Chng 3: Nc thi trong lc ho du. G i i 1.1. 1.2.

t h i u c h u n g

Nc thi: nguyn nhn ch yu gy nhim mi trng Nc l ngun ti nguyn qu gi khng th thiu i vi conngi cng nh s pht trin ca x hi loi ngi. Nhu cu v nc sch ngy cng tng theo nhp pht trin th pht trin cng nghip v pht trin x hi. Ngoi ra, nhu cu v nc tiv nui trng thc vt, ng vt ngy cng nhiu. Cht lng nc cho mi i tng rt khc nhau, nhng c mt iu c bn l con ngi, cy trng, vt nui tiu th nc cn c pht trin bnh thng, khng b nhim c trc mt cng nh ludi. iu t ra mt vn l cn bo v ngun nc cng nh mi trng xung quanh ta m bo cuc sng lu bn ca loingi trn tri t. thc hin c iu ny, chng ta cn bit v nhim ngunnc, tc nhn gy nhim cng nh cc bin php khc phc. Nh chng ta bit, nhim ngun nc do nc thi t khu vcdn c, t cc nh my cng nghip, thng nghip v dch v, tkhu vui chi gii tr, trng hc, bnh vin do nc chy trntrn mt t v nc ti tiu thu li ko theo cc cht mu cat, thc tr su, phn bn vo cc ngun nc ao h, sngngi, bin v k c nc ngm. Trong c th coi nc thi lngun nhim chnh. Chng ta cn thng nht v khi nim nhim ni chung l: trong mi trng b nhim, khi hm lnghoc nng cc tc nhn trong o t n mc c nh hngxu n i sng con ngi, sinh vt sng trong hoc s dngn.Do nhn thc nh vy nn hu ht cc quc gia u c nhngchnh sch bo v ngun nc c lut bo v nguyn nc hay lutkim sot nhim ngun nc. Chnh cc tiu chun cht lngnc l s nh lng ca lut ny.Tiu chun cht lng nc l gii hn hoc nng ti a cc tcnhn gy nhim c cho php vi tng i tng c th vtrong t vng lnh th c th, nhng cng c cc tiu chun c bnchung. Mt khi nng hoc gii hn cc tc nhn gy nhim

vt qu tiu chun, mi trng nc ti c th xem l b nhim mc d cha c bng chng v tc hi nhim c th.Hu ht cc trng hp gy nhim ngun nc u do hot ngca con ngi. Cc ngun gy nhim ngun nc ch yu lnc cng nghip, nc thi sinh hot. I.2. Nc thi cng nghip Nhiu ngnh cng nghip tiu th v thi ra mt lng nc khngl, nh cc nh my luyn kim, ho cht, lc ho du, dt nhum,ch bin thc ph. Nc qua s dng trong cc qu trnh snxut, nc lm mt thit b v sn phm, nc lm v sinh nhxng, my mc v thit b, nc sinh hotu c coi l ncthi. Thnh phn v tnh cht ca nc thi rt a dng, ph thcvo tng qu trnh sn xut, vo trnh v bn thn dy chuyncng ngh.Trong cc x nghip cng nghip cn c loi nc thi quy c lsch. l nc lm ngui thit b, nht l cc nh my in.Tuy khng bn nng sau kh dfng n c th c nhit cao, kotho g st cc thit b trao i nhit, ng ng hoc do ngunhin b s c lm cho nc b nhim bn. Nc thi loi ny lmcho ngun nc tng nhit d, ngho oxi ho tan,.. c th lm chtcc sinh vt nc hay c cc tc ng xu khc nn chng cngcn x l khi cn thit.Lng nc thi ca cc nh my cng nghip nng thng t 9-14m 3 /ha/ngy ca cc nh my cng nghip nh t 14-28m 3 /ha/ngy. C th tnh theo s lng nc cp u vo; khong95% nc qua s dng trong cc nh my, phn xng v qutrnh cng ngh l nc thi(ngoi l cc nh my bia, nc giikht, nc khong).Phn loi nc thi cng nghip: Nc thi cng nghip c thchia thnh hai loi. y chnh l nc thi ra ca cc mc ch sdng khc nhau trnh by trong phn trc.+ Nc thi khng tip xc trc tip: bao gm Nc lm nguyn liu ni hi Nc lm mt, nc gia nhit, nc ngng t lm mt(traoi nhit gin tip) Nc thi tip xc trc tip: bao gm Nc dng vn chuyn cc sn phm, vt liu hay hocht Nc lm sch v sc ra thit b, sn phm, sn Nc ho tan, nc pha long(lm long) Nc lm mt hay gia nhit tip xc trc tip(trao i nhittrc tip)

Nc tho bnh I.3. Nc lm nhim mi trng Trong nc thi ni chung cha nhiu cht bn, c hi v ccvi sinh vt. Nc thi khng c x l thch ng nu cho chyvo a h, m ph, sng ngi, bin.. s lm cho mi trngnc ca c khu vc ny b nhim, gy hu qu xu i vingun nc. Nc thi cha x l c mt s nh hng ti ngun nc nhsau: + Lm thay i tnh cht ho l, trong, mu, mi, v/ pH,hng lng cc cht hu c, v c, cc kim loi nng c ctnh, cht ni, cht lng cn.. + Lm gim oxi ho tan do tiu hao trong qu trnh oxi ho cccht hu c. + Lm thay i h sinh vt nc, k c vi sinh vt, xut hin ccvi sinh vt gy bnh lm cht cc sinh vt trong ncKt qu l ngun nc c th khng s dng c.Cc cht bn, c hi trong nc thi cng nghip thwongf ctnh c hi i vi thu sinh. Nng cc cht hu c trongnc thi qu cao s sinh ra iu kin k kh. Cc cht dinhdng trong mi trng tng cao s dn n hin tng phttrin to. Cc cht c hi c trong nc thi l nh hng xun trao i cht hoc sinh trng. Kt qu l s lng c th vs loi thu sinh b gim dn. Nc thi chy vo cc ngun nc lm nhim cc ngunnc . Ngi ta chia cc ngun nhim nc + nc bn nh hoc hi bn : Hm lng cc cht hu cp thpc ion amon v clorua. Ncc bn va( bn trung bnh) : Nc b thay i cc tnhcht t nhin do nc thi chy vo + Nc bn vaaf rt bn : Nc hon ton mt tnh cht t nhindo nc thi chy vo qu nhiu1.4-Thnh phn nc thi- Tc nhn gy nhimTrong nc thi c th cha nhiu thnh phn khc nhau vchng l tc nhn gy ra nhim. C th chia chngg thnh ccloi sau: +Cc cht hu c(bn v d b phn hu ) +Cc cht rn +Cc kim loi nng + Cc cht v c + Du m + Cc cht phng x +Cc cht c mi

+Cc vi sinh vt ACc chthu c :Cc cht hu c nhim vo nc c cha thnh hai loi theokh nng b phn hu sinh hc+Cc cht hy c d b phn hu : nh hydrocacbon , cht bo , mt s cht c ngun gc thc vt,. . . Cc cht ny tiu thoxi ho tan trong nc , lm gim lng oxi ho tan trong nc+Cc cht hu c kh b phn hu: nh cc hydrocaccbon vng thm , cc hp cht a vng ngng t , cc clorua hu c ,ccc polime, Cc cht ny kh b phn hu do tc nhn sinh hc bnh thng nn c th tn ti lu di , gy c hi c mi trngv ccon ngiCc cht hu c c th chim 55% tng s cht rn ,75%tronghuyn ph v khong 45% trong cc cht rn ho tanMt s hp cht hu c c c tnh cao nh phenol v cc hpcht ph nol, cc cht bo v thc vt v mt s cht c ngun gcthc vt .b-Cc cht v c.Trong nc thi c th cha nhiu cht v c khc nhau vchng thng tn ti dng ion . Mt s ion c trng thng gp trong nc thi l amon(NH4+)hay amoniac(NH3),ntat(NO3nhhng n mu hay thiu mu),photphat(PO4gy c hi ),sunpht(SO4gy g ng ng, n mn b tng ,st ho,),clorua(Cl,to v cn,)c-Cc kim loi nngTrong nc thi gy nhim nc cn c ch trng n ccion lim loi nng v chng thng c. Cc lim loi nng thng lch (Pb nh hng n mu, no ,c th gy cht ngi ,),thungn ( Hg c hi ,), asen(,cc c,gy cht ngi , t bin ,ung th ,) d- Cc cht rn:Cc cht rn c th l cht hu c, cht v c hay cc sinh vt. Chng c th tn ti dng keo hay huyn phe- Cc cht mu :Mu nc thi thng do mu ca ccc tc nhn gy nhimnh mu nu en do cc cht hu c, mu vng do st hocmangan ,g-Cc cht mi:do cht hu c b phn hu hay do cc ho cht , du m ,h-Sinh vt:C nhiu loi vi sinh vt ,vi rt,to ,ru,1.5-Cc thn quan trng ca nc thi v nh gi cht lngcht thiKhi cp nc ,cc ch tiu quan trng cn xem xt l pH, trng,hm lng st, cng ,hm lng mangan,ch s cli. vinc thi cn quan tm n mt s thng s nh sau:+ Hm lng cht rn:-Tng lng cht rn ho tan(c mu nc cn thnh cn ri sy 105 C)- Cht rn qua lc du v khng qua lc du (lc mu bng mulc tiu chun,sy kh 105 C)+ Mu sc v mi+ Cc thng s nh gi cc cht hu c trong nc thi: Nhu cu o xi ho cc hp cht hu c c trong nc thi (mg02/l) cht o xi ho mnh thng dng xc nh COD l bcomat kali(k2br2o7) -

Nhu cu o xi sinh hc (BOD)+ Xc nh tnh c hi ca nc thi:-Xc nh 1 s cht hu c c c tnh nh phenol,thuc bo vthc vt,..- Xc nh mt s cht hu c c c tnh nh thu ngn,ch,asen,..+ Xc nh mt s in v c c trong nc thi nh NH4,NO3,PO3,SO4,Cl+Xc nh vi sinh vt gy bnh.1.6 Qun l cht lng cht thiTrong qsun l mi trng nc, ngi ta thng dng cch thng tiu chun cht lng nc nh:+ Tiu chun nc cho cc mc ch khc nhau+ Tiu chun dng nc thi+ Tiu chun dng sng (dng cha nc thi) qin l cht lng nc thi thng dng tiu chundng ncc thi . Vi nc thi cng nghip gi tr cc thngs v nng cc cht nhim theo TCVN 5945 1995.Cng c th tham kho cc h thng tiu chun cht lngnc thi khc nh tiu chun ca M,Anh , c,Nht, n ,..hay tiu chun quc t.Bng 3.1 : Gi tr gii hn ccc thng s v nng cht nhim trong nc thi cng nghip theo TCVN 59451995T T T h n g s n v 1234567

89101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233Ghi ch :KPH:Khng pht hin c Nc thi cng nghip c gi tr cc thng s v nng cc cht:<=gi tr ct A:c th thi vo nc c dng lm ngun cungcp nc snh hot<=gi tr ct B: ch c thi vo nc dng cho giao thngthu ,ti tiu,bi li,thu sn,trng trt.

