Hoai Nhon - District Solid Waste Management Plan

Peoples Committee of BINH DINH Province
WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION PPMU
Project Management Unit

Improvement of Sanitation and Protection of the Environment in Tuy Hoa City, Phu Yen
HOAI NHON Proposal for performing Consultancy on Developing Solid Waste Management Detailed Plans for the PLAN DISTRICT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENTfour Districts of Hoai Nhon, Phu My, An Nhon and Tay Son UP TO 2025 (VIE 07 035 11)
EP&T
DECEMBER 2011 SEPTEMBER 2010
Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1. 1.2. 2. PURPOSE OF THE DISTRICT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN ..................................................................... 4 THE CONTENTS OF THIS DISTRICT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN............................................................. 4
TARGETS FOR DISTRICT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ....................................................................... 4 2.1. LEGAL DOCUMENTS OF THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT ................................................................................... 4 2.1.1. The Government Decree no. 59 on Solid Waste Management ............................................... 4 2.1.2. The National Strategy on Integrated Solid Waste Management ............................................ 5 2.1.3. The Inter-ministerial joint circular No. 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD ................................... 7 2.1.4. The Circular No. 13/2007/TT-BXD ........................................................................................... 8 2.1.5. The Circular No. 01/2011/TT-BXD ........................................................................................... 9 2.2. THE PROVINCE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN ................................................................................... 10 2.3. TARGETS FOR THE DISTRICT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT .......................................................................... 10
3.
PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF DOMESTIC WASTE TILL 2025 .............................................................. 12 3.1. DEFINITION OF SOLID WASTE ................................................................................................................ 12 3.2. CURRENT SITUATION IN HOAI NHON DISTRICT .......................................................................................... 12 3.2.1. Existing Equipment, Staffing and Waste Collection Service .................................................. 12 3.2.2. Current Waste Disposal Sites................................................................................................. 13 3.2.3. Current Fees and Cost Recovery ............................................................................................ 14 3.2.4. Agricultural/Farm Waste ....................................................................................................... 15 3.3. DOMESTIC WASTE CHARACTERISTICS AND GENERATION RATE TILL 2025....................................................... 15 3.3.1. Domestic Waste Composition for Street and Market Waste ................................................ 15 3.3.2. Domestic Waste Generation Rates till 2025 .......................................................................... 16 3.4. PLAN FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT AT SOURCE 2011-2025 ........................................................................ 18 3.4.1. Markets ................................................................................................................................. 18 3.4.2. Households ............................................................................................................................ 19 3.4.3. Cost of Treatment of Organic Waste at Source ..................................................................... 20 3.5. PLAN FOR WASTE COLLECTION 2011 - 2025 ........................................................................................... 25 3.5.1. Methodology for Collection of Waste.................................................................................... 25 3.5.2. Waste Transfer and Transportation ...................................................................................... 27 3.5.3. Requirements to Street Sweeping Equipment ....................................................................... 29 3.5.4. Demand for Waste Collection Facilities ................................................................................. 30 3.5.5. Requirements for Waste Transportation Vehicles ................................................................. 36 3.5.6. Requirements to Waste Management Workers .................................................................... 38 3.5.7. Cost of Waste Collection System ........................................................................................... 39 3.5.8. Fees and Cost Recovery for Waste Collection ........................................................................ 44 3.6. REQUIREMENTS FOR CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT AND AWARENESS RAISING ..................................................... 47 3.6.1. Background ........................................................................................................................... 47 3.6.2. Capacity Development and Training within the district ........................................................ 47 3.6.3. Basic for a Awareness Raising Programme from 2012 to 2014 ............................................ 48 3.6.4. Strategy and Objectives......................................................................................................... 49 3.6.5. Organization and Implementation Structure ........................................................................ 50 3.6.6. Awareness Raising through the Public Media ....................................................................... 53

3.6.7. Requirements to Improve the Waste Collection .................................................................... 54 3.6.8. Strengthening the Recycling at Source .................................................................................. 54 3.6.9. Capacity Development and Training within the District ........................................................ 55 3.6.10. Cost of Capacity Development and Awareness Raising Programmes 2012 2025 .............. 55 3.7. REQUIREMENTS TO THE WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM .................................................................................... 58 3.7.1. Quantity of Waste to Landfill 2011 2025 ........................................................................... 58 3.7.2. District Sanitary Landfill ........................................................................................................ 59 3.7.3. Benefits of a Shared Sanitary Landfill .................................................................................... 61 3.7.4. Procedure for Sharing a Sanitary Landfill .............................................................................. 62 3.8. CLOSURE OF DUMPSITES ...................................................................................................................... 63 3.9. COST SAVING BY TREATING ORGANIC WASTE AT SOURCE ........................................................................... 63 4. PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE TILL 2025............................................................ 64 4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 4.4. 4.5. 4.6. 5. DEFINITIONS OF INDUSTRIAL/HAZARDOUS WASTE .................................................................................... 64 CURRENT SITUATION AND PLANS ........................................................................................................... 65 POSSIBILITIES FOR WASTE PREVENTION AND WASTE MINIMISATION; .............................................................. 66 PRESENT AND FUTURE QUANTITIES OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE .......................................................................... 67 THE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTE ................................................................................ 67 REQUIREMENTS FOR CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT AND AWARENESS RAISING ..................................................... 68
PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF HEALTHCARE RISK WASTE .................................................................. 69 5.1. DEFINITION OF HEALTHCARE RISK WASTE ................................................................................................ 69 5.2. CURRENT SITUATION ........................................................................................................................... 69 5.2.1. The provincial level General Hospital .................................................................................... 70 5.2.2. The District Hospital .............................................................................................................. 70 5.3. FUTURE MANAGEMENT OF HCW .......................................................................................................... 70
6.
IMPLEMENTATION PLANS ................................................................................................................ 71 TABLES OF WASTE QUANTITIES 2010 - 2025......................................................................... 72 MAP OF DISTRICT ................................................................................................................. 89 SANITARY LANDFILL CALCULATIONS .................................................................................... 91
ANNEX A ANNEX B ANNEX C
1. Background
Binh Dinh Province is located on the coast of Vietnam in the South Central Coast Region. The province had a population of 1.49 million in 2009 and has a land area of 6,025 square kilometres. Within the province, the Hoai Nhon District borders the coast and is located approximately 90 km north of Quy Nhon. The District capital is Bong Son and the other major town is Tam Quan. The District has a total area of 414 km2 and the population in 2009 was 206,900 inhabitants. There are two towns and 15 communes located within the District.
1.1.
Purpose of the District Solid Waste Management Plan
The purpose of this District Solid Waste Management Plan is to offer and overall strategy for the collection, treatment and disposal of all solid waste generated in Hoai Nhon District. The Plan covers the years 2011 through 2025. The Plan was developed in close consultation with all stakeholders within the district through meetings, discussions and workshops.
1.2.
The Contents of this District Solid Waste Management Plan
This District Solid Waste Management Plan covers the management plans for domestic waste in section 3, for industrial waste in section 4, and for healthcare risk waste in section 5. An overview of the related Governments laws, Decrees and Regulations on solid waste management is given is section 2. For each type of waste, the Plan provides a description of the current situation, where after the present waste quantities and characteristics are discussed. Hereafter the plans describes the requirements to waste collection, treatment and disposal, the capital and financial costs of the system, as well as cost recovery, requirements to institutional strengthening, capacity development and awareness raising.
2. Targets for District Solid Waste Management

2.1. Legal Documents of the Central Government
2.1.1. The Government Decree no. 59 on Solid Waste Management

The most important national legal document regarding solid waste management is the Government Decree No. 59/2007/ND-CP issued on the 9th April 2007. The document requires four principles applied in solid waste management as follows: 1. Solid waste generators have to pay for the collection, transport and treatment of the waste 2. Solid waste has to be segregated at source, reused, and recycled. Reusable components have to be recovered into input material for production or energy. 3. Technologies which can be used for non-degradable waste treatment or for reducing the waste amount for landfill are prioritized in order to save land resource. 4. The Government encourages the socialization in the collection, segregation, transport and treatment of solid waste. The Decree also regulates the items of state management on solid waste and promulgates requirements for the planning and investment of solid waste management. In addition, it regulates in detail the activities of solid waste segregation, collection, storage, transport and treatment; as well as the costs for solid waste management. Last but not least, the decree calls for the requirement of monitoring and implementation.
2.1.2. The National Strategy on Integrated Solid Waste Management

On December 12, 2009 the Prime Minister signed Decision No. 2149/QD-TTg approving the National Strategy on Integrated Solid Waste Management till the year 2025 with vision to 2050. The strategy states the following main points:
Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) is a common responsibility of the whole society, in which the Government takes a leading role in order to enhance socialisation, mobilise all the possible resources, and strengthen the investment into the ISWM activities. ISWM is implemented on the base of regional and intersectional approaches in order to optimise both economic and technical aspects and ensure social and environmental safety. ISWM is one of the priorities in environmental protection, which takes part in pollution control towards sustainable development of the country. ISWM should be based on the polluter pays principle, according to which waste generators, polluters and environmental degraders are responsible to contribute finance and compensate for the losses as required by current regulations. Solid waste management should be implemented with an integrated manner in order to take the first priority for waste prevention and reduction at source and enhance reuse and recycling to reduce the quantities of waste for landfilling.
With a clear vision for the year 2050 that all the waste that is generated will be collected, reused, recycled and treated by advanced and environmentally friendly technologies and that the quantities of waste for landfilling will be minimised, the strategy has set the following target figures: By 2015: By 2020:
85% of domestic solid waste in urban areas should be collected and treated, of which 60% should be reused, recycled, recovered into energy, or composted. 50% of construction waste in urban areas should be collected and treated, of which 30% should be recovered for reuse or recycling. 30% of septic sludge in urban areas of class II and higher and 10% in urban areas of other classes should be collected and properly treated. Reduce 40% of plastic bag use in supermarkets and superstores compared to 2010. Waste separation at households should be implemented at 50% of urban areas, where solid waste recycling facilities exist. 80% of non-hazardous industrial solid waste should be collected and treated, within which 70% should be recovered for reuse or recycling. 60% of hazardous industrial solid waste from industrial parks should be properly treated. 85% of non-hazardous and 70% of hazardous healthcare waste should be collected and properly treated. 40% of solid waste in rural residential areas and 50% in craft villages should be collected and properly treated. 100% of seriously polluting dumpsites according to Decision No. 64/2003/QD-TTg of April 22, 2003 should be treated. 90% of domestic solid waste in urban areas should be collected and treated, of which 85% should be reused, recycled, recovered into energy, or composted.
Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan By 2025: 80% of construction waste in urban areas should be collected and treated, of which 50% should be recovered for reuse or recycling. 50% of septic sludge in urban areas of class II and higher and 30% in the remaining urban areas should be collected and properly treated. Reduce 65% of plastic bag use in supermarkets and superstores compared to 2010. Waste separation at households should be implemented at 80% of urban areas, where solid waste recycling facilities exist. 90% of non-hazardous industrial solid waste should be collected and treated, within which 75% should be recovered for reuse or recycling. 70% of hazardous industrial solid waste from industrial parks should be properly treated. 100% of non-hazardous and hazardous healthcare waste should be collected and properly treated. 70% of solid waste in rural residential areas and 80% in craft villages should be collected and properly treated. Waste separation at households should be implemented at 100% of urban areas, where solid waste recycling facilities exist. 100% of domestic solid waste in urban areas should be collected and treated, of which 90% should be reused, recycled, recovered into energy, or composted. 90% of construction waste in urban areas should be collected and treated, of which 60% should be recovered for reuse or recycling. 100% of septic sludge in urban areas of class II and higher and 50% in the remaining urban areas should be collected and properly treated. Reduce 85% of plastic bag use in supermarkets and superstores compared to 2010. 100% of non-hazardous and hazardous industrial solid waste should be collected and properly treated. 90% of solid waste in rural residential areas and 100% in craft villages should be collected and properly treated.
Furthermore, in order to realise the above set goals, the strategy has pointed out the following tasks for implementation: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Prevent and minimise the generation of solid waste Enhance source separation Increase the collection and transport of solid waste Strengthen the reuse and recycling of solid waste Treat solid waste Recover the surroundings of the solid waste treatment facilities.
In addition, the strategy has also pointed out the following main measures for implementation: 1. Improve the system of legal documents and policies regarding solid waste management. 2. Plan and implement the solid waste management plans for all the economic zones and provinces/cities, monitor the implementation of solid waste management plans in the planning of urban and rural residential areas, and plan and implement the plans on the construction of solid waste treatment sites to the level of wards/communes. 3. Build a database and a solid waste data monitoring system in the whole country. 4. Build resources for the implementation of the strategy 6
Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan 5. Promote scientific research for effectively contributing to ISWM 6. Raise awareness 7. Strengthen international cooperation Last but not least, in order to ensure successful implementation, the strategy has also proposed 10 implementation programs which are summarised below:
No Programme Targets Due year & leading implementer 2020 MoNRE
01
Promoting the prevention, minimisation, reuse and recycling of solid waste Promoting solid waste separation at source Investing into the construction of solid waste treatment facilities at regional level Treating domestic solid waste in the urban areas during 2009-2020 Recovering the environment for the solid waste treatment and landfilling works Strengthening solid waste management in rural areas and craft villages Building a database and a solid waste data monitoring system Raising public awareness
02
03
- Set up and implement measures for the prevention, minimisation, reuse and recycling of solid waste - Develop recycling industry - Set up regulations and guidance on solid waste separation at source - Disseminate source separation models Construct solid waste treatment facilities for the economic zones in the whole country as approved by the Prime Minister Construct solid waste treatment facilities for the urban areas in the whole country, using technologies that limit landfilling - Strictly treat the seriously polluting dumpsites as per Decision No 64/2003/QD-TTg - Improve and upgrade all the current dumpsites in the whole country to meet the required environmental standards Strengthen integrated solid waste management in the rural areas and craft villages Build a database and a solid waste data monitoring system in the whole country in order to enhance the effectiveness of the solid waste management of both the central and local governments Gradually increase public awareness on the separation, reduction, reuse and recycling of solid waste as well as to protect hygienic conditions Improve the system of standards, regulations, technical guidance, mechanisms, policies, institutions etc. on integrated solid waste management Ensure by the year 2025 100% solid waste generated by the healthcare establishments be collected and treated properly as required by the environmental standards
2015 MONRE 2020 MoC
04
2020 MoC 2020 MoNRE
05
06
2020 MARD 2015 MoNRE
07
08
2020 MoIT 2015 MoC
09
10
Building a legal, policy and institutional system for integrated solid waste management Treating healthcare waste during 2009-2025
2025 MoH
2.1.3. The Inter-ministerial joint circular No. 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD

The MoSTE and MoC on January 18, 2001 issued inter-ministerial joint circular No. 01/2001/TTLTBKHCNMT-BXD guiding the regulations on environmental protection for the selection of location for and the construction and operation of solid waste burial sites. First, the circular elaborates requirements for the selection of waste burial site locations. It requires that the burial site locations must be determined on the basis of construction planning that has already been approved by the competent state management bodies. Besides, it sets minimum distances from a 7
Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan burial site, depending on its size, to different works including urban areas, airports, industrial parks, residential clusters, ground water exploiting works, etc. For instance, the minimum distance from a small and medium burial site to a delta or midland residential cluster (of more than 5 households) should be 1,000 m at the end of principal wind direction or 300 m to other directions. Furthermore, the document guides the procedure for selection of a model and size for a burial site. Second, the circular regulates the operating procedure of a burial site. This includes the weighing and registration of waste, covering the layers of placed waste with soil or other equal materials, closure of a site, post-closure monitoring, and ultimate (re)use of the site after closure. Third and the last, the circular guides the organisation of implementation, in which it shares the responsibilities of the MoSTE, the MoC and the PCs of provincial level in the selection of location for and operation of waste burial sites.
2.1.4. The Circular No. 13/2007/TT-BXD

On December 2007, the Ministry of Construction issued Circular No. 13 /2007/TT-BXD to guide some articles of the Governmental Decree 59/2007/ND-CP of April 9, 2007 on solid waste management. The document covers the following five items: 1. Planning of solid waste management The planning of solid waste management that was defined by Item 1 of Article 7 in Decree 59/2007/ND-CP is elaborated in this circular as the specific construction sectional planning, which includes surveys, projection of generation sources and quantities of both general and hazardous waste; identification of the locations and sizes of transfer stations and the area of collection and transport; selection of sites and sizes for the waste treatment facilities on the base of proper technologies; setting up plans and resources for complete collection and treatment of the solid waste. The period for planning is stated to be 10 years, 20 years or longer, depending on the period of construction planning. In addition, the circular also lists the requirements for contents and drawings to be covered in a solid waste management plan. 2. Planning of construction of solid waste management works The circular elaborates the planning of construction of solid waste management works which was regulated by Articles 8 and 9 in Decree 59/2007/ND-CP. It specifies detailed requirements for the planning of total layout of solid waste treatment facilities, including for instance location and capacity, construction area, water and electricity consumption norms, isolation from potentially polluting or explosive areas, monitoring locations, proposal of landscape recovery and ultimate use of the site after closure, etc. 3. Recovery and reuse of solid waste treatment areas after closure The document requires closure of landfills that have been filled up with waste according to the design and unsanitary landfills. It also suggests possible alternatives of reuse of the sites such as, for instance, entertainment, sports, parking areas etc. 4. Preparation and management of budget for solid waste treatment According to the circular, the budget preparation should cover all the costs including collection, transport and treatment of solid waste to ensure full recovery of the costs and development of the treatment facilities owners; as well as to encourage the socialisation of solid waste treatment. The document also requires that the prepared budget be approved by the chairman of the province PC level. 5. Organisation for implementation The circular requires the ministries and PCs of provincial level to prepare, appraise and approve solid waste management plans as regulated by Article 10 of Decree 59/2007/ND-CP. Furthermore it requires the PCs of provincial level to appraise and approve construction plans for solid waste 8
Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan treatment of provincial and inter-provincial regional scales. Finally it requires the PCs of provincial level to be responsible for closing unsanitary dumpsites as regulated by Decision 64/2003/QD-TTg of April 22, 2003.
2.1.5. The Circular No. 01/2011/TT-BXD

