Phu My - District Solid Waste Management Plan

Peoples Committee of BINH DINH Province
WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION PPMU
Project Management Unit

Improvement of Sanitation and Protection of the Environment in Tuy Hoa City, Phu Yen
Proposal for performing Consultancy on Developing DISTRICT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENTfour Solid Waste Management Detailed Plans for the PLAN Districts of Hoai Nhon, Phu My, An Nhon andUP TO 2025 Tay Son (VIE 07 035 11)
PHU MY
EP&T
DECEMBER 2011 SEPTEMBER 2010
Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1. 1.2. 2. PURPOSE OF THE DISTRICT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN ..................................................................... 4 THE CONTENTS OF THIS DISTRICT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN............................................................. 4
TARGETS FOR DISTRICT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ....................................................................... 4 2.1. LEGAL DOCUMENTS OF THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT ................................................................................... 4 2.1.1. The Government Decree no. 59 on Solid Waste Management ............................................... 4 2.1.2. The National Strategy on Integrated Solid Waste Management ............................................ 5 2.1.3. The Inter-ministerial joint circular No. 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD ................................... 7 2.1.4. The Circular No. 13/2007/TT-BXD ........................................................................................... 8 2.1.5. The Circular No. 01/2011/TT-BXD ........................................................................................... 9 2.2. THE PROVINCIAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN ................................................................................ 10 2.3. DISTRICT DECISIONS REGARDING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ................................................................... 10 2.4. TARGETS FOR THE DISTRICT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT .......................................................................... 10
3.
PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF DOMESTIC WASTE TILL 2025 .............................................................. 12 3.1. DEFINITION OF SOLID WASTE ................................................................................................................ 12 3.2. CURRENT SITUATION IN PHU MY DISTRICT............................................................................................... 12 3.2.1. Existing Equipment, Staffing and Waste Collection Service .................................................. 12 3.2.2. Current Waste Disposal Site .................................................................................................. 13 3.2.3. Current Fees and Cost Recovery ............................................................................................ 14 3.2.4. Agricultural/Farm Waste ....................................................................................................... 14 3.3. DOMESTIC WASTE CHARACTERISTICS AND GENERATION RATE TILL 2025....................................................... 14 3.3.1. Domestic Waste Composition for Street and Market Waste ................................................ 14 3.3.2. Domestic Waste Generation Rates till 2025 .......................................................................... 15 3.4. PLAN FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT AT SOURCE 2011-2025 ........................................................................ 17 3.4.1. Markets ................................................................................................................................. 17 3.4.2. Households ............................................................................................................................ 18 3.4.3. Cost of Treatment of Organic Waste at Source ..................................................................... 19 3.5. PLAN FOR WASTE COLLECTION 2011 - 2025 ........................................................................................... 25 3.5.1. Methodology for Collection of Waste.................................................................................... 25 3.5.2. Waste Transfer and Transportation ...................................................................................... 27 3.5.3. Requirements to Street Sweeping Equipment ....................................................................... 30 3.5.4. Demand for Waste Collection Facilities ................................................................................. 30 3.5.5. Requirements for Waste Transportation Vehicles ................................................................. 36 3.5.6. Requirements to Waste Management Workers .................................................................... 38 3.5.7. Cost of Waste Collection System ........................................................................................... 39 3.5.8. Fees and Cost Recovery for Waste Collection ........................................................................ 44 3.6. REQUIREMENTS FOR CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT AND AWARENESS RAISING ..................................................... 47 3.6.1. Background ........................................................................................................................... 47 3.6.2. Capacity Development and Training within the district ........................................................ 47 3.6.3. Basic for a Awareness Raising Programme from 2012 to 2014 ............................................ 48 3.6.4. Strategy and Objectives......................................................................................................... 49 3.6.5. Organisation and Implementation Structure ........................................................................ 50 3.6.6. Awareness Raising through the Public Media ....................................................................... 53