Ct B<=X<=ct C:Thi vo ni quy nh :>ct C:Khng c php thi vo ni quy nh1.7-Cc gii php cng ngh x l nc thi (cc phng phpx l nc thi)Chng ta bit rng, c nhiu loi nc thi vthnh phn ca chng cng rt khc nhau . Cc th v cckhu ciing nghip hng ngy thu ra mt lng nc thi kh ln Nu cho nc thi chy ra ngoi khng qua x l s gy nhimmi trng , nh hng n cy trng nhim ngun nc ,

nhhng n con ngi v ng vt Trc y ,qu trnh th ho v cng nghip ho cha pht trin th vn x l ncc thi cn n gin . n nay ,ti cc nc pht trin cng nh cc nc ang pht trin vn ny tr thnh vn cp bch v khng th khng t ratrong quy hoch pht trin.1.7.1- Phn loi qu trnh v phng php x l nc thi Nc thi thng cha rt nhiu tp cht c bn cht khc nhau .V vavy mc ch ca x l nc thi l kh cc tp cht saocho nc sau khi c x l t tiu chun cht lng mc chpnhn c theo cc ch tiu t ra . Cc tiu chun cht lng thng ph thuc vav mc ch v cch s dng : nc s tis dng hay thi thng vo cc ngun tip nhn trc . tc mc ch trn , trong cng ngh x l ncc thi s dnggnhiu phng php v qu trnh x l khc nhau. a-Cc phng php x l nc thiC nhiu phng php x l nc thi nh cc phng hp c hc, l hc, ho hc v sinh hc. Thng thng, cng ngh x lnc thi s dng kt hp nhiu phng php to thnh bin php( h thng hay qu trnh) x l nh x l c-l-ho hc; x lkt hp cc bin php sinh hc v c-l-ho hc. Bin php saucng c nhiu u vieetj v hiu qu kh cao, nc c th ti sdng cho cc mc ch khc nhau. Cc phng php x l inhhc c s dng nhiu vi hiu qu cao, c bit i vi ncthi c ca nhiu cht hu c d b phn hu nhng t hiu qui vi nc thi cng nghip c cc cht v c c hi hoc cc cht hu c bn vng v cng t hiu qu i vi mt viloi sinh vt gy bnh.+ Cc phng php x l nc thgi bng cc bin php c-l-ho hc: c 5 phng php c-l- ho hc c dng x lnc thi li: -Phng php lng v ng t(keo t): loi b cc cht rn vcc cht l lng (huyn ph). -Phng php trung ho axit hoc kim -Phng php chit tch -Phng php dit khun v phn hu cc cht c 1)Phng php lng v ng t: Dng mt s cht lm tc nhnlng v keo t nh -Phn nhm Al2(SO4)3.nH2O(m=3-18) -Sa kt hp vi phn: Na2CO3=+AL2(SO4)3 -Sunphat st(II): FeSO4.7H2O -Aluminat natri: Na2Al2O4 -Clorua v sunphat st(II): FeCl3v Fe2(SO4)3 -Nc vi : Ca(OH)2 Mt s tc dng ca cc cht trn i vi cc cht nhim nh:( Vit phong trnh vo) 2)Phng php hp ph: Dng mt s cht hp ph tch cccht nhim. Cc cht hp ph thng dng l than hottnh, than bn sy kh, t st hot tnh, diatonmit, betonitCc cht hu c, cc kim loa nng v cc cht mu d b hp

ph. Lng cht hp ph s dngt u thuc vo kh nng hp ph ca tng cht v hm long cht bn c trong ncthi. Phng php ny c tc dng tt, c th hp ph c85-95% cc cht hu c v cc cht mu. loi b kim loi nng, cc cht hu c, v c c hingi ta dng than bn hp ph v nui bo ty trn mtnc. 3)Phng php dit khun (kh trng): nc thi sau khi cx l bng cc bin php cn thit, trc khi a vo ngunnc cng nh ti s dng cn phi st khun. Cht st khun thng dng v t c hi l kh clo hay hp cht clov mt s cht oxi ho mnh khcVic clo ho nc nm dit cc vi sinh vt, to v lm gimmi ca nc. Cc hp cht clo tdng y l clo lng, cloruavi c lng clo 25-35%, cc hypoclorit NaOCl, Ca(OCl)2 vac hot tnh ca clo va c tnh oxi ho nn c th phn huc nhiu cht c hu c thnh cc cht khng hay t c+ Phng php x l nc bng bin php sinh hc: thngdng 2 nhm phon gphp l -Cc phng php hiu kh(a kh) -C phng php k kh Ngoi ra c th dng 2 phng php hp ph l phong phpthiu kh v phng php tu nghi 1)Phng php hiu kh: Dng ao h n nh nc thi, dngcc b hiu kh v k thut bn hot tnh hoc dng phng php lc v a quay sinh hc(mng sinh hc) loi bBOD, natratPhng php hiu kh da trn hot ng ca qun th visinh vt hiu kh oxi ho cc cht hu c bng oxi ho tan ctrong nc. Kt qu l cc cht nhim bn b phn hu vnc oc lm sch 2)Phng php k kh(yu kh): Phng php ny c dng loi b cc cht hu c trong phn cn lng v bn y bng cc vi sinh vt k kh v k kh tu tinC th dng ao h k kh, h thng b phn ng k kh haycc b to kh sinh hc. b-Cc qu trnh x l nwocs thi Theo cht lng nc thi t c, cc qu trnh x l ncthi c tp hp li thnh cc cng on x l: x l cp I,x l cp II v x l cp III+ X l cp I: x l cp I gm cc qu trnh x l s b vlng, bt u t song(li) chng v kt thc sau lng cp I.Cng on ny c nhim v loi b cc vt rn ni c kchthc ln v cc tp cht rn khc ra khi nc thi bov bm v ng ng. Hu ht cc cht rn l lng lng li b lng cp I. Khu vc ny thng gm cc qu trnh lc qusong(li) chng, lng, tuyn ni, tch du m v trung ho. + X l cp II: x l cp II gm cc qu trnh x l sinhhc(i khi c qu trnh x l ho hc) c tacds dng loi bhu ht cc tp cht hu c ho tan c th phn hu bng conng sinh hc, ngha l kh BOD. Cc qu trnh l:dng bn hot tnh(hot ho bn), lc sinh hc hay oxi hosinh hc trong cc b, h sinh hc

v phn hu ym kh, hiukh. Tt c cc qu tnh ny s dng kh nng ca cc visinh vt chuyn ho cc cht thi hu c v dng n nhv nng lng thp + X l cp III: x l cp III gm c qu tnh x l vi lc, ktta ho hc v ng (keo) t, hp ph bng than hoth tnh,trao i ion, thm thu ngic, in thm tch, cc qu trnhkh cc cht dinh dng, clo ho v ozon ho.Trong thc t vic la chn cc phng php lm sch ncthi tu thuc vo mc sch cn thit v hiu qu lmsch ca cc phng php, cc cng on hay qua trnh x l.C th hanm kh bng sau la chn phng php x l .Bng 3.2: Hiu qu lm sch ca c qu trnh khc nhautrong x l nc thi2. Nc thi t cng nghip lc ho du2.1. Gii thiu2.1.1. Cc vn mi trng c bn ca cng nghip du m Cng nghip du m c th phn chia thnh ba lnh vc ch yu:sn xut(tm kim, khai thc) du m, lc v ho du v tiu thsn phm. Sn xut bao gm cc qu trnh lin quan n tm kimv khai thc du, ly du t lng t, x l s b ti gin khoan vvn chuy du th n nh my lc du. Quy m ca x l s btu thuc v kiu du th v thng bao gm vic lo b kh vnc bin. Lc ho du bao gm cc qu trnh cn thit chuynho du th thnh cc snh phm c th bn v nhiu qu trnh ch bin ho hc khc tao ra nhiu sn phm c c tnh khc nhau.Tiu th lin quan n ton b cc hot ng phn phi v bn ccsn phm du m trung gian v cui cng.Tt c cc hot ng ny c nhng tc ng n mi trng.Bn vn mi trng c bn tp trung trong cng nghip du ml:+ Lu hunh tng nhin liu du+ Bc x t+ Trn du do s c khoan hay vn chuyn du+ Cc dng chy v pht x t nh my lc du, nh my ho chtv cc hot ng khc Nh vy nc thi lc ho du l mt trogn cc vn c quantm, nghin cu2.1.2. Cht thi lc du v ho duTrong hot ng lc du, cc cht nhim c th c thi vomi trng. Cc cht nhim l cc sn phm ph ca cc qutrnh lc khc nhau. Cc cht thi c bn t lc du bao gm+ Sunphua hydro(H 2 S): y l cht kh tin thana ca oxit luhunh(SO x ), chng c to ra khi x l bng hydro( nhreforming xc tc, hydrotreating v hydrcacking) v cc qu trnhcracking (nh cracking xc tc, cracking nhit hay cc ho). Mtlng khng ng k c to ra trong cc qu trnh khc (nhchng ct, sn xut atphan, sn xut du bi trn, alkyl h..) . Oxitlu hun xng oc to ra khi chy cc cht lng cha luhunh. Tng t nh vy, khi cc nhin liu cha nit hay hpcht nit c t chy s to ra oxit nit(NO x + Hi hydrocacbon: hi hydrocacbon c th bay ra t cc b cha(du th, sn phm)+ Mono oxit cacbon (CO): y l sn phm ph ca qu trnhcracking xc

tc hoc bn cnh bi xc tc cng gy nh hngn mi trng+ Cc cht to ra nhu cu oxi sinh hc(BOD) trong nc thi: cccht ny c to ra trong cc qu trnh ch bin nh cracking xctc, cracking nhit, x l cc sn phm du m bng axit sunphuric.Phn ln cc dung mi(nh phenol, phuphural) c dng trongsn xut du bi trn bng phng php chit lc cng to ra nhucu BOD.+ Nc thi t cc nh my lc du c th chga du v nhiu chtkhc hoc nc khng trung tnh (pH7)Do cc cht thi trn c nh hwongr xu n mi trng nn chngcn c x l trwocs khi thi vo mi trng. C mt s qu trnhkim sot cc cht thi t nh my lc du nh+ Loi H 2 S (phn ng to SO x khi chy): Cd kh cha H 2 S c x l bng cht lng(thng l dungdch amin) c kh nng hp th H 2 S. H 2 S sau oc thu hikhi hn hp lng. Cng c th chuyn ho n thnh lhunh ri thu hi Tch chua: cc dng nc thi t lc du cha H 2 S c tch bng hi nc loi b H 2 S+ Loi hi hydrocacbon(phn ng to khi c): Lp cc mi vm ni hoc h thng thu hi hi trn ccthng cha. Bo qun tt, trnh r r+ Loi du v cc hp cht hu c lng khng c kh nng ho tantrong nc ( t nc thi, c hi vi mi trng nc, gy bn) Dng cc thit b phn tch du nc (thit b tch API,CPI..) Du c cho ni trn b mt nc bn v wocj ht b . Sc kh: khng kh c thi qua nc bn, du ni ln bmt nh bt v c ht b

+ Loi cc h cht ho tan trong nc( ho tan trong nc thi,gy tn hi n mi trng nc, gim lng oxi ho tan, mi khchu): dng cc phng php x l sinh hc nh mng lc sinh hchay bn hot tnh.+ Loi hp cht phenol(c vi mi trng sng) Thu hi v bn cho cc nh my ho cht t b Chn trong b cha Dng cc phng php x l bng hydro loi bt nhu cutch phenolDi y l mt s thit b c dng x l cht thi lc du:+ H 2 S c x l trong cc phn xng c thit b ra kh, chuynho thnh S+ Dng cc mi che thng cha+ Loi b BOD trong cc phn xng x l cht thi c cc thit btrung ho nc, thit b tch du, thit b lc n, thit b lng, thit b ng t v thit b x l sinh hc+ Du v cc cht rn l lng c thu hi v trung ho trong cc phn xng x l nc thi n gin hn khi loi b BODTrong h du, cht thi a dng hn nhiu v tu thuc vo ccqu tnh sn xut khc nhau. Tu thuc vo tng loi cht thi mngi ta chn phng php x l thch hp. Xu hng hin nay ldng cc cng ngh tin tin, gim thiu lng cht thi cn x l.2.2. Nc thi lc ho dua- Ngun v lng nc thi Nc thi t nh my lc du l rt a dng tu thuc vo cc qutnh v cc phn xwongr ch bin c bn ca nh my.Cc ngunch y ca nc thi trong nh my lc du l+ Nc thi ni hi v nc thi t qu trnh x l, chim khong65%, trong nc chua chim khong 25%+ Nc thi t lnh vc lm mt, chim khong 20%+ Nwocs thi sinh hot v nc ma, chim khoang r15% Nh vy nc thi t ni hi v t cc qu trnh x l chim n2/3 tng lng nc thi (c th n 1000015000m 3 /ngy mhoc ln hn). Nc lm mt chim n hn 90% tng lng nc s dngtrong nh my lc du nhng ch ng gp khong 20%tng lng thi.Lu rng nc thi cha H 2 S, NH 3 v du c coi l nc chua. N c th c tch bng hi nc loi b H 2 S, NH

3 v cc khnh. Sau chng c thu hi hay t b b- Phn loi Nc thi lc du c th gm c loi sau+ Nc c to ra hay loi b trong cc phn ng+ Nc ra lm sch cc thit bi, h thng, nc tho b d tr.+ Lng ln nc chua c tch t cc qu trnh tch v nwocst ni hi thi ra+ Nc kim v amin s dng thi ra t cc thit b x l sn phm v cc phn xng x l+ Nc thi t thp lm mt thi ra+ C th l nc ma nhim gm nc tho b mt t cc phnxng x l lc du, cc phn xng ph tr v cc khu vc ngi, vn chuyn+ Cc ngun nc ma t cc khu vc khng nguy him+ Dng nc thi sinh hot.c- Cc cht nhim ch yuCc cht nhim ph bin t nc thi lc du bao gm+ Du v m + Cc hydrocacbon+ Phenol v hp cht phenol+ Cc hp cht sunphua+ Cc cht ra ho tan+ Cc cht hu c di dng COD v BODd- c tnh nc thiCc c tnh in hnh ca nc thi t nh my lc du cho trong bng sau:Bng 3: Cc c tnh in hnh ca nc thi lc duT T c t n h K h o n g g i t r e- Nc thi t mt s qu trnh x l1) Phn on du th( chng ct kh quyn, chng ct chn khng,tch chn khng..)Cht thi t qu trnh phn on du th c th t 3 ngun Th nht l t nc tho ra t cc bnh thu gom nh(bnhngng t nh trc khi tun hon(hi lu) hay chuyn cchydrocacbon ti cc thp phn on khc. Nc tch t cchydrocacbon trong cc bnh tu gom c ly ra v thixung h thng cng ranx. Nc ny l ngun ch yu cacc hp cht sunphua, c bit khi chng ct du chua (ch bin du chua): n cng cha mt phn ng k du, hpcht clua, cc mecaptan v cc hp cht phenol. Ngun thi ng k khc c thi ra t cc ng ly mu,du ny c th c tch nhng c th to nh tng trongh thng nc thi. C th coi y khng phi nc thinhng li gy nhim ngun nc. Ngun thi th ba c th l nhng nh tng du to ra trongcc bnh ngng t baromet( thit b ngng t trc tip) cdng to p sut thp trong cc thp chng ct chnkhng. Tuy nhin khi c thit b ngng t baromet oc thay bng cc thit b ngng t b mt th hi du khng tip xctrc tip vi nc na v khng to ra nh tng. Tt nhin,nu dng nc ngng t th mi to ra nc thi.2) Cracking nhit (c lin quan n cc qu trnh cc ho chm,cc ho tng si, cracking nhit, cracking gim nht:visbreaking)