The circular No. 01/2011/TT-BXD was issued by the MoC on January 27, 2011 to guide the implementation of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) for construction and urban planning. The objectives of the document include not only regional, general, sub-regional and detailed planning, but also rural residential planning and specific technical infrastructural planning, which all are thereafter called construction planning. It is organised into 5 chapters and 23 articles, covering general regulations, methods of SEA, contents of SEA, report compilation and appraisal, and organisation of implementation. In general, the document requires SEA to be part of a construction planning and be conducted in parallel to the planning process. Besides the general requirements for an SEA, such as the main environmental issues to focus on and scientific basis for the methods to be used, the circular requires that the contents of an SEA should not be contradictory to or replicated of the ones shown in the plans of higher levels of the current plan. In addition, it requires that the appraisal of such SEAs be carried out in parallel to the appraisal of the plan. The requirements for SEA for specific technical infrastructural planning are elaborated in Article 16 of the document. Regarding SEA for solid waste treatment planning this article specifies the following contents: Assessing and comparing both positive and negative environmental impacts of different alternatives for collection routes, location and size of transfer stations and treatment facility, treatment technology; Composition of both general and hazardous waste; Topographical properties and the possibility of soil pollution at the site; Ground water characteristics and the possibility of ground water pollution at the treatment site; Surface water characteristics, flow direction and its distance to the treatment site; Air emission and odour from the treatment site; Adverse social impacts on the local communities in the area of the treatment site or along side the transport route.
Furthermore, Article 21 of the circular imposes the responsibilities of preparation, appraisal and approval of construction plans as follows: 1. The organisations and individuals who prepare, appraise or approve construction plans are responsible for implementing SEA for the plans as required in this Circular. 2. After the construction plan has been approved and announced, the construction planner is responsible for extracting the SEA or its summary to post on the webpage of the local government and submit a copy (formatted as a pdf or word file) to the MoCs address as bxd-vp@hn.vnn.vn Last but not least, Article 23 of the document states that this circular comes into affect from March 15, 2011 and that it replaces the MoCs Circular No 10/2000/TT-BXD of August 8, 2000 guiding the preparation of EIA for construction plans. It can therefore be expected that the DSWMPs that are being developed for the for districts of Hoai Nhon, Phu My, An Nhon and Tay Son under the BTC funded project Water Supply and Sanitation Project in Binh Dinh Province do 9
Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan not have to follow Circular No. 01/2011/TT-BXD, i.e. prepare SEA, as they all started in November 2010.
2.2.
The Province Solid Waste Management Plan
In August 2009, the Peoples Committee of Binh Dinh Province decision no. 637 approved the Province Solid Waste Master Plan for the urban areas and the industrial zones in Binh Dinh area up to 2020. It should be noted that since the provincial plan was developed and subsequently approved prior to the national strategy, it could not use the national strategy as a legal basis. The plan advocates using current solid waste management methods of the advanced countries in the world and adjusting it to the suitable conditions of Viet Nam. The plan emphasises the importance of minimising the amount of solid waste that is landfilled, in order to minimise both the environmental impacts and the investment costs. The plan calls for treatment facilities in every district, city and town; where the operation radius of each solid waste treatment plant is about 20 km. By 2020, eighty percent of the domestic solid waste from urban areas outside Quy Nhon must be collected and treated. The plan basically calls for at source separation of domestic solid waste in urban areas. It foresees utilising the organic faction of the waste to produce fertilizer and to place the remaining waste in sanitary landfills. The plan has set the following target figures: By 2015: 100% of domestic solid waste in Quy Nhon and 70% of domestic solid waste in other urban areas should be collected and treated. 100% of solid waste generated from industrial parks should be collected and treated by appropriated measures.
By 2020: - 100% of domestic solid waste in Quy Nhon and 80% of domestic solid waste in other urban areas should be collected and treated. - 100% of domestic solid waste generated in urban areas should be segregated at source. The plan includes projections of the quantity of solid waste generated in the whole province for the years 2015 and 2020. In addition, it suggests a model for solid waste management in urban areas which consists of not only sanitary landfills but also composting and other recycling activities. For rural areas of the province the model only foresees the use of landfills for waste disposal. Finally, the plan has proposed 10 solid waste treatment complexes for the whole province of Binh Dinh, each of which include as one of the components, a landfill.
2.3.
Targets for the District Solid Waste Management
In general and in accordance with the national and provincial policies, the management of solid waste should follow the following sequence of priorities: Reduction in the quantity of waste produced and to reduce its negative impacts Recycle the waste, where the discards are separated into materials that may be incorporated into new products; Use of waste not suitable for re-use or recycling as source of energy;
10
Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Disposal of waste not suitable for re-use or recycling nor for energy recovery, as well as the remains of waste from which energy has been recovered, without endangering human health and without using processes or methods which could harm the environment.
The above prioritisation is also in line with international practices. Ideally all waste generation should be avoided; where this is not possible, the quantity of waste should be minimised. Hereafter the hierarchy advocates recycling, energy recovery and final disposal in a landfill. For energy recovery, the most common solution is incineration of waste to generate steam and electricity; another possibility is to produce biogas from the biodegradable organic fraction of the waste. As can be seen from the above, placing the generated solid waste in a landfill is the least favoured option, however, by removing the waste from populated areas and placing it in a landfill, a number of health and environmental problems are solved. To reach the above-mentioned national and provincial policy goals, the solid waste management system in Hoai Nhon District has to be improved. The percentage of waste currently collected has to be increased in order to prevent pollution through illegal dumping. The waste volumes to be disposed of should be minimised, since with the disposal of waste many useful materials are lost, for the same reason recycling and reuse should be encouraged. Since the existing dumpsites within the District have a negative impact on the quality of water, air and soil, measures must be taken to reduce the harmful environmental impact caused by these sites. Furthermore, both healthcare risk waste and industrial waste are generated within the District, and these also need to be collected, treated and disposed of correctly. Today, the majority of healthcare wastes are properly treated; only the waste arising from small sources still need to be included in the existing system. For industrial wastes, there is currently no plan in place for their management. The objectives of this District Solid Waste Management Plan are as follows: Objective no. 1: Reduce the negative impact of uncollected or dumped domestic waste on the health of the population and on the environment
Targets aiming at a reduction in negative health and environmental impacts of domestic waste are: By the year 2020, 80% of all domestic solid waste is collected in towns and 40% of all domestic solid waste is collected in communes. Inhabitants in hamlets, villages and towns within the District shall have access to waste collection services by the year 2020. Efforts will be made to reduce the waste volume through the composting (or other treatment) of market waste, as well as the organic faction or household waste in rural areas. All waste shall be placed in the District landfill from 2014. All existing dumpsites shall be closed and covered with soil by the year 2014. Ensure the safe management of healthcare risk waste and minimise all forms of pollution from industrial waste
Objective no. 2:
11
Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Targets aiming at the safe management of healthcare risk waste and minimising pollution from industrial waste are: By the year 2020, all waste from small, medium and large industries must be transported to landfill(s) approved by the District authorities. Hazardous waste must be separated from the non-hazardous industrial waste and treated in a dedicated hazardous waste treatment facility. By 2013 all healthcare risk waste generated within the district must be treated properly.
3. Plan for Management of Domestic Waste till 2025

3.1. Definition of Solid Waste
In Decree No. 59/2007/N-CP issued by Vietnamese Government on April 9th 2007, it is elaborated that solid wastes means waste in a solid form, discharged from production, business, service, daily life or other activities. Solid waste includes ordinary solid waste and hazardous solid waste. Solid waste generated in daily-life activities of individuals, households or at public places is collectively referred to as daily-life solid waste. In this District Solid Waste Management Plan we will refer to domestic solid waste rather than daily-life solid waste, where domestic solid waste refers to the waste collected by the local authorities or their delegated concessionaires or contractors. Domestic solid waste is hence defined as any garbage, refuse from household kitchens, canteens, markets, residences, commerce, industries or other sources, except for solid waste generation from industrial production processes, health care activities and construction. Hence, domestic solid waste is a mixture of various waste streams and its composition will be dependent on what sources (housing, shops, industries, etc.) are provided with services by the local authorities 1. Thus it must be understood that domestic solid waste is the waste collected by the local authorities or their agents and that the waste composition will be dependent on where the garbage truck collects waste.
3.2.
Current Situation in Hoai Nhon District
3.2.1. Existing Equipment, Staffing and Waste Collection Service

The solid waste management services were started by the District Peoples Committee when they contacted the Nguyen Tin Construction Company, Ltd., a private construction company based in Bong Son. Talks with the District Peoples Committees Economic Office and this resulted in an interest free loan that covered 50% of the purchase of an imported second-hand 15 tonne compactor truck in 2002. The loan was repaid after five years. With this truck, the Nguyen Tin Construction Company, Ltd. started providing waste collection services in Bong Son and Tam Quan towns and Tam Quan Bac Commune, serving 3,000 households. The District Peoples Committee also offered the company a site for waste disposal. In 2009 the Nguyen Tin Construction Company, Ltd. approached the Vietnam Environmental Fund for a 1 billion VND low interest loan that was used to purchase a second-hand imported 2.5 tonne compactor truck. With this second truck the company now covered the two towns, as well as 7 out of 17 communes within the District. The services were focused on the two urban centres, as well as communes along Highway no. 1. Generally, the collection services are provided along
1
This is identical to the definition generally used for Municipal Solid Waste. The term domestic solid waste is used in the Plan, to avoid the confusion that the term municipal solid waste may cause.
12
Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan paved roads; whereas rural roads and non-paved roads do not yet receive any services. Today the Nguyen Tin Construction Company, Ltd. has 21 office staff as well as 69 workers; most are employed in the construction sector. For waste collection services, there is one technical staff member and one accountant. To perform the waste collection, there are two drivers and 14 workers. The company collects waste every day of the week and works with a four day collection cycle. Waste must be placed in bags to be collected; a number of larger reusable bags are used to make the handling of smaller plastic bags containing waste easier. In 2010 there were complaints to the District Peoples Committee from the population in Bong Son town over the standard of the waste collection services within the town. The DPC had on hand a proposal from the Bong Son Tay Agriculture Cooperative to provide waste management services for the town and therefore chose to select this company to serve the population of Bong Son town. This company has one 2.5 tonne compactor truck and serves the town of Bong Son. The Cooperative has also taken over the Nguyen Tin Construction Company, Ltd.s contracts with most offices but not those with the secondary school and the provincial level General Hospital. For households, the Agriculture Cooperative signs direct contracts with individual home owners.
The Nguyen Tin Construction Company, Ltd.s 2.5 tonne compactor truck
Compacting trucks belonging to the two waste management companies
Solid waste collection is provided in the two towns (Bong Son and Tam Quan) and in seven communes. Pushcarts are not used for the waste collection. A total of 30 tonnes is estimated to be collected every day.
3.2.2.Current Waste Disposal Sites

The District currently uses two dumpsites: One is located to the west of Bong Son and the second is located to the north of Tam Quan Bac Commune, right on the border with the province of Quang Ngai. Since the Bong Son Tay Agriculture Cooperative waste collection service started in 2010; the Nguyen Tin Construction Company, Ltd. has ceased to maintain the roads to the two dumpsites, as there is no agreement between these companies about sharing the costs of this activity. in accordance with a recent District decree, the District will cover the cost of maintaining the roads leading to the dumpsites. At present, the roads leading to both dumpsites are in very poor condition. The Tam Quan Dumpsite The Tam Quan Bac dumpsite is located north of Tam Quan on the border with the province of Quang Ngai; it has been in use since 2005. The waste initially received at the dumpsite was covered with soil in 2009 and the site was expanded further east. The site is poorly operated with the waste spread over a large area; furthermore the waste is regularly burned to reduce volume. When the site was visited in December 2010, it had not been used for the past month as the last
13
Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan kilometre of the access road is practically impassable to a truck. A long section is very muddy with deep ruts; where after the last 100 metres of road to the dumpsite is dangerously washed out.
The Tam Quan Bac dumpsite
This location of this dumpsite seems suited and its environmental quality could be greatly improved with proper operating practices. The Bong Son Dumpsite On this dumpsite trenches are dug and the waste is placed in these depressions. It seems that the thickness of the waste layer is only a few metres; there appears to be ample opportunity of making several lifts, thereby greatly increasing the volume of waste that can be placed in the dumpsite. When the dumpsite was visited there were about six scavengers working within the area. A major drawback for the dumpsite is the 2.5 km of poor quality road leading from National Highway no. 1 to the site.
The Bong Son dumpsite
The District states that the dumpsite is expensive to operate, as they dig trenches for the waste. The District is currently considering moving the disposal of waste to a new dumpsite.
3.2.3. Current Fees and Cost Recovery

The Nguyen Tin Construction Company, Ltd.s business model is quite simple: For a village of 500 households the company will assumes that 80% of the households will provide waste to the collection service and that of these households 70% will pay the waste collection fee of 10,000 VND per month. Hence it is expected that 56% percent of the households within the village should be paying the waste collection fee (and 80% of all the households will be delivering waste to the collection service), corresponding to a revenue of 2.8 million VND per month. The Nguyen Tin Construction Company, Ltd. will sign a contract with the village stipulating that for this amount they will provide a waste collection service. The villages community representatives will ensure that this amount is collected and paid to the Nguyen Tin Construction Company, Ltd. every month; and surplus revenues can be kept by the village authorities (just as they must cover any shortfall). For the Nguyen Tin Construction Company, Ltd., the monthly revenues are approximately 38 millions VND, whereas expenditures are approximately 45 million VND.2
2
Data for 2010. Expenses include 6 million VND for the drivers; 10 million VND for the workers; over 20 million for fuel; and maintenance costs.
14
The Bong Son Tay Agriculture Cooperative makes a contract directly with each household to cover the costs of the waste management services. The District Peoples Committee is of the opinion that the collection fee is sufficient to cover the costs of the waste collection system; and that the DPC itself covers the costs associated with maintaining the roads to the dumpsites and digging trenches for the disposal of the collected waste.
3.2.4. Agricultural/Farm Waste

Clubroot is a disease that attacks plants of the mustard family such as cabbage, collards, kale, mustard, brussel sprouts, radish, turnip, rutabaga, cauliflower, broccoli, rape, and kohlrabi. The clubroot disease causes the abnormal swelling of roots and occasionally on stems below ground, and it is very difficult to eradicate. Therefore, the prevention of the disease is essential, as an outbreak is very costly to farmers over a large area, as the disease is spread by the wind and water. A common cause of the clubroot disease is the burial of field waste, such as remains of cabbage after harvest and these can cause the growth of the clubroot fungus underground as the vegetables decompose. The practice of burying such field waste seems common is some districts within Binh Dinh province3, it is important that the farmers are made aware of the risks of infection caused by this practice and that they are trained to manage such field waste safely.
3.3.
Domestic Waste Characteristics and Generation Rate till 2025
3.3.1. Domestic Waste Composition for Street and Market Waste

The domestic solid waste composition was analysed and the results can be found in the Baseline Survey for the districts and in Somers report Description and Mapping of the Biologically Treatable Waste Stream in 4 Districts: An Nhon, Tay Son, Hoai Nhon and Phu My in Binh Dinh Province. The results were used to calculate the average composition of the street waste and the market waste. The results are given in the section below. Based on the detailed analysis of almost 3 tonnes of domestic solid waste from all four districts, it was found that the average waste composition by weight is as follows:
Result streets Type organic recycleables non recycleables hazardous Total % % 60.38% 5.86% 33.60% 0.17% 100.00%
The results of these waste analyses are is very much in line with the Province Solid Waste Master Plan for Binh Dinh Province where the solid waste is found to contain 60.8% organic waste. A total of 650 kg of samples of waste from the main markets in each of the four districts was analysed by Somers. The average composition by weight was found to be as follows:
Mr. Todd Hyman
15
Result Markets Type organic recycleables non recycleables hazardous Total
% % 76.5% 6.9% 16.6% 0.0% 100.0%
As could be expected, the waste from wet markets contains a higher percentage of organic waste. It is anticipated that the composition of the waste remains unchanged until the year 2025.
3.3.2. Domestic Waste Generation Rates till 2025

The estimates of the quantities of domestic solid waste generated are based on the size of the population. The population in Hoai Nhon District was 206,691 people in 2009 and is expected to grow annually by 0.7%4. This means that the population of Hoai Nhon district will increase from 209,000 in year 2010 to around 231,100 in year 2025. Here, it is assumed that the population growth is linear and takes place with the same growth rate in the communes as for the towns. On the basis of these assumptions, the estimated population growth within the strategy period has been calculated as shown in Appendix A and as illustrated in Fig. 3.1.
250000
200000
Population
150000
100000
50000
Year Towns Communes Hoai Nhon district
Fig. 3.1 Increased population in Hoai Nhon district within the strategy period. Within Binh Dinh Province, as in Vietnam as a whole, the availability of reliable data on waste production is limited. Based on the Province Solid Waste Master Plan for Binh Dinh Province the waste generation rates are taken as follows:
Mr. Xo, Vice Chairman of the Hoai Nhon District Peoples Committee and his staff
16
Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Cities of rank III & IV: Towns of rank V: 0.9 kg/person/day 0.8 kg/person/day
For communes the figure of 0.5 kg/person/day has been used, as this seems a generally accepted quantity for rural settlements. At present, the collection rates for Bong Son and Tam Quan towns, as well as every commune, are based on information from the district, as well as estimates by the consultancy. Furthermore, proposed collection rates have been set up to the year 20255. At present, the figures aim for a collection of 80% in 2020, based on the resolution of the Provincial Party General Meeting Nr. 17: Up to 2020: 100% of the domestic solid waste from Quy Nhon city, 80% of the domestic solid waste from other urban areas are collected and treated6. Bong Son is expected to become a provincial level town in 2012 and has therefore been included as such in the estimate of waste generation rates over the next 15 years. The waste generation tables can be found in Annex A. As it can also be seen from these tables, it is estimated that currently 15% of the waste in Bong Son and Tam Quan towns and 10% of the domestic solid waste generated in the communes is sold to scavengers and recyclers. This is the cardboard, paper, bottles, cans and metals that are sorted at source by the households. It is estimated that these quantities will increase slightly over the coming years to 18% and 12%, respectively. Furthermore, it is expected that increased awareness raising and encouragement from the Water Supply and Sanitation Project will lead to increased levels of composting and other forms of treatment for organic waste, eventually leading to 15% of organic waste in Bong Son and Tam Quan towns being treated at source and 30% in the communes. Of the remaining waste, it is expected that by the year 2015, 70% will be collected in Bong Son and Tam Quan towns. All other communes are expected to have a collection rate of 30% in 2015. By 2020, the collection rate will be 80% in the two towns and 40% in the communes. The collection rates are expected to further increase to 50% by 2025 in the communes. Hence the waste collection rate will gradually increase as shown in the tables and as illustrated in Fig. 3.2.
5 6
At present EP&T have set the collection rates these should be revised by the District together with the consultant during the next phase of the planning. Province Solid Waste Master Plan for Binh Dinh Province page 6
17
90,00 80,00 70,00 DSW Collection rate (%) 60,00 50,00 40,00 30,00 20,00 10,00 -
Year
Towns Communes Hoai Nhon district
Fig. 3.2 Increased domestic solid waste collection rates within the strategy period. By 2015 it is expected that approximately 116.75 tonnes per day of waste will be generated, of which 57.83% will receive treatment: 36.7 tonnes per day (31.46%) will be recycled at source and another 30.8 tonnes (26.37%) will be placed in a landfill. By 2020, 69.7% of all waste generated within the District is expected to receive some form of treatment.
3.4.
Plan for Waste Management at Source 2011-2025
A significant percentage of the domestic solid waste generated within the District is already treated at source: homes, shops and offices all separate their waste at source and sell materials such as paper, cardboard, metals, plastics and cans to passing scavengers. It is generally estimated at least 10 to 20% of the overall waste stream is removed at the household level in South East Asia and then passed on as recyclable materials to scavengers or waste buyers. Hence many tonnes of recyclable materials are kept separate from the general waste everyday and never enter the waste stream. This not only recovers materials, but also means that less waste has to be collected and treated. There are also possibilities of reusing the organic portion of the waste. Today, a lot of food waste from restaurants and other commercial kitchens is used as pig feed. Likewise, people who raise animals are likely to use leftover food to feed their animals. There are other possibilities for reusing the organic portion of the waste stream. These are described in the following sections.
3.4.1. Markets
The solid wastes from the wet markets contain a high percentage of organic materials (approximately 76%). Therefore, reuse of market wastes for onsite composting (or at a suitable site away from the market) is a potential option that would help to reduce amount of waste to be landfilled and produce a compost or soil amendment for farmers. In this case, the organic waste from the market stalls must be collected separately, stored in the markets waste storage area until it can be transported to the composting site. One of many possible technologies, using the Toptex,7 is described in the following:
7
The description of the Toptex technology is based on Somers Phase 3 draft report.
18
This basic model, focusing on centralized collection and composting of organic waste, is seen all over the world. Materials to be composted may vary from separated organic waste from households, to wet market waste and even the solid fraction of animal manure. Sometimes organic additions such as straw may be needed to assure sufficient porosity, dry matter content and to adjust the carbon to nitrogen ratio. A Toptex fleece allows water vapour (and gases) to be released from the compost heap, yet avoiding entrance of rain water in the heap. Due to the lower gas emission, this is also the most environmentally friendly composting technique. The process of composting is fairly simple, but some experience will be needed make good quality compost. In short, organic waste is shredded, put in heaps and covered by Toptex fleece. To allow sufficient air to enter the heaps, turning is necessary. This can be done manually or by machines. After about 45 days, the compost is sieved and bagged.
3.4.2. Households
Households can also treat their organic waste to produce compost or other products (see below). Therefore, households should be encouraged to separate food refuse for composting, as well as separating valuable materials for selling to recycling shops. Then only non-recyclable materials will have to be collected by the waste collection company, thereby greatly reducing the waste management costs for the district, town and/or commune. Of course this option is only feasible if households are willing to do so, otherwise the waste will be a mixture of organic and other waste. Therefore, awareness raising and education will be required to make the two following technologies popular8: Mesophilic storage units are concrete or brick storage bins in which the volume and weight of organic waste is reduced by natural processes (bacteria, fungi, larvae, worms). The bins are in the first place designed to serve one households. The bins are designed to receive waste that naturally breaks down within a period of about one year (bone and shell are exceptions that will break down over a longer period). Data collected from tests with the solid waste treatment model with mesophilic bins at the 4 districts resulted in the following results: After 2 months of demonstration, the outcome was as follows: The more larvae the bins had, the highly decomposed the waste was. For the bins that larvae developed a lot, the decomposition was about 80% - 90% (daily produced organic waste > 1.5kg and most of the waste was food waste, rotten fruit and vegetable ...); For the bins that larvae developed normally, the decomposition was 60% - 70% (daily produced organic waste < 1.5kg and most of the waste was food waste, rotten fruit and vegetable ...); For the bins that larvae developed just a little, the decomposition was only 40% - 50% (daily produced organic waste < 1.5kg and most of the waste was garden waste); For the bins that there were no larvae, the decomposition was only 20% - 30% (most of the waste was garden waste and pig feces).
The descriptions of the Mesophilic unit and the BSF unit are based on Somers Phase 3 draft report.
19
Mesophilic bin
Waste that can be placed in the bin includes food preparation waste, table scraps, spent bouquets of flowers and small amounts of garden waste. A household bins might receive 3 kgs of waste per day. The small lid is opened and the waste is thrown in the bin. Mesophilic bacteria and fungi require oxygen. That is why the sides of the bin have aeration holes. But these holes are not enough to keep the contents of the bin fully aerated. A certain amount of stirring is required. It is recommended to stir once a week. Without sufficient stirring, foul odours are created. Once a year, the bin needs to be cleaned out. This is the only time that the large lid needs to be opened. The contents of the storage bins can be collected, shredded and then routed to composting operations using Toptex, see the previous section for a description. A second model is operated by waste collectors or scavengers. These collect organic waste and use it for a operating a small commercial black soldier fly (BSF) larvae production. In this model, the waste collectors are encouraged to separated waste that can be fed to BSF larvae, who convert the organic waste in to growth. This could be done in their house or at a local place where a few waste collectors work together. The larvae can be sold as animals feed for chicken, frog, turtle, fish and pigs. The waste collectors are already separating a number of recyclables and make an extra income from selling these. Therefore, it seems feasible that the same person would also collect specific organic waste and sells BSF larvae. BSF larvae can eat just about any type of fresh putrescent waste, even meat and dairy products; they can consume all food waste and some parts of the non-food waste.
3.4.3. Cost of Treatment of Organic Waste at Source

