm v c b phn iu p sut do CO2 sinh ra lm tng p sut b mt dch ln men. * Nng sn phm ln men. Sn phm chnh ca qu trnh ln men l ethanol v kh CO2. y l nhng hp cht c ch cc hot ng sng ca t bo nm men. nng thp di 2% cc hot ng sng ca nm men vn xy ra bnh thng nhng khi vt qu 2% th kh nng ny chi ca nm men bt u gim dn v khi nng ethanol vt qu 5% th kh nng ny chi ca nm men chm dt hon ton nhng qu trnh ln men vn tip tc xy ra. Cn nu nng ethanol vt qu 12% qu trnh ln men b nh ch hon ton. - Thu hi nm men. Sau khi kt thc qu trnh ln men chnh h dn nhit xung 4 0C nhm to iu kin nhit cho qu trnh ln men ph v lm kt lng nm men xung y thng. Phn men di y thng s c chuyn qua thit b ry men nhm mc ch tch men sng ra khi men cht (men sng th ha ln vo dch cn men cht th vn cc li). Men sng c chuyn qua tank d tr v c b sung thm cht kch hot men -acetolactate decarboxylase (-ALDC). Hm lng b sung c tnh theo cng thc: m=1,5v (g) v: th tch tank cha men. Men sau khi thu hi c m ha v trong thi gian 2 gi phi em i s dng ngay, nu cha s dng ngay th phi bo qun 80C.

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Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

Men thu hi trc khi em i ln men chnh s c em i kim tra t l men sng xc nh t l cy ging trong qu trnh ln men chnh tip theo. - Kt thc cc qu trnh ca ln men chnh chuyn sang ln men ph ngay, vi h thng ln men 1 pha ca nh my th men sau khi thu hi s c chuyn vo quay vng, cn tank ln men tip tc h nhit xung -0.50C bc vo ln men ph. 2.2.2 Ln men ph. - Mc ch: Qu trnh ln men ph c tin hnh sau khi ln men chnh nhm chuyn ho phn ng cn li sau qu trnh ln men chnh to thnh CO2 v cc sn phm khc. Ngoi ra, qu trnh ln mn ph cn gp phn n nh hng v v trong cho bia thnh phm. - Nhng bin i trong qu trnh ln men ph: Nhng bin i trong qa trnh ln men ph cng ging nh bin i trong qu trnh ln men chnh. Trong , c nhng bin i rt quan trng nh hng n nhng bin i bia thnh phm. l s chn ca bia non km theo s iu chnh cc tnh cht cm quan ca bia thnh phm nh: trong, bn, c trng keo, mu sc v hng v bia. Diacetyl: Trong giai on ny, nm men s dng Diacetyl lm c cht v chuyn ho cht ny thnh aceton v 2,3-butadiol trong iu kin k kh. Qu trnh phn hu Diacetyl ph thuc vo nhit , nhit cng lnh th cng chm. Thng thng, gii hn cho php ca diacetyl l 0,2mg/l th mi c gi l chn. Acetaldehyde: V qu trnh ln men ph hm lng Acetaldehyde tip tc gim xung do hot ng trao i cht ca nm men. Cc axt bo d bay hi: S tng hp cc axit bo mt ngn (t C 4C10) s b nh ch trong giai on u ca qu trnh ln mn ph. Sau , nm men s kt ni cc axit bo mt ngn thnh triglycide d tr trong t bo. Tuy nhin, nu qu trnh ln men ph ko di th hm lng acid bo trong dch ln men s tng do qu trnh thu phn glycide. S c mt cc acid bo ny nh hng n mi v ca bia thnh phm. * Nhng bin i ha l:

81

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

+ S bo ho CO2 trong bia:

S bo ho CO2 ph thuc vo nhit , p sut v thi gian ln men ph. Trong giai on ny, qu trnh ln men ethanol vn tip tc din ra km theo s gii phng CO 2 vo trong dch ln men. Tuy nhin, ch c 15% lng CO2 to thnh c hp th trong bia, tn ti dng ho tan hoc lin kt vi cc thnh phn khc ca dng ln men. Trong qu trnh ln men ph c nhng hp cht khng bn nh este ca acid cacbonic, chnh nhng cht ny lm cho CO2 tht thot nhanh mi khi thay i p sut t ngt trong tank ln men. Acid cacbonic c th lin kt vi glycerin v glycol to nn cc este v cn c th kt hp vi cc acid lactic, aceton, 2,3-butylenglycal. Nh vy, trong bia xut hin nhiu dng lin kt ha hc v ho l khc nhau ca CO2. Do , CO2 sinh ra khng ch tn ti dng kh, dng ho tan m cn tn ti dng lin kt, ba dng ny c mi quan h qua li vi nhau. Trong qu trnh ny, ta np thm CO2 vo tank ln men ph t p sut P=0,81,13atm nhm ngn cn s xm nhp ca vi sinh vt li v tng kh nng ho tan ca CO2 trong bia.

