(H2N2)-n mn kim loi l hin tng t n mn v ph hu b mt dn dn ca cc vt liu kim loi do tc dng ho hc hoc tc dng in ho gia kim loi vi mi trng

bn ngoi. 1. Cu to ca kim loi v nh hng ca n n qu trnh n mn: Cu to ca kim loi c nh hng rt ln n qu trnh n mn kim loi. iu kin bnh thng kim loi v hp kim u trng thi rn, c nh kim, dn nhit, dn in, tnh cng ngh tt, Kim loi c cu to mng tinh th, cc nguyn t c sp xp theo mt th t nht nh. Gia chng c khong cch. Cc ion nguyn t trong kim loi khng chuyn ng hn lon m n ch dao ng xung quanh mt v tr cn bng. Mi lin kt trong kim loi v bn cht th ging mi lin kt cng ho tr. Nhng c im khc l cc in t ho tr trong kim loi khng ch dng ring cho 1 cp lin kt ng gn nhau m dng chung cho ton b khi kim loi. Cc in t ho tr sau khi tch khi nguyn t kim loi th chuyn ng hn lon, n i t qu o ca nguyn t ny sang qu o ca nguyn t khc to thnh lp my in t. Mi lin kt c bit gi l lin kt kim loi. Tuy nhin trong kim loi cn tn ti dng lin kt cng ho tr. Hai dngny c kh nng chuyn ho cho nhau. 2. S n mn kim loi n mn kim loi l hin tng t n mn v ph hu b mt dn dn ca cc vt liu kim loi do tc dng ho hc hoc tc dng in ho gia kim loi vi mi trng bn ngoi. Khi nim g kim loi ch dng cho s n mn st hay hp kim trn c s st vi s to thnh sn phm n mn ch yu gm hydroxt b hydrat ho. Kh nng pht sinh n mn ph thuc nhiu yu t ca vt liu kim loi, tnh cht mi trng, nhit , thi gian, p lc. Phn loi n mn a Da theo qu trnh n mn n mn c chia ra: 1. n mn ho hc 2. n mn in ho. b- Da theo mi trng Tu theo mi trng ngi ta chia ra: 1. n mn trong kh : xy, kh sunfuar, kh H2S,2. n mn trong khng kh : n mn trong khng kh t, n mn trongkhng kh m, n mn trong khng kh kh.3. n mn trong t.4. n mn trong cht lng (kim, axit, mui, Nh vy : Dng n mn xm thc l do s chuyn ng tip xc gia cc b mt vt rn v dng chuyn ng ca cc cht lng, cht kh. (n mn ho hc); Dng n mn do tip xc vi cc mi cht nh a xit, baz v c tc nhn in gi l n mn in ho . Kim loi en: nh thp, gang b n mn mnh nht. Thang n mn c xp theo bng sau : 3. Phn loi mc chu n mn ca vt liu

a s kim loi u b n mn (b r) khi tip xc vi mi trng , mt s rt t b r hn ch hoc lp r c kh nng t bo v ly n. Kh nng pht sinh n mn ph thuc nhiu yu t: loi kim loi, tnh cht mi trng, nhit , thi gian, p lc. V d:

 Mg: b g nhanh trong khng kh, nhng khng r trong mi trng nc bin Al: c kh nng chng g mi trng khng kh, nhng d b ph hu mi trng kim. Cr: chng g i vi axt v c nhng d g trong axit hu c ( axit axetc, H2S) Thp Cr Ni: C kh nng chu c mi trng axit chua. Zn ( km): Chng g tt mi trng nc lnh, nhng nhit ln hn 60 (T0>600 ) th d b g. Cu trc ca g cng khc nhau: g vng, g b mt, g ngm, g t bong, g vng bn