Estimation of number of organic treatment units needed is based on the following assumptions: - 20% of the organic waste to be treated at source is from markets and the remainder is from households; - Organic waste from markets will be composted using Toptex technology and the size of a compost pile is 1 m (width) x 0,6 m (height) x 10 m (length), specific gravity of organic waste to be composted is 450 kg/m3. Thus, each compost pile can receive 1350 kg of organic waste and it has to be incubated for 45 days . Each compost pile has to be covered by approximately 14 m2 of Toptex. - Organic waste from households will be treated in mesophilic bins or in biopods with black soldier fly larvae production. 90% of organic waste from households will be treated by mesophilic bins and the remains will be treated by biopods. Each mesophilic bin can receive 10 - 15 kg organic waste/day while a biopod can receive up to 40 kg of organic waste/day. However, it is planned that each mesophilic bin will be shared by 2 households. Thus, amount of organic waste to be treated in each mesophilic bin at households in the town will be (0.52 kg/person/day x 5 person/household x 2 household =) 5,2 kg/bin/day. While in the communes,
20
Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan each mesophilic bin will receive approximately (0.325 kg/person/day x 5 persons/household x 2 households =) 3.25 kg/bin/day. Cost of Toptex material is 30,000 VND/m2; A mesophilic bin will cost 350,000 VND; A price of the biopod made of composite is 1,200,000 VND. Toptex can be used for 5 years. Mesophilic units and bipods can last for 15 years.
Total number of compost piles, mesophilic units and biopods expected to be invested for Hoai Nhon District is estimated and summarized in Table 3.1. Distribution of these organic treatment units for towns and communes are described in Table 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4. Investment cost for organic waste treatment facilities of Hoai Nhon is described in Table 3.5. Table 3.1 Number of units required to treat organic waste using Toptex, mesophilic units and biopods up to 20259 Number of organic treatment units needed New investment Year 2 Compost piles Mesophilic units Biopods Toptex (m ) Mesophilic units Biopods 2012 2013 70 2,191 21 978 2,191 21 2014 110 3,391 32 555 1,201 12 2015 142 4,443 42 450 1,051 10 2016 143 4,474 42 14 31 0 2017 144 4,505 42 14 31 0 2018 177 5,586 52 1,440 1,081 10 2019 178 5,625 53 573 39 0 2020 220 6,901 65 1,039 1,275 12 2021 222 6,949 66 35 48 0 2022 223 6,998 66 36 49 0 2023 225 7,047 66 1,462 49 0 2024 226 7,096 67 595 49 0 2025 228 7,146 67 1,061 50 0
The programme for treating organic waste at source can be started earlier if so desired.
21
Table 3.2 Demand on compost piles using Toptex for Hoai Nhon District up to 2025 No. Locality 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Tam Quan Bong Son Hoai Son Hoai Chau Bac Hoai Chau Hoai Phu Tam Quan Bac Tam Quan Nam Hoai Hao Hoai Thanh Tay Hoai Thanh Hoai Huong Hoai Tan Hoai Hai Hoai Xuan Hoai My Hoai Duc TOTAL Number of compost piles 2012 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2013 3 5 3 3 3 3 6 4 4 4 4 6 6 2 3 5 5 70 2014 6 10 5 5 5 5 9 6 7 6 6 9 9 4 4 7 7 110 2015 6 10 7 7 6 6 12 8 9 8 9 11 13 5 6 9 10 142 2016 6 10 7 7 6 6 12 8 9 8 9 11 13 5 6 9 10 143 2017 6 10 7 7 6 6 12 8 9 8 9 12 13 5 6 9 10 144 2018 6 10 9 9 8 8 16 11 11 10 11 15 16 6 7 12 13 177 2019 6 10 9 9 8 8 16 11 11 10 11 15 16 6 7 12 13 178 2020 10 15 10 10 10 10 19 13 14 12 13 18 19 8 9 15 15 220 2021 10 16 10 10 10 10 19 13 14 12 13 18 20 8 9 15 16 222 2022 10 16 11 11 10 10 19 13 14 12 14 18 20 8 9 15 16 223 2023 10 16 11 11 10 10 19 13 14 12 14 18 20 8 9 15 16 225 2024 10 16 11 11 10 10 19 13 14 12 14 18 20 8 9 15 16 226 2025 10 16 11 11 10 10 20 13 14 12 14 18 20 8 9 15 16 228
22
Table 3.3 Demand on mesophilic bins for Hoai Nhon District up to 2025 No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Locality Tam Quan Bong Son Hoai Son Hoai Chau Bac Hoai Chau Hoai Phu Tam Quan Bac Tam Quan Nam Hoai Hao Hoai Thanh Tay Hoai Thanh Hoai Huong Hoai Tan Hoai Hai Hoai Xuan Hoai My Hoai Duc TOTAL Number of mesophilic bins 2012 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2013 63 101 108 108 100 101 197 133 143 124 139 184 203 81 94 151 161 2191 2014 127 202 163 163 150 152 297 202 217 188 210 279 306 122 142 229 242 3391 2015 128 204 219 219 202 204 399 271 291 252 282 374 411 164 190 307 326 4443 2016 129 205 221 221 203 206 402 273 293 254 284 377 414 165 191 309 328 4474 2017 130 207 223 222 205 207 405 274 295 256 286 379 417 166 193 311 330 4505 2018 131 208 280 280 258 261 510 346 371 322 360 478 525 209 243 392 415 5586 2019 132 210 282 282 260 263 513 348 374 324 362 481 528 210 244 394 418 5625 2020 199 317 341 341 314 317 620 420 452 392 438 581 639 254 295 477 506 6901 2021 200 319 343 343 316 319 624 423 455 394 441 585 643 256 297 480 509 6949 2022 202 321 346 345 318 322 629 426 458 397 444 589 648 258 299 483 513 6998 2023 203 323 348 348 320 324 633 429 461 400 447 593 652 260 301 487 516 7047 2024 205 326 351 350 322 326 638 432 464 403 450 598 657 261 304 490 520 7096 2025 206 328 353 353 325 328 642 435 468 405 453 602 661 263 306 493 524 7146
23
Table 3.4 Demand on biopods for Hoai Nhon District up to 2025 No. Locality 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Tam Quan Bong Son Hoai Son Hoai Chau Bac Hoai Chau Hoai Phu Tam Quan Bac Tam Quan Nam Hoai Hao Hoai Thanh Tay Hoai Thanh Hoai Huong Hoai Tan Hoai Hai Hoai Xuan Hoai My Hoai Duc TOTAL Number of biopods 2012 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2013 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 21 2014 2 3 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 32 2015 2 3 2 2 2 2 4 2 3 2 3 3 4 1 2 3 3 42 2016 2 3 2 2 2 2 4 2 3 2 3 3 4 1 2 3 3 42 2017 2 3 2 2 2 2 4 2 3 2 3 3 4 1 2 3 3 42 2018 2 3 3 3 2 2 5 3 3 3 3 4 5 2 2 4 4 52 2019 2 3 3 3 2 2 5 3 3 3 3 4 5 2 2 4 4 53 2020 3 5 3 3 3 3 6 4 4 4 4 5 6 2 3 4 5 65 2021 3 5 3 3 3 3 6 4 4 4 4 5 6 2 3 4 5 66 2022 3 5 3 3 3 3 6 4 4 4 4 5 6 2 3 4 5 66 2023 3 5 3 3 3 3 6 4 4 4 4 5 6 2 3 4 5 66 2024 3 5 3 3 3 3 6 4 4 4 4 5 6 2 3 4 5 67 2025 3 5 3 3 3 3 6 4 4 4 4 5 6 2 3 4 5 67
24
Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.5 Total investment cost of Toptex, mesophilic units and biopods of Hoai Nhon District up to 2025 New investment Investment cost (x 1,000 VND) Year Toptex (m2) Mesophilic units Biopods Toptex Mesophilic units Biopods 2012 2013 978 2,191 21 29,330 766,703 24,795 2014 555 1,201 12 16,663 420,250 14,087 2015 450 1,051 10 13,491 367,996 11,405 2016 14 31 0 416 10,885 352 2017 14 31 0 419 10,961 354 2018 1,440 1,081 10 43,200 378,331 11,726 2019 573 39 0 17,182 13,686 439 2020 1,039 1,275 12 31,175 446,398 14,950 2021 35 48 0 1,063 16,906 547 2022 36 49 0 1,071 17,025 551 2023 1,462 49 0 43,855 17,144 554 2024 595 49 0 17,842 17,264 558 2025 1,061 50 0 31,840 17,385 562 Total 8,252 7,146 67 247,547 2,500,934 80,881
The cost for this equipment may seem high, but investment in the treatment of organic waste at source greatly reduces the quantity of waste that has to be collected, transported and deposited in a sanitary landfill. The savings in investments in bins, pushcarts, garbage trucks and sanitary landfill far outweigh the costs of the investment in the above equipment for the treatment of organic waste at source.
3.5.
Plan for Waste Collection 2011 - 2025
3.5.1. Methodology for Collection of Waste

STREET SWEEPING Street sweeping will be applied in central areas of Bong Song and Quan Tam towns. In rural areas of communes, it is not necessary to implement street sweeping. Street sweeping will be organised every day for main streets in administrative and central zones of the towns, at parks and bus station. Workers will sweep along the sidewalk; pavement and roadside and collect garbage into the pushcart for later transfer to a transportation vehicle. PUBLIC AREAS Public areas such as parks, the bus station and the main streets in the administrative zone are equipped with garbage bins where required. Waste from these bins is collected by garbage compactor trucks and transported to the landfill. COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE FROM HOUSEHOLDS Waste collection mode for households along main roads in town/town For waste collection in towns, where the households are close to each other, door to door collection mode with stationary container system is strong recommended. Waste collectors will start with empty pushcart from the first house of a collection route to pick up waste bag/ basket , empty it and return bag/ basket to the house (if necessary) and then continue doing the same at the next houses until the pushcart is fully loaded. Waste collectors will push the loaded pushcart 25
Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan to a waste transfer point, waiting for emptying it into waste transportation vehicles. The waste collectors can either use a second pushcart to continue collecting waste from another route or they will have to wait for the transfer of waste to the transportation vehicle. This will depend on the number of pushcarts available. This waste collection mode for households located along main roads is illustrated in Fig. 3.3. In this area, waste from households will be collected every day. Time of collection will be set up depending up agreement between households and waste collectors and the time of transferring waste from the pushcarts to the transportation vehicles. House 1 Empty pushcart Pushcart location House 2 House 3 House 4 .. House n
House 1
Next collection route
Transfer point
Loaded pushcart
Fig. 3.3 Waste collection mode for households located along main roads. Waste collection mode for households located along alleys in town/town For households located along paved alleys, where pushcarts can enter easily, the same collection mode as described in Fig 3.3 is recommended. For very narrow alleys or non-paved alleys, the inhabitants have to carry their waste out of the alley to a bin/container on the main street. Waste collection mode for communes In the urban areas of a commune, door to door waste collection mode as described above for the town/town circumstances is recommended. For more rural areas, each commune must find suitable transfer points so that households can gather their wastes at these points for further collection by waste collectors using pushcarts. Thus, instead of going door to door for waste collection, collectors can pick up wastes from transfer points within the communes. This helps to save time moving among households and overcome problem of small roads. Waste collection mode for rural areas of a commune is shown in Fig. 3.4. The waste collection frequency is every two days and hence sufficient bins and pushcarts are provided to hold the amount of waste generated over a two day period.
Village transfer point 1 Empty pushcart Pushcart location Next collection route
Village transfer point 2
..
Village transfer point n
Commune/commune s transfer point
Loaded pushcart
Fig. 3.4 Waste collection mode for rural areas of a commune.
26
Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan For scattered settlements and isolated households, no waste collection is foreseen as these settlements and households usually dispose of their own waste on their land and are anyhow too costly to serve as they are difficult to reach. Collection of Solid Waste from Markets Every market generally has a waste storage area. Owners of shops/stores are responsible for bringing their waste to this area. The biodegradable organic materials of the market waste will be composted using Toptex technology, therefore it will be separated from the general waste as it is placed in the markets waste storage area. Hence the market waste storage area will store organic materials separately from the general waste. The organic waste can then be transported to the composting facility, whereas the non-biodegradable materials will be transported directly from the market to the landfill. Collection of Domestic Solid Waste from Hospitals Domestic solid waste from hospitals is segregated from the hospitals infectious waste, stored in a separate storage area and will be collected every day.
3.5.2. Waste Transfer and Transportation

Waste Transfer As it is a relatively long distance from the towns and communes to the waste disposal site, transferring the collected waste from pushcarts to transportation vehicles for transport to the landfill seems the only reasonable solution. The only question is whether it is necessary to construct transfer stations for communes or whether it is better to use rendezvous point for transferring the waste to the trucks? Strengths, weakness, threats and opportunities of using transfer station and rendezvous points are analyzed and summarized in Table 3.6 and Table 3.7. Based on this analysis, it is strong recommended to use the rendezvous point option. Table 3.6 A Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis for transfer station option: Strengths Have sufficient place for gathering collected domestic solid wastes of the whole town or ward Prevent scatter waste transfer points which may cause nuisance and dirty Weaknesses Need a storage area inside a residential area and it is difficult as no waste in my backyard Improper operation of transfer station will cause several problems such as nuisance, leachate, attraction of flies, rats, etc. If only one transfer station in each town or communes, waste collectors again have to walk for a long distance to reach the transfer station Opportunities One transfer station in each commune is approved in Binh Dinh Province Solid Waste Master Plan10
Threats Operational cost is required for cleaning and maintaining of the transfer station. Town and Ward PC has to find budget for that Improper operation of the transfer station will cause worse environmental problem as all wastes are gathered in one location
10
Province Solid Waste Master Plan (PSWMP) for the urban areas and the industrial zones in Binh Dinh area up to 2020
27
Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.7 A Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis for rendezvous point option Strengths This option is already applied in the District and is operating very well. The improvement would be that the new trucks will have a hydraulic lift to empty the pushcarts mechanically. Setting new rendezvous points along main roads of communes for collection of wastes from communes to landfill would be easier as: (1) wastes are stored in pushcarts; (2) no special requirements for operation and maintenance ; (3) uploading wastes from pushcarts into transportation vehicles will be less time consuming and requires less workforce. Weaknesses It needs some time for adapting with new system. Waste collectors and transportation drivers are both required on time at the rendezvous points Opportunities Using rendezvous points for transferring of waste are applied successfully in several places in Vietnam.
Simple technique and low operational cost requirement
Threats The system is difficult to operate well: If the waste collection truck is delayed, the waste collectors must wait for the truck so that their pushcarts can be emptied.
Transportation Eight tonne garbage compactor trucks are for now proposed to collect waste11 from rendezvous points (including large waste generation sites such as markets and hospitals) and transport to sanitary landfill for disposal. Compactor trucks are recommended rather than normal trucks for several reasons: The compactor truck will have a hydraulic lift, so that the waste can be transferred from bins, containers and pushcarts into the truck mechanically. When using a flatbed truck, the transfer of waste must be done manually and this is time consuming; The longer loading time when using a normal truck will increase the time requirement for completing 1 trip of collection and transportation of waste to the landfill. As a result fewer trips can be done by one truck in a day and therefore it is necessary to invest in a higher number of trucks; and A flatbed truck must be loaded manually, requiring more workers and exposing these to unhygienic working conditions.
Transportation mode of domestic solid waste in the district is illustrated in Fig. 3.5.
11
This can be changed to meet the Districts preferences
28
Market (Rendezvous point 1) Empty compactor truck Garbage compactor truck
Hospital (Rendezvous point 2)
Ward rendezvous point 3
..
Ward rendezvous point n
Next collection route
District sanitary landfill
Loaded compactor truck
Fig. 3.5 Transportation mode of domestic solid waste in the district. The quantities of waste that have to be collected for each year can be found in Annex A. Given that a substantial portion of the waste is taken care of at source, either through the sale of recyclable materials to scavengers or through the use of the organic faction of the waste at the household or market, the increase in the amount of waste that has to be collected is relatively modest, as can be seen in figure 3.6.
18.000 Amount of DSM collection (tonnes/year) 16.000 14.000 12.000 10.000 8.000 6.000 4.000 2.000 0
Collection from towns Collection from communes Total collection from Hoai Nhon district
Year
Fig. 3.6 Domestic solid waste collected in Hoai Nhon district.
3.5.3. Requirements to Street Sweeping Equipment

Equipment required for street sweeping includes pushcarts, brooms and labour protective equipment (such as clothes, gloves, boots, comforters, hats). Thus, at least two pushcarts should be provided for each town. Street in front of administrative offices and some main roads will be swept in early morning. The other areas will be cleaned in the 29
Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan afternoon. Each pushcart will be operated by one worker. The life time of a pushcart is approximately 4 years. Equipment demand for street sweeping is estimated and summarised in Table 3.8. Table 3.8 Estimated equipment demand for street sweeping up to 2025 Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Number of pushcarts Demand Investment 4 4 4 0 4 0 4 0 4 4 4 0 4 0 4 0 4 4 4 0 4 0 4 0 4 4 4 0 Number of brooms* Demand Investment 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 Number of labour safety clothing** Demand Investment 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
* 1 workers/pushcart x 2 pushcarts/town s x 2 towns x 4 brooms/worker/year = 16 brooms/year ** 1 workers/pushcart x 2 pushcarts/towns x 2 towns x 2 labour safety clothing/worker/year = 8 labour safety clothing/year
3.5.4. Demand for Waste Collection Facilities

Selection of Waste Collection Equipment Equipment used for primary collection consists of 240 L bins located along street, 660 L containers located at central waste producers and 660 L pushcarts for collection wastes from households and other small waste producers. Estimated density of wastes contained in this equipment is summarized in Table 3.9. The proposed domestic solid waste primary collection equipment for Hoai Nhon District is presented in Fig. 3.7.
(a) 240 L bin
(b)660 L container
(c) 660 L pushcart
Fig. 3.7 Proposed domestic solid waste primary collection equipment for Hoai Nhon district.
30
Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.9 Estimated Waste Densities within Different Collection Equipment Collection Equipment Density Percentage of Typical (kg/m3) volume used amount in when emptied container (kg) Waste in 240 L bin 350 60% 50 Waste in 660 L container 350 60% 140 Waste in 660 L pushcart 350 100% 230 Demand of primary domestic solid waste collection equipment Estimation of equipment required for primary domestic solid wastes collection in Hoai Nhon district is conducted based on the conditions summarized in Table 3.10. For all areas it is planned that bins and containers will only be placed within the premises of institutions, enterprises and industries. All waste from streets, alleys and other public areas will be collected using pushcarts. Therefore, in towns only 10% of the waste will be collected in 660 litre bins and 10% in 240 litre bins. In communes, 10% of the waste will be collected in 240 litre bins. Table 3.10 Characteristics of equipment required for primary collection of domestic solid waste
EQUIPMENT AREA SERVICE ESTIMATED DIVISION OF
SYSTEM COVERAGE
Towns
240 L bin
Located along main streets and central areas of the towns
660 L container
660 L pushcart
Central waste producers as markets, administrative offices, institutions, hotels Collection of waste from residential areas Located along main streets and central areas of the towns Collection of waste from residential areas
Communes 240 L bin
660 L pushcart
10-15% of total waste amount. Most waste will be collected by pushcart, so only 10% 10-20 of total waste amount, typical value for estimation is 10% 60-70% of total waste amount, value used for estimation is 80% 10-15% of total waste amount, typical value for estimation is 10% 80-90% of total waste amount, typical value for estimation is 90%
On the basics of the data presented above, equipment demand for primary collection of domestic solid wastes in Hoai Nhon district is estimated and summarized in Table 3.11 and described in detailed for different towns and communes in tables 3.12, 3.13 and 3.14. The District is considering using more 660 litre containers and fewer pushcarts. This is possible and will not greatly affect the estimates in this plan: The pushcarts are more costly ($200 versus $105) but on the other hand pushcarts are filled to capacity, whereas, on average, only 60% of a containers volume is utilised. So, 1.67 containers are needed to substitute for the amount of work done by one pushcart. So the cost implication of switching between containers and pushcarts are minimal, given that the need for more containers is compensated by the fact that they are less costly.
31
Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.11 Total demand on equipment for primary domestic waste collection up to 2025 Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 240 L Bins 21 23 23 25 25 26 26 26 28 28 28 28 28 28 Towns 660 L Containers 8 9 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 660 L Pushcarts 36 41 38 43 43 44 44 44 47 47 48 49 49 49 Communes 240 L 660 L Bins Pushcarts 64 122 68 129 90 167 84 155 85 155 85 158 80 148 92 174 98 183 98 184 99 187 110 209 114 212 124 232
32
Table 3.12 Demand for 240 L bins for Hoai Nhon District up to 2025 No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Local Tam Quan Bong Son Hoai Son Hoai Chau Bac Hoai Chau Hoai Phu Tam Quan Bac Tam Quan Nam Hoai Hao Hoai Thanh Tay Hoai Thanh Hoai Huong Hoai Tan Hoai Hai Hoai Xuan Hoai My Hoai Duc TOTAL 2012 8 13 4 13 3 7 7 3 9 10 8 85 2013 9 14 5 4 5 12 2 7 6 3 8 9 7 91 2014 9 14 5 3 5 5 13 4 6 6 4 8 9 4 4 7 7 113 2015 10 15 5 5 4 4 12 4 6 5 4 7 8 4 4 6 6 109 2016 10 15 5 5 4 4 12 4 6 5 4 7 8 4 4 6 7 110 Number of 240 L bins 2017 2018 2019 2020 10 10 10 11 16 16 16 17 5 4 5 5 5 4 5 5 4 4 5 5 4 4 5 5 12 11 12 11 4 4 4 5 6 6 6 7 5 5 6 6 4 4 5 7 7 7 8 9 8 8 9 9 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 7 6 7 8 111 106 118 126 2021 11 17 5 5 5 5 11 5 7 6 7 9 9 4 5 7 8 126 2022 11 17 5 5 5 5 11 5 7 6 7 9 10 4 5 7 8 127 2023 11 17 6 6 6 6 12 7 8 7 8 10 11 5 5 8 5 138 2024 11 17 6 6 6 6 12 7 8 7 8 10 11 5 5 8 9 142 2025 11 17 7 7 6 6 12 8 9 8 8 11 12 5 6 9 10 152
33
Table 3.13 Demand on 660 L containers for Hoai Nhon District up to 2025 No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Local Tam Quan Bong Son Hoai Son Hoai Chau Bac Hoai Chau Hoai Phu Tam Quan Bac Tam Quan Nam Hoai Hao Hoai Thanh Tay Hoai Thanh Hoai Huong Hoai Tan Hoai Hai Hoai Xuan Hoai My Hoai Duc TOTAL 2012 3 5 8 2013 4 5 9 2014 3 5 8 2015 4 6 10 2016 4 6 10 Number of 660 L containers 2017 2018 2019 2020 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 2021 4 6 10 2022 4 6 10 2023 4 6 10 2024 4 7 11 2025 4 7 11
34
Table 3.14 Demand on 660 L pushcarts for Hoai Nhon District up to 2025 No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Local Tam Quan Bong Son Hoai Son Hoai Chau Bac Hoai Chau Hoai Phu Tam Quan Bac Tam Quan Nam Hoai Hao Hoai Thanh Tay Hoai Thanh Hoai Huong Hoai Tan Hoai Hai Hoai Xuan Hoai My Hoai Duc TOTAL 2012 14 22 7 25 5 14 12 5 18 20 16 158 2013 16 25 10 7 9 23 4 13 11 4 16 18 14 170 2014 15 23 9 6 8 9 24 8 12 10 8 15 17 7 8 13 13 205 2015 17 26 8 8 8 8 22 7 11 10 7 14 15 6 7 12 12 198 2016 17 26 8 8 8 8 22 7 11 10 7 14 15 6 7 12 12 198 Number of 660 L pushcarts 2017 2018 2019 2020 17 17 17 18 27 27 27 29 9 8 9 10 9 8 9 10 8 7 9 9 8 7 9 9 22 21 23 22 7 7 8 9 11 10 12 13 10 9 11 11 7 7 10 12 14 13 15 16 16 15 17 18 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 9 12 11 13 14 12 12 14 14 202 192 218 230 2021 18 29 10 10 9 9 22 9 13 11 13 16 18 7 9 14 14 231 2022 19 29 10 10 9 9 22 9 13 11 13 17 18 8 9 14 15 235 2023 19 30 11 11 10 10 22 14 15 13 14 19 21 8 10 15 16 258 2024 19 30 11 11 10 11 22 14 15 13 14 19 21 9 10 16 16 261 2025 19 30 13 13 12 12 22 15 16 14 16 21 23 9 11 17 18 281
35
Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan During the following years, the waste amounts to be collected will increase. New investment needed is estimated as presented Table 3.15 with assumption that the life time of this equipment is 4 years. Table 3.15 New investment of equipment for primary domestic waste collection up to 2025 Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 240 L Bins 21 2 2 21 3 2 23 3 2 23 3 Towns 660 L Containers 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 9 1 660 L Pushcarts 36 5 5 36 6 5 39 6 1 6 39 6 Communes 240 L 660 L Bins Pushcarts 64 122 4 7 65 122 4 10 12 26 71 131 4 11 1 23 48 75 134 14 31
3.5.5. Requirements for Waste Transportation Vehicles