+ S t trong ca bia:

Bia sau khi ln men chnh cha mt lng ng k t bo nm men v cc ht cn mn, cc ht ny bao gm -glucan, -glucan, pentosan, xc vi sinh vt v cc mui oxalate calcium. Trong qu trnh ln men ph, di tc dng ca nhit thp (240C) v p sut P=0,81,13atm, cc ht ny c xu hng kt hp li vi nhau thnh nhng ht ln v lng xung y bn ln men. iu kin ny, qa trnh ng t nha houblon, ng t cc hp cht tanin-protein cng din ra. T bo nm men cng chu nh hng ca nhit thp, p sut cao cng t t lng xung y thng.

82

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

* iu kin ln men. Qu trnh ln men ph c thc hin trong cc tank ln men chnh v c n nh nhit -0.50C. Trong tank ln men c t ng dn CO2, ng h o p lc, van an ton, ng ng nhp v tho liu. Phn xng 2 c khong 26 tank, lm bng thp, c th tch 60008000 lt Nhit ln men l -0.50C vi p sut P=1atm. Thi gian ln men: tu thuc vo tng loi bia, ma sn xut m c thi gian ln men khc nhau. Vi bai en ho hng th thi gian ln men ph di hn, n nh cht lng sn phm, cn bia vng th ch ln men ph 2.5 ngy v n nh sn phm. Hay ma h th nhu cu bia cao, thi gian ln men ph v n nh bia ch khong 34 ngy, cn ma ng th thi gian ln men ph c th ti 2 thng. 2.2.3 Lc trong v n nh sn phm.

Hnh 22: S khung bn h thng lc trong bia.

83

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

Hnh 23: H thng lc trong bia nh my bia NaDa. H thng lc trong bia s dng mng lc mm vi cc loi bt tr lc s dng trong cng ngh lc vi sinh, l cc loi t bt tr lc c nhp khu nguyn dng bao gi. Cng sut lc 1530 nghn lt/h, m bo tc lc nhanh chng cho sn phm bia non sau khi ln men. H thng lc ny m bo lc trong cc thnh phn tp cht gy vn c trong bia nh xc men, tp cht khc, Bia sau khi lc c a chuyn trc tip vo tank n nh sn phm n nh cht lng bia. Bia c n nh trong hai tank ln dng bnh cha, y cc ch s v cn, nng CO2, nng O2, v cc ch s khc. Sau khi bia n nh trong 12 ngy th chuyn sang phn xng chit chai. 3. Chit chai. 3.1 Chun b chai chit. Chai mi hoc chai thu hi c ngm trong nc m 400C, sau vt ra ra bng dung dch xt nng 2-5%. Trng li bng nc m v st trng bng hi nc nng hoc dung dch Clo. Trng ln cui bng nc thng, thi kh v a v nhit thng. Kim tra bng mt thng hoc n hunh quang, nu chai b bn hay st n, phi loi b. Tc ra ti a l 20.000chai/ h.
84

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

3.2 Chit chai, ng np. Trc khi vn hnh phi kim tra cc thng s k thut, m bo an ton khi chit. Chit trn my t ng cng sut ti a 10.000 chai/h. Np chai trc khi ng np phi c v sinh sch s. My ng np chai phi c gn lin hon vi my chit, cng mt h dn ng v iu chnh, nhm rt ngn thi gian bia tip xc khng kh, nhim vi sinh vt v trnh tht thot CO2. Thi gian tnh t khi chit bia n khi ng np l <5 giy.