3.6.7. Requirements to Improve the Waste Collection .................................................................... 54 3.6.8. Strengthening the Recycling at Source .................................................................................. 54 3.6.9. Capacity Development and Training within the District ........................................................ 55 3.6.10. Cost of Capacity Development and Awareness Raising Programmes 2012 2025 .............. 56 3.7. REQUIREMENTS TO THE WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM .................................................................................... 59 3.7.1. Quantity of Waste to Landfill 2011 2025 ........................................................................... 59 3.7.2. District Sanitary Landfill ....................................................................................................... 60 3.7.3. Benefits of a Shared Sanitary Landfill .................................................................................... 62 3.7.4. Procedure for Sharing a Sanitary Landfill .............................................................................. 63 3.8. CLOSURE OF DUMPSITES ...................................................................................................................... 64 3.9. COST SAVING BY TREATING ORGANIC WASTE AT SOURCE ........................................................................... 64 4. PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE TILL 2025............................................................ 65 4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 4.4. 4.5. 4.6. 5. DEFINITIONS OF INDUSTRIAL/HAZARDOUS WASTE .................................................................................... 65 CURRENT SITUATION AND PLANS ........................................................................................................... 66 POSSIBILITIES FOR WASTE PREVENTION AND WASTE MINIMISATION; .............................................................. 67 PRESENT AND FUTURE QUANTITIES OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE .......................................................................... 67 THE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTE ................................................................................ 68 REQUIREMENTS FOR CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT AND AWARENESS RAISING ..................................................... 68
PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF HEALTHCARE RISK WASTE .................................................................. 69 5.1. 5.2. 5.3. DEFINITION OF HEALTHCARE RISK WASTE ................................................................................................ 69 CURRENT SITUATION ........................................................................................................................... 70 FUTURE MANAGEMENT OF HCW .......................................................................................................... 71
6.
IMPLEMENTATION PLANS ................................................................................................................ 71 TABLES OF WASTE QUANTITIES 2010 2025 ........................................................................ 72 MAP OF DISTRICT ................................................................................................................. 89 SANITARY LANDFILL CALCULATIONS .................................................................................... 91
ANNEX A ANNEX B ANNEX C
1. Background
Binh Dinh Province is located on the coast of Vietnam in the South Central Coast Region. The province had a population of 1.49 million in 2009 and has a land area of 6,025 square kilometres. Within the province, Phu My District borders the coast and is located approximately 50 km North of Quy Nhon. The District capital is Phu My town and the second town is Binh Duong. The District has an area of 550 km2 and the population in 2009 was 169,700 inhabitants. The District is administratively divided into two sub-towns and 17 communes. However, by 2015, My Chanh will become sub-town and is namely An Luong.
1.1.
Purpose of the District Solid Waste Management Plan
The purpose of this District Solid Waste Management Plan is to offer and overall strategy for the collection, treatment and disposal of all solid waste generated in Phu My District. The Plan covers the years 2011 through 2020, with a vision to the year 2025. The Plan was developed in close consultation with all stakeholders within the district through meetings, discussions and workshops.
1.2.
The Contents of this District Solid Waste Management Plan
This District Solid Waste Management Plan covers the management plans for domestic waste in section 3, for industrial waste in section 4, and for healthcare risk waste in section 5. An overview of the related Governments laws, Decrees and Regulations on solid waste management is given is section 2. For each type of waste, the Plan provides a description of the current situation, where after the present waste quantities and characteristics are discussed. Hereafter the plans describes the requirements to waste collection, treatment and disposal, the capital and financial costs of the system, as well as cost recovery, requirements to institutional strengthening, capacity development and awareness raising.
2. Targets for District Solid Waste Management

2.1. Legal Documents of the Central Government
2.1.1. The Government Decree no. 59 on Solid Waste Management

The most important national legal document regarding solid waste management is the Government Decree No. 59/2007/ND-CP issued on the 9th April 2007. The document requires four principles applied in solid waste management as follows: 1. Solid waste generators have to pay for the collection, transport and treatment of the waste 2. Solid waste has to be segregated at source, reused, and recycled. Reusable components have to be recovered into input material for production or energy. 3. Technologies which can be used for non-degradable waste treatment or for reducing the waste amount for landfill are prioritised in order to save land resource. 4. The Government encourages the socialisation in the collection, segregation, transport and treatment of solid waste. The Decree also regulates the items of state management on solid waste and promulgates requirements for the planning and investment of solid waste management. In addition, it regulates in detail the activities of solid waste segregation, collection, storage, transport and
Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan treatment; as well as the costs for solid waste management. Last but not least, the decree calls for the requirement of monitoring and implementation.