Ngun thi chnh trong cracking nhit l t thit b thu gom trnnh thp phn on. , nc c tch ra khi hi hydrocabonv chy vo h thng cng rnh. Nc ny thng cha cc phnon du v c th l ngun BOD, COD, amoinac, phenol vsunphua cao. Ngun thi ny c pH kim v c th c kim cao.3) Cracking xc tc: (cracking xc tc tng si(gi si) hay m cnh)Cc phn xng cracking xc tc l mt trong nhng ngun ncchua ln nht trong nh my lc du. nhim t cracking xc tcnhn chung l do cc thit b tch hi nc v cc tht b thu g nh ca cc thp phn on c dng thu hi v tch cc phn on hydrocacbon khc nhau trong cc thit b phn ng xctc. Cc cht nhim chnh t qu trnh cracking xc tc l du,cc sunphua, hp cht phenol v amoniac. Cc cht nhim lm cho nc thi c tnh kim cao cng nh nng BOD vaCoD cao. Nng phenol v sunphua trong nc thi thay itheo loi du th x l nhng nh chung rt ng k.4) Cracking bng hydro (hydrocracking): Nhiu qu trnh lin quannh Isomax, BASF_IFP hydrocracking..)Trong cc thit b tch v phn on sn phm pha sau cc thit b phn ng hydrocracking c mt lng H 2 S ho tan trong nc. Nc thi t cc thit b tch hythps phn on c th c hmlng cc hp cht sunphua cao v c th c phenol cng nhamoniac.5) Reforming(reforming xc tc, reforing nhit..)Reforming l qu trnh tng i sch, lng nc thi l khngng k. Th tch ca dng thi l n v khng c cc dng thi cnng cc cht nhim cao. Cht thi l kim v cht nhimch yu l sunphua t thit b thu gom nh ca thp tch cdng loi b cc phn on hydrocacbon nh t thit b phnng i ra. Thit b thu gom nh cha mt lng nc do c thcha trong hi hydrocacbon. Ngoi sunphua, trong nc c thcha mt lng nh amoniac, cc mecaptan v du.6) Polime ho: (polime ho axit, polime ho nhit..) Phn ln nc thi l t qu trnh x l s b nguyen liu trc khia vo thit b phn ng. Ngi ta dng cc thp ra nc v ccthit b ra axit x l nguyn liu. Nc thi c th c hmlng sunphua, cc mecaptan v amoniac cao.7) Alkyl ho(alkyl ho bng H 2 SO 4 hay dng HF) Nc thi l mt trong 3 ngun cht thi ca qu trnh alkyl hodng axit. Nc c rt ra t cc thit b thu gom nh chahm lng du v cc sunphua khc nhau v cng c cc cht bnkhc. Nhng y khng phi l ngun chnh ca qu trnh ny.9) X l bng dung mi: (hydrotreating): ( c nhiu qu trnh khcnhau nh HDS, HDN, ..)Lng cht thi tu thuc vo qu tnh c dng v nguyn liux l bng hydro. Cc dng thi t cc thit b thu gom

nh cacc thp phn on, cc thit b tch hi nc v y cc thp tchnc chua. Cht nhim ch yu l c sunphua v amoniac. Cth c c cc hp cht phenol nu nguyn liu c khong nhit si cao.10) Loi atphal(deasphanting) Nc thi c thi ra t cc thit b ngng t nh ca cc thptch hi nc c dng tch atphan v propan. Nc chua tcc thit b ngng t c th cha mt lng nh cc sunphua, duv amoniac.11) Qu tnh lm ngot(sweeting) Nc thi ra xut pht t nc ra sch sn phm x l v tisinh dung dch x l nh dung dch plumbua natri(Na 2 PbO 2 ). Dngthi ny cha mt lng nh du v dung dch x l nh Na 2 PbO 2 hay clorua ng (CuCl 2 ) t qu trnh lm sch bng clorua ng.12) Sn xut du m Vi qu trnh x l axit, nc thi c th cha axit, hp cht luhuynh v du nh tng. Qu trnh x l bng t st cng to ramt lng nh nc thi cha du hay nh tng du. Nc thicng c th c cc dung mi mi x l. Nh vy, nc thi t mt s qu trnh sn xut v x l trong nhmy lc du c th cha du m, cc hydrocacbon, phenol v cc hp cht phenol, cc hp cht sunphua, cc cht rn ho tan v cccht hu c khc dng BOD v COD.g- nh gi nh tnh nc thi lc dunh gi nh tnh dng nc thi v c tnh ca cc qu tnh lcdu c bn c th cho trong bng 3.3..C nhiu kh khn khi xc nh lng cc cht thi khacvs nhauvi tt c cc thng s cn bit cho mi qu trnh c bn. Do vy,y ch l cc thng tin mang tnh cht nh tnh. Tuy nhin, ccthng tin ny cng c th c dng d bo nh lng cc chtthi.Lng v c tnh nc thi ca cc qu trnh khc nhau rt khcnhau. Nhn chung cc ngun ang g nc thi ch yu l nctho bnh s tr, nc loi mui v chng ct du th, cc qutnhcracking xc tc v cracking nhit, tip sau l cc qu trnh x l bng dung mi, loi sp, lm kh v lm ngt.Hai dng nc thi c ngha ln l nc chua(cha sunphua, luhun mecaptan v du) v nc kim s dng. Cc ngun ncchua c bn l phn lng ngng t t cc thp phn on khcnhau. Nc kim bt ngun t cc qu trnh fra kim(ra nguynliu, cc sn phm trung gian v cc sn phm cui cng). Ncny c trung ho bng axit, loi b sunphua cng nh lu hunhmecaptan.Bng 3.3 nh gi nh tnh dng nc thi lc du

Kiu ph bin thng dng v mc phc tp ca cc qu tnhx l nc thi lc du c xc nh c bn da vo lng chtv c tnh ca dng thi tng ch khng phi da vo h thngcc thit b hay qu trnh x l lc du. Tnh chnh xc ca cc tiuchun nhim cng cao th vic x l nc thi phi c yu cuxem xt di dng cc vn nhim c bitTrong bng trn, cc thng s c gii thch nh sau:+ Lu lng dng thi: da vo tng lng nc s dng thchng ct du th l phn xng s dng nc ln nht do th tchca cc thit b ngng t baromet v cc thit b loi mui l ln.Phn xng cracking xc tc v phn xng lm ngt, lm kh l phn xng s dng nc ln th hai. Qui m ca lng nc sdng b nh hng rt nhiu bi trnh cng ngh ca cc qutrnh c dng. Trong cc nh my mi hn, vic gim mnhlng nc s dng c th t phn xng loi sp v cracking xctc, m c bn l tng lng nc ti s dng.+ Nhit : Loi mui ca du thk, c bit qu trnh tnh ingn gp ti nhit thi ln cng nh qu trnh chng ct vcracking. Tng vic s duntgj cc thp lm mt ng vai tr quantrng trong vic gim tng ti nhit m cch ch yu l gim lngnc thi ra ch khng nht thit phi gim nhit dng thi. Tinhit dng thi c th c nh hng bt li n vic x l v thuhi nc bi v tng nhit lm gim kh nng ho tan oxi v phi s dng lng oxi ln hn. C hai vn u lm gimkh nng iu khin ti trong thi ca dng kh.+ pH: pH ch ra nng ion hydro(H + ) trong nc thi. Tuy nhin,cc gi tr cc i ta thng quan st c khng phn nh ngdung lng ca cc cht thi hay nh hng cui cng ca n lnngun nc thu hi. Phn ln nc thi lc du c tnh kim. Ccngun nc kim c bn l nc tah ta cc qu tnh cracking (ccracking xt tc v cracking nhit) v nc thi t qu trnh loi mui ca du th. Mt s qu trnh x l bng dung mi cng nggp lng cht kim ng k. Cc qu trnh x l bng hydro angngy cng tr ln quan trng cng ng gp lng nc thi csotnhkim nht nh. X l nc ni hi ca phn xng sn xutin gp phn gim lng nc thi v bn c tnh kim.Cc qu trnh alkyl ho v polime ho dng cc cng ngh x laxit v c nhng vn v axit kh nghim trng. Nhn chung, ccdng thi lc du c pH khc nhau, nhng xt v tiu chun dngthi n khng phil vn ch yu. Khi pH nm ngoi gii hnthng thng, vic phn phi hay san u nc thi kim( v thnhthong l nc thi axit) trc khi thi n xung h thng cngrnh l bin php m bo duy tr pH. Nhn chung, thtch lnca nc lm mt v nc ra s ho tan axit mnh hoc cht thikim. Nh vy, pH s l vn quan trong khi th tch nc lmmt gim xung.iu khin pH cng l vn quan trng xt v cc hot ng xl nc thi lc du. pH rt thp hoc rt cao c th gy ra hoclm xu i qu tnh nh ho du trong h thng nc thi. pH canc thi c

nh hng n cc qu trnh x l sinh hc nht l khix l sinhhc c s dng vi quy m ln hn. Do vy, n l yut quan trng nh gi hiu qu x l.+ Nhu cu oxi: s o nhu cu oxi sinh hc v ho hc l cchthng s cht lng nc rt c ngha. COD v BOD l ccthng s tiu chun c dng nh gi cc nhu cu oxi hohc v sinh hc .Phn ln nc thi lc du u c nhu cu oxi. Cc ngun c bnl cc hydrocacbon ho tan v cc hp cht sunphua. D tr duth v sn phm cng nh cc hot ng phn phi sn phm lcc ngun ng gp COD vBOD kh quan trng v phi dng rtnhiu thng v b cha v s ln tip xc n du v cc sn phml rt nhiu. Tuy nhin nc thi t c hot ng ny l khng lintc. Cc qu trnh cracking v x l dung mi l cc ngun nggp BOD ln v thng xuyn.+ Hm lng phenol v cc hp cht phenol: Cc qu trnhcracking xc tc, chng ct phn on du th v x l sn phm l cc ngun ch yu ca cc hp cht phenol. Cracking xc tc tora cc hp cht phenol bng cch phn hu cc hydrocacbon thma vng nh antraxen v phenanthren. Mt s qu tnh x l dungmi dng phenol lm dung mi v mc d n oc thu hi bngcc qu tnh thu hi nhng mt mt l khng trnh khi. Phenol vcc hp cht phenol, c bit khi clo ho, to ra vn mi v vtrong nc, ng thi chng cng c+ Hm lng sunphua: dng thi sunphua nhn chung bt ngun tloi mui du th, chng ct phn on du th v qutnhcracking. Cc hp cht sunphua tho lun y bao gm c cchp cht mecaptan. Cc hp cht sunphua gy cn tr cc hotng lc du. Chng c th c lo b bng nc kimhyr bngcc dung mi amin nh dietanolamin hoc tn ti nh nc chuangng t trong cc qutnh x l v s c x l nh nc chua.C qu trnh x l bng hydro c dng loi b cc hp chtsunphua trong nguyn liu gp phn lm gim dng thi sunphua.Tuynhin, phn ln hp cht sunphua c loa b dng H 2 Schng c thu hi hay t chy to SO 2 .+ Hm lng du: y l cht nhim ch yu ca nc thi ccnh my lc du. Khi du tn ti dng t do, n to vt du loang trn mt nc, c nhu mu sc v bao ph ln cc vt rn. Cc cht rn b ph du l vn rt phc tp v chng thng c trnglng ring trung bnh v rt kh loi b bng cc cng ngh phntch trng lc truyn thng. Du v cht rn b ph du cng lvnd nghim trng i vi mi trng nc.Loi b du bng cc thit b tch API hoc cc thit b khc l bc x l s b cn tht trc khi x l sinh hc.Du c kh nng ho tan h ch trong nc v do chng cngng gp mt lng nh vo dng BOD v COD. Tuy nhin, dum v cc sn phm du m cha nhiu hydrocacbon c kh nng nn chng c th xm nhp vo nc sn phm. Dng nc rasn phm cng ng gp nhu cu BOD v COD