85

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

Pullet chai thu hi Chuyn kt ln bng ti Gp chai NaOH 22.5% Np Ra np Kt Ra chai Kim tra chai Chit chai v ng np Kim tra dung tch bia Thanh trng Dn nhn Kim tra nhn Cht kt Xp vo pallet Ra kt

Kho thnh phm

S 4: S quy trnh chit chai

86

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

3.3 Thanh trng bia. Mc ch ca qu trnh ny l lm tm ngng hot ng ca nm men, tiu dit cc vi sinh vt l cn st li, m bo cho bia khng b bin i nhiu trong iu kin thng. Qu trnh thanh trng bia chai c thc hin bng phng php thanh trng Pasteur. Thit b thanh trng l hm thanh trng gm nhiu khoang, tng ng vi cc giai on nng nhit, gi nhit, h nhit. Tc nhn trao i nhit l nc nng do tnh ti u. 3.4 Kim tra, dn nhn v hon tt sn phm. Bia ra khi my thanh trng c kim tra cc ch tiu v y, sch cng nh kn ca chai. Cc chai khng m bo k thut nh: V bn, bia c, bt np, u phi loi b. Chai bia c thi kh trc khi i qua my dn nhn cng sut 500 chai/h, v dn phoi nhm ln c chai. Nhn tun theo cc qui nh chung v bao b. Sau khi dn nhn chai c bng ti chuyn qua my bn ch v b phn xp kt. 4. Ch tiu cht lng sn phm bia NaDa. 4.1 Mc tiu cht lng ca nh my bia NaDa nm 2009. - u t chiu su, n nh v nng cao cht lng p ng nhu cu khch hng c v s lng v cht lng. - Nng cao sn lng tiu th cng nh sn xut t 28 triu lt nm 2008 ln d kin l 30 triu lt nm 2009 ny. - Trin khai p dng h thng qun l cht lng ISO 9001-2000 i vi nh my ung NaDa - n nh sn phm bia chit chai thy tinh trn dy chuyn hin i hn. 4.2 Ch tiu sn phm bia NaDa: - Hm lng cht ha tan ban u:

87

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

+ Ankol: 3.85% Vol + VDK: 0.15 mg/l - Mu sc: 4.5 EB - Hm lng CO2: + Bia hi: 4.2g/l + Bia chai: 5g/l - Hm lng O2: < 0.2g/l. - axit: 1.3 1.6 - pH = 4 0.2 III NC, V SINH SN XUT V V SINH MI TRNG. 1. Nc. Nh my bia NaDa s dng trc tip ngun nc nm trong h thng nc sch thnh ph Nam nh, qua h thng x l nc ring ca nh my s cho ra ngun nc s dng trong sn xut theo cc tiu chun an ton v tiu chun nc s dng trong sn xut bia c cp phn tng quan. Gii thiu h thng x l nc ca nh my bia NaDa:

Bnh cha nc x l

iu chnh pH

Kim

M m ha n c

Carbon hot tnh

Nc

S 5: Quy trnh x l nc nh my bia NaDa

88

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

H thng x l nc ny lm mm nc theo tiu chun cht lng nc trong sn xut cng nh nc s dng trong tt c cc cng on ca quy trnh sn xut.

Hnh 24: H thng x l nc sch ca nh my. Nc sau khi c x l s i qua h thng gia nhit, nhm nng cng nh h nhit ca nc theo yu cu ca tng cng on ca qu trnh sn xut, cui cng c a v hai tank ln cha nc, 1 tank nc nng v 1 tank nc lnh, t y nc s c s dng trong tt c cc cng on sn xut khc trong qu trnh sn xut. 2. V sinh sn xut. 2.1 V sinh thit b. Sau khi hot ng, mi thit b u c v sinh bng h thng cap CIP v sinh, cn cc ng ng th c thanh trng bng my thanh trng lm lnh nhanh.

89

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

Sau 60 m bia, tin hnh v sinh ton b thit b bng xt v hp cht tr v sinh. Ring vi tank ln men l thit b yu cu v v sinh cao hn th s dng: Cht ty ra: trimetal HC 2%V Cht dit khun: oxonia 0.5%V Hai cht ny c ha tan trc tip vo mt h thng cha nc ra chuyn dng v c bm vo nhng tank ln men cn v sinh v cc thit b c bit cn v sinh sch. Tin hnh v sinh tank:

Tng nhit cho tank ln men, thu ht Co2 trong tank ra ngoi, kim tra ha cht trong thng CIP lnh. Lp ng ng theo yu cu v sinh.

Qu trnh v sinh: + V sinh nc ln 1: M van CIP lnh v hi CIP lnh trn bng dng, m van cp v hi tank cn v sinh, m van ht khoang cha nc cu thng CIP lnh, ng ht cc van hi v thng CIP, m van x ra cng.

Bt bm cp CIP, khi c nc trong khoang bm hi th bt bm hi CIP, thi gian u x ra cng sau cho hi v khoang nc chy tun hon, cui cng dng nc sch trng li.