2.1.2. The National Strategy on Integrated Solid Waste Management

On December 12, 2009 the Prime Minister signed Decision No. 2149/QD-TTg approving the National Strategy on Integrated Solid Waste Management till the year 2025 with vision to 2050. The strategy states the following main points:
Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) is a common responsibility of the whole society, in which the Government takes a leading role in order to enhance socialisation, mobilise all the possible resources, and strengthen the investment into the ISWM activities. ISWM is implemented on the base of regional and intersectional approaches in order to optimise both economic and technical aspects and ensure social and environmental safety. ISWM is one of the priorities in environmental protection, which takes part in pollution control towards sustainable development of the country. ISWM should be based on the polluter pays principle, according to which waste generators, polluters and environmental degraders are responsible to contribute finance and compensate for the losses as required by current regulations. Solid waste management should be implemented with an integrated manner in order to take the first priority for waste prevention and reduction at source and enhance reuse and recycling to reduce the quantities of waste for landfilling.
With a clear vision for the year 2050 that all the waste that is generated will be collected, reused, recycled and treated by advanced and environmentally friendly technologies and that the quantities of waste for landfilling will be minimised, the strategy has set the following target figures: By 2015: By 2020: 5
85% of domestic solid waste in urban areas should be collected and treated, of which 60% should be reused, recycled, recovered into energy, or composted. 50% of construction waste in urban areas should be collected and treated, of which 30% should be recovered for reuse or recycling. 30% of septic sludge in urban areas of class II and higher and 10% in urban areas of other classes should be collected and properly treated. Reduce 40% of plastic bag use in supermarkets and superstores compared to 2010. Waste separation at households should be implemented at 50% of urban areas, where solid waste recycling facilities exist. 80% of non-hazardous industrial solid waste should be collected and treated, within which 70% should be recovered for reuse or recycling. 60% of hazardous industrial solid waste from industrial parks should be properly treated. 85% of non-hazardous and 70% of hazardous healthcare waste should be collected and properly treated. 40% of solid waste in rural residential areas and 50% in craft villages should be collected and properly treated. 100% of seriously polluting dumpsites according to Decision No. 64/2003/QD-TTg of April 22, 2003 should be treated.
Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan By 2025: 90% of domestic solid waste in urban areas should be collected and treated, of which 85% should be reused, recycled, recovered into energy, or composted. 80% of construction waste in urban areas should be collected and treated, of which 50% should be recovered for reuse or recycling. 50% of septic sludge in urban areas of class II and higher and 30% in the remaining urban areas should be collected and properly treated. Reduce 65% of plastic bag use in supermarkets and superstores compared to 2010. Waste separation at households should be implemented at 80% of urban areas, where solid waste recycling facilities exist. 90% of non-hazardous industrial solid waste should be collected and treated, within which 75% should be recovered for reuse or recycling. 70% of hazardous industrial solid waste from industrial parks should be properly treated. 100% of non-hazardous and hazardous healthcare waste should be collected and properly treated. 70% of solid waste in rural residential areas and 80% in craft villages should be collected and properly treated. Waste separation at households should be implemented at 100% of urban areas, where solid waste recycling facilities exist. 100% of domestic solid waste in urban areas should be collected and treated, of which 90% should be reused, recycled, recovered into energy, or composted. 90% of construction waste in urban areas should be collected and treated, of which 60% should be recovered for reuse or recycling. 100% of septic sludge in urban areas of class II and higher and 50% in the remaining urban areas should be collected and properly treated. Reduce 85% of plastic bag use in supermarkets and superstores compared to 2010. 100% of non-hazardous and hazardous industrial solid waste should be collected and properly treated. 90% of solid waste in rural residential areas and 100% in craft villages should be collected and properly treated.