.h- nh gi nh lng nc thi lc duVic nh lng cc cht thi l rt kh v cc nh my lc duthng khc nhau v quy m, trnh cng ngh, h thng x l, nguyn liu u vo, y ly v d mt nh my lc du cngsut khong 100000 thng/nag, so snh cc mc trnh cngngh, dng bao thng s BOD, phenol v sunphua so snh. Bac tnh ny, cng vi du, l c c tnh ch yu cn x l. Ngita c th cn c vo cc gi tr ny la chn cc phng phpx l thch hp. Vi cc nh my lc du khc, trc khi la chn phng php x l nc thi cng cn xc nh s b cc thng sny.Bng 3.4. Lng cht thi v th tch nc thi ca mt s qutrnh c bn.Bng 3.5. Lng cht thi v th tch nc thi tnh cho 1 on vnguyn liu. Bng 3.6. Tng lng cht thi (k c cc ngun khc) sau thit btch API.Bng 3.7. Tng lng cht thi (k c cc ngun khc) sau thit btch API tnh cho 1 thng du.Bng 3.8. Tng lng cht thi ca cc qu trnh x l. Bng 3.9. D on lng nc thi v lng cht thi tnh theo 1n v sn phm.Di y l lng cc cht nhim ch yu trong mt s dngthi lc du. 1) Nc thi loi mui( Nc thi t qu trnh loi mui)Dng thi ny trong cc nh my lc du c th chimkhong5,7% th tch du th c ch bin(t 3.2-8.7%). Nng cccht nhim ca mt s nh my lc du nh sau:+ Cc sunphua: t 0-13mg/l, trung bnh 4.3mg/l, khong0.25kg/tn du th.+ Cc phenol:10-2415 0.9+ Du : 20-51616910.0+ BOD : 68-610 256 15+ COD(4h,KmnO 4 ) 124-470 29117+ pH: 7.2-9.1 8.2 2) Nc ngng t chua t hi nc b ngng t trong chngct v cracking). Nng cc cht nhim ca mt s nhmy lc du nh sau:+ H 2 S: t 300-11000mg/l, trung bnh 4200mg/l.+ NH 3 100----7000 3100+ Cc phenol 100-1000 420+ pH 7.5-9.5 8.5 3) Nc ngng t cha phenol t cc qu trnh cracking: vimt snhm lc du, nng cc cht nhim nh sau:+ Cc sunphua: t 40-15600mg/l, trung bnh 4500mg/l+ Cc phenol: 15-1400 350+ NH 3 ; 86-6975 2000+ Du 3-100+ BOD 120-3040Ch rng, cc gi tr nng ny ch tng ng vi mt s nhmy lc du. Tuy nhin, vi cc nh my lc du ni

chung th yu l nhng thng s quan tm trong x l nc thi. Ngoi ra,ngi ta cn quan tm n lng cht rn l lng, hm lng cckim loi nng.. iS thu gom nc thi x lS ch gm mt s phn xng c bn c thi nc, cc qutrnh khc c thi nc cng c th b sung vo s ny.k- X l nc thi lc du ngay ti ngun thi.Phn tch cc cht thi lng cha ho cht v cc cht c mi ngayti ngun thi chng x l trc khi thi nc vo h thng thugom nc thi lc du c cho l bin php kinh t v hiu qunht gim thiu cc ho cht v cc cht c mi. Phn xngno l ngun gc ca cc cht thi phi c nghin cu cnhng s thay i cn thit c th trong qu trnh hot ng nhmgim cc cht thi. Trong mt s trwongf hp, nc thi t mtqu trnh x l c th c dng x l nc thi t cc ngunkhc. Cc dng thi chnh c th c x l ring bit l: cc dngcha nh tng du trong nc, nc cha lu hunh, cn bn axitv nc thi c tnh kim s dng. nh gi tng th v tnh hiu qu ca cc hot ng x l tinh my trong vic gim nhim nc thi cn c cc thng tinchi tit v cc lu lng nc thi, v nng cc cht nhim ttt c cc phn xng ch bin lc du v cc phn xng ph tr.vi cc thng tin nh vy c th xc nh c cc nh hng nhim thay th ca phn xng ny ch khng phi ca phnxng kia hoc phi ci thin hot ng chung ca ton nh myhay l cc cng vic qun l.Ci thin hot ng chung ca ton nh my v cc cng vic qunl s gim lng cht thi nhiu hn so vi ch thay i cc qutrnh sn xut. Dng cc cng ngh tin tin s gim c ng klng nc thi.Cc phng php u khin x l ti nh my quan trng bao gmcc qu trnh tch v thu hi, trung ho v oxi ho kim sdng, x l nc cng v kim sot nhit .2.2.2. Nc thi ho dua- Cc dng nc thi ch yuTrong cc nh my ho du, nc thi t cc qu trnh khc nhauc phn tch v thu hi trong cc hthng cng rnh ring bitngha l qua h thng nc thi, cc knh nc ma v cc cngnc thi sinh hot. Cc dng nc thi thng gp trongnhmho du bao gm: 1)Nc thi cha du bao gm nc thi ring bit t cc nhmy sn xut hp cht thm (thm ho AP), nh my snxut olephin(OP), etylglylcol(EG), vinylclorua(VC).. 2)Nc thi x l t cc qu trnh alkyl ho benzen cha florua 3)Nc chua s dng cha sunphua t cc nh my sn xutolephin 4)Nc thi x l t phn xng polypropylen cha bt polmev cc kim loi nng 5)Cc dng xyanua long hay c t cc nh my sn xutacrynitril, si acrylic v acrylat. 6)Nc thi x l cha vn cao su t nhm cao su polybutandien

7)Nc ma b nhim nng t cc phn xng x l, ph tr hay cc khu vc bc d. 8)Nc thi t cc thp lm mt 9)Nc thi sinh hot b- Cc c tnh c bn ca nc thi Nc thi t cc qu trnh nu trn c c tnh ring tu thuc voqu trnh v cng ngh x l. Mt s thng s c trong nc thiho du c cho trong bng sau:Bng 3.10. c tnh nc thi t nh my ho du.2.3. Cng ngh gim lng nc thi v gim nhim Nc x l v nc lm mt l cc ngun nc thi ch yu. Dovy, ngi ta tp trung nghin cu v s dng cc cng ngh lng nc thi v cc cht nhm ngy cng gim i.2.3.1. Trong lnh vc lm mtTrong lnh vc lm mt, ngi ta tm cch ci thin nc thi tcc thp lm mt. Mt s bin php thng dng la: + S dng khng kh lm mt nhiu nht c th gim ti nht ca thp lm mt. + X l s b nc b sung vo thp lm mt bng phng php mm ho bng vi lnh, in phn haymm ho bng zeolit + Lm mt nc lm mt bng khng kh vo m hay thi titlnh + Ti s dng cc dng thi lc du c x l nh l nc b sung vo thp lm mt(cng c th dng lm mt nc ra haync cu ho) + S dng cc dng thi t cc ni hi p sut thp lm nc b sung vo thp lm mt. + Ti s dng cc dng thi lc du x l dng cho lm mt 1ln 9nh lm mt cc bm, cc my nn, cc thit b ngng t bmt hay ngng t baromet(gin tip v trc tip) + S dng cc dng nc mm dng thi ca thp lm mt lthp nht + Thu gom v ti s dng cc dng nc ma cc khu vckhng c qu trnh ch bin lm mt nc b sung vo thp lmmt. + Ti s dng nc sc ra nha trao i ion ca thit b loikhong lm nc b sung + S dng bin php ozon ho x l nc lm mt nhm gims to cn bn, hn ch hay c ch n mn v gim dng thi tthp lm mt.2.3.2. Trong lnh vc nc x lTrong lnh vc nc x l c th p dng cc bin php sau: + Ti s dng cc dng thi x l lm nc dp cho cc l gianhit loi cc. + Gim thiu lng hi cho cc thit b tch sn ca thp chngct kh quyn + Tun hon mt phn dng thi t thit b loi mui lm nc rau vo+ S dng nc chua c tch lm nc ra loi mui + Ti s dng nc ngng t t hi nc cho qu trnhtch trongthp chng ct d th cha du hoc dng phn lgn ngng t t hi nc ca thp chng ct

chn khng lm nc ra loa muihoc lm nc ra phun ln cc thit b ngng t nh. + Thu gom nc ra c bm vo cc thit b lm mt trunggian cc my nn kh t bm ngc ln cc thit b ngng t nh cc thp phn on sn phm ca qu trnh cracking xc tctng si. + Khi ra sn phm, quay vng mt phn nc ra ti im giaca thp phenol tip xc kiu m lm vic ngc chiu tngnng cht thi v gim yu cu nc sch (tng kh nng truynkhi, gim lng nc) + S dung nc chua c tch la nc ra bm ngicchiu vi cc thit b ngng t trong chng ct du th v cchthit b x l bng hydro + Ti sinh nc ra cc(loi cc), s dung dng thi x l hocnc chua c tch lm nc b sung ti nhnh ra cc(loicc) + Gim thiu lng hi nc dng cho h thng bm ht dngdng hi nc thp chng ct chn khng. Nh vy, ngi ta c gng ti u ho lng nc v hi nc sdng trong nh my gim thiu lng nc thi.

3- X l nc thi lc ho du
.3.1. Mc ch, tiu chun dng thi lc du X l nc thi nhm m bo nc thi ra t cc tiu chun ncthi quy nh. C th cn c the tiu chun nc thi cng nghiphoc tiu chun nc thi lc du. Mi quc gia thng c hthng tiu chun mi trng lc du v tiu chun nc thi lcdu ring. 3.1.2. Mt s tiu chun nc thi lc du C nhiu loi vf cp tieu chun khc nhau. V d tiu chun EPAcu M, c cc tiu chun cp A, B, C, D v E+ Cp A: c th p dng cho cc nh my lc du sn xutcc sn phm du m bng qu trnhchwng ct du th v reforming xctc (ch c chng ct du th v reforrimng xc tc) + Cp B: c th dng cho nh my lc du c chng ct du th,cracking v cc a trnh sn xut khc nhng khng c sn xut du nhn + Cp C: c th p dng cho nh my lc du c chng ct du th, cracking vo ho du nhng khng c sn xut du nhn + Cp D: c th p dng cho nh my lc du c chng ct duth, cracking, cc qu trnh sn xut khc v sn xut du nhnnhng khng c ho du. + Cp E: c th p dng cho nh my lc du c chng ct duth, cracking, cc qu trnh sn xut khc, sn xut du nhn vho du.Vi mi cp tiu chun li c mt s quy nh ring nh quy nhBPT, BAT, BCT, NSPSBng 3.11: Tiu chun nc thi lc du ca M, Canada v tiuchun ph bin+ Quy nh BPT: cng ngh kim sot kh thi nht sn c , cho ttc cc cht nhim.+ Quy nh

BAT: cng ngh sn c nht c th thc hin t hiuqu kinht, bao gm sunphat, phenol, COD, NH3, crm tng v crom(IV). + Quy nh BCT: cng ngh kim sot nhim ph bin nht, baogm tng cht rn l lng (TSS), du v pH + Quy nh NSPS: tiu chun thc hin cho cc ngun miDi y l mt s tiu chun nc thi lc du.Bng 3.12: Tiu chun nc thi lc du ca n v quc t Bng 3.13. So snh tiu chun n (MINAS) v quy nh NSPS Nc thi ca cc nh my lc du cn p ng cc tiu chun c t ra, khng hc theo cc tiu chun quc gia m cn theocc tiu chun khu vc v quc t. Cc nh my lc du mi xydng cng phi m bo cc tiu chun nc thi v phi cn cvo cc tiu chun kht khe nht. Nc ma bo cha cht bn thi ra n c x l ring bit vinc thi sn xut s c cc tiu chun sau: + Du v m: 1.5mg/l, max + Tng cacbon hu c: 110mg/l, max 3.2. Phng php x l nc thi lc du 3.2.1. Phng php x la - Phn loi :C nhiu cch phn loi cc phng php x l khc nhau nhngngi ta thng phn chia theo c tnh v theo cp x l + Theo c tnh: c cc kiu x l nh c, ho, sinh hc + Theo cp x l: c th chia thnh 3 cp x l loi b cc cht nhim trong nc thi lc du l :- X l cp I: nh cc phng php phn tch trng lc - X li cp II: nh cc phng php trung ho, ng t vlng ho hc, sc kh ho tan - X l cp III: dng cc phng php ho, l v sinh hc nh b kh ho bn hot tnh, mng lc(tht b lc, git, oxi ho, thplm mt) b- Cc phng php x l thun tin cho vic nghin cu, cc phng php x l cchia thnh 5 kiu c c im chng: vt l, ho hc, sinh hc, cpIII v x l ti nh my. B1- Phng php vt l(x l vt l) Nc thi lc du c th cha cc cht rn th, ni hay l lng,du mChng cn c loi b trc khi x l ho hc v sinhhc. Cc qu trnh c bn, ph5 bin trong x l vt l lthnh(li) chn, lc sn, by du m, kt bng(ta bng), lng,lc ni(tuyn ni), kt tu khng dng cht ho hc, thm bn hottnh hay cht pha ch.. Phng php x l ny c bn loi b ccvt liu tr c th gy cn tr cc x l tip theo+ Thanh(li) chn: Mc ch ca li chn l loi b cc vt liuni c kch thc ln cng nh trnh s bm dnh trong thit b lcv gy cn tr qu trnh kh ho trong bn hot tnh. Chng c thlm sch bng tay hay thit b c hc. Khi lm sch bng tay thvn tc gii hn ca dng l khong 0.45m/giy