+ V sinh trimetal:

M van ht khoang Tri, bt bm CIP lnh, bt bm hi CIP khi c dch khoang bm, kim tra cui ng hi nu thy xut hin Tri th ng van x ra cng ng thi m van hi v khoang cha Tri.

Thi gian v sinh theo yu cu cng ngh.

90

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

Kt thc tt bm CIP, ng van ht khoang Tri, kim tra hi ht th tt bm hi CIP.

+ V sinh nc ln 2: Mc ch ln ny l trng ra sch trimetal trc khi chuyn sang v sinh oxonia, thao tc nh v sinh nc ln 1, ch ban u phi dng nc ui ht trimetal tit kim ha cht. + V sinh oxonia: thao tc tng t nh v sinh bng trimetal, ch v sinh ha cht khoang no th m van ht vo van hi khoang . Ch : vi tank chun b n dch phi x ha cht trc khi n dch, i vi tank cha bia sng phi dng p sut x sch, ht ht mi mi chuyn bia sng vo. 2.2 V sinh chung. Vn v sinh sn xut lun c nh my ch v theo di thng xuyn. Tt c h thng sn nh, v tank, cc thng ng c s dng vo sn xut u c s dng nc nng sch phun ra m bo khng tn ti cc vt cht gy mt v sinh sn xut cho qu trnh sn xut cng nh vi mi trng sn xut ca ngi lao ng trong cng ty. 3. V sinh mi trng. Vn v sinh mi trng c cp y ch yu l vn x l nc thi ca nh my hu sn xut. Cng ngh x l nc thi ca nh my bia NaDa l phng php x l sinh hc. y l phng php kh hin i nc ta hin nay. Phng php sinh hc hin nay l phng php ph bin t rn th gi i , kinh t nht x l nc thi cha cht hu c. Phng php ny da t rn c s s dng cc hot ng sng ca vi sinh vt phn hu cht hu c. Tu theo phng thc h hp ca vi sinh vt m ngi ta phn bit bao gm 2 phng php:

91

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

Phng php hiu kh: Vi sinh vt hiu kh s dng

oxy phn hu cc hp cht hu c v mt s cht v c, trong sut qu trnh phi cp xy.

Phng php ym kh:

Vi sinh vt ym kh tu tin phn gii ym kh cc hp cht hu c. Phng php ny s dng ch yu trong x l nc thi c hm l ng cc hp cht hu c cao. C th s dng x l bung cn, b thi rn, nh h thng lc ym kh, h ym kh, hm biogas.

Trong x l nc thi cng nghip ni chung v x l nc thi nh my bia ni ring, phng php hiu kh c s dng rng r i hn c. c bit cc qu trnh ca phng php hiu kh xy ra iu kin nhn to ng c dng nhiu hn trong vic x l nc thi ca nh my bia. Cc cng trnh x l nhn to bao gm: + H thng oxy ho nh bn hot tnh (b aroten). + H thng lc sinh hc (b lc, . . . ) . Mi ngy nh my bia thi ra mt l ng l n nc thi v i nng cht hu c rt cao nu khng qua x l s gy nh hng nghim trng n mi tr ng. ng thi vo ma m nu khng gii quyt tt khu thot nc c th a gy ngp ng, mt v sinh trong sn xut. Chnh v vy nh my u t xy dng mt h thng x l nc thi v i s h tr ca tr ng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni v tr ng i hc Xy dng H Ni. H thng x l nc thi ca nh my hot ng qua qu trnh xy ho nh bn hot tnh (b aroten) x l nc thi. B c u im l rt hiu qu, n c th

92

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

cho php iu chnh nc ra v i bt k nng cht bn hu c no m ta mong mun.