Furthermore, in order to realise the above set goals, the strategy has pointed out the following tasks for implementation: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Prevent and minimise the generation of solid waste Enhance source separation Increase the collection and transport of solid waste Strengthen the reuse and recycling of solid waste Treat solid waste Recover the surroundings of the solid waste treatment facilities.
In addition, the strategy has also pointed out the following main measures for implementation: 1. Improve the system of legal documents and policies regarding solid waste management. 2. Plan and implement the solid waste management plans for all the economic zones and provinces/cities, monitor the implementation of solid waste management plans in the planning of urban and rural residential areas, and plan and implement the plans on the construction of solid waste treatment sites to the level of wards/communes. 6
Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Build a database and a solid waste data monitoring system in the whole country. Build resources for the implementation of the strategy Promote scientific research for effectively contributing to ISWM Raise awareness Strengthen international cooperation
Last but not least, in order to ensure successful implementation, the strategy has also proposed 10 implementation programs which are summarised below:
No Programme Targets Due year & leading implementer 2020 MoNRE
01
Promoting the prevention, minimisation, reuse and recycling of solid waste Promoting solid waste separation at source Investing into the construction of solid waste treatment facilities at regional level Treating domestic solid waste in the urban areas during 2009-2020 Recovering the environment for the solid waste treatment and landfilling works Strengthening solid waste management in rural areas and craft villages Building a database and a solid waste data monitoring system Raising public awareness
02
03
- Set up and implement measures for the prevention, minimisation, reuse and recycling of solid waste - Develop recycling industry - Set up regulations and guidance on solid waste separation at source - Disseminate source separation models Construct solid waste treatment facilities for the economic zones in the whole country as approved by the Prime Minister Construct solid waste treatment facilities for the urban areas in the whole country, using technologies that limit landfilling - Strictly treat the seriously polluting dumpsites as per Decision No 64/2003/QD-TTg - Improve and upgrade all the current dumpsites in the whole country to meet the required environmental standards Strengthen integrated solid waste management in the rural areas and craft villages Build a database and a solid waste data monitoring system in the whole country in order to enhance the effectiveness of the solid waste management of both the central and local governments Gradually increase public awareness on the separation, reduction, reuse and recycling of solid waste as well as to protect hygienic conditions Improve the system of standards, regulations, technical guidance, mechanisms, policies, institutions etc. on integrated solid waste management Ensure by the year 2025 100% solid waste generated by the healthcare establishments be collected and treated properly as required by the environmental standards
2015 MONRE 2020 MoC
04
2020 MoC 2020 MoNRE
05
06
2020 MARD 2015 MoNRE
07
08
2020 MoIT 2015 MoC
09
10
Building a legal, policy and institutional system for integrated solid waste management Treating healthcare waste during 2009-2025
2025 MoH
2.1.3. The Inter-ministerial joint circular No. 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD

The MoSTE and MoC on January 18, 2001 issued inter-ministerial joint circular No. 01/2001/TTLTBKHCNMT-BXD guiding the regulations on environmental protection for the selection of location for and the construction and operation of solid waste burial sites. First, the circular elaborates requirements for the selection of waste burial site locations. It requires that the burial site 7
Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan locations must be determined on the basis of construction planning that has already been approved by the competent state management bodies. Besides, it sets minimum distances from a burial site, depending on its size, to different works including urban areas, airports, industrial parks, residential clusters, ground water exploiting works, etc. For instance, the minimum distance from a small and medium burial site to a delta or midland residential cluster (of more than 5 households) should be 1,000 m at the end of principal wind direction or 300 m to other directions. Furthermore, the document guides the procedure for selection of a model and size for a burial site. Second, the circular regulates the operating procedure of a burial site. This includes the weighing and registration of waste, covering the layers of placed waste with soil or other equal materials, closure of a site, post-closure monitoring, and ultimate (re)use of the site after closure. Third and the last, the circular guides the organisation of implementation, in which it shares the responsibilities of the MoSTE, the MoC and the PCs of provincial level in the selection of location for and operation of waste burial sites.