+ B lc sn: B lc sn lo b cc loi sn nh ct, si ctrng lng ring ln hn vt liu hu c l lng. Mc ch ca vic ny l bo v cc thit b c hc v trnh lng ng trongng ng. Hai kiu b lc s thwowngf dng l b lc sn dngchy ngang v b lc sn kh ho + Lng cp I: Mc ch l lgim hm lng cht rn l lng c thlng c trong nc thi. Ti y, nc thi c yn tnh, ccht c trng lng ring ln hn nc thi s lng xung vnhng cht c trng lng ring nh hn s ni ln tr. Khong50-60% cht rn l lng v khong 20-40% BOD( 20C) c thc loi b ti b lng c thit k ph hp. Thi gian lu li ph bin l 90150pht khi lu lng dng chy trung bnh. Trong1 ngy, 1m3 b lng c th x l 20-40m3 nc thi + Phn tch du: Trong nc, du c th tn ti dng t do hay nh tng. Cn loi b du t do trc khi ph nh tng du nc. Ngi ta thng c gng du t do ni trong cc b cthit k ph hp v sau n c ht bng tay hay a quay. Vn tc nng git du ctnh theo nh lut Stoke. C th dng nhiuloi thit b phn tch du khc nhau nh tht b tch API, CPI,DAF, TPS. Cc thit b tch trng lc c thit k c bn loi b du ni v cc cht rn lng c. Hiu qu loi b du c thtch oc l 50-90% v cc cht rn l lng l 10-85%. Cc tht btch trng lc cng loi b c BOD, COD v phenol. Cc loi b ny l kh ln(40-50%) tu thuc vo c tnh nc thi.Phenol c kh nng ho tan trong du v nh vy c th cht ct nc thi v loi b cn vi du nh thit b tch.Hiu qu loi b du ca cc thit b tch trng lc chj nh hngln bi vic qun l nc thi ti nh my cng nh bi vic thitk v vn hnh ca bn thn thit b tch. Phn ln du c th tchoc trong h thng nc thi c th c lai b vi hiu sutcao nh thit b tch trng lc ny nhng cht lng dng ra(thayi t 20-150mgdu/l) s tt hn nhiunu kim sot ti ngun thic hiu qu v kim sot ti ngun thi l bin php ti thiuho lng du vo h thng cng rnh v tr u tin. Hn na,du dng nh tng v c bit du bao ph ln cht rn l rtkh loi b bng cc thit b tch trng lc. Thit b tch API c th lm vic bnh thng m khng cn dng mt ho cht, cht ng t hay cht tr gp no. Du v m c tch t thit b ny chnh l du u s c thu hi v ti s dngtrong lc du. Gn y, cc thit b tch a mi ngi (TPS) hoccc thit b phn tch a nh cng c dng tch du t do rakhi nc thi. TPS hot ng tt hn cc thit b tch trng lc vn gim qung nng ca cc giit du trc khi tin n b mt m chng kt hp l thnh lp du t do v c ht ra.Cc thit b tch trng lc l cc phng hnh vung c trang bcc thit b co bn v ht du v thit k ca tht b da vo vicloi b cc git du ng knh0.015 cm hay ln hn. Hiu quloi b du lo khong 98% Nh tng oc coi l hn hp ca hai cht lng khng ho tanvo nhau, mt trong hai cht lng phn tn trong cht lng cn li dng cc git lng.

Trong nc thi lc du cha c hai loi nhtng du trong nc v nc trong du. Cc tc nhn php nhthng hp ph ln trn b mt ca cc ht nh tng lm gim bn ca n tng. Cc tc nhn l x phng, mui sunphat, axitsunphonic v axit naphtenic, hp cht amon dng t din, ete vcc este hu c. Ngi ta thng dng cng ngh sc kh ho tan(DAF) loi bdu nh twong. Cng ngh ny c th c dng ring bit hay kthp vi qu trnh ng t. S kt hp ny c th loi b 97% du,75% cht ran l lng, gim 80% BOD v COD. S gim ny thayi theo c tnh ca dng thi.C ch c bn m nh nh tng du trong nc b ph bao ls trung ho in tchca git du bng cch t ra ht kt ta keot, mc ch ny c th t c bng cch iu chnh pH t 5-6ri sau so kt ta cc cht ph nh nh axit sunphonic, axitnaphtenic bng chc thm vi ti (Ca(OH)2cho n khi t pH t7.5-8.5 Cng c th dng cc cht in phn cation ph nh ca du. N c u th so vi cc phng php truyn thng. Cht hp ph polypropylen cng c th dng ph nh. Cht hp ph ny l cht a du, k nc. Khi i qu nc thi n s hp ph du lntrn b mt ca nCc cht ng tj khc nh sunphat st III , sunpht st II, cloruacanxi, cacbonat canxi v vi ti c dng ph nh trong ccthait b tch du. Mt loi cht ng t c th c hiu q cho nhmy lc du ny nhng c th khng c hiu qu i vi nh mylc du khc. Do vy, phi cn c vo thc t nh my chncht ng t. Cc ht kt ta keo t c to ra trong qu trnh xl nh vy hp ph phn ln du v tu thuc vo nng du banu. Sau khi x l, dng thi c th cha hm lng du khong10mg/l hoc thm ch thp hnX l nc thi lc du bng qu tnh bay hi b gii hn kht khe bi v tr a l, kh hu v kh nng t ai. y r rng l phng php hp dn nhng ni cc quy tc dng thi cho phpTuyn ni khng c ho cht, ging nh qu trnh bay hi, khngc s dng rng ri trong x l nc thi lc du. Nhn chung,c th so snh n vi thit b tch trng lc nhng n loi b dutt hn. Hn na, mt lng cc hp cht sunphua s c oxi honh oxi ho tan ca khng khThnh thong, cng cn tch NH3 nu pH c tnh kim, c th bng phng php sc kh. Hp ph bng cacbon c dng lmgim cc cht hu c. Thm thu ngc cng c th dng loi b cc cht hu c v v c.B2) Phng php ho hcSau khi loi b sn v cc cht tri ni th tin hnh loi b cccht hu c ho tan v l lng. Cc qu trnh v bin php quantrng lin quan n x l ho hc bao gm ng t, kt bng, lngho hc, tuyn ni c thm ho cht+ ng t, kt bng v lng ho hc: qu trnh sc kh ho tan cv khng c qu trnh kt bng c dng x l nwocs thi chm lng du thp. Vi iu kin ph hp, qu trnh sc kh cth gim lng du xung cn thp hn 10mg/l khi dng cc chtng t v cc cht tr ng t. Tuy nhin, qu tnh sc kh ho tanyu cu nhiu k nng. S gim st thng xuyn v tiuth nng

lng nhiu hn so vi cc thit b tch trng lc. Do vy n tc dng hnHiu q loi b cht nhim ca cc phng php ng t, lngv tuyn ni c dng ho cht c nh gi l c mc ngangnhau. Cc phng php ho hc c hiu qu hn cc thit b tchtrng lc, c bit khi loi b du nh tng. Ngoi ra, phng php ng t ho hc c th loih b nhiu BOD hn so vi tuynni bng khng kh khng c ho cht. Tuyn ni khng khs hohc loi b c mt phn sunphua ho tan do chng b oxi ho vamoniac oc tch ra do khng kh.Sunphat nhm, vi, sunphat st khic dng c th cho kt qutt hn so vi trng hp ch dng lng n gin. Trong iu kinthun li c th gim 90% cc cht l lng. X l ho hc cquan tm nhiu hn v.- C s gim v chi ph ho cht( ho cht r hn)- Ngy cng hiu c ch ng t r hn- N ci thin cc qu trnh x l bnKhi s dng cc bin php ny cn phi quan tm n thi gian nnh, vn tc lng, c ch, khuy trn, khong pH ti u..;+ Kt ta sunphua: Hydroxyt natri(NaOH) khi c dng loi b cc hp cht lu hunh v phenol c th to ra sunphua natri vcc sn phm khc theo mt s phn ng sau.(g phn ng vao) Nu nc kim s dng thi ra t qu trnh ra xng cracking bng kim th n s cha mt t sunphua natri Na2S v cc hp cht lu hunh m ch yu l mecaptan v thiophenol. Trong mt s nh my lc du lng nc kim thi ra cha nng sunphuart cao th dng mui st kt ta cc hp cht sunphua c coil phng php hiu qu v kinh t hn so vi dng phng phptrung ho sau khi tch bng khng kh hay hi nc. Phng phpkt ta sunphua c bit tc dng i vi nc thi cha cc hpcht sunphua v mecaptan v sau sunphua st cng kt ta (vitcng thc) Nu dng clo v sunphat st III th s hiu qu hn. Cc phn ngthc hin ti u trong khong pH c tnh kim + Lc ho hc: loi b cc cht l lng cn li. Phng php nyc th i km hoc khng c ng t ho hc+ Tch kh ho hc(hp th ho hc): loi b cc hp cht amon v H2S + Trao i ion: loi b photphat, nit v cht rn ho banB3) Phng php sinh hcX l sinh hc l bin php c bn cp I loi b cc cht nhim nh phenol, cn sunphuav BOD. N cng c dng loi b du khng thu hi c trong x l cp II. Cc mm vikhun v cc cht dinh dng trong nc thi c du s thc yqut trnh phn hu sinh hc min l c oxi ho tan v thi giancn thitCc phng php sinh hc c dnh x l nc thi lc du bao gm bn hot tnh, thit b lc git, h sc kh v h oxi ho.Tt c cc phog php sinh hc ny u yu cu loi b du trckhi s dngTrong h thng x l sinh hc ch c mt mi quan h duy nht vquan trng gia amoniac v BOD trong nc thi. Cc t chc huc pht trin oxi ho cc cht hu c cn khong 5 kg NH3 v 1kg photpho cho mi 100 kg BOD loi b. Cc cht dinh dng nyc th khng phi thm vo h thng x l lc du v gn nh lunc amoniac v photpho c

mt trong nc thi.Tnh axit hoc tnh kim s thay i km theo s pht trin sinhhc. S thay i ny c bn v dioxit cacbon(CO2) to ra trong qutrnh oxi ho sinh hc v s to ra bicacbonat trong nc thiBOD ca du khong l tng i cao v khong 3-4mg O2 mi phn hu c 1mg hydrocacbon. Tu thuc v thnh phn hohc m nhu cu oxi ca cc loi du t 3.1-3.5mg/mg du. So vimt s cht khc th gi tr ny ln hn nhiu: nh 1.07mg O2/1mggluco, 1.18mg/1mg xellulo, 1.5-1.8mgO2/1mg protein v 2.5-2.9mgO2/1mg du thc vt. Ngi ta thy rng, cc vi khun trongcc mng sinh hc v bn hot tnh c th loi b 84% du trongnc thi lc du.M v du c sc khng c i vi qu trnh phn hu ki kh vkhi c trong bn chng to ra s tch lu lp vng du d tha trong thit b phn hy lm tc cc l ca thit b lc v cn trovic s dng cc thit b lc ng thi cng ngn cn vic dng phn bn bn. Khi cc cht o c thi ln trong nc thi haycc dng thi x l chng thng to ra cc mng trn b mt vlng ng cc di t ven b Bit lng du v m trong nc thi s gip ch cho vic khc phc cc kh khn trong vn hnh nh my, xc nh hiu qu canh my v u khin s thi cc cht ny vo dang thu hi. Bitlng m trong bn c th tr gip cho vic phn on mc phn hu v loi nc, ng thi ch ra s ph hp trong vic dng phn bn bn c bit. Tu thuc vo kiu cht oxi ho c dng,cc phng php sinh hc dng cc vi t chc hu c c tphp vo nhm phng php x l a kh( khi c mt cc phn tr oxi t do) hoc nhm phng php x l k kh( kh khng c mtoxi t do)Tc phn hu ca cc vi sinh vt l hm quan trng ca b mt phn chia du nc. B mt phn chia du nc cng ln th tc phn hu ca cc vi sinh vt cng nhanh. Ngi ta thy rng, vicloib du bng cc vi sinh vt xem ra l kh thi vi s lng ccvi khun thchs hp( khang 51-61% du th c tn thu bi ccloi sinh vt trong thi gian 21 ngy).+ Phng php x l a kh: Cc phng php x l a kh thngdng l thit b lc git, bn hot tnh, mng(b) oxi ho, cc hkh ho(sc kh), ao oxi ho.- Thit b lc git: Thit b ny a nc th tip xc vi vng pht trin sinh hc.Cc thit b ny c th gim hm lng du v phenol trong ncthi lc du- X l bn hot tnh: Cng ngh ny c dng cho cc qu tnhx l quy m ln. Bng su a ra s liu x l bn hot tnh 3nh my lc du:Bng 3.14: Gi tr trung bnh khi x l bn hot tnh c 3 nh mylc du. X l bn hot tnh c u im hn so vi thit b lc git:- Yu cu din tch nhKhng c mi v s kh chu- t yu cu v p sut- Chi ph xy dng thp hnAo oxi ho: Phng php ny kh n gin, dng cc vi sinh vt loi b cht thi nhim du. Trong thi gian 30 ngy, lngsunphua gim t 15 xung 0mg/l, phenol gim t 20 xung 7 mg/lv du gim t 15 xung 0mg/l, thi gian lu l yu t quan trngm bo tnh hiu qu ca ao oxi ho.- Cc b(h) kh ho(sc kh): y thng l cc h chiu su 2.4-3.0m. Nc thi c sc kh bng khng