Transportation vehicles Secondary collection and transportation of domestic solid waste to landfill will be done by 8 tonne rearend loading compactor truck (called compactor truck). Secondary collection and transportation system data is described briefly in Table 3.16. Average time for 1 trip of compactor truck is estimated as presented in Table 3.17.
Fig. 3.8 Proposed type of waste transportation vehicle.
36
Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.16 Secondary collection and transportation system data Town Average loading time per Time for emptying one container: 1 240 L bin min Time for transport between 2 containers: 1 min Total: 2 minutes/container Average loading time per Time for emptying one container: 660 L container 2 min (more difficult access) Time for transport between 2 containers: 5 minute Total: 7 minutes/container Average loading time per Time for emptying one pushcart: 1 660 L pushcart minute Time for transport between 2 groups of 4 pushcarts: 5 minutes (It is expected that there will be an average of 4 pushcarts at a rendezvous point) Total: 2.25 minutes/pushcart Average time for transportation between communes Average distance for return trip to landfill Average transportation speed to landfill Average time at landfill n/a Commune Time for emptying one container: 1 min Time for transport between 2 containers: 1 min Total: 2 minutes/container
Time for emptying one pushcart: 1 min Time for transport between 2 groups of 4 pushcarts: 5 minutes (It is expected that there will be an average of 2 pushcarts at a rendezvous point) Total: 3.5 minutes/pushcart 20 minutes
20 km 30 km/h 20 minutes
40 km 25 km/h 20 minutes
Table 3.17 Average time per trip of compacter truck Waste collection time (minutes/trip) Average time for transportation between communes (7 communes/trip x 20 minutes/commune) Average time to transport to landfill Average time at landfill Average none-working time per trip (for maintenance, ~ 15% of working time) Total time per trip of compact truck (minutes/trip) Total time per trip of compact truck (hours/trip) Town 185 minutes 0 minutes 40 minutes 20 minutes 37 minutes 282 4.7 Commune 160 minutes 140 minutes 96 minutes 20 minutes 57 minutes 473 7.8
Based on the data presented in Table 3.16 and 3.17, number of compact truck required is estimated and summarized in Table 3.8.
37
Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.18 Number of compactor trucks required for secondary waste collection and transportation Year Amount of waste to be Operating time to collect Total operating Total Total collected (tonnes/day) waste (minutes/trip) time of truck truck truck (hours/day) needed invested Towns Communes In towns In Communes 2012 9.98 15.02 352 888 21 2.58 3 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 11.35 10.72 12.08 12.17 12.25 12.34 12.43 13.31 13.40 13.50 13.59 13.68 13.78 15.69 20.44 19.00 19.13 19.26 17.97 21.31 22.46 22.62 22.78 25.88 26.06 28.85 400 378 426 429 432 435 438 469 472 476 479 482 486 928 1208 1123 1131 1139 1063 1260 1328 1337 1347 1530 1541 1706 22 26 26 26 26 25 28 30 30 30 33 34 37 2.77 3.30 3.23 3.25 3.27 3.12 3.54 3.74 3.77 3.80 4.19 4.22 4.57 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5
As can be seen, the number the trucks is rounded to the nearest whole number, so that in some cases the collection vehicles will have to work a little more than 8 hours each day, thereby saving the cost of purchasing and operating an extra truck that would be under utilised. Table 3.19 New investment in compactor trucks required for secondary waste collection and transportation of the district up to 2025 Year Total compact truck required New investment 2012 3 3 2013 3 0 2014 3 0 2015 3 0 2016 3 0 2017 3 0 2018 3 0 2019 4 1 2020 4 0 2021 4 0 2022 4 3 2023 4 0 2024 4 0 2025 5 1
3.5.6. Requirements to Waste Management Workers

Workforce will be estimated based on the following condition: For street sweeping, one worker will operate one pushcart; For waste collection, one worker will operate two pushcarts; For the transportation vehicle, there will be 1 driver and 2 assistants. Workforce requirement is estimated based on the conditions mentioned above and summarized in Table 3.20. 38
Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.20 Workforce required for waste collection and transportation operation Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Workers to operate pushcarts Town Communes 18 61 21 65 19 84 22 78 22 78 22 79 22 74 22 87 24 92 24 92 24 94 25 105 25 106 25 116 Workers to operate compactor trucks 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 Drivers 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5
3.5.7. Cost of Waste Collection System

The following unit prices are used for calculation of investments in equipment and facilities for waste collection and transportation. Table 3.21 Unit Prices for New Trucks and Equipment Item Unit price (USD) 240 L bin 24 660 L container 105 660 L pushcart 200 8 tonnes rear end loading compactor truck 80,000
Unit Price (x 1000 VND) * 480 2,100 4,000 1,600,000
* Note: Prices on trucks and pushcarts have been collected from purchasers in Vietnam. Other prices are estimates based on purchases elsewhere in Vietnam.
On the basis of the unit prices and the number of facilities and equipment estimated above, the total investments to be made within the initial period can be calculated. The result is summarized in table 3.22. Detailed investment for towns and communes is presented in table 3.23. Table 3.22 Total investment cost for waste collection and transportation equipment of Hoai Nhon
Total equipment Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 240l Bins 85 6 2 86 7 14 94 7 1 660l Containers 8 1 2 8 1 2 8 1 660l Pushcarts 158 12 5 158 16 31 170 17 1 Compact trucks 3 1 3 240l Bins 40,800 2,880 960 41,280 3,360 6,720 45,120 3,360 480 Total investment (x 1,000 VND) 660l Containers 16,800 2,100 4,200 16,800 2,100 4,200 16,800 2,100 660l Pushcarts 632,000 48,000 20,000 632,000 64,000 124,000 680,000 68,000 4,000 Compact trucks 4,800,000 1,600,000 4,800,000 Total cost (x 1,000) 5,489,600 52,980 25,160 690,080 69,460 1,734,920 741,920 73,460 4,804,480
39

2023 2024 2025 25 98 17 2 9 1 54 173 37 1 12,000 47,040 8,160 4,200 18,900 2,100 216,000 692,000 148,000 1,600,000 232,200 757,940 1,758,260
40
Table 3.23 Investment cost for waste collection equipment for towns and communes in Hoai Nhon district Year Number of new invested equipment Investment (x 1,000 VND) Towns Communes Towns Communes Compactor 240l 660l 660l 240l 660l 240l 660l 660l 240l 660l Compactor trucks Bins Containers Pushcarts Bins Pushcarts Bins Containers Pushcarts Bins Pushcarts trucks 2012 21 8 36 64 122 3 10,080 16,800 144,000 30,720 488,000 4,800,000 2013 2 1 5 4 7 960 2,100 20,000 1,920 28,000 2014 2015 2 2 5 960 4,200 20,000 2016 21 8 36 65 122 10,080 16,800 144,000 31,200 488,000 2017 3 1 6 4 10 1,440 2,100 24,000 1,920 40,000 2018 2019 2 2 5 12 26 1 960 4,200 20,000 5,760 104,000 1,600,000 2020 23 8 39 71 131 11,040 16,800 156,000 34,080 524,000 2021 3 1 6 4 11 1,440 2,100 24,000 1,920 44,000 2022 1 1 3 4,000 480 - 4,800,000 2023 2 2 6 23 48 960 4,200 24,000 11,040 192,000 2024 23 9 39 75 134 11,040 18,900 156,000 36,000 536,000 2025 3 1 6 14 31 1 1,440 2,100 24,000 6,720 124,000 1,600,000
41
Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Annual Operation and Maintenance Cost of Domestic Waste Collection and Transportation System Capital, operating and maintenance costs have been estimated based on the capital investments, personnel costs, operating costs and maintenance as a percentage of the investment. For calculation of annual costs related to waste collection and transportation, the unit costs listed in Table 3.24 have been used. Table 3.24 Operation and maintenance unit cost Item
Annual Unit costs (x 1,000 VND/year)
240 L bin Cost: 480,000 VND Lifespan: 4 years Annual write down 120,000 VND Annual maintenance cost = 5% of investment/year = 24,000 VND/year/container 660 L container Cost: 2,100,000 VND Lifespan: 4 years Annual write down 525,000 VND Annual maintenance cost = 5% of investment/year = 105,000 VND/year/container 660 L pushcart Cost: 4,000,000 VND Lifespan: 4 years Annual write down 1,000,000 VND Annual maintenance cost = 5% of investment/year = 200,000 VND/year/container 8 tonne rear-loading compactor truck Cost: 1,600,000,000 VND Lifespan: 10 years Annual write down 160,000,000 VND Annual maintenance cost = 5% of investment/year = 50,000,000 VND/year/truck Fuel for compactor truck: (8 ltr./hour x 8 hours/day x 300 days/year x 21,000 VND/ltr = 403,200,000 VND/year/truck) Equipment per worker: Working clothes, brooms, shovels, gloves (per employee) Average salaries per driver of compactor truck Total salary, including bonus, compensation, social costs etc. Average salaries per waste collector and assistant of compactor truck driver Total salary including social costs etc.
144
630
1,200
210,000
403,200
300 30,000 21,600
On the basis of the unit prices and the number of facilities and equipment estimated, the total annual costs for the collection and transportation system can be calculated. The result is shown in Table 3.25.
42
Table 3.25 Total cost for operating a waste collection system within the district Total Operation Costs and Maintenance Cost (x 1,000 VND) Towns Communes Compactor truck Year 240 L 660 L 660 L 240 L 660 L Maintenance Fuel Equipment bins containers pushcarts bins pushcarts for workers 2012 504 840 7,200 1,536 24,400 150,000 1,209,600 25,500 2013 48 105 1,000 96 1,400 150,000 1,209,600 27,300 2014 150,000 1,209,600 32,550 2015 48 210 1,000 150,000 1,209,600 31,500 2016 504 840 7,200 1,560 24,400 150,000 1,209,600 31,500 2017 72 105 1,200 96 2,000 150,000 1,209,600 32,100 2018 150,000 1,209,600 30,600 2019 48 210 1,000 288 5,200 200,000 1,612,800 35,100 2020 552 840 7,800 1,704 26,200 200,000 1,612,800 36,900 2021 72 105 1,200 96 2,200 200,000 1,612,800 37,050 2022 200 24 200,000 1,612,800 37,650 2023 48 210 1,200 552 9,600 200,000 1,612,800 41,100 2024 552 945 7,800 1,800 26,800 200,000 1,612,800 41,550 2025 72 105 1,200 336 6,200 250,000 2,016,000 45,150
Salary for truck drivers 90,000 90,000 90,000 90,000 90,000 90,000 90,000 120,000 120,000 120,000 120,000 120,000 120,000 150,000
Salary for workers 1,771,200 1,900,800 2,278,800 2,203,200 2,203,200 2,246,400 2,138,400 2,440,800 2,570,400 2,581,200 2,624,400 2,872,800 2,905,200 3,142,800
Total 3,280,780 3,380,349 3,760,950 3,685,558 3,718,804 3,731,573 3,618,600 4,415,446 4,577,196 4,554,723 4,595,074 4,858,310 4,917,447 5,611,863
43
Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan As can be seen in table 3.25 the costs of the system are considerable and over 50% of the costs are labour costs. The total costs in 2015 would be around 3.68 billion VND; this would serve to collect 11,345 tonnes of domestic waste, at a time when there are approximately 215,500 inhabitants in the district. Hence the cost is about 324,000 VND per tonne or around 17,000 VND per citizen per year. If it is assumed that 50% of the population is served by the waste collection service and that the population bears 67% of the costs (the remaining third being borne by shops, institutions, industries, etc.), this amounts to a cost per citizen of 2 * 17,000 * 2/3 = 22,700 VND per year. So if an average household has five people, the monthly cost is around 9,500 VND. These costs only include waste collection and transport to the disposal site; i.e. capital and operating costs for a sanitary landfill are not included. Included in the above estimate are all costs for purchasing new compactor trucks, bins and pushcarts, as well as the maintenance of these, safety equipment for workers and fuel for the vehicles. Administration costs are not included. There are naturally means to reduce these costs: The most obvious is to minimise salary costs by reducing the necessary staff to a minimum. Contracting out the operation of pushcarts to individuals could be one way to reduce costs. At present a waste collection worker completes two collection routes with a pushcart in a day. This means that each worker is issued with two pushcarts. An alternative approach, so halve the required number of pushcarts, is to have the garbage truck come to empty the pushcart twice during the day. Finally, the trucks only operate around 8 hours per day in these estimations, and significant gains could be made if the trucks operated for longer periods every day. In some countries, for example Denmark, the garbage truck are generally operated in two shifts per day (i.e. 16 hours per day) to reduce costs as much as possible.
3.5.8. Fees and Cost Recovery for Waste Collection

Decision No. 23/2008/Q-UNBD Binh Dinh regulates that all organisations, households and individuals who used waste service system have to pay fees as follows: - Households in the towns or towns of the other districts (except for Quy Nhon City) located along main roads (asphalted or concrete roads) have to pay 10,000 VND/household/month; while households located along main village roads (not asphalted or concrete roads) have to pay 8,000 VND/household/month. Households located along small roads or alleys have to pay 6,000 VND/household/month; - Households in communes of other districts located along main roads, highways have to pay 8,000 VND/household/month while households located along small roads or alleys have to pay 5,000 VND/household/month; - Food selling households in districts have to pay 25,000 VND/household/month; - Other business households in districts have to pay 20,000 VND/household/month; - In the market, shop owners have to pay 10,000-20,000 VND/shop/month depending on amount of waste generated; - Offices have to pay 45,000 VND/office/month; and - Markets, hospitals and enterprises have to pay 60,000 VND/m3 of domestic solid waste that is generated and collected. The full amount of collected fees must be used to cover the costs of waste collection, transportation, treatment and fee collection activities. Full cost recovery for the waste collection system means that total cost for financing and operating a waste collection system should have to be covered through fees to be paid by the waste producers. The waste collection system is divided into a primary collection system that covers the activities from the waste generation sources such as households, markets, hospitals, 44
Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan etc. to the transfer points; and the secondary collection system from transfer points to the landfill or composting plant. On average every household will have five persons. If applying the fee regulated in Decision No. 23/2008/Q-UBND as follows: - In the town and towns, 30% of all serviced households have to pay 10,000 VND/household/month; 20% have to pay 8,000 VND/household/month and 50% have to pay 6,000 VND/household/month; and - In the communes, 30% of households have to pay 8,000 VND/household/month and 70% have to pay 5,000 VND/household/month. The cost recovery from household fees is estimated in Table 3.26 (with the assumption that 100% of the serviced households pay collection fee) is insufficient to cover 2/3 of the total cost for operating a waste collection system in Hoai Nhon District12 (see Table 3.25). It is possible to compensate the cost for operating the secondary collection system (for transporting collected waste to the landfill) or about 38-55% (from 2012 to 2025) of cost for operating the primary collection system. Thus, it is obviously that in order to compensate the operational cost of the waste collection system, household fee must be higher than the present regulated fee. Table 3.26 Cost recovery for waste collection system
Year Total cost for operating waste collection system (x 1000 VND/year) Total cost for operating primary waste collection system (x 1000 VND/year) Total cost for operating secondary waste collection system (x 1000 VND/year) Number of serviced households Communes Cost recovery from household fee (x 1000 VND/year) 740,177 878,952 1,097,514 1,173,882 1,182,099 1,190,374 1,198,707 1,351,445 1,549,662 1,560,510 1,571,433 1,726,149 1,738,232 1,877,583
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
3,280,780 3,380,349 3,760,950 3,685,558 3,718,804 3,731,573 3,618,600 4,415,446 4,577,196 4,554,723 4,595,074 4,858,310 4,917,447 5,611,863
1,831,180 1,930,749 2,311,350 2,235,958 2,269,204 2,281,973 2,169,000 2,482,646 2,644,396 2,621,923 2,662,274 2,925,510 2,984,647 3,195,863
1,449,600 1,449,600 1,449,600 1,449,600 1,449,600 1,449,600 1,449,600 1,932,800 1,932,800 1,932,800 1,932,800 1,932,800 1,932,800 2,416,000
Towns 2,935 3,547 3,572 4,196 4,226 4,255 4,285 4,315 4,966 5,001 5,036 5,071 5,106 5,142
6,674 7,846 10,901 11,175 11,253 11,332 11,411 13,530 15,491 15,600 15,709 17,849 17,974 19,896
The District has to consider one of the three following options: Option 1: Apply household fee indicated in Decision No. 23/2008/QD-UBND as mentioned above.
12
The remaining 1/3 of the total cost for operating a waste collection system in An Nhon District will be covered by the fee collection from shops, offices, hospitals, markets, industrial zones, etc.
45
Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan + Advantage: because this option is based on Decision of the Province, so there is no explanation requirement. + Disadvantage: if applied this collection fee for households, cost recovery from household fee can only compensate the operational cost of secondary collection system. That mean the District has to find budget to operate primary collection system and waste treatment (landfill operation and maintenance). Option 2: Increase household fee so that it could help to recover 2/3 of the operational cost for operating the of primary waste collection system (Table 3.27) (and the remaining will be covered by the fee collection from other waste generation sources). In this case, households have to pay in average about 11,200 VND/household/month in 2012 and reduce to 7,700 VND/household/month in 2025. + Advantage: Implementation of this option would help to save the budget of the District compared to the option 1. A little increase in the fee would be easier to convince households to pay for waste collection. In this case, the District has to find budget to operate secondary collection system and waste treatment (landfill operation and maintenance). + Disadvantage: (1) new fee should be approved by the Province; (2) it would be more difficult to convince households to pay fee. Option 3: Increase household fee so that it could help to recover 2/3 of the total operational cost of waste collection system (Table 3.27) (and the remaining will be covered by the fee collection from other waste generation sources). In this case, households have to pay in average about 18,500 VND/household/month in 2012 and reduce to 12,300 VND/household/month in 2025. + Advantage: Implementation of this option would help to save the budget of the District compared to the option 1 and 2. In this case, the District has to find budget only for waste treatment (landfill operation and maintenance). + Disadvantage: (1) new fee should be approved by the Province; (2) it would be even more difficult to convince households to pay fee compared to the option 2. Table 3.27 Recommended household fee (VND/household/month) Year New household fee New household fee recommended option 2 recommended option 3 2012 11,199 18,436 2013 10,164 16,268 2014 9,643 14,448 2015 8,774 13,298 2016 8,714 13,206 2017 8,827 13,288 2018 8,333 12,763 2019 8,319 13,514 2020 7,655 12,188 2021 7,635 12,136 2022 7,712 12,182 2023 7,662 11,707 2024 7,699 11,716 2025 7,639 12,268
46
Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Household fee could be reduced year by year in the future if number of serviced household is increased. This is also an important point for the District to consider in setting action plan for improving solid waste management of the District in the coming years.
3.6.
Requirements for Capacity Development and Awareness Raising
This section describes the requirements capacity development and awareness raising programme from 2012 through 2025. A section is included covering the costs of these recommended activities. The programme is structured around the building of Environmental Communication Teams at all levels within the District whilst funds are available through the Water Supply and Sanitation Project. From 2015, when only the more limited local budgets are available to fund these activities, the operations will be maintained due to the skills acquired during the initial years.
3.6.1. Background
The Environment Protection Agency under the provincial Department of Natural Resources and Environment is in charge of environmental communication activity in Binh Dinh Province. Regarding the administrative management, EPA delegates most of its environment management activities to the districts. District DONRE represents the district in managing and implementing environmental management and communication activities at the commune and town level. However, these activities are generally limited to meetings on around special events (e.g. Earth Day) and therefore do not fully meet the goals of increasing community awareness for the following reasons: The budget for this activity is usually low, although every District has 1% of their yearly budget allocated for the environmental protection activities; this is called the Environment Life-work budget. However, most of this budget is used for waste collection and treatment activities. The human resources available for implementing the environmental communication activities are limited. Most of the human resources come from the District Office of Natural Resources and Environmental, as well as from Environmental and Land officers from wards and communes These officers have limited knowledge of environmental communication and waste management; this especially applies to officers at the commune level.
3.6.2. Capacity Development and Training within the district