2.1.4. The Circular No. 13/2007/TT-BXD

On December 2007, the Ministry of Construction issued Circular No. 13 /2007/TT-BXD to guide some articles of the Governmental Decree 59/2007/ND-CP of April 9, 2007 on solid waste management. The document covers the following five items: 1. Planning of solid waste management The planning of solid waste management that was defined by Item 1 of Article 7 in Decree 59/2007/ND-CP is elaborated in this circular as the specific construction sectional planning, which includes surveys, projection of generation sources and quantities of both general and hazardous waste; identification of the locations and sizes of transfer stations and the area of collection and transport; selection of sites and sizes for the waste treatment facilities on the base of proper technologies; setting up plans and resources for complete collection and treatment of the solid waste. The period for planning is stated to be 10 years, 20 years or longer, depending on the period of construction planning. In addition, the circular also lists the requirements for contents and drawings to be covered in a solid waste management plan. 2. Planning of construction of solid waste management works The circular elaborates the planning of construction of solid waste management works which was regulated by Articles 8 and 9 in Decree 59/2007/ND-CP. It specifies detailed requirements for the planning of total layout of solid waste treatment facilities, including for instance location and capacity, construction area, water and electricity consumption norms, isolation from potentially polluting or explosive areas, monitoring locations, proposal of landscape recovery and ultimate use of the site after closure, etc. 3. Recovery and reuse of solid waste treatment areas after closure The document requires closure of landfills that have been filled up with waste according to the design and unsanitary landfills. It also suggests possible alternatives of reuse of the sites such as, for instance, entertainment, sports, parking areas etc. 4. Preparation and management of budget for solid waste treatment According to the circular, the budget preparation should cover all the costs including collection, transport and treatment of solid waste to ensure full recovery of the costs and development of the treatment facilities owners; as well as to encourage the socialisation of solid waste treatment. The document also requires that the prepared budget be approved by the chairman of the province PC level. 5. Organisation for implementation
Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan The circular requires the ministries and PCs of provincial level to prepare, appraise and approve solid waste management plans as regulated by Article 10 of Decree 59/2007/ND-CP. Furthermore it requires the PCs of provincial level to appraise and approve construction plans for solid waste treatment of provincial and inter-provincial regional scales. Finally it requires the PCs of provincial level to be responsible for closing unsanitary dumpsites as regulated by Decision 64/2003/QD-TTg of April 22, 2003.
2.1.5. The Circular No. 01/2011/TT-BXD

The circular No. 01/2011/TT-BXD was issued by the MoC on January 27, 2011 to guide the implementation of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) for construction and urban planning. The objectives of the document include not only regional, general, sub-regional and detailed planning, but also rural residential planning and specific technical infrastructural planning, which all are thereafter called construction planning. It is organised into 5 chapters and 23 articles, covering general regulations, methods of SEA, contents of SEA, report compilation and appraisal, and organisation of implementation. In general, the document requires SEA to be part of a construction planning and be conducted in parallel to the planning process. Besides the general requirements for an SEA, such as the main environmental issues to focus on and scientific basis for the methods to be used, the circular requires that the contents of an SEA should not be contradictory to or replicated of the ones shown in the plans of higher levels of the current plan. In addition, it requires that the appraisal of such SEAs be carried out in parallel to the appraisal of the plan. The requirements for SEA for specific technical infrastructural planning are elaborated in Article 16 of the document. Regarding SEA for solid waste treatment planning this article specifies the following contents: Assessing and comparing both positive and negative environmental impacts of different alternatives for collection routes, location and size of transfer stations and treatment facility, treatment technology; Composition of both general and hazardous waste; Topographical properties and the possibility of soil pollution at the site; Ground water characteristics and the possibility of ground water pollution at the treatment site; Surface water characteristics, flow direction and its distance to the treatment site; Air emission and odour from the treatment site; Adverse social impacts on the local communities in the area of the treatment site or along side the transport route.