kh khuch tn hay ccthit b sc khs b mt c hc.+ Phng php k kh: Thng dng cc h k kh. Cc h k kh x l nc thi c thit k trn c s s phn hu k kh vhot ng nh cc thit b phn hu m. Li ch chnh ca cc hk kh l:- Lng cht hu c c th cao tnh trn 1 n v din tch ca cch k kh- Chi ph u t thp v ch cn o p- Chi ph vn hnh thp v yu cu dinh dng t hn nhiu so vix l a kh- Lng bn d tha b thi l t nhtB4) X l cp IIIX l dng nc thi cp III trong nh my lc du c gii hn bi phng php dng cacbon hot tnh v qu trnh ozon ho.Mc ch c bn ca x l cp III l loi b cc cht hu c chunhit kh phn hu v mt lng nh hp cht phenol cn dchuyn nhit t cc qu trnh x l sinh hc. Ccbon hot tnh v ozon ho l cc phng php rt c hiu qu trong vic loa b cccht ny. Qu trnh clo ho khng c dng cho mc ch ny vs to ra cc cht clorophenol c mi v rt kh chB5) X l ti nh myCc qu trnh x l ch yu c th p dng cho cc dng thi ring bit hoc nhm cc dng thi trong nh my lc du l tch ncchua, trung ho v oxi ho kim thi, phn tch nc tho bnh,thu hi bn du long v iu khin nhit .Cc thit b tch nc chua c thit k c bn loi b cc hpcht sunphua v c th lo b 85-99% cc hp cht ny. Nu thmaxit vo nc thi th s khng loi b c NH 3 cng s ctch vi % thay i theo nhit v pH. Nu thm axit vo ncthi th s khng loi b c NH 3 . Nh vy, hiu qu loi b NH 3 trong nc chua thay i t 0-95%. Tu thuc vo cc iu kinnh pH ca nc thi, nhit v p sut ring phn ca cht bn,cc hp cht phenol v hp cht xyanua c th c tch n 30%.BOD v COD cng c gim i v tch c phenol v cchp cht lu hunh thnh sunphat, qu trnh oxi ho khng cp dng cho kim cha phenol v phenol c ch qu trnh oxi ho. Nc tho bnh khng c thi vo h thng cng ca nh my vdng thi ny c th tch ln v l dng thi khng lin tc, nng u rt cao s lm ri lon h thng x l nc thi lc du. Nc tho bnh c x l ring bit bng gia nhit, lng v lc.Du thu hi thng c chuyn ti h thng bn du.Kim sot nhit ngy cng tr ln quan trng v tiu chun dngthi tr ln kht khe hn. gim ti nhit m khng thay i qutnh sn xut thng ch nh vo vic tng lng nc ti s dngtrong thp lm mt, cc im phu sng hoc cc thit b lm mtkhng kh ng c gn kh. Mt s nh my lc du dng ccthp lm mt nh l cc thit b x l sinh hc, c bit cho cccht thi cha phenol.Bn x l v bn to ra trong qu trnh x l nc thi bng cc phng php sinh hc nhn chung c

lo nc v t b hocvt b. t bn phi c iu khin nghim ngt trnh gy nhim khng kh. 1.2. Tnh hnh s dng nc trong cng nghip lc ho duTrong cng nghip lc ho du, vn cha c thng k chnh xcchung v nhu cu nc s dng. Theo mt s ti liu th lngnc dng ch bin 1 tn du th thng t 10-120m 3 , tuthuc vo c tnh du th v h thng dy chuyn cng ngh.Tnh ring trong lnh vc ho du th to ra 1 tn sn phm cntrung bnh khong 50m 3 nc. sn xut ra 1 lt xng cnkhong 10 lt nc, 1 tn t nhn to vtc cn khong 800m 3 1 tn than l sn phm ph ca qu trnh luyn cc cn khong11m 3 ncHin nay, cc nh my lc du trn th gii hng nm ch binkhong 4 t tn du th (khong 25 t thng hay 800 t gallon). Nhvy, cc nh my lc du trn th gii tiu th lng nc rt ln,hng t m 3 nc trong 1 nm v chng cng to ra mt lng ncthi ng k. Lng nc tiu th trong cc nh my lc c thchim trn 3% tng lng nc cng nghip. Nc lm mt chimkhong 90% tng nhu cu nc s dng ca cc nh my lc du.Khong trn 1/3 cc nh my lc du s dng li nc lm mt t 10 n 15 ln. Mt s t nh my lc du dng h thng lm mt1 ln. a s cc nh my lc du dng h thng lm mt tunhon. H thng lm mt tun hon cn lng nc lm mt nhiuhn khong 2 ln so vi h thng lm mt 1 ln nhng lng nc b sung li t hn khong 25 ln. Tuy nhin, cc nh my lc dudng h thng lm mt tun hon c lng nc tiu th trn 1 tndu x l nhiu hn khong 24 ln so vi cc nh my lc dudng h thng lm mt 1 ln.Vi cc nh my lc du tiu th nc t, trung bnh mt nh mylc du khng c phn xng cracking s dng khong 9-10m 3 nc trn 1 tn du th, cn cc nh my lc du c phn xngcracking thng dng khong 12-13m 3 nc trn 1 tn du th. Cc nh my lc du c cu to bi cc phn xng x l khcnhau th lng nc yu cu b sung cho cc phn xng cngthay i, trung bnh cn khong 3m 3 nc cho 1 tn sn phm polime ho v alkyl ho v khong 0.4m

3 nc cho 1 tn sn phm phn xng chng ct.Trong nh my lc du, phn xng cung cp nc l phn xng ph tr khng th thiu. Cc nguyn nc ca ring nh my lcdu p ng khong 95% cc nhu cu s dng nc. Cc ngunnc mt cung cp khong 86% nhu cu nc s dng , phncn li thng ly t nc ngm. Ch khong 1% nhu cu nc sdng c ly t h thng nc thi th nhng c x l li.Ch mt lng rt nh nc x l (nc cng nghip) c sdng li. C nh my lc du s dng lng nc kim t qutrnh trung ho cc cht thi ca qu trnh alkyl ho thm vocc bnh ngng t baromet ca thp chng ct chn khng. Tuynhin, s to nh tng ln nhu v quy trnh b loi b. Cng cnh my lc du s dng cc dng nc thi cha sunphua tcc b phn tch trong cc qu trnh cracking iu khin nhit trong thit b cracking xc tc tn si bng cch bm cc dngthi vo vng phn ng. Tuy nhin, c nhiu vn ny sinh tvic tn dng ny nh vn to gm, ng c xc tc, ti sinhxc tcC nhiu trng hp cc dng nc thi lc du sau khi x k cth du ti s dng nh vic dng nc thi cha phenol hocnc ngng t ca qu trnh tch sunphua lm nc b sung vothit b kh mui trong du th. Ch mt s t cc nh my lc dus dng mt s cc phng php nhng ch mc gii hnno Ch khong 6% lng nc thu hi c dng lm nc x l. Nc x l ch chim khong 1,4% tng lng nc s dng. Crt t thng tin v vic ti s dng nc x l nhng vic ti sdng c th c ngha. Lnh cc ti s dng nc c hiu qu nhtl tun hon nc lm mt. Nh nu trn, trong lc du, nc ch yu c dng lmmt, mt lng nc tng i nh c dng lm nguyn liu ni hi, cho x l, phc v sinh hot, phng chy v cc mc chkhc. Ngi ta nhn thy rng, mt nh my lc du c cng sutkhong 50000 thng du/ngy(khong 3 triu tn du/nm) to rahn 1 t Btu(hn 1 t KJ) trong 1 gi v khong 50% lng nhit c loi b bng nc. K n cc mc ch s dng nckhc v gi nh nhit nc lm mt tng 30 o F th ngi ta don rng nh my lc du s cn khong 160m 3 /pht thuhi lng nhit . lng nc ny c th cung cp nhu cu ncsinh hot ca mt thnh ph (khong 230000m 3 ) trong thi giantng ng.Trong lc ho du, hi c ngng t thnh lng trong cc thit bngng t v cc thit b lm mt c dng h thp nhit casn phm lng n nhit cho php bo qun an ton. Bnhthng, nc l cht lm mt trung gian thng c dng trongcc thit b ny. Tuy nhin, cc nh my lc ho du u tit kimc nhit v nc bng cch lm mt cc sn phm c

nhit caonh ngun nguyn liu du th a vo v bng cc dng lng cnhit thp hn khc. Nh vy, ngi ta thng dng cc bin php trao i nhit gia cc sn phm v gia sn phm v nguynliu. Nhu cu nc ca cc nh my lc ho du trc y l khng lnlm v vic s dng nc cng kh n gin, nc ch cn cholm mt v to hi y cho cc bm hi. Trong cc nh mylc ho du hin i th vic s dng nc thay i, tng i phc tp v cho nhiu mc ch khc nhau.Chng ct chn khng du th v du th c tch bt cc phn on nh(cn kh quyn) cn thit c dng trong hu htcc nh my lc du v phng php chng li cun theo bng hinc dng bm phun hi nc l phng php c dng rng rinht to ra chn khng cho cc qu trnh chng phn onny. Khi dng cc bm phun hi nc, hi c dn qua mingvi phun to ra chn khng. Trong thp chng ct, hi nc bay hi v cun theo cc cu t v phn hi tch ra t thp chngct cn c ngng t li tch nc v cc sn phm . Trongcc qu trnh x l, hi i ra nh c th c ngng t v thu hi cc cht c gi trn trong cc thit b trao i nhit nh thit b traoi nhit loi ng chm v v ng. Cc cht c kh nng ngng tcn li phi c tch ra trc khi thi dng hi nh ra khngkh. Phng php thng dng l phun nc trc tip trong mtthit b gi l thit b ngng t baromet(thit b ngng t trc tiaploi baromet). Cc cht hu c, du v hi nc ngng tu (chtlng ngng t) c ho trn trong mt th tch nc lm mt ln.Hn hp v dung dch long c xu hng to thnh cc lo nhtng rt kh tch v thu hi.Trong cc nh my lc ho du, cc thit b ngng t b mt(thit b ngng t gin tip) cng c th c dng thay th cc thit bngng t baromet. Cc thit b ngng t thng gm mt lotcc thit b trao i nhit loi ng chm v ng trong cc chtc kh nng ngng t c tch ra v nc c dng lm mtkhng tip xc trc tip vi cht ngng t. Trong nhiu trng hpcht lng ngng t c nng cao v c th c thu hi. ngoi rachng c th b t b hay x l ring bit. Nc lm mt khng bnhim bn du v cc cht hu c khc c th c ti s dng saukhi loi b bt nhit(h thp nhit ). Mc d thit b ngng t b mt gin tip c nhiu u im hn so vi thit b ngng ttrc tip baromet nhng chng c chi ph lp t cao nht, chi phvn hnh v bo dng cao hn v tui th thit b ngn hn. Ccvi phun hi nc ngng t b mt c dng trong nhiu nhmy lc du mi hn v chng ng vai trn quan trng trong vicgim bt lng nc thi.Cng ngh gim nhu cu lm mt bng nc v do gim lngnc dng lm mt c mt s u im. cc vn kh cn,nc tr thnh qu gi th vic s dng cc thit b lm mt loing trao i nhit c gn l rt quan trng. Phng php lm mtny dng khng kh cng bc thi qua cc dy ng trao i nhitc gn m nc lm mt s dng chy trong . Nhit ctruyn t nc qua b mt cc ng trao i nhit ti dng khngkh theo

phng thc i lu v bc x. Li th ln nht ca phng php x l ny l nc c chy trong mt h thng tunhon kn v nhu cu nc b sung l ti thiu. Mt li th khc na l nc c cht lng rt cao c th c dng v s n mngn nh khng c. Cc li ch gin tip khc ca vic gim lngnc tng cng l cc ng ng dn nc nh hn v cc chi phcho bm nc thp hn.Vic duy tr dng sn phm n nh trong nh my lc du l iumong mun nhng i hi s iu khin cng nhc v thng rtkh. Qui trnh ph bin trong x l sn phm c yu cu l: tora sn phm nng t qu trnh x l c sn, lm mt chng v dtr chng cung cp nh l sn phm cui cng hay cc sn phm trung gian cho cc qu trnh x l tip theo. Trc khi ccsn phm trung gian c th c x l tip, n cn phi gia nhitli. Nu s dng my tnh v cc tin b cng ngh khc c thgim lng d tr trung gian v do gim lng yu cu gianhit v lm mt, tng yu cu nc lm mt ca nh my lc dus gim i. Nh vy, ti u ho vn s dng nhit s lm gimlng nc yu cu.T c th thy rng, mc d tng lng sn phm du m angtng ln nhng lng nc ly vo gn nh khng tng. Vic gimlu lng cc dng nc thi nh p dng qu trnh lm mt hiuqu hn l c kh nng thc hin.Cc mc ch s dng nc khc nhau trong nh my lc ho duyu cu cc cht lng nc khc nhau. V d, nc mn c thc dng lm mt mt ln v nc kh khong cht lngcao c dng cho cc ni hi cao p. Mc d, trong nh my lcho du, cht lng nc c xem l t quan trng hn khilng nc nhng nc c cht lng tt vn c mong mun. 1.2.Cung cp nc trong cng nghip lc ho duTrong nh my lc ho du, cc h thng cung cp nc khc nhauc to ra cung cp nc cho cc mc ch khc nhau. Hthng cung cp nc tun hon c cho l p ng cc nhu cusn xut trong nh my lc ho du . H thng ny c da trnvic s dng nc nhiu ln sau mt ln ly t ngun nc. Ncnng chy ra t cc thit b ngng t v cc thit b lm mt chynh trng lc hoc di p sut cao ti ccs n v cung cp nctun hon. , n chy qua cc thit b tch du tc thi v cc h thng lm mt c bit nh b, b phun hoc thp lm mtnc. Thit b lm mt nc hiu qu nht l thp lm mt. Ccthp lm mt nc ca h thng tun hon c thit k c bit.Trong thit b , nc c cho chy xung b mt ca m(gmng, chng ngi vt khc) dng mng mng hay git lng.Trong mt s thit k, cc vi phun c dng phun nc. Nc chy xung c lm mt bng gi t nhin ca khng kh bn ngoi(thp lm mt tun hon t nhin) hoc bng gi nhnto c to ra bi cc qut(thp lm mt gi c hc). Trong ccthp gi c hc, nc c th c lm mt t 45-50oC xung 25-28oC.