A District Solid Waste Management (DSWM) Board and working groups will be established (see implementation/action plan, section 2.1: Establish a district solid waste management board). This board will be responsible for all aspects of the implementation of the District Solid Waste Management Plan. Under the DSWM board several working groups will be formed. Each working group focuses on the management of a specific area of the district SWM (e.g. industrial waste, health care waste, agricultural waste, collection & transport of domestic waste, organic waste treatment at source, landfill construction, etc.). The DSWM board coordinates and supervises the working groups. The management of a specific SWM area may cover several activities, such as awareness raising for a specific target group (for instance, the working group industrial waste management organises awareness raising for the target population industrial enterprises), funding of all activities and fee collection, specific waste collection / transport / treatment (for instance, the working group industrial waste management is responsible for ensuring industrial waste is
47
Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan separated, reused, recycled, collected, transported and/or treated according to the law and regulations). WSSP together with the province will support the work of the DSWM board as well as the working groups through its capacity development actions from mid 2011 until mid 2014. In the first phase (mid 2011 2012) support will be given to the start up and first tasks of these newly established board and working groups, through on-the-job-guidance from SWM experts. Especially for the working groups, guidance will be given to situation analyses, stakeholder analyses and process analyses, which will be the basis for further informed planning and budgeting in the specific SWM area of each working group. In a second phase (2013 mid 2014) the capacity development actions are continued coaching (but less intensive) of the change process as described in the DSWMPs, and based on what has been achieved in 2011. Furthermore, technical trainings will also be provided for the specific needs that have come up in the working groups.
3.6.3. Basic for a Awareness Raising Programme from 2012 to 2014

Under the management of the PPMU, the EPA of the Binh Dinh DONRE is contracted (hired) to carry out an Awareness Raising Programme (ARP) that includes a pilot phase in 2011. Further collaboration with EPA for the extension phase from 2012 to 2014 will be considered based on the achievement level of the pilot phase in 2011. The target group of this component include the community people and the pupils in primary and secondary schools. The awareness raising is planned in great detail in the ARP document of pilot phase, which includes the awareness raising programme for the Hoai Nhon District. Here the plan recommends that: The awareness raising should be carried out in most of the areas where the SWM system is already or will be established. The members of the communication group should be complemented by members of the waste collection group, so that these can cooperate in the communication activities regarding solid waste management at the community level. Beside the general objective of the ARP, the specific objectives should be more concrete such as: o Increasing the number of household involving the waste collection service i.e. from 10% to 50%. o Increasing the number of household paying for the waste collection service based on the baseline when programme started. o Reducing the frequency of illegal waste disposal and illegal dumpsite within communities. o As the treatment of organic waste at source is an important part of the waste management plan, the methods for progressive organic treatment at source must be part of the focus for the training course for the Environmental Communication Teams. The methods should be simple and inexpensive. o Increase the number of private clinics involved in the healthcare waste collection service. o Increase the volume of organic waste that is treated at source. The action plan of each Environmental Communication Team should be prepared at grass-root level. Each community has to identify their needs based on the community approach such as community rapid appraisal, community action plan with a participatory approach. Visual tools such as mapping community problems and problem tree should be used.
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Other than the monitoring and evaluating system designed by Provincial and District level, each Communication Team needs to have results of this monitoring and evaluating program to adjust their action plan every year.
3.6.4. Strategy and Objectives

To mitigate the shortages of funding and skilled staff at the District level within environmental communication, and to make full use of the resources available through the Water Supply and Sanitation Project up to the year 2014, the strategy on capacity development and communication for the period to the year 2025 is based on the following considerations: To establish key Environmental Communication Teams within towns, communes and schools rapidly. These teams will be trained in environmental communication principles and solid waste management in order to be able to organise and implement these activities, with the goal that they must be able to organise solid waste management activities within their own town, ward or commune. The key groups will be trained with sufficient knowledge on environmental communication and sustainable solid waste management, solutions to reduce waste at dumpsite, skills on organizing and implementing the environmental communication activity at community level. The towns, communes and schools should formulate and implement their individual communication plans on waste issues with the aim of meeting the objectives of the District Solid Waste Management Plan. The improvement of the solid waste management services within the district, towns and communes will be monitored on a quarterly, semester or yearly basis as appropriate. Here precise indicators will be used to compare the actual progress with the objectives of the District Solid Waste Management Plan, such as the percentage of households receiving waste collection service, the percentage of households that are paying waste collection fees, and the percentage of households that are treating organic waste at home. During the period 2012-2014, the budget resource will rely on the Water Supply and Sanitation Projects budget. The focus will be on capacity development for core teams. For the period from 2015 the focus will be on maintaining the existing activities, hence lowering the financial requirements. Here the resource from Environment Life-work budget should be able to cover the necessary project activities.
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3.6.5. Organization and Implementation Structure

To ensure the autonomy and self-motivation of the Environmental Communication Teams, the recommended organisational structure is as follows: Env. Communication core team at district level Env. Communication core team at Towns/communes level Waste collectors MB Waste collectors Env. Communic ation team at community level Households Env. Communication team at school level EPA DoCI Provincial level
PPMU (2012 2014)
Market MB
Pupils
HH Sellers
Note: DoCI: Department of Culture and Information (this component will implement at provincial level) Direct relationship Indirect relationship (supporting/ advice/ broadcasting)
The resources and functions should as follows: Unit Responsibilities 1 Environmental - In charge of overall management and Communication coordinate the environmental Core team at communication activity at district district level level. - To approve activity plan and support budget/tools/means/documents for environmental communication activity. - To orient the precise objectives for each area, each period for the environmental communication groups at towns, communes based
Members Leader/Director of the Natural Resource and Environment Office District Natural Resource and Environment Office officers. District Womens Union officer District Youth Association officer District Farming Association officer. 50
Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Unit Responsibilities on the approved (or adjust during the implementation process). To organize capacity development for key groups on SWM and communication skill. In the period 2012 2014 PPMU and EPA will direct support budget as well as techniques. From 2015 2025 the groups will be selfmanagement and implement through the Environment Life-work budget of District and the consulting of EPA. To participate in the capacity development organised by district. To cooperate with environmental communication (EC) groups at hamlets/sub-wards/cells) to formulate a yearly action plan on environmental communication and submit to the district for approval. To provide documents / communication tools/ budget for EC activities at community In the period from 2012 2014 will organize training on SWM, communication skills for community EC groups To cooperate/ support with community EC groups to implement the EC activity based on the approved action plan. To organize quarterly meeting with EC group to review the implementation process based on the supervisory plan and detailed indicators in order to adjust the action plan accordingly To participate into capacity development program will be organized by the district. To cooperate with head teachers/mistress in schools to build a yearly EC and submit to the district for approval. To provide documents/ communication tools/ budget for EC activities in classes. In the period from 2012 2014 will provide training on SWM, Members - District Educational Office staff. - (6 members)
2 Environmental Communication Core Team at Town/commune level
- Leader of PC of towns/communes, in charge of group leader - Officer who is in charge of Environment activity - WU staff. - YA staff. - Veteran Association staff. - Farming Association staff - (6 7 members)
3 Environmental Communication Core Team at school level
- Representative of school management board. - Teachers who in charge of the movements - Teachers at primary school: teaching music and fine arts. Teachers at secondary schools: teaching civics and biology
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Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Unit Responsibilities communication skills for head teachers in schools. To cooperate with and support teachers in carrying out the EC activity based on the approved action plan. To review every quarter with the head teacher on the process of the program based on the action plan and indicators in order to adjust accordingly. To participate into capacity development program on SWM, environmental communication skills organized by towns/communes. To present the ideas/initiatives of the community and to cooperate with the key EC group at towns/communes to build the environmental communication action plan at their hamlet/sub-ward. To implement the environmental communication at their hamlet/subward. The main communication will be: organize meeting at cells to discuss with community people on the improvement of the existing SWM at their communities; home visits to mobilize, consulting and explanation on the habit/attitude to improve the existing SWM such as: participate the collection service, payment collection fee dispose the waste in time, sorting waste at home, treatment organic waste at home by simple techniques. To record information/data, detail figure with the core group to supervise the implementing process of the environmental communication activities To participate into capacity development program on SWM, environmental communication skills organized by schools. To cooperate with core group to formulate the EC activity for school. To carry out the EC activity in classes. The main EC program will be: teaching the pupils on having right Members
4 Environmental Communication Team at community level
5 Environmental Communication Team at school level
This is a main force to work with community people in hamlet/sub-ward. Therefore, the members of the team will be flexible. It is depending to the context of each area to invite the ones who has free time and interested in this environmental activity. However, the core members should be based on the existing mass organization and local authority staff such as: - Sub-ward management board member. - Cell leaders. - WU branch - YA. - Farming Association branch. - Veteran Association branch. - Volunteers who are ready to participate into environmental communication activity. - Waste collection workers at community. For Primary schools, the team will be included of all teachers (each teacher will in charge of one class). For secondary schools, the team will be included mistresses in order to integrate this subject into their regular meetings or organize extra52
Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Unit Responsibilities attitude/behaviour with the disposal of waste, organize some concrete activities for pupils participate as waste separation at school; treating food wastes, leafs at school by using simple techniques (according to the condition of each school); organize competition for pupils on the knowledge on waste - To record the data/information, figures in order to cooperation with the core group to supervise the environmental communication implementation process. Members curricular activities
3.6.6. Awareness Raising through the Public Media

Public media is an important communication channel for the dissemination of information to a large population and an excellent means of attracting peoples attention. Advertising within local media aims to educate people on solid waste issues and get them to change their behaviour in line with the Districts Solid Waste Management Plans. The focus will be on promoting the treatment at source of organic waste, suitable practices for setting out waste for collection and the importance of paying the waste collection fees. The three communication channels that should be used are newspapers, radio and television. For the period 2012 2014 it is suggested that the PPMU should sign the contract with EPA to implement these activities; the EPA can then in turn sign separate contracts with some of the following media as appropriate: Binh Dinh Newspaper. Binh Dinh television station. Binh Dinh broadcasting radio station.
Topic for the communication should include the following topics: Introducing the project activities quarterly. Introducing the organic waste treatment simple technologies such as composting and the black soldier fly larvae. Practical aspects of the solid waste collection system. The importance of paying waste collection fees. Introducing more general aspects of the solid waste management system issue in Binh Dinh.
For the communication through television it is suggested to advertising good behaviour through a few video clips that are alternated as the environmental communication programme will be implemented throughout the year. The changes in clips will keep people watching. Scenes and scripts should be developed for educational purpose but with a great sense of humour. Actors practices are representative of the local peoples practices. The EPA should sign the contract with the provincial television company to broadcast the programme at a certain time during the day
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Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan when it is known that most people will be watching the local TV channel. For example, the broadcasting time can be in the evening after the news programme or during the break in a film. The produced video clips should be copied into DVDs to be distributed to motivators, towns, communes, schools and other civil organizations as supporting IEC material. These video clips can then be shown in meetings, training sessions or workshops at schools and/or for organisations. This gives a chance for a number of people who do not watch television to be approached by the programme. From 2012, the District Peoples Committee will submit proposals to the Binh Dinh Peoples Committee to assign both TV and radio stations to broadcast news relating to solid waste management as part of their responsibility for raising environment awareness. This component will in practice be formulated for the whole province by public broadcasting system of Binh Dinh province.
3.6.7. Requirements to Improve the Waste Collection

To ensure that the population makes full and correct use of an expanded waste collection system, as well as to ensure that they pay their waste collection fees, a continuous educational programme is required. Such a programme can initially be under the ARP described in section 3.6.2 but after 2014 this must be under the District authorities and financed through the Province and District budgets (or financed through the fees collected for waste management). These awareness programmes must reach all stakeholders, including households, shops, institutions and enterprises. The cornerstones of such the awareness raising programmes will be to: Under the direction of the Environmental Communication Core Team at town/commune level, the Environmental Communication Team at community level will ensure that awareness is raised throughout the community regarding the new waste collection system, covering how waste should be placed for collection, collection hours, the payment of waste collection fees, the importance of not littering and so forth. The Environmental Communication Teams at school level will raise the childrens awareness about the importance of handling waste correctly and will help them influence their parents and other family members in making the best possible use of the new waste collection system. The provincial level broadcasting through the public media (see section 3.6.6) will raise the general populations awareness.
3.6.8. Strengthening the Recycling at Source

This District Solid Waste Management Plan calls for 15% of the total generated domestic solid waste stream, consisting of organic waste, to be treated at source by the year 2025 in towns and likewise 30% in communes. This will call for technologies such as those described in section 3.4, covering the composting of market waste, the usage of Mesophilic Storage Units for households and commercial black soldier fly larvae production. Ensuring that such methodologies are successfully implemented throughout the District will require an important and continuous awareness raising and educational effort. Initially, it is very important that demonstration projects are implemented under the direction of the District Project Management Group to show that the technologies can be successfully implemented in both towns and communes. Through the demonstration projects, those responsible will learn (by trail and error, as well as through consultants) how these treatment methods can be made to work. This endeavour must include an incessant programme of capacity development and assistance to larger-scale composting or commercial black soldier fly larvae production; as well as a continued 54
Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan support at all administrative levels within the District to implement and uphold the operation of Mesophilic Storage Units. Steps that should be taken to insure the successful implementation and operation of Mesophilic Storage Units include: Under the direction of the Environmental Communication Core Team at town/commune level, the Environmental Communication Team at community level will provide information and support to households making use of the mesophilic storage units. The Environmental Communication Teams at school level will raise the childrens interest in the treatment of organic waste at source and give them an understanding and interest in the proposed mesophilic storage units. The provincial level broadcasting through the public media (see section 3.6.6) will raise the general populations awareness.
A second consideration is for towns and communes to establish a small scale composting facilities at their wet market; in this case it is important to: Choose the appropriate technology with a simple operation and low cost. Separate recyclable, organic and non-organic wastes at source That the Market Management Board agrees with this idea and that they provide the land for a composting facility or a location to store the organic waste separately. They can then help organise the scavengers at market into a group; this group is then allowed to work in this area managing the waste and operating the composting facility.
Here the Environmental Communication Core Team at town/commune level can assist the District authorities in setting up the small scale facilities. Finally, there may be plans for scavengers (or others) to operate a commercial black soldier fly larvae production; these will require support from the District authorities and the Environmental Communication Core Team at town/commune level to ensure a successful implementation: Provision of information on how to operate a commercial black soldier fly larvae production. A site to place the equipment. Assistance from the Environmental Communication Team to ensure that organic waste can be collected from households, restaurants, etc. Support on the sale of the larvae.
3.6.9. Capacity Development and Training within the District

The District will need support in the form of technical expertise to put into operation this Solid Waste Management Plan. It is foreseen that approximately 110 man days of national expertise will be available to the District for the years 2012 to 2014. This expertise can be used to help tender for equipment, to help with demonstration project, for training of District staff and others involved in solid waste management, as well as assisting with completing the new solid waste management system.
3.6.10. Cost of Capacity Development and Awareness Raising Programmes 2012 2025
The costs of the above programmes that are described in this section are estimated in this section.
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Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.28 Annual Costs for District Awareness Raising Programme (in 1,000 VND)
Activity 2011 (11 towns/communes) Cost
Unit No price No price
2012 Cost
2013 (6 new communes) Cost

No price No
2014 Cost
price
total 2011 - 2015-2025 (Annual Costs) 2014 Cost

No price
1 Technical Expertise Support

Pool of Experts Training Materials and Course Costs Demonstration Projects days unit
50 10 1 422,200 160,000 80,000 80,000 160,000 80,000 80,000 40,000 20,000 20,000 55,000 7,200 312,400 55,000 165,000 92,400 231,000 55,000 110,000 66,000 965,600 -
2 Capacity building for core team at Dist. level 2.1 Training/ w orkshop at Dist. level
For core team of tow ns/communes For core team of school Time Time Time Time Time Time unit Per. Time Time Time Time Time Time
2,340,000 45,000 2,250,000 5,000 50,000 40,000 40,000 102,200 -
30 6
45,000 5,000
4 4 4 4
20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000
2 2 2 2 1 1 11 6 20,000 20,000 5,000 1,200 40,000 20,000 20,000 55,000 7,200 312,400 55,000 165,000 92,400 231,000 55,000 110,000 66,000 2,985,600 1 1 6 6
20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 5,000 1,200
2.2 Sharing experience

For core team of tow ns/communes For core team of school
2.3 Annual closure w orkshop

For core team of tow ns/communes For core team of school
2.4 Com m unication tools 2.5 Managem ent fee (stationary/ transportation m eans) Dist. Core team (6
per.)
1 20,000 1 20,000 11 5,000 6 1,200
1,380,000 1,350,000 30,000 237,200 80,000 40,000 40,000 80,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 20,000 20,000 30,000 7,200 317,800 85,000 90,000 142,800 247,000 85,000 60,000 102,000 2,182,000
30 45,000 6 5,000
1,380,000 1,350,000 30,000 97,200 -
5,100,000
1 30,000 1 30,000 6 5,000 6 1,200
60,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 7,200
858,800 240,000 120,000 120,000 240,000 120,000 120,000 180,000 90,000 90,000 170,000 28,800 6 1,200
7,200 -
7,200 227,800 85,000 142,800 187,000 85,000 102,000 422,000
3 Im plem enting Aw areness raising at com m unity

Formulating annual action plan Supporting community activities (tow ns/ communes) Management fee (stationary/ transportation means) tow ns/ communes Core team (7 per./ tow ns/ communes)
11 5,000 11 15,000 11 8,400
11 11 11
5,000 15,000 8,400
17 6 17 6 17 6 17
5,000 15,000 8,400
17 5,000 6 15,000 11 8,400
267,400 1,210,000 85,000 280,000 90,000 510,000 92,400 420,000 247,000 956,000 85,000 280,000 60,000 340,000 102,000 336,000 1,991,600 8,124,800
17 17
5,000 8,400
4 Im plem enting Aw areness raising at school