N guyn l l m vi ca b ar ot en: c

y l h thng x l sinh hc bng bn hot tnh v cp kh cng bc. N c cu to nh sau: B hnh khi ch nht. N c thi ca nh my c thi vo b ho trn v i bn hot tnh tun hon cung cp xy cho vi sinh vt (bn hot tnh), khuy trn ngi ta dng khng kh nn. Khng kh nn dn c vo u b v ra cui b (hot ng theo nguyn tc y). Thi gian nc thi l u l i trong b thng t 2 n 12 gi. Cc cht bn trong nc thi ca nh my hp c th ln bn hot tnh. Cng qu trnh hp th rt mnh, nht l nhng pht u sau khi nc thi tip xc v i bn. Nhng cht hu c dng tan chuyn vo c trong t bo vi khun nh men, cc cht bn c phn gii v ti to cht mi ca t bo. Nhng cht hu c c kch thc phn t l n s nh tc dng ca Enzym ngoi bo v phn nh hn d dng x nhp c m vo t bo. Cc cht l lng khng tan trong nc cng hp th ln b m t bo (bn hot tnh) v vi t c khun ng ho. Sau khi ra khi b aroten, hn hp nc v bn c qua b lng I I , bn hot tnh ng t l i v lng xung. N thi khi t cc ch tiu k thut, sau khi c kh tr ng s x ra trc tip ngun nc thi c c thnh ph Nam nh. Phn l n bn hot tnh lng xung tun hon l i b aroten, mt phn bn hot tnh d c l i tip tc e i x l. Khi cho bn tun hon c m tr v th phi gi nng bn trong b aroten mc
93

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

n nh, ch x i l ng bn d (t ng ng v i l ng tng sinh khi) . Bn hot tnh lng xung b lng I I cn cha kh nhiu cht cha chuyn ho. Trc khi tun hon v b c aroten ta cho ti sinh. Ti sinh bn hot tnh bao gm phi lm thong (sc kh vo bn m khng cho thm cht bn vo na). khi cc cht hu c hp ph v hp ph cha kp chuyn ho tr c th lc ny s b xy y ho, vic lm ny s trnh hin t ng ym kh trong c b. Do vy, ngay c khi nc thi cha cc cht d b xy ho, ta cng thc hin cng vic ti sinh bn hot tnh.
Chn b n ho t t nh:

Bn hot tnh l cc qun th vi sinh vt bao gm: Vi khun, nm, protozoa, giun, di, b. Bn c dng bng, mu nu xm, ngun dinh dng cho cc sinh vt, vi sinh vt l nhng cht bn hu c c trong nc thi ca nh my. Mi lo i sinh vt c cc chc nng khc nhau nh: + Vi khun: m bo vic phn hu cc hp cht hu c l thnh phn cu to ch yu ca bn hot tnh. + Nm: To cc hnh s i ch, ngn cn vic to bng Nc Khng v lm bn kh lng. + Protozoa: ng vai tr n nh vic phn hu cht hu c.
S cng ngh b aroten: Blng BAroten Blng1 2 Nc thi thi kh

Bnhottnhtun hon
94

Nc

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

Hot ng. Nc thi c tch t ging tch nc c pha chn sau song chn rc v qua v lng ct, b iu ha. Rc v b bai c vt thng xuyn v chuyn v khu cha cht thi rn. Trong b iu ha c lp cc h thng sc kh, cn bng nng v cung cp s b oxy cho qu trnh x l. Cc my bm chm bn nc thi v b aroten, cu to bng thp. Bm hot ng n nh do b iu ha c c tnh ton cho thi gian cha nc 3 gi. B aroten hot ng theo nguyn l o trn nc c x l bng cc vi sinh vt c trong bn hot tnh. Liu lng bn hot tnh l 4.5g/l. Cc loi vi khun hiu kh tch t vi nhau thnh cc bng bn hot tnh s hp th cc cht hu c. Kh nn c cp t my thi kh cung cp cho qu trnh oxy ha cc cht hu c trong b. m bo cung cp oxy cho nc thi cng nh khng ph v cu trc bn hot tnh, kh nn c phn phi bng cc a, mng cao su xp c tnh n hi. Cng thi kh l 10m3/m2 gi. Nng oxy yu cu trong b cha trn 4mg/l. Sau qua trnh x l nng oxy ha tan trn 2mg/l. Nh qu trnh hp th v Oxy ha cc cht hu c ca bn hot tnh BOD5 ca nc thi s gim t 750mg/l xung cn 50mg/l. Hn hp nc thi v bn hot tnh t b aroten sang b lng t 2. B lng ny c hiu qu tnh bn cn cao do gi c ch chy tng trong b.

95

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

Sau khi lng, nc thi t tiu chun quy nh c x ra ngoi. Vng bt hnh thnh trong b lng t 2 theo ng thu cht ni b tr phi cui b, pha trn b mt v b bn. Bn hot tnh tun hon c bm thung xuyn v b aroten v b iu ha bn hot tnh d c x xung b bn. Nc bn trn t b bn c a v b iu ha x l li. Sau thi gian ln men 6 thng, bn cn chn c ht ra lm phn bn. iu kin hot ng ca cng trnh x l nc thi c theo di, kim tra bng cc thit b o pH v oxy ha tan. Trm x l nc thi ca nh my bia NaDa a ra cc ch s k thut sau:

Cng sut: 800m3/ngy. Lu lng nc thi ln nht 60m3/h. Lu lng nc thi trung bnh: 40m3/h. Lng ti BOD5: 600kg/ngy. Thi gian iu ha lu lng v nng nc thi: 4gi.