Nc c lm mt c thu gom li trong cc b cathp v c da tr li cc ni tiu th bng cc bm p lc 0.3-0.4 MPa(khong 3-4at).Cc nh my lc du ln thng c vi h thng cung cp nctun hon:(1) cung cp cho cc thit b lin quan n x l dum v cc sn phm du m, nc ny trong trng hp khn cpt nh my m khng cn tch hn hp du m v cc sn phmdu m lng; (2) cung cp cho cc thit b ca phn xng ch bin kh v lm mt cc trc ca bm v cc my nn, ncny khng c o nhim cc sn phm du m; (3) cung cpcho cc thit b ngng t hn hp baromet, nc sau khi s dngcha mt lng ln cc sn phm du m, khi x l du chua thn cha H2S v (4) cung cp cho cc thit b m t sp parafin v m c th xm nhp vo ncC th chia h thng tun hon nc thnh hai loi: h thng tunhong khng lm bin cht nc v h thng tun hon lm bincht nc.H thng tun hon khng lm bin cht nc: Tun hon ngha lti s dng khng hn ch cng mt lng nc cho trc chocng mt mc ch m khng hay t b nhim. Nc b sung sthay th lng nc mt mt khc nhau cc dng long(r g, mtmt do cun the) hoc bay hi trong trng hp bay hi thngxuyn xy ra, Bnh thng, nc khng c thay i hay bincht khi thm cc ion bn ngoi, cc kh ho tan hoc do s khuchtn ca cc cht rn v c v hu c trong sut qu trnh lm vic. Ch cc mui ban u tj li v tch lu do nc bay hi. Hai v din hnh ca h thng tun hon l qu trnh lm mt thit b trongh thng tun hon m(h) v h thng cp nc cho ni hi vivic quay tr li ca cc cht lng ngng t.T l tun hon nc c th cao v nng cc mui c kh nngho tan khc nhau b tng ln trong sut qu trnh bay hi. Do vy, phi tinh ch s b cc mui c kh nng ho tan t trong nc bsung v dng nc chy ra trong h thng. Vic xc nh t snng C trong tun hon l c s tinh ch, vi C l t s gialng nc cung cp hoc lng nc b sung A v lng nctn tht nh l nc lng hay do dng thi ra D, ngha l C=A/D Nu gi E l lng bay hi , t s nng C c th c biu dinnh t s ca hm lng mun trong nc tun hon S vi hmlng mun trong nc b sung s, ngha l C=S/s=A/D=(E+D)/D.T s tun hon R=Q/A vi Q l lu lng nc tun hon cng cth c dng xc nh mc tinh ch.Trong h thng lm mt tun hon h, C c th thay i t 16hoc thm ch 10. Trong thc t, t s ny c th c o bngcch so snh nng clo trong h thng vi nng clo ca nc b sung v khng c mun clorua no c to ra. Trong h thngcung cp nc cho ni hi, C cn cao hn nhiu, c th C=100.H thng tun hon lm bin cht nc: H thng tun hon ny lh thng tun hon m nc s dng trong h thng b nhim,cc cu t bn ngoi c a vo nc b sung. S nhim c th:+ Xy ra cng vi qu trnh lm mt nh:

-Ra kh khi c mt HCl -Ra kh khi c mt SO2, kh hi ca ni hi -Ra khkhi c mt HF, HCN, kh t cc l t -Cn bn(cn thp) v dng cun theo cha du v cn du -Ho tan NH3 -Ho tan hp cht lu hunh khi vn chuyn x v dp tttrong qu trnh cc ho + Xy ra ngoi qu trnh lm mt nh: -Sc ra thit b lm tng lng mui ha tan -Ra kh -vn chuyn vt liu cha cc cht rn l lng hay cc mui Nu lng nhim c xem xt, mn v nhng cht bn trongnc b sung tr thnh yu t khng quan trng th khi khngcn x l s b na. Nu ch cho php lng nhim thp thnhng cht bn trong nc b sung phi tip tc c x l. Ngi ta c th dng mt s h thng ci thin cc iu kin x lnc nhim ti cc thit b cung cp nc tun hon. Tn thtnc trong cc h thng tun hon c b li bng cch thmnc sch t b hay cc ngun thi c tinh ch. Sau ncc x l bng photphat, axit vclo ngn chn s kt ta cacc mun canxi v magie t nc tun hon, s to cn bn trongthit b trao i nhit v s pht trin ca c t chc hu c sinhhc trong nc. Nc sch c dng cung cp nguyn liu cho cc ni hi,chun b cc thuc th, ra mt s sn phm v cung cp li hthng nc tun hon. H thng nc sch bao gm cc thit bly nc t ngun, cc trm bm nng cp 1, cp 2 v thnh thongc cp 3, cc cu trc lc, cc thng ht v cc ng ng. Nc c th ung c dng cung cp cho sinh hc. Ngunnc ny l nc ngm hoc nc sng c x l c bit.H thng nc cu ho bao gm trm bm v ng ng chytheo cc ng v phn phi ti ton b nh my lc du. ngng nc cu ho c trang b vi nc my lp t theo tnhton thch hp nhng ti a 150m c 1 ci. Ti nh my lc hodu, ng ng cu ho c kt hp hoc l vi ng ng ncsch dng cho sn xut hoc l vi ng ng nc sinh hot,thnh thong, cc h thng nc cu ho ring cng c lp t. Nc cung cp cho cu ho c d tr c bit, thng trong cc b ngm hay cc h cu ho. H thng cung cp nc tun hon,cung cp nc sch v cc dng thi c x l l cc ngun dtr nc cho cu ho. 1.3.Ti s dng nc trong cng nghip lc du Trong nh my lc ha du, tun hon nc c th khng phi lcch s dng nc c hiu qu kinh t nht, qu trnh ny c th lm gim gi tr ca nc. Ti s dng nc cng c th c sdng. ti sdng nc c hiu l dng vo hai hay nhiu mcch khc nhau m c th phn tch bi cc giai on trung gianhay gia on x l.Trong ti s dng nc, mch ch s dng sau thng yu cucht lng nc thp hn, thng khng qu bng

mc ch thnht v do x l trong gian l khng cn thit. V d, nc cth c dng vo nhiu mc ch nh: Nc mt c th cdng trong h thng lm mt mt ln hay tun hon h sau lic dng tip ra hay lm sch kh l .1.5. La chn ngun nc cho cng nghip lc ho du Ngoi vic nh gi kinh t, c th cn c vo cc yu t sau la chn ngun nc:+ Tnh tng hp ca ngun nc vi mc ch s dng n: cn bng cacbonat, cng, nhit , nng yu cu v cc mc SO2, SiO2, Ca2+, Cl, + Tnh tng hp ca nc vi cc kiu h thng x l c( ccqu trnh mng, trao i ion).Bng sau gi cho vic la chn cc ngun nc sn c tu thucvo mc ch s dng. Nc bin c th c dng m khng cngim mn ca n khi dng lm mt cc thit b ngng t vthu hi sn phm ph ngoi khi (thu hi du). Trong phn ln cctrng hp cn phi loi mui trc khi s dng.Bng 2.1- Cc mc ch s dng nc ch yu v cc ngun ncla chn .M c c h s d n g N g u n n c c c h p nhn(sau khi x l) Nc dng x l, nc snxut c gi tr Nc c nng khong trung bnh Nc ung, nc ging khoanhoc nc mt ch b nhimnh Nc loi khong dng lmnguyn liu ni hi, loi mui Nc ging khoan hay nc mtch b nhim nh Nc lm mt trong h thng Nc mt c nng Cl thp tun hon h dng cc thp lmmt Nc thi sau khi x l cp III Nc lm mt trong h thnglm mt mt ln cho cc thit bngng t v cc thit b trao inhit Nc mt, nc bin, nc thi x l Nc ra kh hay ra sch sn phm, nc vn chuyn, tuc Nc mt hay nc thi x lcp II 2. Cc mc ch s dng nc ch yu2.1. Mc ch s dng nc ch yuTrong cng nghip, nc c dng vo nhiu mc ch khcnhau. Phn ny ch cp n cc mc ch s dng nc c tnhcht cng nghip, khng k n nc dng cho mc ch sinh hotti nh my. C nhiu cch phn loi cc mc ch s dngnc.2.1.1. Phn loi theo tnh cht s dng(tnh cht trao i)Theo cch ny, c th chia nc s dng trong cng nghip thnhhai nhm chnh: nc tip xc trc tip v nc khng tip xctrc tip(Theo SIC: standard Industrial Classifications) aNc tip xc trc tip: C th gm mt s loi sau: 1) Nc dng vn chuyn sn phm, nguyn liu hay cccht ho hc.

2) Nc ra v lm sch thit b, sn phm, ng ng,..(ncsc, ra v lm sch). 3) Nc lm dung mi ho tan. 4) Nc pha long. 5) Nc dng gia nhit v lm mt tip xc trc tip(trao inhit trc tip). 6) Nc dng cho sn xut, x l. bNc khng tip xc trc tip: C th gm mt s loi sau: 1) Nc lm nguyn liu cho ni hi 2) Nc dng gia nhit(trao i nhit gin tip). 3) Nc dng lm mt(trao i nhit gin tip). 4) Nc dng ngng t, lm mt(trao i nhit gin tip) 2.1.2. Phn loi theo mc ch s dngTheo cch ny, c th chia thnh nhiu loi khc nhau, c th nhsau: aNc to hi nc: dng lm nguyn liu cho nihi, my gi m khng kh,.. bNc dng trao i nhit, ngng t hi, lmmt cc cht lng v cht rn hay thit b, gia nhit,dng lm lu cht cho cc thit b ct gt.. cNc dng ra(lm sch) kh: nc ng vai tr nhdung mi hp th tp cht trong hn hpkh. dNc dng sc, ra, lm sch v vn chuyn chtrn hay ion: dng trong nhiu ngnh cng nghip khcnhau nh lm sch than, qung, sn phm nng nghip,vn chuyn bt giy, x l b mt, nhng x l bmt.. eNc dng dp tt(quenching): dng dp tt la,nh sng, h thp nhit .. nh trong luyn cc, nghinthnh bt, lm x h thp nhit trong nhiu thit b phn ng.. f-