Furthermore, Article 21 of the circular imposes the responsibilities of preparation, appraisal and approval of construction plans as follows: 1. The organisations and individuals who prepare, appraise or approve construction plans are responsible for implementing SEA for the plans as required in this Circular. 2. After the construction plan has been approved and announced, the construction planner is responsible for extracting the SEA or its summary to post on the webpage of the local government and submit a copy (formatted as a pdf or word file) to the MoCs address as bxd-vp@hn.vnn.vn Last but not least, Article 23 of the document states that this circular comes into affect from March 15, 2011 and that it replaces the MoCs Circular No 10/2000/TT-BXD of August 8, 2000 9
Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan guiding the preparation of EIA for construction plans. It can therefore be expected that the DSWMPs that are being developed for the for districts of Hoai Nhon, Phu My, An Nhon and Tay Son under the BTC funded project Water Supply and Sanitation Project in Binh Dinh Province do not have to follow Circular No. 01/2011/TT-BXD, i.e. prepare SEA, as they all started in November 2010.
2.2.
The Provincial Solid Waste Management Plan
In August 2009 the Peoples Committee of Binh Dinh Province decision no. 637 approved the Province Solid Waste Master Plan (PSWMP) for the urban areas and the industrial zones in Binh Dinh area up to 2020. It should be noted that since the provincial plan was developed and subsequently approved prior to the national strategy, it could not use the national strategy as a legal basis. The plan advocates using current solid waste management methods of the advanced countries in the world, and adjusting it to the suited to the conditions of Viet Nam. The plan emphasises the importance of minimising the amount of solid waste that is landfilled, in order to minimise both the environmental impacts and the investment costs. The plan calls for treatment facilities in every district, city and town; where the operation radius of each solid waste treatment plant is about 20 km. By 2020, eighty percent of the domestic solid waste from urban areas outside Quy Nhon must be collected and treated. The plan basically calls for at source separation of domestic solid waste in urban areas. It foresees utilising the organic faction of the waste to produce fertilizer and to place the remaining waste in sanitary landfills. The plan has set the following target figures: By 2015: - 100% of domestic solid waste in Quy Nhon and 70% of domestic solid waste in other urban areas should be collected and treated. - 100% of solid waste generated from industrial parks should be collected and treated by appropriated measures. By 2020: - 100% of domestic solid waste in Quy Nhon and 80% of domestic solid waste in other urban areas should be collected and treated. - 100% of domestic solid waste generated in urban areas should be segregated at source. The plan includes projections of the quantity of solid waste generated in the whole province to the years 2015 and 2020. In addition, it suggests a model for solid waste management in urban areas which consists of not only sanitary landfills but also composting and other recycling activities. For rural areas of the province the model only foresees the use of landfills for waste disposal. Finally, the plan has proposed 10 solid waste treatment complexes for the whole province of Binh Dinh, each of which include as one of the components, a landfill.
2.3.
District Decisions regarding Solid Waste Management
There are no District decisions or regulations pertaining to solid waste management. The District follows the provincial regulations that govern the management of solid waste.
2.4.
Targets for the District Solid Waste Management
In general and in accordance with the national and provincial policies, the management of solid waste should follow the following sequence of priorities:
10
Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan Reduction in the quantity of waste produced and to reduce its negative impacts Recycle the waste, where the discards are separated into materials that may be incorporated into new products; Use of waste not suitable for re-use or recycling as source of energy; Disposal of waste not suitable for re-use or recycling nor for energy recovery, as well as the remains of waste from which energy has been recovered, without endangering human health and without using processes or methods which could harm the environment.