Formulating annual action plan Supporting school activities (tow ns/ communes) Management fee (stationary/ transportation means) Total
11 5,000 11 10,000 11 6,000
11 11 11
5,000 10,000 6,000
5,000 10,000 6,000
17 5,000 6 10,000 17 6,000
17 17
5,000 6,000
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Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.29 Budget Capacity Development for District Solid Waste Management (Euro) (from excel file "CD actions 2011 Total Basis for calculation 2011 - SEM2" year Establishment of 6,200 DSWMGroups & subgroups in 4 districts: Define coaching process of 8,340 sub-groups: Start up coaching processes 34,000 & follow up Total 48,540 2012 increasing input (HR+budget) from province/districts is needed coaching of sub groups 48,000 5 working (consultant fees) groups*100EUR/consultant/d*8d/m*12m coaching process 10,080 30 EUR/meeting*4 districts*1 board & 5 (meetings/workshops) working groups*12m Total 58,080 2013 increasing input (HR+budget) from province/districts is needed continued coaching (less 25,200 (1 board+6 intensive) workinggroups)*100EUR/consultant/d*3d/ m*12m possible technical trainings 12,500 technical, project management, leadership, ... 5 trainings (1 training per working group area*5 working group areas) 25 participants*5 trainings*100 EUR/p/training coaching process 10,080 30 EUR/meeting*4 districts*1 board & 5 (meetings/workshops) working groups*12m Total 47,780 2014 input (HR+budget) provided by province/districts 10,080 30 EUR/meeting*4 districts*1 board & 5 workinggroups*12m Total BUDGET (2011 2014) 164,480 The above table includes costs for: experts contracted to coach the districts on the longer term (2 years) with their planning and implementation allowances to organise meetings of the working groups study trips technical trainings for members of the working groups or other people that need training.
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Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.30 Total cost for the Public Broadcasting Programme covering four Districts (in 1,000 VND)
2012 STT Content unit time Price 400 No 10 1 90 4 4 2 2 total cost 284,000 4,000 100,000 180,000 9,600 1,600 8,000 4,800 800 4,000 50,000 348,400 No 10 1 90 4 4 2 2 10,000 10,000 2013 total cost 284,000 4,000 100,000 180,000 9,600 1,600 8,000 4,800 800 4,000 50,000 348,400 No 10 1 90 4 4 2 2 10,000 10,000 2014 total cost 284,000 4,000 100,000 180,000 9,600 1,600 8,000 4,800 800 4,000 50,000 348,400 852,000 12,000 300,000 540,000 28,800 4,800 24,000 14,400 2,400 12,000 150,000 1,045,200 Total 2012- 2014 Yearly (2015 - 2025) No 10 1 90 4 4 2 2 10,000 10,000 total cost 284,000 4,000 100,000 180,000 9,600 1,600 8,000 4,800 800 4,000 50,000 348,400
1 Television station 1.1 Television news 1.2 Video clip production 1.3 Video clip broadcast 2 Radion station 2.1 Radio news Technical article (composting, SWM 2.2 sustainability) 3 Newspaper 3.1 News page 3.2 Technical article (composting) 4 Publishement of DVD Total
video clip 100,000 time time article article article unit 2,000 400 2,000 400 2,000
5 10,000
As can be seen from the above about 5 billion VND of technical support are foreseen over the years 2012 to 2014, whilst the plan is being implemented. The costs for the awareness raising programme come to approximately 3 billion VND over the first three years, plus about 1 billion VND for the public broadcasting programme. Hereafter the annual costs are approximately 420 million VND for the awareness raising and 350 million for the public broadcasting covering all four Districts. The Water Supply and Sanitation project does not have sufficient funds to cover these costs, so participation of the Environment Life-work budget will be required.
3.7.
Requirements to the Waste Disposal System
Landfilling is accepted as a legal solution for final disposal of solid waste in Vietnam. This is regulated in the Joint circular No. 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment and the Ministry of Construction from January 18, 2001. The joint circular guides the regulations on environmental protection for the selection of location for, the construction and operation of, solid waste burial sites together with the Vietnamese Standard TCXD VN 261:2001 Solid Waste Landfill Design Standards promulgated by Decision No 35/2001/QD-BXD of the Ministry of Construction on January 26, 2001. Although in the hierarchy of an integrated solid waste management system, the landfill is the last choice due to its significant and negative environmental impacts, it still remains an indispensable component of the current SWM practices in Vietnam, as there is a large and rapidly increasing volume of waste has to be disposed of. The district of Hoai Nhon within Binh Dinh Province is not an exceptional case, just similar to most of other areas in the country.
3.7.1.
Quantity of Waste to Landfill 2011 2025
The quantity of waste for landfill is calculated as follows: sWLandfill = (Wtotal Wtotal * Rrecycled Wtotal * Rcomposted) * Rcollection * (1.00 - Rrecycled at LF) Where: WLandfill : Wtotal : Rrecycled: Rcomposted: Rcollection: quantity of waste transported to landfill total quantity of waste generated rate of waste sold for recycling rate of waste treated/composted at source rate of collection, in percentage 58
Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Rrecycled at LF percentage recycled at the landfill
The assumptions described in section 3.3.2 were employed when calculating the quantity of waste that has to be landfilled every year. Based on these assumptions, the calculations result in the following flows of waste, including the annual quantity of waste going to landfill as shown in table 3.30. Table 3.30 Total amount of waste to landfill 2012 - 2025
Quantity Generated Percentage Recycled at source (%) Quantity Recycled at source (Kg/day) (Tonnes/yr) Remaining after Recycled at source (Kg/day) (Tonnes/yr) Percentage Collected and Treated at Landfill (Kg/day) Quantity Collected and Treated at Landfill (Tonnes/yr) (%)
Year
(Kg/day)
(Tonnes/yr)
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
112,752 113,542 114,337 115,137 115,943 116,754 117,572 118,395 119,224 120,058 120,898 121,745 122,597 123,455 124,319 125,190
41,154 41,443 41,733 42,025 42,319 42,615 42,914 43,214 43,517 43,821 44,128 44,437 44,748 45,061 45,376 45,694
11 11 11 20 25 31 31 31 35 35 40 40 40 40 40 40
12,433 12,520 12,608 23,027 28,896 36,402 36,657 36,914 41,909 42,202 48,543 48,883 49,225 49,569 49,916 50,266
4,538 4,570 4,602 8,405 10,547 13,287 13,380 13,474 15,297 15,404 17,718 17,842 17,967 18,093 18,219 18,347
100,319 101,022 101,729 92,110 87,047 80,352 80,915 81,481 77,315 77,856 72,355 72,862 73,372 73,886 74,403 74,924
36,616 36,873 37,131 33,620 31,772 29,328 29,534 29,740 28,220 28,417 26,410 26,595 26,781 26,968 27,157 27,347
18 18 25 29 36 39 39 39 39 43 49 49 49 53 53 57
18,423 18,552 24,995 27,041 31,154 31,082 31,300 31,519 30,313 33,737 35,771 36,021 36,273 39,470 39,747 42,630
6.724 6.771 9.123 9.870 11.371 11.345 11.425 11.504 11.064 12.314 13.056 13.148 13.240 14.407 14.508 15.560
3.7.2. District Sanitary Landfill

To build a sanitary landfill for the district is in agreement with the Province Solid Waste Master Plan. The sanitary landfill will be in compliance with current national standards as required, i.e. with an impermeable bottom layer, a drainage system for surface storm water runoff, a leachate collection and treatment system, a landfill gas collection and treatment system, use waste compacting and a regular soil cover, regular environmental monitoring, and so forth. It must be noted that, given a number of uncertainties at present, the cost estimates are not accurate and must be revised/adjusted in the future prior to implementing the sanitary landfill. The authorities of Hoai Nhon District have identified two sites for the construction of future landfills. The first one is in proximity to the existing dumpsite close to Bong Son Town, which is planned for serving only the town when it becomes a (separate) provincial town. The second planned site is in Hoai Son Commune and it is planned to serve the remaining part of the Hoai Nhon District, after Bong Son Town has been separated to become a provincial town. The proposed new landfill site of Hoai Nhon at Hoai Son commune Son is not suitable in term of minimum distance to rivers and streams, as the distance from proposed landfill border to a stream is about 10 metres; also the groundwater levels seem high. The total area reserved at this
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Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan site is 9.4 hectares of agricultural fields. Therefore, in the following only the site close to Bong Son Town is taken into consideration. The site for the Districts planned landfill site is approximately one kilometre further along the road leading to the Bong Son Dumpsite. The proposed new landfill site of Bong Son is suitable in term of minimum distance to National and Provincial main areas; to residential areas; to rivers and streams; to groundwater, exploitation works/structures; to airports, seaports and industrial areas.13 The total area reserved for the new sanitary landfill is 14.4 hectares of forestry land.
The proposed site for the future District landfill
The landfill designed by CEEN in 2008 is sized to receive an average of 34.26 tonnes per day of waste. The waste cell area covers 3.54 hectares and is filled with a waste layer that is 11-12 metres thick. The bottom of the cell consists of a compacted clay layers and a HDPE layer. There is a gas collection system, as well as a leachate collection and treatment system that will discharge water to the surroundings meeting the requirements of the Standard TCVN 7733:2007 Effluent standards for leachate of solid waste landfill sites. A surface water drainage system is provided around the landfill. The sites water supply is from drilled wells. The power supply is mainly for lighting. Proposed ancillary facilities include buildings, a weighbridge, a fence, environmental monitoring, a car park, a guard house, etc. The original estimate was made by CEEN in 2008. The cost estimate is based on the 2008 estimate by CEEN in 2008 and has been updated to 2011 costs; it can be found in Annex C, tables C1 and C2. As can be seen, the costs include the upgrade of the access road to the new landfill (and its subsequent maintenance) a weighbridge, a truck wash station, a material stockpile area, an office, guard house, a fence around the entire site and the sanitary landfill cells with their impermeable membrane and leachate collection system. Also included in the costs are the leachate treatment system, the water supply and electric systems and the closure of cells that have been filled with waste. Finally observation wells are included for the monitoring of the environment round the sanitary landfill and a bulldozer to be used daily in the operation of the landfill. Excluded from the costs are the costs of land acquisition; as well as the costs for the closure of the Tam Quan Bac and the Bong Son dumpsites. As can be seen from the tables, the total investment costs for the sanitary landfill are 35.5 billion Dong, where the majority of the costs are for the construction of new landfill cells and the cost of machinery. The landfill proposed by CEEN is large enough to accommodate the waste generated by the district in the period 2013 2025. The landfill has been subdivided into 50,000 m3 cells; where a cell is closed when it is full. The design by CEEN proposes that all cells are built immediately, so in this scenario there will be empty cells that will remain unused for about 10 years (7 years in case of a shared landfill). This is not a recommended scenario, as the cells that are not used are difficult to preserve and they will be damaged by sunshine, vegetation and precipitation and deteriorate rapidly and therefore become unusable; thus, the initial investment may be lost to a large extend.
13
TCXDVN 261 : 2001
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Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan In fact, the landfill may be planned in one design as was done by CEEN, but they may not be all fully built immediately. Thus, the dimensioning of the planned total area for the landfill site may be large enough to cover the entire planning period (say 15 years), but the construction of landfill cells should be phased, with a new cells built only after the previous cell has been filled up. The size of each cell should not be larger than necessary, so that it will be filled within say about two years; no new additional cells should be built before needed. Therefore, the construction of the landfill cells is split into phases, so that there is an initial investment, subsequent additional investments for the new landfill cells, as well as operating costs for the landfill. The costs are based on the CEEN estimate, where the costs of landfills that are subsequently build, is deducted from the initial cost estimate. The operating costs for the years 2013 through 2025 can be found in Annex C, table C3. Here the main expenses are maintenance costs and the cost of staff. As can be seen in table 3.32, the total investment and operating costs per tonne for the sanitary landfill come to approximately 313,000 VND per tonne. The sanitary landfill staff is foreseen as follows: Table 3.31 Landfill Staffing Staff Category
Landfill Manager Waste Controllers / (weighbridge Operators) LTP Operator Chief Mechanic Assistant Mechanics Electrician Machine Operators Cleaners Security Guards Various unskilled workers Total Staff:
Number
1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2
5
17
3.7.3. Benefits of a Shared Sanitary Landfill

In agreement with the Technical and Financial File of the project Water Supply and Sanitation Programme In Binh Dinh Province, chapter 2.2.2.1 Solid Waste Management Plans for the districts, and reviewing the Global strategy on solid waste for Binh Dinh province on page 15, the project should review the PSWMP, in order to make sure it will lead to the definition of a coherent strategy for the Province and the targeted districts. Such a review, based on international standards, must consider grouping some districts around the same landfill, while taking into account costs efficiency, accessibility, transport distance and the target population. Given the financial advantages, it is proposed that Hoai Nhon considers sharing a sanitary landfill with other district(s) or parts of them, preferably with Phu My (or Hoai An and/or An Lao). That way, it is foreseen that both the construction and operational costs can be minimised (due to the economy-of-scale principle) and also the overall environmental (negative) impacts will be reduced as a single landfill serves a larger area. Furthermore, this scenario could make certain options more practicable, for example the recovery and re-use of landfill gas to make energy is only viable
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Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan when large quantities of waste are available. The landfill gas recovery can reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and lead to a net income through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).14 In practice, the Hoai Nhon District is of the opinion that it cannot share a sanitary landfill with another District, due to the transportation distances and the administrative difficulties such a solution would cause. The possibility has been included anyhow in order to make the District aware of the relative costs of this option. All the involved districts would benefit a lot, in terms of not only lower construction and operational costs, but also by minimising the negative environmental impacts. This would also allow saving a lot of land within the province, as each single landfill has to follow the requirements for safe distance (at least 300m to a residential area, applied for small landfills and located not to the windward of residential areas). The costs for the investment can therefore be estimated as shown in Annex C, table C4. Summary of the Capital and Operating Costs for the Sanitary Landfill The capital and operating costs for the period 2013 to 2025 for the sanitary landfill can be found in table 3.32 below: Table 3.32 Capital and operating costs for the period 2013 to 2025 for the sanitary landfill: Item Unit Sanitary Landfill Shared Landfill Total tonnage received Tonnes 185,430 328,172 Initial investment costs MVND 24,607 26,330 Additional investment costs MVND 9,776 28,497 Operating costs MVND 23,628 26,637 Average costs per tonne VND/tonne 312,846 248,236 As can be seen in the above table, the overall landfill costs come to about 313,000 VND per tonne of waste received. Significant savings can be made by sharing the costs of building and operating a landfill. The basic infrastructure required is the same, though the operating costs are a little higher in terms of fuel consumption, chemicals for the leachate treatment costs, and so forth. In practice, sharing the landfill will reduce the costs by approximately 70,000 VND per tonne. This is a significant saving, especially given that this plan calls for 30 tonnes of waste to be collected daily within the District a few years from now. Final disposal of solid waste by landfilling, if and where needed, will have to employ environmentally safe sanitary landfills. Taking into account both economic and environmental aspects, it is obvious that sharing a landfill has significant cost advantages. The only challenge for this scenario is the possible resistance of the local residents where the shared landfill is to be located. To make this realistic, the district must design and implement an appropriate IEC and awareness raising programme for both local authorities and residents.
3.7.4. Procedure for Sharing a Sanitary Landfill

To manage a shared sanitary landfill, it is essential that the landfill operation is supervised by a strong management board that represents the interests of both (or more) Districts. The Landfill Management Board could be either lead by a Vice Chairman from the PPC or co-directed by Vice Chairmen of the involved districts. The Landfill Management Board must ensure that the sanitary landfill is built and operated to the best advantage of all parties. The Landfill Management Board should also include representatives from district sections covering Planning and Investment,
14
The CDM option through landfill gas is only an option if organic waste is placed in the landfill. As mentioned elsewhere, composting activities also reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and are also eligible for CDM credits.
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Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Natural Resource and Environment, Agricultural and Rural Development, Urban Management , Public Health Section, as well the Commune PC where the landfill is located and the District waste management company(ies). It is important that the Landfill Management Board ensures that the sanitary landfill is managed in a transparent manner where all expenses are clearly accounted for. Given that the sanitary landfill will have a weighbridge and that all garbage trucks will be weighed upon arrival (and departure is desired) at the landfill, it will be possible to attribute the costs to each involved District based on the quantity of waste delivery to the sanitary landfill. All decisions regarding upgrades and expansion of the landfill should also be approved by the Landfill Management Board.
3.8.
Closure of Dumpsites
The existing dumpsites in Hoai Nhon should sooner or later be closed in order to avoid polluting the environment and to be in compliance with the national strategy on sustainable development. It is foreseen that over the next 15 years all dumpsites should be eliminated. Assuming (and it seems most likely) that no industrial hazardous waste was received by the dumpsites, they can be closed following the guidelines given in the Joint circular No. 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD of January 18, 2001 guiding the regulations on environmental protection for the selection of location for, the construction and operation of, solid waste burial sites" as follows: The final cover layer should have a clay content over 30%, ensure a standard moisture and properly compacted, with a thickness over 60 cm. The slope from the edge to the top should gradually increase from 3 to 5%, ensuring good draining, and thereafter: + Cover the buffer layer with a 50-60 cm thick layer of sandy soil + Covering with a 20-30 cm thick agricultural soil + Plant grass and trees Carry out a monitoring program, including the monitoring of air, water, soil and ecosystems, labour environment and local residents; health.
Once the dumpsite has been closed, the District Office of Natural Resources and Environment should develop a simple monitoring programme to ensure that the final cover layer remains intact.
3.9.
Cost Saving by Treating Organic Waste at Source
There are considerable savings to be made by composting the organic faction of waste at source. This District Solid Waste Management Plan has used a model where eventually 30% of the total waste stream is treated through composing (or similar processes) in communes and 15% of the waste stream is treated likewise in towns. In table 3.33 below the total costs are compared to scenarios where there is absolutely no treatment of organic waste at source and one where all organic waste is treated at source. In all three cases, it is assumed that the waste will be deposited in a District sanitary landfill.
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Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.33 Cost comparison for various composting scenarios Almost 100% of Current scenario organic waste is (30% in communes composted /15% in towns) Total Waste to landfill 2013 146,236 170,216 2025 (tonnes) Total Capital Costs (MVND) 32,389 35,478 Total Operating Costs 23,084 23,628 (MVND) Total Costs (MVND) 55,473 59,106
No treatment of organic waste at source 228,577 35,478 45,153 80,631
As can be seen there are significant savings in the current system, when compared to a system where there is no treatment of organic waste at source. The fact that about 58,000 tonnes less of waste are collected over the period 2013 2025, (170,000 tonnes versus 228,000 tonnes) means savings in the order of 21.5 billion VND. Hence, there are very strong financial incentives to minimise the flow of waste to landfill, as this significantly lowers the costs. Furthermore, waste minimisation benefits the environment.
4. Plan for Management of Industrial Waste till 2025