Thi gian thi kh: 2.3 gi. Liu lng bn hot tnh trong b aroten: 4.5g/l. Thi gian lng t 2: 1.5 gi.

St t 1

Ch t iu pH
96

N tr c x c l 69

N sau x c l 69

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

2 3 4 5 6 7

Hm l ng cn l lng
5 BOD, mg/l

150300 700800 850950 25 7 < 10.000

100 50 100 20 6 < 10.000

COD,mg/l Tng Nit Tng Phospho Coli form,MPN/100ml

Bng 8: Cc ch tiu v nc thi nh my bia NaDa.

KT LUN
nhn nhn v nh gi chi tit mt quy trnh cng on sn xut bia t khu nguyn liu n khu thnh phm v cc vn lin quan n sn xut ca mt nh my bia qu tht khng qu d v cn mt khong thi gian tng i ln. Nhn nhn v nh gi ch di gc l mt sinh vin khi ngnh sinh
97

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

hc nhng cng thy c rng vic ng dng khoa hc vo sn xut l mt vn khng qu d, c bit vi nhng i tng v vi sinh vt. y, em ch gii thiu qua trong phn tm hiu ca mnh v mt quy trnh cng ngh sn xut nh trn n v phn xng sn xut, cha tm hiu v tip cn c nhiu hn na v gc cao hn trong cng ngh v vn thi gian cng nh yu cu tm hiu. Tuy nhin, cng phn no gii thiu c c bn mt quy trnh cng ngh trn thc t sn xut ca mt nh my sn xut trn dy truyn, trang thit b hin i c t vn gip trc tip t t nc an Mch, cng c xem l qu hng ca nn sn xut bia. Di gc l mt nh ng dng cng ngh vo sn xut nh my bia NaDa ca cng ty bia c phn bia NaDa phn no th hin mt phn ng dng quan trng ca cng ngh sinh hc, cng ngh thc phm, cng nh cc khi ngnh cng ngh k thut khc nh nhit lnh, in - in t, c t ng ha, t thy c, khoa hc ngy nay lun lun sinh ra phc v thit thc cho i sng con ngi. T cng ni ln mi quan h mt thit gia cc ngnh khoa hc vi nhau trong qu trnh ng dng cng nh phn no khng nh mi lin h ca chng trong qu trnh pht trin. Trong qu trnh vn hnh sn xut ca mnh, nh my cng li nhiu vn cn cn phi khc phc v sa cha nh vn trang thit b sn xut cha thc s l t ng ha m cn cn n s gip rt nhiu ca cng nhn. Cc khu dn chuyn cha c t ng ha d dn n nhim khun Hay vn v la chn nguyn liu cho sn xut, vn kim sot cht ch cc khu nu nguyn liu, ln men, Cc vn v cht lng, v sinh mi trng, cng nh an ton lao ng. Cng ty trong thi gian ti cng c nhiu k hoch d nh m bo nng cao sn xut, tng sn lng cng nh cht lng bia lun gi vng cng nh pht trin thng hiu rng khp ra c nc trc nhng li th c bn ca mnh. Trong thi gian thc tp, c s gip nhit tnh ca ban lnh o cng ty, cc phng chc nng nh phng cng ngh KCS, ban qun l phn xng, cc anh ch cng nhn ti 2 phn xng: phn xng sn xut s 2 v phn xng chit chai, i vi em, em c iu kin tt nht tham gia tm hiu cng nh hc hi thm c rt nhiu trong thi gian thc t ti cng ty.

98

Bo co thc tp gio trnh 2

Tng Ch Cng CNSHK51

Qua y em cng xin gi li chn thnh cm n ti ban lnh o cng ty c phn bia NaDa, cc cng nhn vin cng ty gip em hon thnh tt kha thc t ca mnh ti n v ph trch. Cng gi li cm n n cc thy c gip em hon thnh bi bo co ca mnh mt cch trn vn. Tuy nhin, do cn mt s hn ch nn bi bo co trnh khi c sai st. V vy, knh mong s ng gp kin v ch o ca cc thy, c gio v cc bn bo co ca ti c hon thin hn. Xin chn thnh cm n!

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