Nc dng duy trn p sut: a vo nhng khu vcgim p lm tng p sut nh qu trnh thu hi duth cp trong khai thc du.. gNc dng cung cp nng lng ng hc: cosch cn bn, g st.. trong dng nc l dng luth c nng lng cao. hNc dng cho sn xut v x l: Nc ng vai trnh mt thnh phn ca sn phm hay tham gia voqu trnh sn xut to ra sn phm nh sn xut bia,nc gi kht v nhiu qu trnh x l vt l, ho hckhc nh chng ct, reforming..2.1.3. Phn loi theo mch ch s dngTheo cch ny c th chia thnh hai loi nh sau: aNc dng cho mt mc ch 1) Nc dng trong cc h thng m(h) hoc b sung trc tip 2) Nc dng trong h thng tun hon, c hoc khng c s bin cht nc. bNc c dng cho hai hay nhiu mc ch khc nhau nhtrong h thng ti s dng2.1.4. Phn loi theo cc ngnh cng nghipTheo cch ny c bao nhiu ngnh cng nghip th c by nhiuloi nc, v d nh: aNc lm nguyn liu ni hi: cng mm cng tt,khng cha nhiu nitrat hay cc cht hu c trnhng cn hay n mn ni hi bNc cho cc thit b chng ct ru: tinh khit v mt,c th cha lng nh cc tchcs hu c, t mui cloruanatri v clorua magie cNc cho nh my giy:c mt st s gy hi, d vi dNc cho nh my ng: nu nc giu sunphat vcabonat v c bit l nitrat th qu trnh kt tinh s rtkh thu nhiu mt ng, ng d b chy; nc chacc vi cht hu c c th gy phn hu ng.. eNc cho cc nh my nc gii kht: cha t vi vcacbonat magie.. fNc cho nh my ho cht: tu yu cu c th m yucu cht lng nc khc nhau. gNc cho nh my lc du

hNc cho nh my in, thp,xi mng..2.1.5- S phn loi mc dch s dng nc 2.2. Mc ch s dng nc trong cng nghip lc ho duTrong cng nghip lc ho du ch yu s dng vo mc ch sau 1) Nc dng lm mt, ngng t lm mt 2) Nc dng sc ra v lm sch 3) Nc dng lm nguyn liu ni hi 4) Nc dng x l 5) Nc dng phng chy cha chy 6) Nc dng cho sinh hot v cho cc mc ch khcTrong nc dng lm mt chim khong 90-92%, nc dng ra du, sn phm du, thit b v thng cha chim khong5%; nc dng x l chim khong 1.4%(0.1-1m 3 /tn du xl); nc dng cho cc mc ch cn li chim khong 1.6-3.6%Trong ho du, nhn chung nc cng c dng cho cc mc chtrn. Cht lng nc yu cu tu thuc vo tng nh my. Rtkh lit k yu cu cht lng nc ca cc nh my ho du ny. S d n g L m m t H thng x l trongngng ph 3.2.2. - Chn cc phng php x la- Lng cht thi v phng php mt s nh my lc duC nhiu phng php x l nc thi lc du nh trnh by trn. Mi phng php c u im ring v chng thng c sdng kt hp. tu theo c tnh nc thi v tiu chun nc thim ngi ta chn cc phng php x l thch hp chi ph thpnhng vn t hiu qu cao.Cc phng php ph bin thng dng x l nc thi lc dul phn tch trng lc, kt bng, lc ni v xu l sinh hcDi y l mt v d la chn phng php x l khi bit lngcht thi.Khi s dng cc phng php tch trng lc, kt bng, lc ni vx l sinh hc c th gim ng k lng cht thi lc du. Cn cvo tnh hnh c th c th kt hp thm cc bin php x l khc. cMc s dng cc phng php khc nhau Nh vy, mi nh my lc du c th s dng cc h thng phng php v thit b x l nc thi khc nhau. Tt c ccnh my lc du u dng mt s loi phn tch trng lc loi b du c th

tch c. Cc phng php v thit b khcc s dng cc mc khc nhau. Di dy l bng mc s dng cc phng php trong mt s nh my lc du c nghin cu. Mc s dng cc phng php ny c ththay i theo thi gian cng nh s lng nh my lc du.Thiu, t bao gm t ti uc, l t ni hi v cc thit bt ring khc, ch dng khi c tch v bay hi. C th 90-100%nh my yu cu dng cc phng php x l sinh hc cp II. cHiu qu x l nc thi ca mt s phng phpTng kt hiu qu cc qu trnh x l nc thi trong loi b cccht nhim lc du c bn c cho trong bng di yy. thun tin cho vic nghin cu, cc phng php x l c spxp theo c im chung. Trong bng cng cha mt thng sl u vo x l c kh nng nht (v) (DPPI: Most probable process influent) ch ra kiu v/ hoc quy m ca trc tinc yu cu tn dng c hiu qu nht cc phng php xl tring bit xem xt.Bn cnh tnh hiu qu loi b cc cht nhim, bng tng ktcng cha cc thng tin nh tnh v s nh hng ca cc qutrnh x l khc nhau ln 3 c tnh nhim quan trng chung l pH, c v nhit . Khong hiu qu loi b v cc nhhng nh tnh da trn cc s liu sn c t cc nh my lcdu thc t.Bng 3.17. Hiu qu x l nc thi lc du da trn cht lngdng ra (%)Cn ch rng, BOD v COD c loi b nh bng trn nh thit b tch trng lc khng bao gm BOD v COD ng gp vodu c kh nng tch thc t c loi b. Nu k c nhnglng thc s to ra hiu qu loi b cht hu c cao khngthc t tri vi lng cht bn thc t phn tn trong nc thi.Bng trn ch ra rng bn hot tnh v cacbon hot tnh l cc phng php x l sinhhc hiu qu nht loi b cc cht huc. Hiu qu loi b BOD l 70-95%, COD t 30-70, phenol vxyanua l 65-99%. Hiu qu loi b cc cht rn l lng l ttngoi tr trng hp nng cc cht rn ra khi h sc kh caohn trong nc thi u vo.Di y (bng 3.18) l kt qu x l nc thi lc du ca mt s phng php x l khi nng cht thi khc nhau.3.2.3- X l dng nc thi c bitKhi cn x l cc dng nc thi c bit nh nc thi cha nhiudu, phenol, HF, nc chua, nc kim, H 2 SO 4 , kim loi ngita c th dng cc h thng x l nc thi ring bit gim nng cc cht cn x l xung gii hn cho php trc khi a vo h thng x l nc thi chung ton nh my. Sau y l mt s phng php v h thng x l.a-Loi b hp cht phenol: c th dng nhiu h thng x l khcnhau nh h thng x l lng-khng kh, h thng x l Esso,Mobil, Petrolite, Standar

Oil b- Loi HF: Dng cc thit b loi flo cha hp cht nhm(Al),vi, thu AlF, CaF 2 c- Loi sunphua, amon(H 2 S, NH 3 ): c th dng h thng oxi hokhng kh dng dng hi nc, dng h thng x l Universal,Clauss, cc thp lm ngt..d- Loi kim: c th dng h thng ca Standard Oil, MobilBng 3.18. Kt qu x l nc thi lc du ca mt s phng php x l3.3. H thng x l nc thi lc du3.3.1. Mt s thit b v thng s x lTrong x l nc thi lc du, h thng x l gm nhiu h, b xl kt hp vi mt s h thng thit b x l. Phn ny gii thiumt s h thng thit b phn tch nh API, CPI(TPI), DAF. aH thng phn tch API bH thng phn tch CPI-TPI cH thng phn tch DAF dH thng x l a quay sinh hc RBCKhi quay, a quay c mng sinh hc va tip xc vi ncthi, va tip xc vi khng kh nn cht thi hu c nhanh b phn hu hn. a quay RBC c th t ngang hay ng.3.3.2. Mt s s h thng x l nc thi lc duH thng x l nc thi lc du thay i tu theo kiu v kchthc nh my lc du cng nh c tnh v h thng thu gomnc thi. Di y l mt s s h thng x l nc thithng dng ti cc nh my lc du

+ Nc thi cha du(nc chua, nc lm mt): c lu lngln v rt khc nhau, c cha vo b cha ri c x l loi bdu bng lc hay tuyn ni(lc ni). Tu theo nng BOD, phenol, m chng c th c x ltheo cc phng php hohc hay sinh hc. X l cp III l cn thit loi b huyn phcng nh cc cht nhim d tha.+ Nc x l v nc tho bnh: c th cha nhiu mui, nhtng v cc cht nhim khc nh phenol, sunphua.. c x l bng oxi ho s b ri loi b du bng kt bng, tuyn ni v xl sinh hc..S h thng x l nc thi lc du cng c th nh hnh sau c c

h thng x l hiu qu nc thi pht sinh trong nhmy lc du th vn rt quan trng l chia tch cc dng ncthi c nng cao x l. Chia tch cc dng nc thi thnglm n gin ho cc vn x l cc dng thi c lin quan. Ccx l nh vy thng l gii php kinh t hn so vi trng hpnc thi c thi trc tip vo h thng cng rnh nh my lcdu.X l ti ngun cng gip ch th hi cc sn phm ph t dngnc thi m s khng kinh t khi thu hi t cc dng thi ckt hp li. X l ti ngun thi khng ch hu ch i vi vic thuhi cc sn phm ph m cn c tch dng chun b cc dng ncthi cho cc qu trnh x l tip theo. V d, nc chua v nckim thi mun c x l sinh hc phi qua x l loi b cchp cht sunphua v mecaptan trc v chng c vi cc vi chthu c c mt trong cc thit b x l sinh hc. Chia tch cc dngnc thi tng i sach, nh nc lm mt, s gip ch cho vicgim tng lng thi cn x l v nc lm mt chim lng khln trong nc thi.Cc dng nc thi cn x l cp II l cc dng nc thi chadu, nc chua v nc kim thi. Cc dng thi ny c th cx l mt vi kiu ca h thng x l cp II. Thnh thong, ngita kt hp vi cc thit b x l sinh hc ch khng s dng ringt bin php x l nc thi lc du. Thit b lc git c dng gim ti a cc cht hu c trc khi dng thi c x l cc dng nc thi v cc thp lm mt thnh thong c dng nhcc thit b x l sinh hc cho cc dng thi x l c bit (nccng ngh, nc x l).Dng ra t h thng x l cp II c th c x l su hn na loi b cc cht hu c, cc cht to mi, v, mu sc v cc chtv c ho tan. Phng php x l oxi ho bng ozon c bit c ch loi b cc hp cht phenol t cc dng nc thi du m. Nrt quan trng khi dng nc thi t nh my lc du c thivo ngun cung cp nc.Trao i ion c th c dng loi cc cht v c t nc thinhng khng chc phng php x l cht lng cao nh vy licn thit cho nc thi lc du. Trong x l nc thi, bn v nhtng bn du c to ra v chng cn x l. Cc cht c to rat cc qu trnh ny c chn hoc thiu t.C mt s dng nc thi khng yu cu x l ko di qua nhiugiai on x l. Nc lm mt nhn chung l tng i sch hoc lc thi trc tip ti h thng thu gom nc hoc l (nu chadu) th c x l bng tch trng lc trc khi thi. Cc cht xctc dng thng khng c thi xung h thng cng rnhnc thi. Chng c th c ti sinh hay chn xung t.C mt vi yu t c th nh hng n hiu qu x l ca cc qutrnh khc nhau. Nc thi cha du s khng c trn vi ccnc thi x l cha cc ho cht c khuynh hng to nh vi duv lm gim hiu qu tch trng lc. Lng ln du c xu hng ph ln b mt vi sinh hc cc thit b lc git v lm gim qutrnh trao i. Trong bn hot tnh, du lm cho bn ni ln v mttheo dng nc thi.Trong tch nc chua, pH l quan trng khi tch cc hp chtsunphua v amoniac. Tch bng kh t lm cho nc thi c tnhaxit v NH

3 , khng th loi b c. Trong tch bng hi nc th Nh 3 c th loi b v pH khng thp.Chi ph ca x l cp II s thay i tu thuc vo cc thit b cs dng trong x l cp II. Dng bn hot tnh l r hn khi xydng nhng chi ph vn hnh s cao, thit bh lc git c pdng cho phn ln cc nh my lc c th c chi ph u t cao nhng chi ph vn hnh thp hn. B x l ch kinh t khi t r vc sn nhng chi ph vn hnh li rt thp so vi bn hot tnh vthit b lc git. X l nc thi trong thp lm mt c th gim chi ph nc b sung.3.3.3. Mt s s h thng x l nc thi ti nh my lc dua- H thng x l oxi ho s b cc hp cht sunphua t nc thiy l h thng oxi ho s b ri loi b du bng kt bng, tuynni hay x l sinh hc, x l nc x l v nc tho bnh cnhiu mui, nh tng hay cc cht nhim khc. b- H thng x l nc thi ti nh my lc du Finaneste(B)y l s h thng x l nc thi c tuyn ni phn nhnh x l nc ra t thit b lc v nc loi mui nh my lc duFinaneste, cng sut 1000m 3 /h. Quy trnh x l ny kt hp hai phng php vt l v ho hc, kt hp lc nhanh nc cha duv tuyn ni bng khng kh ho tan, thng dng x l hai loinc thi co lu lng nh hn: Nc thi t vic ra thit b lc Nc nh ho t thit b loi mui v cc qu trnh x l khc dH thng x l nc thi nh my3.4. Thi nc thi lc du xung h thng nc thi sinh hotCh c khong vi % (1-2%) nc thi x l t cc nh my lcdu c thi ti he3 thng nc thi sinh hot. L do ch yu lgn nh tt c cc quy nh thi u c quy nh cm thi du, chtd chy v vt liu gy n. Nc thi cha du thng bn vo hthng nc thi, nh hng n thu lc dng chy v nguy himchy n.Tuy nhin, nc thi lc du v nc thi sinh hot c th c xl cng nhau nhng u tin phi nh gi xem nc thi lc duc cn phi x l s b hay khng. Thng thng, nc thi lcdu cn phi x l s b trc khi x l chung