4.1. Definitions of Industrial/Hazardous Waste
Industrial solid waste is defined in Decree No. 59/2007/N-CP issued by Vietnamese Government as solid waste generated in industrial production, craft villages, business and service activities or other activities is collectively referred to as industrial solid waste. Furthermore, hazardous solid waste is described as solid waste containing substances or compounds that exhibit any of the characteristics of radioactivity, ignitability, explosiveness, corrosiveness, infectiousness, toxicity or other hazardous characteristics. Industrial waste represents waste generated from activities in manufacturing businesses that utilises raw material and machinery to generate marketable products in their premises. A small percentage of the industrial waste will be hazardous waste, these are also discussed below. Industrial waste is generated from manufacturing businesses that use raw material and machinery to generate products within their premises. Typical categories of manufacturing industries can be found below: Food processing Beverage manufacturing Wood-based products Manufacturing of chemical and chemical products Manufacturing of non-metallic mineral products Basic metals Manufacture of electrical machinery, apparatus, appliances and supplies Manufacture of transport equipment Textiles and garments
These categories of industries will each generate their particular industrial waste, where the waste characteristics will be dependent on the industrial production process. The wastes are often complex and heterogeneous ranging from inert inorganic waste (such as mineral, electronic and metal waste) to organic waste (such as plastics and foodstuffs). 64
Industrial waste is the waste generated by the industrys production, as can be items such as mineral, electronic and metal waste, filter cakes, plastics, raw material wastage, off-spec products, floor sweepings, rags, packaging, etc.; so long as these do not fall under the MONREs definition of a hazardous waste In addition to the industrial waste generated, the industries will also generate a sizeable amount of general waste. This latter waste is common to all industries and includes packaging, office and canteen waste. Some of this waste (e.g. packaging) is often sold for recycling and the remained of this waste is usually handled as domestic solid waste. The term Hazardous Waste applies to toxic and hazardous waste. These are defined as wastes containing components that are toxic, radioactive, inflammable, explosive, abrasive, contagious, poisonous or harmful.15 Vietnams National Technical Regulation on Hazardous Waste Thresholds (QCVN 07:2009/BTNMT) sets the standard for hazardous waste thresholds and is used to indentify wastes that may be considered hazardous. These technical regulations clearly describe the laboratory methods that must be used for analysis of waste to determine whether it is a hazardous waste. Hazardous waste from industrial activities will include waste such as solvents, oils, PCBs, acids and plating baths. Healthcare risk waste is also defined as a hazardous waste (as it is contagious); these are discussed in section 5.
4.2.
Current Situation and Plans
There are three operating Industrial Clusters within the District; and a fourth Industrial Cluster is under construction: The Thiet Dinh Industrial Cluster covers 13 hectares and includes some polluting manufacturing establishments; The Tam Quan Industrial Cluster covers 15 hectares and principally contains various manufacturing and garment factories; The Tam Quan Bac Industrial Cluster is a seafood processing area; The 16 hectare Hoai Hao Industrial Clusters; The Hoai Than Tay Industrial Cluster that covers 2 hectares; and The Hoai Duc Industrial Cluster is under construction and is foreseen to hold mechanical industry, water bottling facilities and construction material manufacturers.
Several other Industrial Clusters/Parks are in the planning, including the Bong Son Industrial Zone that is to be 100 hectares and to include agro-forestry processing, food processing, mechanics, agricultural machine manufacture and construction material manufacture.
15
Law on Environmental Protection of 2005 that went into effect on 1 July 2006
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Fish warehouse and processing at the Tam Quan Bac Industrial Cluster
At present the general waste from industries is often collected by the local waste management companies; this covers waste from canteens, offices and so forth. This general waste is included in the numbers for domestic solid waste in section 3.3.2. The consultant found that the disposal of containers that have held pesticides was a problem throughout the province. Some Districts have built boxes in the fields, with the intention that the farmers should place their pesticide waste in these boxes. This system did not work, as the farmers did not use the boxes and continue to dump the containers on their land. Some Districts are interested in again trying to collect these empty pesticide containers. This is not recommended as long as there is no disposal system for the empty pesticide packaging. If these containers were collected today, the District would have to store these as a hazardous waste, as there is no disposal system for hazardous waste within the region. At a later date, when a hazardous waste treatment facility is built within the region, the collected waste would then have to be shipped for treatment at great cost to the District.16 For the empty pesticide containers, the Government of Vietnam should implement a programme in collaboration with the pesticide manufacturers, the importers and the distributers. The programme should ensure that when the farmers are supplied with new pesticides, the supplier will automatically take back empty pesticide packaging. There could be a deposit on the packaging, to ensure all packaging is returned. The pesticide distributers would then organise and implement an awareness programme, so that all farmers know how to store and return their empty pesticide containers.17 Given that the distributers transport full pesticide containers to sell to the farmers, it is easy for them to ensure that empty containers are transported back to their distribution centre or factory. The empty containers can then be reused or sent for treatment as hazardous waste.
4.3.
Possibilities for waste prevention and waste minimisation;
Typical main waste composition from industries can include scrap metals, plastics, paper and cardboard and food scraps. Such wastes can be sold or given away for recycling. Industries frequently have large amounts of raw materials that are wasted during the manufacturing process; likewise some industries have a significant percentage of products that do not meet the specifications. Both the wasted raw materials, as well as off-spec products are
16 17
The treatment fee would likely be in the region of 20,000 VND per kg or more. Such a programme would normally also take back and treat any obsolete pesticides that the farmer may have stored over time on his premises.
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Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan often discarded on-site, as this is an inexpensive solution. Commonly reusing these materials in the production makes good economic sense, as it reduces the companys costs for raw materials per unit product. Better utilisation of raw materials, as well as other resources such as water, should be encouraged. Some industrial hazardous waste is also recycled at the moment, this includes waste oils and waste lubricants that are currently sold to recyclers and used as a fuel, often in brick kilns. In the longer term; once there is a dedicated hazardous waste treatment facility within the region, this practice should be discontinued and the hazardous waste oils and lubricants should be treated at a specialised facility.
4.4.
Present and future quantities of Industrial Waste
At present this waste stream is not sufficiently regulated, so there is no readily available data on the number of waste generators, the nature of the wastes, their quantity or where they are currently being disposed. The Provincials Solid Waste Management Plan does state that The industrial SW collection in the district area has not currently managed, so there has not been any specific figure on the total amount of SW generated in the district. On the other hand the plan does predict that 23.4 tonnes per day will be generated in 2015 and 33.6 tonnes per day in 2020. Of these waste streams in 2020 18 60% are recycled or reused; 25% is hazardous waste; and the remaining 15% are non-hazardous waste. Clearly, the 25% must be mostly industrial wastes. Given that there are no current figures for the waste arisings, the predictions for 2015 and 2020 must be associated with a high degree of uncertainty. It is important for the District to obtain a better knowledge of exactly how much and what types of waste are generated by the industrial clusters within the District. It is recommended that a survey be organised to better determine the current situation. Such a survey should investigate all major sources of industrial waste within the District and propose the best possible solutions. The survey should visit all industrial zones and clusters, as well as other major generators of industrial waste. The quantity of waste can then be determined through information from the waste generators, through estimates based on the number of employees and/or the quantity of product produced. The consultant will then have to determine how the waste is best treated: Some waste will be akin to domestic solid waste, just as there will be large amounts of industrial waste that can be placed in a sanitary landfill (or reused).19 There will be a small percentage of hazardous waste, where a solution will need to be found, given that there is currently no hazardous waste treatment centre within the region. Such a survey, performed by a team of international and national experts, would probably cost around 60,000 Euro, and this price would cover a survey of four Districts within the Province.
4.5.
The Management System for Industrial Waste
The basic principle for handling industrial waste, is that the wastes from the industry are properly separated. There will be some general waste from kitchens, offices, and so forth. This will generally be collected by the local garbage company. There will also be some waste from the production or manufacturing process; this can be contaminated raw materials, wastage from the production process and/or off-spec products. Other a sizeable percentage of these materials can be reused (especially if the alternative is to pay to dispose of them). Likewise, some waste can be
18 19
The figures for 2015 in the Province Solid Waste Master Plan are not subdivided into categories.
For some of the industrial waste to be placed in a sanitary landfill requires that this waste is kept separate from hazardous waste during the manufacturing process. A frequent problem for industrial waste is that large amounts of relatively inert waste that could be reused or placed in a sanitary landfill, is contaminated with a small percentage of hazardous waste, making all the waste hazardous waste that requires very costly treatment.
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Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan (and is already) reused, for example wood waste and sawdust from wood manufacturing industries is often reused as a source of energy. Naturally, most industries will have some waste that is not general waste. The industry is expected to ensure that this waste is transported by a licensed transporter to an approved site where it can be treated and disposed of. Much of the manufacturing waste from industries can meet the acceptance criteria of landfills and can therefore be transported to landfills. This requires that the manufacturing waste is not contaminated with hazardous waste (in which case the whole batch of waste will often be considered as hazardous waste). Therefore, industries must have good housekeeping to keep non-hazardous and hazardous waste separate. Finally, there are some wastes that are hazardous wastes and that require special treatment. This applies to materials such as waste solvents, waste oils and spent plating baths. Here the enterprise must follow the requirements of the Law on Environmental Protection of 2005 regarding the handling, storage, transportation and treatment of these materials. If housekeeping is good, the quantity of hazardous waste will be very small for most industries. These wastes must be transported to a hazardous waste treatment facility for final treatment and disposal (unless they are treated (or pre-treated) on-site, as is generally the case with liquid wastes). To properly manage these wastes, thorough training is needed, so that managers and workers within enterprises and industries can correctly handle all the waste that is generated within their premises. This is briefly described in the following section and will be further developed over the coming months.
4.6.
Requirements for Capacity Development and Awareness Raising
Based on the Awareness Raising Programme that is being implemented by the EPA20, there is one component about awareness raising for enterprises that has to be carried out. This programme is currently in its in pilot phase but will later be implemented on a broader scale. The target groups of this component are the enterprise owners and the managers. The topics include knowledge of industrial waste; how to distinguish between various categories of industrial waste; how to separate and store the waste; and how each category of waste should be handled and treated. The selected communication methodology is to organising a managing group to be in charge of this component at the provincial level where the EPA members are the core members together with a member of the Department of Industry and Commerce of Binh Dinh Province. The core members will cooperate with the members of the Division of Natural Resources and Environment of the District and the members of the Industrial Zone Management Board of the district to carry out the communication activities within the district. The managing group will organise the training courses for the district with the participation of the target group. They will also organise the monitoring system to measure the result of the communication activities; the indicators of this system can be based on the EIA indicators but be more simple i.e. it does not need to use specific equipment to measure the environmental parameters, these can just be visual observations. The main indicator of this activity is whether the enterprise owners organise the activities in their enterprise to inform and guide the workers about how to manage industrial waste. The improvements can be monitored on a month by month basis measuring the workers habits relating to the handling of industrial waste.
20
Note that this activity is not part of the projects awareness raising programme
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5. Plan for Management of Healthcare Risk Waste

5.1. Definition of Healthcare Risk Waste
There exist various definitions of Healthcare Waste in general and Healthcare Risk Waste in particular. This report, however, employs Vietnamese definitions, which are defined in the Decision No. 43/2007/QD-BYT promulgated on 30 November 2007 by the Minister of Health, and which are as follows: Healthcare Waste (HCW) is the material in either solid, liquid or gaseous form, which is discharged from healthcare facilities (HCFs) and which includes both healthcare risk waste and ordinary waste. Healthcare Risk Waste (HCRW) (also known as special healthcare waste or hazardous healthcare waste) is the waste containing hazardous elements to human health and the environment, such as infectious, toxic, radioactive, flammable, explosive, corrosive or possessing other hazardous properties, if not disposed of properly Healthcare waste management (HCWM) is the management activities of the waste generation, preliminary handling, collection, transport, storage, reduction, reuse, recycling, treatment and disposal of healthcare waste and the control and supervision of implementation. Healthcare waste reduction is the activities taken in order to minimize the generation of healthcare waste, including reduction of healthcare waste at source, use of products that can be recycled and/or reused, good management and strict control of the practical processes and correct waste segregation. Reuse is the use of a product several times until the end of life of the product or use of the product for other functions and/or purposes. Recycling is the reproduction of waste materials into new products Waste collection at source is the process of segregation, gathering, packing and temporary storage of waste at the site of waste generation in the healthcare facilities. Transport of waste is the process by which the waste is transported from the place where it was generated to the sites of preliminary treatment, storage, or disposal. Preliminary treatment is the process disinfection or sterilization of potentially infectious waste at the sites of the waste generation, before transportation to a site of storage or disposal. Treatment and disposal of waste is a technological process which aims to disable the waste in causing its potential hazards to human health and the environment.
According to Vietnamese definitions (Vietnamese Regulation on Healthcare Waste Management promulgated by Decision No. 43/2007/QD-BYT of the Minister of Health on 30 November 2007), healthcare waste is classified into five groups as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Infectious waste Hazardous chemical waste Radioactive waste Pressurized containers Ordinary waste
5.2.
Current Situation
In Hoai Nhon there is both a District Hospital in Tam Quan and a provincial level General Hospital in Bong Son; both are equipped with on-site healthcare risk waste incinerators.
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5.2.1.
The provincial level General Hospital
The provincial level General Hospital in Bong Son has 350 beds and an average of 460 patients. The hospital follows the Ministry of Healths Decision no. 43 on the segregation of waste: Sharps are placed in cardboard or plastic boxes; healthcare risk waste in yellow bags and general waste in blue bags. The hospital has one storage room for healthcare risk waste and one for general waste. The general waste is collected every three days by the Nguyen Tin Construction Company, Ltd. The hospital generates 44 kg of healthcare risk waste every day. This is incinerated in a 50 kg/batch Bidiphar incinerator from 2007 that is currently in poor condition and urgently requires a replacement of its refractory. Amusingly, (mainly) due to this incinerator, the hospital is on MONREs list of most polluting sources in Vietnam (as regulated by Decision No. 64) and in June 2010 the hospital was fined 54 million VND for polluting! There is no doubt that the incinerator pollutes, but compared with, for example, the pollution from the common practice throughout the province of burning the garbage on dumpsites to reduce its volume, the pollution from this incinerator must be considered as negligible. Prior to the establishment of the incinerator in 2007, the hospitals waste was taken to the Hoval incinerator in Quy Nhon.
Trolley equipped for waste separation at the District Hospital. The brown cardboard box bottom left on the trolley is used for sharps.
Incinerator and waste storage at the provincial level General Hospital
5.2.2.
The District Hospital
The District Hospital in Tam Quan has 90 beds and an average of around 150 patients. The hospital segregates the waste as follows: Sharps are placed in cardboard; healthcare risk waste in yellow bags and general waste in blue bags. The hospital generates approximately 10 kg of healthcare risk waste every day and furthermore receives about 10 kg per week of sharps (needles) from a psychology centre as well as a very small amount of (mainly) needles from the Hoai Chau Commune Health Care Station. The waste is stored on-site in yellow and blue bins until it is collected (general waste) or incinerated (healthcare risk waste). The waste is incinerated in a 20 kg/batch Bidiphar incinerator from 2008 that is operated three to four times per week.
5.3.
Future Management of HCW
The management of healthcare risk waste within the District is very professional and meets the Vietnamese Ministry of Health requirements. Only small sources, such as commune health stations or doctors offices are not currently included in the system. A programme of capacity development and awareness raising will be developed in collaboration with the local health authorities to ensure that healthcare risk waste from small sources is also properly segregated, safely transported and then incinerated together with the healthcare risk waste from the hospitals.
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6. Implementation Plans
The implementation of the proposed waste management systems are covered through the Action Plan for the District that was issued at the same time as this DSWMP.
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Annex A
Tables of Waste Quantities 2010 - 2025
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2010 Garbage per person (kg/person/ day) 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Population (people) Total Waste Generated (kg/day) 8,936 14,220 4,784 4,779 4,401 4,451 8,701 5,900 6,337 5,494 6,141 8,155 8,961 3,568 4,143 6,687 7,095 112,752 Sold to Recyclers % 15% 15% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% Sold to Recyclers (kg/day) 1,340 2,133 478 478 440 445 870 590 634 549 614 815 896 357 414 669 709 12,433 Treated/ Composted at Source % 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) Balance of Waste (kg/day) 7,595 12,087 4,305 4,301 3,961 4,006 7,831 5,310 5,703 4,945 5,527 7,339 8,065 3,211 3,729 6,018 6,385 100,319 Rate of collection (%) 50% 50% 0% 10% 0% 0% 40% 0% 0% 20% 0% 0% 20% 0% 0% 0% 20% 989 1,613 1,277 18,423 Garbage from collection (kg/day) 3,798 6,044 430 3,132 -
Year
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Tam Quan Bong Son Hoai Son Hoai Chau Bac Hoai Chau Hoai Phu Tam Quan Bac Tam Quan Nam Hoai Hao Hoai Thanh Tay Hoai Thanh Hoai Huong Hoai Tan Hoai Hai Hoai Xuan Hoai My Hoai Duc TOTAL
11,170 17,776 9,568 9,558 8,801 8,903 17,402 11,800 12,673 10,988 12,281 16,309 17,923 7,137 8,286 13,374 14,190 208,138
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2011 Garbage per person (kg/person/ day) 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Population (people) Total Waste Generated (kg/day) 8,998 14,320 4,817 4,813 4,431 4,483 8,762 5,941 6,381 5,533 6,184 8,212 9,024 3,593 4,172 6,734 7,144 113,542 Sold to Recyclers % 15% 15% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% Sold to Recyclers (kg/day) 1,350 2,148 482 481 443 448 876 594 638 553 618 821 902 359 417 673 714 12,520 Treated/ Composted at Source % 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) Balance of Waste (kg/day) 7,649 12,172 4,336 4,331 3,988 4,034 7,886 5,347 5,743 4,979 5,565 7,391 8,122 3,234 3,755 6,060 6,430 101,022 Rate of collection (%) 50% 50% 0% 10% 0% 0% 40% 0% 0% 20% 0% 0% 20% 0% 0% 0% 20% 996 1,624 1,286 18,552 Garbage from collection (kg/day) 3,824 6,086 433 3,154 -
Year
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
11,248 17,900 9,634 9,625 8,863 8,965 17,524 11,883 12,762 11,065 12,367 16,424 18,048 7,187 8,344 13,468 14,289
74

2012 Garbage per person (kg/person/ day) 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Population (people) Total Waste Generated (kg/day) 9,061 14,420 4,851 4,846 4,462 4,514 8,823 5,983 6,426 5,571 6,227 8,269 9,087 3,618 4,201 6,781 7,194 114,337 Sold to Recyclers % 15% 15% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% Sold to Recyclers (kg/day) 1,359 2,163 485 485 446 451 882 598 643 557 623 827 909 362 420 678 719 12,608 Treated/ Composted at Source % 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) Balance of Waste (kg/day) 7,702 12,257 4,366 4,362 4,016 4,063 7,941 5,385 5,783 5,014 5,604 7,442 8,178 3,257 3,781 6,103 6,475 101,729 Rate of collection (%) 50% 50% 0% 20% 0% 0% 40% 10% 30% 30% 10% 30% 30% 0% 0% 0% 30% Garbage from collection (kg/day) 3,851 6,129 872 3,176 538 1,735 1,504 560 2,233 2,454 1,943 24,995
Year
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
11,327 18,025 9,702 9,693 8,925 9,028 17,646 11,966 12,851 11,143 12,454 16,539 18,174 7,237 8,402 13,562 14,389
75

2013 Garbage per person (kg/person/ day) 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Population (people) Total Waste Generated (kg/day) 9,125 14,521 4,885 4,880 4,494 4,546 8,885 6,025 6,471 5,610 6,271 8,327 9,151 3,644 4,230 6,828 7,245 115,137 Sold to Recyclers % 15% 15% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% Sold to Recyclers (kg/day) 1,369 2,178 488 488 449 455 888 602 647 561 627 833 915 364 423 683 724 12,696 Treated/ Composted at Source % 5% 5% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) 456 726 488 488 449 455 888 602 647 561 627 833 915 364 423 683 724 10,331 Balance of Waste (kg/day) 7,300 11,617 3,908 3,904 3,595 3,636 7,108 4,820 5,176 4,488 5,016 6,662 7,321 2,915 3,384 5,463 5,796 92,110 Rate of collection (%) 60% 60% 30% 20% 30% 0% 40% 10% 30% 30% 10% 30% 30% 0% 0% 0% 30% Garbage from collection (kg/day) 4,380 6,970 1,172 781 1,078 2,843 482 1,553 1,346 502 1,999 2,196 1,739 27,041
Year
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
11,406 18,151 9,770 9,761 8,987 9,091 17,770 12,050 12,941 11,221 12,541 16,654 18,302 7,288 8,461 13,657 14,490
76

2014 Garbage per person (kg/person/ day) 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Population (people) Total Waste Generated (kg/day) 9,189 14,623 4,919 4,914 4,525 4,577 8,947 6,067 6,516 5,650 6,314 8,385 9,215 3,669 4,260 6,876 7,296 115,943 Sold to Recyclers % 15% 15% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% Sold to Recyclers (kg/day) 1,378 2,193 492 491 453 458 895 607 652 565 631 839 921 367 426 688 730 12,785 Treated/ Composted at Source % 10% 10% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) 919 1,462 738 737 679 687 1,342 910 977 847 947 1,258 1,382 550 639 1,031 1,094 16,201 Balance of Waste (kg/day) 6,891 10,967 3,689 3,686 3,394 3,433 6,710 4,550 4,887 4,237 4,736 6,289 6,911 2,752 3,195 5,157 5,472 86,957 Rate of collection (%) 60% 60% 30% 20% 30% 30% 45% 20% 30% 30% 20% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% Garbage from collection (kg/day) 4,135 6,580 1,107 737 1,018 1,030 3,020 910 1,466 1,271 947 1,887 2,073 826 959 1,547 1,642 31,154
Year
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
11,486 18,279 9,838 9,829 9,050 9,155 17,894 12,134 13,032 11,299 12,629 16,771 18,430 7,339 8,520 13,752 14,591
77

2015 Garbage per person (kg/person/ day) 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Population (people) Total Waste Generated (kg/day) 9,253 14,725 4,954 4,949 4,557 4,609 9,010 6,109 6,561 5,689 6,359 8,444 9,279 3,695 4,290 6,924 7,347 116,754 Sold to Recyclers % 18% 18% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% Sold to Recyclers (kg/day) 1,666 2,651 594 594 547 553 1,081 733 787 683 763 1,013 1,114 443 515 831 882 15,449 Treated/ Composted at Source % 10% 10% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) 925 1,473 991 990 911 922 1,802 1,222 1,312 1,138 1,272 1,689 1,856 739 858 1,385 1,469 20,953 Balance of Waste (kg/day) 6,662 10,602 3,368 3,365 3,099 3,134 6,127 4,154 4,462 3,869 4,324 5,742 6,310 2,513 2,917 4,709 4,996 80,352 Rate of collection (%) 70% 70% 30% 30% 30% 30% 45% 20% 30% 30% 20% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% Garbage from collection (kg/day) 4,663 7,421 1,011 1,010 930 940 2,757 831 1,339 1,161 865 1,723 1,893 754 875 1,413 1,499 31,082
Year
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
11,566 18,406 9,907 9,898 9,114 9,219 18,020 12,219 13,123 11,378 12,717 16,888 18,559 7,390 8,580 13,849 14,693
78

2016 Garbage per person (kg/person/ day) 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Population (people) Total Waste Generated (kg/day) 9,318 14,828 4,988 4,983 4,589 4,642 9,073 6,152 6,607 5,729 6,403 8,503 9,344 3,721 4,320 6,973 7,398 117,572 Sold to Recyclers % 18% 18% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% Sold to Recyclers (kg/day) 1,677 2,669 599 598 551 557 1,089 738 793 687 768 1,020 1,121 446 518 837 888 15,557 Treated/ Composted at Source % 10% 10% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) 932 1,483 998 997 918 928 1,815 1,230 1,321 1,146 1,281 1,701 1,869 744 864 1,395 1,480 21,100 Balance of Waste (kg/day) 6,709 10,676 3,392 3,389 3,120 3,156 6,170 4,183 4,493 3,896 4,354 5,782 6,354 2,530 2,938 4,742 5,031 80,915 Rate of collection (%) 70% 70% 30% 30% 30% 30% 45% 20% 30% 30% 20% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% Garbage from collection (kg/day) 4,696 7,473 1,018 1,017 936 947 2,776 837 1,348 1,169 871 1,735 1,906 759 881 1,422 1,509 31,300
Year
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
11,647 18,535 9,976 9,967 9,177 9,283 18,146 12,304 13,215 11,458 12,806 17,006 18,689 7,442 8,640 13,946 14,796
79