Cc dng n mn b mt a/ n mn u, b/ n mn khng u, c/ n mn la chn, d/ n mn gia cc tinh th. 4. n mn ho hc Do mi trng m kim loi tip xc, c nhiu yu t ( nc m, 02, N2, sulft) gy ra cc phn ng ho hc hay lin kt ho hc. n mn ho hc L s n mn kim loi do tc dng n thun ca phn ng ho hc gia vt liu kim loi vi mi trng xung quanh c cha cht xm thc (O2, S2, Cl2,) Hay ni cch khc l qu trnh n mn ho hc xy ra trong mi trng kh v trong cc mi trng cc cht khng in ly dng lng (ch yu l n mn cc thit b, ng dn cc nhin liu lng ln cc hp cht sunfua, Cc cht khng in ly : Brm lng, lu hunh nng chy, dung mi hu c nh benzen, nhin liu lng : du ho, xng, du khong V d : Brm lng tc dng vi nhiu kim loi nhit thng. c bit n ph hu rt mnh i vi thp cc bon, Ti. Vi Ni, th yu vi nhm th ph hu chm. Lu hunh nng chy : ph hu mnh vi Cu, Sn, Pb ; thp cc bon

v Ti ph hu chm. n mn do khng kh ch yu l do qu trnh xy ho kim loi nhit cao. V d: Hin tng xy ho ca thp v gang O2 + Fe FeO + O2 => Fe3O4 + O2 => Fe2O3 Hin tng mt cc bon ca thp v gang : Fe3C + 1/2 O2 = 3Fe + CO Fe3C + CO2 = 3 Fe + 2 CO Fe3C + H2O = 3 Fe + CO + H2 Qu trnh mt cc bon s lm gim cng, chu mi mn v gim gii hn n hi. Nhm (Al) l nguyn t hp kim tt nht dng tng bn ca gang v thp nhm chng li s mt cc bon. Sau l Cr, W, Mn c kh nng yu hn. Al v Cr c lp xyd cht, c kh nng ngn cn qu trnh xm nhp ca mi trng kh, cn cc nguyn t W, Mn ch c tc dng ngn cn qu trnh khuych tn ca cc bon ra ngoi b mt. Hin tng mt cc bon do hydro gi l hin tng dn hydro : Fe3C + 2 H2 = 3Fe + CH4 Phn ng ny lm gim lng cc bon v to ra kh CH4 lm ph hu mi lin kt trong kim loi. Fe + H2 = Fe + H2O Hi nc trong phn ng ny thot ra cng lm ph hu lin kt trong kim loi. S n mn ca kh hydro i vi ng thng xy ra nhit trn 400C (>400C): Cu + O2 => Cu2O Trong mi trng hydro th ng xyt b kh : Cu2O + H2 = 2 Cu + H2O Hi nc thot ra qua ng bin gii ht lm ph hu mi lin kt trong kim loi, lm gim bn v gy nn nhng vt nt nh. S n mn ca kh sunfuar (SO2) i vi ng : 6Cu + SO2 = 2 Cu2O + Cu2S nhit cao : 3 Ni + SO2 = NiS + 2 NiO NiS to thnh hp cht Ni Ni2S2 c nhit nng chy thp ( khong 625 oC) cc hp cht ny nm vng tinh gii ht lm ph v mi lin kt v lm gim bn nhit.

Cc nhm kim loi khc nhau th kh nng b n mn ho hc cng khc nhau. (1) Tc n mn ho hc khng i; chiu dy lp g tng tuyn tnh theo thi gian. (2) Qu trnh n mn xy ra chm hn. (3) (4) Qu trnh xy ho xy ra rt nhanh nhng to nn lp xyt rt bn vng; tc xy ho hu nh khng tng theo thi gian 5. n mn in ho: L qu trnh xy ra khi kim loi tip xc vi mi trng in phn tc l mi trng dn in (ch ngi ta gi : dung dch cht in ly cn gi l cht in gii).n mn in ho l s n mn do phn ng in ho xy ra 2 vng khc nhau trn b mt kim loi. Qu trnh n mn in ho c pht sinh dng in t chuyn ng trong kim loi v dng cc ion chuyn ng trong dung dch in ly theo mt hng nht nh t vng in cc ny n vng in cc khc ca kim loi). Tc n mn in ho xy ra kh mnh lit so vi n mn ho hc. Cht in ly mnh : HCl, HNO3, H2SO4 long, cc ba z: NaOH, (tr NH4OH), cc mui NaCl, Cht in ly yu : H2SO4 c, axit hu c, cc mui baz, nc nguyn cht H2O. N mn in ho l dng n mn xy ra khi kim loi tip xc vi mi trng in phn (n mn tip xc). y l dng n mn kh ph bin. Bn cht gy n mn in ho l do cc vipin xut hin trn b mt tip xc, cng v tc n mn in ho xy ra mnh lit hn nhiu so vi n mn ho hc. hiu r bn cht n mn in ho ta cn tm hiu hin tng hidratho. Hin tng hydrat ho : Ta bit rng trong phn t nc nguyn cht ch c mt lng rt nh cc phn t nc phn ly thnh H+ v OH -. Trong phn t nc khng phn ly, cc nguyn t hydro lin kt vi xy khng theo ng thng m to thnh mt gc 105.

Do c lin kt nh vy nn cc phn t nc khng in ly c mt trung tm in tch m v mt trung tm tch in dng v ngi ta gi phn t nc l phn t lng cc. Cc ion ca cht in ly trong dung dch nc u b lc ht tnh in ca cc phn t nc lng cc sp xp c hng trong khng gian gi l s hidrat ho. Qu trnh n mn in ho l do kh nng ca ion kim loi tch khi b mt ca n v chuyn vo dung dch. S di chuyn i hi phi c mt nng lng ko ion kim loi ra khi mng li ca n b mt tit xc v chuyn vo dung dch in ly. i vi cc kim loi khc nhau th kh nng ny cng khc nhau. n mn in ho bao gm 3 qu trnh c bn: - Qu trnh ant - Qu trnh catt - Qu trnh dn in. 1. Qu trnh ant (xy ra trn dng cc) l qu trnh oxy ho. Ion kim loi chuyn vo dung dch v gii phng in t.2. Qu trnh catt (qu trnh xy ra trn cc m) l qu trnh kh in ho. Cc cht xy ho nhn in t do kim loi b n mn.3. Qu trnh dn in : cc in t kim loi b n mn gii phng s di chuyn t ant ti ca tt, cn cc ion dch chuyn trong dung dch. Nh vy trong qu trnh n mn in ho, kim loi hot ng nh 1 pin ta gi l pin n mn cc b (hay vi pin). Khi ta nhng thanh kim loi vo mt dung dch in ly, trn b mt s to nn lp in tch kp v l nguyn nhn to nn bc nhy in th gia b mt kim loi v dung dch in ly. V d: Nhng mu Zn vo dung dch long H2SO4: Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2 y km b ho tan trong dung dch H2SO4 long v hidro (H2) thot ra . Tc n mn ca Zn trong H2SO4 loang tng vt ln (khng theo quy lut n mn ho hc nh xt trn hnh trn) Khi tip xc vi dung dch, cc ion kim loi b hidrat ho, cc ion kim loi (kation) s chuyn vo dung dch v trn b mt b d in t s tch in m. Trn b mt gii hn 2 pha s xut hin lp in tch kp. S s hnh thnh lp in tch kp ca kim loi nh hnh :

T b mt kim loi sang dung dch s c bc nhy in th ti b mt tit xc. chnh lch in th gia b mt kim loi vi dung dch gi l in th in cc ca kim loi. Hin nay cha c phng php tnh ton v xc nh tr s tuyt i nn ngi ta ch xc nh tr s tng i ca n bng cch chn in cc chun hidro v quy c in th in cc chun ca hidro bng khng. Qu trnh nguyn t b mt in t v b hydrat ho gi l qu trnh xy ho. K hiu l I1; I2 l qu trnh m cc cation t dung dch n b mt kim loi gi l qu trnh hon nguyn hay kh kim loi. Khi ta nhng thanh km Zn vo dung dch mui ca n (v d ZnCl2) th qu trnh oxy ho v kh xy ra ch do cc kation (ion dng) ca kim loi in cc. Ngha l dng in trao i ch bao gm cc in tch ca ion km. Khi cn bng ta c dng in trao i I1 = I2 v ta c phng trnh thun nghch nh sau:

Phng trnh trn c ngha khi nhit l 20C. Xt phng trnh trn ta thy khi C = 1 th E = Eo (Eo in th in cc chun) in th in cc kim loi ph thuc: kim loi, nng dung dch in ly, nhit , p lc, c tnh dung dch, nng ion Trong thc t ta khng th o trc tip gi tr tuyt i ca in th in cc cn bng (thun nghch) gia kim loi v dung dch. tin so snh, ngi ta o in th in cc iu kin chun: T0 = 25C, nng ion kim loi trong dung dch: 1g ion/l v gi l in th chun. iu kin ny vi hyro c in th quy c E0 = 0 vn.

Bng in th tiu chun ca kim loi 25C

Nh vy, nhng kim loi no c th y H+ ra khi dung dch ca n v ho tan th kim loi c th in cc chun m ( ), ngc li nhng kim khng th y H+ ra khi dung dch ca n v ho tan th c th in cc chun dng (+). in th kim loi no cng m th kim loi y c tnh hot ng in ho cao, kim loi c th in cc chun m hn th c th y kim loi c in th chun dng hn ra khi mui ca n. n mn in ho l dng n mn tng i ph bin v a dng i vi cc thit b cng trnh vt dng c s dng kim loi, n khng nhng xut hin khi kim loi tip xc vi dung dch in ly, tip xc gia cc kim loi vi nhau m cn xy ra khi tip xc vi mi trng, kh quyn, t, nc, nc bin, dng in r, thm ch ngay gia cc cu trc kim loi khng ng nht (tinh gii ht, thin tch lch) hoc di tc dng cc ng lc v c hc. Trong k thut, n mn ni chung l hin tng c hi, cn phi c nhiu bin php khc phc t s hiu bit v nguyn nhn v bn cht gy g nh ni trn. S tn tht kim loi do n mn hng ngy, hng gi trong k thut v i sng l v cng to ln. Ngi ta c tnh rng: C 1A dng in 1 chiu b r hng nm gy tn tht 90 kg Fe , 11 kg Cu, 37 kg Pb Lng kim loi tn tht do n mn chim 10% n 30% lng kim loi sn xut hin nay. 6. Nguyn nhn ca mi mn

6.1 Nguyn nhn do vn hnh : Thiu s tun th cc yu cu v iu kin v k thut khi vn hnh Bi trn khng m bo, iu kin bi trn khng tt, qu hn thay du m, Do cc cht bn tch t, hay do sn phm mi mn ln trong du m gy nn. Lp ghp khng chun nn mi ghp khng u gy mt cn bng, Do vn hnh trong khi my qu ti; Khng thng xuyn kim tra bo dng my, khng pht hin cc s c hng hc my, khng sa cha kp thi. Do cc hng hc khi vn hnh nh : b va chm, trong qu trnh lm vic. Qu gii hn thi gian vn hnh cho php m vn tip tc s dng. 6.2 Nguyn nhn do ma st nhm ca b mt tip xc khi lm vic; Bi ca mi trng dnh bm vo b mt chi tit ni lun tip xc nhau; Ht mi, cc phn t kim loi b mi mn ri rt li. 6.3 Nguyn nhn do ch ti trng thay i Do ti trng khi lm vic thay i tnh. Do ti trng khi lm vic thay i ng. 6.4 Nguyn nhn khc Nhit ca mi trng bn ngoi v nhit lm vic. Do nhit t sinh ra, lm bin i c, l, ho tnh ca chi tit; Mc c kh ho, t ng kim tra hiu chnh cc ch lm vic, TS. Dinh Minh Diem