2017 Garbage per person (kg/person/ day) 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Population (people) Total Waste Generated (kg/day) 9,383 14,932 5,023 5,018 4,621 4,674 9,136 6,195 6,654 5,769 6,448 8,563 9,410 3,747 4,350 7,022 7,450 118,395 Sold to Recyclers % 18% 18% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% Sold to Recyclers (kg/day) 1,689 2,688 603 602 554 561 1,096 743 798 692 774 1,028 1,129 450 522 843 894 15,666 Treated/ Composted at Source % 10% 10% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) 938 1,493 1,005 1,004 924 935 1,827 1,239 1,331 1,154 1,290 1,713 1,882 749 870 1,404 1,490 21,247 Balance of Waste (kg/day) 6,756 10,751 3,416 3,412 3,142 3,178 6,213 4,213 4,524 3,923 4,385 5,823 6,399 2,548 2,958 4,775 5,066 81,481 Rate of collection (%) 70% 70% 30% 30% 30% 30% 45% 20% 30% 30% 20% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% Garbage from collection (kg/day) 4,729 7,526 1,025 1,024 943 954 2,796 843 1,357 1,177 877 1,747 1,920 764 887 1,432 1,520 31,519
Year
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
11,729 18,665 10,046 10,037 9,242 9,348 18,273 12,391 13,307 11,538 12,896 17,126 18,819 7,494 8,700 14,043 14,900
80

2018 Garbage per person (kg/person/ day) 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Population (people) Total Waste Generated (kg/day) 9,449 15,037 5,058 5,054 4,653 4,707 9,200 6,239 6,700 5,810 6,493 8,623 9,476 3,773 4,381 7,071 7,502 119,224 Sold to Recyclers % 18% 18% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% Sold to Recyclers (kg/day) 1,701 2,707 607 606 558 565 1,104 749 804 697 779 1,035 1,137 453 526 848 900 15,776 Treated/ Composted at Source % 10% 10% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) 945 1,504 1,265 1,263 1,163 1,177 2,300 1,560 1,675 1,452 1,623 2,156 2,369 943 1,095 1,768 1,875 26,133 Balance of Waste (kg/day) 6,803 10,826 3,187 3,184 2,931 2,965 5,796 3,930 4,221 3,660 4,091 5,432 5,970 2,377 2,760 4,455 4,726 77,314 Rate of collection (%) 70% 70% 30% 30% 30% 30% 45% 20% 30% 30% 20% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% Garbage from collection (kg/day) 4,762 7,578 956 955 879 890 2,608 786 1,266 1,098 818 1,630 1,791 713 828 1,336 1,418 30,313
Year
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
11,811 18,796 10,117 10,107 9,306 9,414 18,401 12,477 13,400 11,619 12,986 17,245 18,951 7,546 8,761 14,142 15,004
81

2019 Garbage per person (kg/person/ day) 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Population (people) Total Waste Generated (kg/day) 9,515 15,142 5,094 5,089 4,686 4,740 9,265 6,282 6,747 5,850 6,539 8,683 9,542 3,800 4,411 7,120 7,555 120,058 Sold to Recyclers % 18% 18% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% Sold to Recyclers (kg/day) 1,713 2,726 611 611 562 569 1,112 754 810 702 785 1,042 1,145 456 529 854 907 15,886 Treated/ Composted at Source % 10% 10% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) 951 1,514 1,273 1,272 1,171 1,185 2,316 1,571 1,687 1,463 1,635 2,171 2,385 950 1,103 1,780 1,889 26,316 Balance of Waste (kg/day) 6,851 10,902 3,209 3,206 2,952 2,986 5,837 3,958 4,251 3,686 4,119 5,470 6,011 2,394 2,779 4,486 4,759 77,856 Rate of collection (%) 70% 70% 35% 35% 35% 35% 50% 25% 35% 35% 30% 35% 35% 35% 35% 35% 35% Garbage from collection (kg/day) 4,795 7,631 1,123 1,122 1,033 1,045 2,918 989 1,488 1,290 1,236 1,915 2,104 838 973 1,570 1,666 33,737
Year
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
11,893 18,927 10,187 10,178 9,371 9,480 18,529 12,565 13,494 11,700 13,077 17,366 19,084 7,599 8,822 14,241 15,109
82

2020 Garbage per person (kg/person/ day) 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Population (people) Total Waste Generated (kg/day) 9,581 15,248 5,129 5,125 4,719 4,773 9,330 6,326 6,794 5,891 6,584 8,744 9,609 3,826 4,442 7,170 7,607 120,898 Sold to Recyclers % 18% 18% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% Sold to Recyclers (kg/day) 1,725 2,745 616 615 566 573 1,120 759 815 707 790 1,049 1,153 459 533 860 913 15,998 Treated/ Composted at Source % 15% 15% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) 1,437 2,287 1,539 1,537 1,416 1,432 2,799 1,898 2,038 1,767 1,975 2,623 2,883 1,148 1,333 2,151 2,282 32,545 Balance of Waste (kg/day) 6,419 10,216 2,975 2,972 2,737 2,768 5,411 3,669 3,941 3,417 3,819 5,071 5,573 2,219 2,576 4,159 4,412 72,356 Rate of collection (%) 80% 80% 40% 40% 40% 40% 50% 30% 40% 40% 40% 40% 40% 40% 40% 40% 40% Garbage from collection (kg/day) 5,136 8,173 1,190 1,189 1,095 1,107 2,706 1,101 1,576 1,367 1,528 2,029 2,229 888 1,031 1,663 1,765 35,771
Year
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
11,977 19,060 10,259 10,249 9,437 9,546 18,659 12,653 13,589 11,782 13,169 17,488 19,217 7,652 8,884 14,340 15,215
83

Year
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
12,060 19,193 10,331 10,321 9,503 9,613 18,790 12,741 13,684 11,865 13,261 17,610 19,352 7,706 8,946 14,441 15,321
84

Year
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
12,145 19,328 10,403 10,393 9,570 9,680 18,921 12,830 13,780 11,948 13,354 17,733 19,487 7,760 9,009 14,542 15,429
85

2023 Garbage per person (kg/person/ day) 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Population (people) Total Waste Generated (kg/day) 9,784 15,570 5,238 5,233 4,818 4,874 9,527 6,460 6,938 6,016 6,724 8,929 9,812 3,907 4,536 7,322 7,768 123,455 Sold to Recyclers % 18% 18% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% Sold to Recyclers (kg/day) 1,761 2,803 629 628 578 585 1,143 775 833 722 807 1,071 1,177 469 544 879 932 16,336 Treated/ Composted at Source % 15% 15% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) 1,468 2,336 1,571 1,570 1,445 1,462 2,858 1,938 2,081 1,805 2,017 2,679 2,944 1,172 1,361 2,197 2,330 33,233 Balance of Waste (kg/day) 6,555 10,432 3,038 3,035 2,795 2,827 5,526 3,747 4,024 3,489 3,900 5,179 5,691 2,266 2,631 4,247 4,506 73,886 Rate of collection (%) 80% 80% 45% 45% 45% 45% 50% 45% 45% 45% 45% 45% 45% 45% 45% 45% 45% Garbage from collection (kg/day) 5,244 8,346 1,367 1,366 1,258 1,272 2,763 1,686 1,811 1,570 1,755 2,330 2,561 1,020 1,184 1,911 2,028 39,470
Year
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
12,230 19,463 10,476 10,466 9,637 9,748 19,054 12,920 13,876 12,031 13,447 17,857 19,624 7,814 9,072 14,643 15,537
86

Year
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
12,315 19,599 10,549 10,539 9,704 9,816 19,187 13,011 13,973 12,116 13,541 17,982 19,761 7,869 9,136 14,746 15,645
87

Year
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
12,402 19,736 10,623 10,613 9,772 9,885 19,321 13,102 14,071 12,200 13,636 18,108 19,900 7,924 9,200 14,849 15,755
88
Annex B
Map of District
89
90
Annex C
Sanitary Landfill Calculations
Table C1 Investment Cost estimate Work: Sanitary Landfill In Hoai Nhon District Location: Bong Son Town, Hoai Nhon District NR 1 2 3 4 5 6 Of which: COST ITEM Construction cost inclusive of tax Equipment cost inclusive of tax Project management cost Investment consultancy cost Other cost Contingency 10% Total Construction cost without tax Equipment cost without tax Currency: VND TOTAL 27,951,117,000 10,147,576,000 599,163,000 1,634,219,000 330,663,000 4,066,273,800 44,729,012,000 25,158,521,000 9,225,069,000
91
Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Table C2 Estimation for the investment costs for Hoai Nhon Sanitary Landfill Unit Price Total Amount No. Item Unit Quantity (VND) (VND) A Construction cost before tax 25,158,521,000 I Access road 646,337,000 Dirt road, width of 3.5m, sod facing 1 m 1,323.00 478,962 633,666,726 on both sides of 1.5m Sign boards, stacks, transportation 2 LS 1.00 12,670,000 12,670,000 safety Bridge scale and car/truck washing II 1,131,901,000 bridge, material stockpile area 1 Bridge scale, RC foundation m2 13.20 8,108,823 107,036,464 2 Car washing bridge m2 24.20 34,690,904 839,519,877 Material stockpile area, concrete of 3 4x6 crushed stone, thickness of m2 600.00 308,908 185,344,800 20cm, on compacted soil III Office, guardhouse, fences 1,986,399,000 Site office: Class III, bricked wall, 1 metal sheet roof, metal roof m2 98.00 4,363,319 427,605,262 trusses, false ceiling Guardhouse, area S = (3.6x3.6), 2 m2 12.96 6,564,285 85,073,134 bricked wall, RC roof Car/motorbike parking, metal roof 3 m2 120.00 4,363,319 523,598,280 trusses Gates, wall height of 2m built by 4 m 100.00 1,505,924 150,592,400 bricks 5 B40 net fences, RC piles m 986.00 810,882 799,529,652 IV Landfill cells and Bio-ponds 19,722,845,000 IV.1 Landfill cells 19,552,609,904 Excavation, leveling and compaction 1 m3 182,788.00 17,852 3,263,131,376 of landfill cells, soil Class III Construction of cell bottom with 2 m3 185,185.00 40,605 7,519,436,925 impermeable clay, stones, sand 3 HDPE sheet thickness of 2mm m2 35,420.00 222,027 7,864,196,340 Internal roads: Compacted crushed 4 m 487.00 772,269 376,095,003 stone, K=0.95, road width of 6m Surface drainage ditch: Wet 5 masonry open canal, size of m 765.00 692,484 529,750,260 600x700 IV.2 Bio-ponds 170,234,649 Excavation, leveling and compaction 1 m3 351.00 114,954 40,348,854 of Bio-ponds, soil Class II 2 HDPE sheet thickness of 2mm m2 585.00 222,027 129,885,795 V Water supply and electric system 229,458,000 Water supply networks of moisten, 1 truck washing, pump station uPVC Pipe Dia. DN50 m 835.00 43,440 36,272,400 HDPE Pipe Dia. DN50 m 835.00 105,876 88,406,460 Water supply pump station m2 4.00 2,061,388 8,245,552 2 Electric system LS 1.00 96,533,604 96,533,604 92
Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan VI Leachate collection system Installation and back-up 4 catchpits 800x800x800 by RC and 1 leachate collecting well by RC, Dia. 1500mm, height of 6m uPVC pipes, Dia. DN160, perforating of 20% area uPVC pipes, Dia. DN250, perforating 20% area Monitoring system and gas collection system Observation wells, Dia. 150, depth of 22m Gas collection system by uPVC pipes Dia. 150, perforating of 20% area Equipment cost before tax Water supply system and pump station Pump, capacity Q = 5m3/h, H = 35m Equipment/machinery in pump station Water supply well, Q = 4m3/day, H = 25-30m Water treatment equipment Scale station Weighbridge Car/truck washing station Car/truck washing equipment Observation wells Well, uPVC pipes Dia. 150, depth of 22m Operation equipment/machinery Caterpillar bulldozer 100CV, made in USA Dump truck, 2 wheels, 5 tonnes, made in Korea Excavator 0.4 0.6m3 made in Korea Equipments in workshop Electric equipments Copper wire OVAL, PVC insulator Light poles Generator KDE 12STA, diesel engine driven; 9,5 KVA Transformer 25 KVA Leachate treatment system (Q= 50 m3/day.night) Leachate pump Equipment/machinery for pump station 1,206,240,000 470,678,789 LS m m 1.00 642.00 216.00 34,752,097 653,629 1,301,756 34,752,097 419,629,818 281,179,296 235,341,000 Nos m 2.00 78.20 96,533,604 540,588 193,067,208 42,273,982 9,225,069,000 100,585,000 LS LS Nos LS LS LS Nos 2.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 10,320,000 3,807,000 45,683,000 30,455,000 761,379,000 30,455,000 45,683,000 20,640,000 3,807,000 45,683,000 30,455,000 761,379,000 761,379,000 30,455,000 30,455,000 91,366,000 91,366,000 5,821,655,000 Nos Nos Nos LS m LS Nos LS 1.00 3,150,000,000 1.00 805,800,000 3,150,000,000 805,800,000 1,713,578,580 152,276,000 343,459,000 23,220,000 166,292,000 96,747,000 57,200,000 2,076,170,000 Nos LS 2.00 1.00 35,420,000 5,330,000 70,840,000 5,330,000 93
1 2 3 VII 1 2 B I 1 2 3 4 II III IV
V 1 2 3 4 VI 1 2 3 4 VII 1 2
1.00 1,713,578,580 1.00 860.00 14.00 1.00 1.00 152,276,000 27,000 11,878,000 96,747,000 57,200,000
Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Leachate treatment system and LS 1.00 2,000,000,000 2,000,000,000 pump well at the collection well Total construction and equipment cost before tax 34,383,590,000
94
Table C3 Estimation for the operating costs of the Hoai Nhon Sanitary Landfill
Year Nr Item Investment phasing (Construction cost before tax) Daily average of waste Density of waste in dumpsite Daily average volume of waste Soil cover, (1m of waste/20cm of soil cover) Final soil cover and top soil for plantation (60cm of soil cover + 30cm of top soil) Annual volume of landfill Cumulative volume of landfill Unit 2010 I 1 2 3 4 MVND tonnes/day tonnes/m3 m3/day m3 2011 2012 2013 9,776 2014 14,831 31.300 0.80 39.13 7.83 2015 2016 2017 2018 4,888 2019 2020 2021 4,888 2022 2023 2024 2025
18.423 0.80 23.03
18.552 0.80 23.19 4.64
24.995 0.80 31.24 6.25
27.041 0.80 33.80 6.76
31.154 0.80 38.94 7.79
31.082 0.80 38.85 7.77
31.519 0.80 39.40 7.88
30.313 0.80 37.89 7.58
33.737 0.80 42.17 8.43
35.771 0.80 44.71 8.94
36.021 0.80 45.03 9.01
36.273 0.80 45.34 9.07
39.470 0.80 49.34 9.87
39.747 0.80 49.68 9.94
42.630 0.80 53.29 10.66
m3
2.09
2.81
3.04
3.50
3.50
3.52
3.55
3.41
3.80
4.02
4.05
4.08
4.44
4.47
4.80
6 7
m3 m3
14,711
15,915 15,915 Build cell # 1 and cell # 2
18,336 34,251 Build other items
18,294 52,545
18,422 70,967
18,551 89,518
17,841 107,359
19,856 127,215
21,053 148,269
21,201 169,470
21,349 190,818
23,231 214,049
23,394 237,443
25,090 262,533
Cell construction time
Build cell # 3
Build cell # 4
9 II
Cell closure time Operating cost Shifts of bulldozer MVND Shift/year MVND MVND 1,732 77.00 76.00 1,744 89.00 88.00 1,743 88.00 87.00
Close cell # 1 1,955 89.00 88.00 211.25 1,745 90.00 89.00 1,741 86.00 85.00
Close cell # 2 1,962 96.00 95.00 211.25 1,757 102.00 101.00 1,757 102.00 101.00
Close cell # 3 1,969 103.00 102.00 211.25 1,767 112.00 111.00 1,768 113.00 112.00
Close cell # 4 1,987 121.00 120.00 211.25
1 2
Diesel oil Closure of landfill cells
95
3 4 5 6 7 8
Maintenance of access road Maintenance of vehicles Maintenance of equipment and facility Electricity Chemicals for leachate treatment plant Salary for landfill staff
MVND MVND MVND MVND MVND MVND
19.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00 930.00
96
Table C4 Estimation for the operating costs when the Hoai Nhon Sanitary Landfill is shared with another District.
Year Nr Item Investment phasing (Construction cost before tax) Daily average of waste Density of waste in dumpsite Daily average volume of waste Soil cover, (1m of waste/20cm of soil cover) Final soil cover and top soil for plantation (60cm of soil cover + 30cm of top soil) Annual volume of landfill Cumulative volume of landfill Unit 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
MVND
9,499
16,831
9,499
9,499
9,499
1 2 3
tonnes/day tonnes/m3 m3/day
28.627 0.80 35.78
28.874 0.80 36.09
42.645 0.80 53.31
46.198 0.80 57.75
54.444 0.80 68.06
54.011 0.80 67.51
54.495 0.80 68.12
54.983 0.80 68.73
53.178 0.80 66.47
60.883 0.80 76.10
64.707 0.80 80.88
65.292 0.80 81.62
65.884 0.80 82.36
71.795 0.80 89.74
72.982 0.80 91.23
80.103 0.80 100.13
m3
7.22
10.66
11.55
13.61
13.50
13.62
13.75
13.29
15.22
16.18
16.32
16.47
17.95
18.25
20.03
m3
3.25
4.80
5.20
6.12
6.08
6.13
6.19
5.98
6.85
7.28
7.35
7.41
8.08
8.21
9.01
6 7
m3 m3
25,099
27,190
32,044 59,234
31,789
32,074
32,361
31,299
35,833
38,084
38,428
38,777
42,256
42,954
47,146
27,190 Build cell # 1 and cell # 2
91,023
123,097 Build cell # 3 and cell #4 Close cell # 2
155,458
186,756 Build cell # 5 and cell #6
222,590
260,674
299,102 Build cell # 7 and cell #8
337,879
380,135
423,089
470,235
Cell construction time
Build other items Close cell # 1
9 II
Cell closure time Operating cost Shifts of bulldozer MVND Shift/year 1,876 131.00
Close cell # 3 2,112 157.00 1,896 151.00
Close cell # 4 2,128 173.00 1,928 184.00
Close cell # 5 2,140 185.00
Close cell # 6 2,142 187.00 1,948 204.00
Close cell # 7 2,162 207.00
Close cell # 8 2,183 228.00
2,111 155.00
1,898 153.00
2,111 155.00
97
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Diesel oil Closure of landfill cells Maintenance of access road Maintenance of vehicles Maintenance of equipment and facility Electricity Chemicals for leachate treatment plant Salary for landfill staff
MVND MVND MVND MVND MVND MVND MVND MVND
130.00
154.00 211.25
152.00
154.00 211.25
155.00 211.25 19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
150.00
171.00 211.25
182.00
183.00 211.25
185.00 211.25 19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
202.00
205.00 211.25
226.00 211.25 19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
98

Hoai Nhon - District Solid Waste Management Plan

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Peoples Committee of BINH DINH Province

WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION PPMU

Project Management Unit

Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan

Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan

ANNEX A ANNEX B ANNEX C

Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan

Purpose of the District Solid Waste Management Plan

The Contents of this District Solid Waste Management Plan

2. Targets for District Solid Waste Management

2.1.1. The Government Decree no. 59 on Solid Waste Management

Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan

2.1.2. The National Strategy on Integrated Solid Waste Management

2015 MONRE 2020 MoC

2020 MoC 2020 MoNRE

2020 MARD 2015 MoNRE

2020 MoIT 2015 MoC

2.1.3. The Inter-ministerial joint circular No. 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD

2.1.4. The Circular No. 13/2007/TT-BXD

2.1.5. The Circular No. 01/2011/TT-BXD

The Province Solid Waste Management Plan

Targets for the District Solid Waste Management

3. Plan for Management of Domestic Waste till 2025

Current Situation in Hoai Nhon District

3.2.1. Existing Equipment, Staffing and Waste Collection Service

Compacting trucks belonging to the two waste management companies

3.2.2.Current Waste Disposal Sites

The Tam Quan Bac dumpsite

The Bong Son dumpsite

3.2.3. Current Fees and Cost Recovery

Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan

3.2.4. Agricultural/Farm Waste

Domestic Waste Characteristics and Generation Rate till 2025

3.3.1. Domestic Waste Composition for Street and Market Waste

Mr. Todd Hyman

Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan

Result Markets Type organic recycleables non recycleables hazardous Total

% % 76.5% 6.9% 16.6% 0.0% 100.0%

3.3.2. Domestic Waste Generation Rates till 2025

Year Towns Communes Hoai Nhon district

Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan

Plan for Waste Management at Source 2011-2025

Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan

Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan

3.4.3. Cost of Treatment of Organic Waste at Source

Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan

Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan

Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan

Plan for Waste Collection 2011 - 2025

3.5.1. Methodology for Collection of Waste

Next collection route

Village transfer point 2

Village transfer point n

Commune/commune s transfer point

Fig. 3.4 Waste collection mode for rural areas of a commune.

3.5.2. Waste Transfer and Transportation

Simple technique and low operational cost requirement

This can be changed to meet the Districts preferences

Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan

Market (Rendezvous point 1) Empty compactor truck Garbage compactor truck

Hospital (Rendezvous point 2)

Ward rendezvous point 3

Ward rendezvous point n