The above prioritisation is also in line with international practices. Ideally all waste generation should be avoided; where this is not possible, the quantity of waste should be minimised. Hereafter the hierarchy advocates recycling, energy recovery and final disposal in a landfill. For energy recovery, the most common solution is incineration of waste to generate steam and electricity; another possibility is to produce biogas from the biodegradable organic fraction of the waste. As can be seen from the above, placing the generated solid waste in a landfill is the least favoured option, however, by removing the waste from populated areas and placing it in a landfill, a number of health and environmental problems are solved. To reach the above-mentioned national and provincial policy goals, the solid waste management system in Phu My District has to be improved. The percentage of waste currently collected has to be increased in order to prevent pollution through illegal dumping. The waste volumes to be disposed of should be minimised, since with the disposal of waste many useful materials are lost, for the same reason recycling and reuse should be encouraged. Since the existing dumpsites within the District have a negative impact on the quality of water, air and soil, measures must be taken to reduce the harmful environmental impact caused by these sites. Furthermore, both healthcare risk waste and industrial waste are generated within the District, and these also need to be collected, treated and disposed of correctly. Today, almost all the healthcare waste is properly treated; only the waste arising from about 20 private clinics still needs to be included in the existing system. For industrial wastes, there is currently no plan in place for their management. The objectives of this District Solid Waste Management Plan are as follows: Objective no. 1: Reduce the negative impact of uncollected or dumped domestic waste on the health of the population and on the environment
Targets aiming at a reduction in negative health and environmental impacts of domestic waste are: By the year 2020, 60% of all domestic solid waste produced in the District is recycled, composted or placed in a central landfill. All inhabitants in hamlets, villages and towns within the District shall have access to waste collection services by the year 2020. Efforts will be made to reduce the waste volume through the composting (or other treatment) of market waste, as well as the organic faction or household waste in rural areas. All waste shall be placed in the District landfill from 2015. All existing dumpsites shall be closed and covered with soil by the year 2016. 11
Objective no. 2:
Ensure the safe management of healthcare risk waste and minimise all forms of pollution from industrial waste
Targets aiming at the safe management of healthcare risk waste and minimising pollution from industrial waste are: By the year 2020, all waste from small, medium and large industries must be transported to landfill(s) approved by the District authorities. Hazardous waste must be separated from the non-hazardous industrial waste and treated in a dedicated hazardous waste treatment facility. By 2012 all healthcare risk waste generated within the district must be treated properly.
3. Plan for Management of Domestic Waste till 2025

3.1. Definition of Solid Waste
In Decree No. 59/2007/N-CP issued by Vietnamese Government on April 9th 2007, it is elaborated that solid wastes means waste in a solid form, discharged from production, business, service, daily life or other activities. Solid waste includes ordinary solid waste and hazardous solid waste. Solid waste generated in daily-life activities of individuals, households or at public places is collectively referred to as daily-life solid waste. In this District Solid Waste Management Plan we will refer to domestic solid waste rather than daily-life solid waste, where domestic solid waste refers to the waste collected by the local authorities or their delegated concessionaires or contractors. Domestic solid waste is hence defined as any garbage, refuse from household kitchens, canteens, markets, residences, commerce, industries or other sources, except for solid waste generation from industrial production processes, health care activities and construction. Hence, domestic solid waste is a mixture of various waste streams and its composition will be dependent on what sources (housing, shops, industries, etc.) are provided with services by the local authorities 1. Thus it must be understood that domestic solid waste is the waste collected by the local authorities or their agents and that the waste composition will be dependent on where the garbage truck collects waste.
3.2.
Current Situation in Phu My District
3.2.1. Existing Equipment, Staffing and Waste Collection Service

From 1997 to 2005 the District Peoples Committee paid for a small tractor to collect waste within the District. In 2005 the waste collection work was awarded to the Transportation and Public Works Unit which was initially established by the District Peoples Committee to ensure road maintenance, street lighting and green areas. The units total staff is 25; whereof eight are responsible for waste management: Five people work in the field and three have office positions. The company collects waste in both Phu My and Binh Duong towns; as well as from Binh Tri village of My Quang Commune and the centre of My Hiep commune. The Transportation and Public Works Unit states that Phu My has 12,000 inhabitants and that 70% of the generated waste in collected; Binh Duong has a population of 7,000 and here 50% of the waste is collected.
This is identical to the definition generally used for Municipal Solid Waste. The term domestic solid waste is used in the Plan, to avoid the confusion that the term municipal solid waste may cause.
12
Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan In Binh Tri village of My Quang Commune the company collects waste from 2,000 inhabitants and in the centre of My Hiep commune from 450 households.
The compacting truck used to collect waste in Phu My District
Waste awaiting collection in Binh Duong
The company uses a 5.3 m3 compactor truck that was purchased new in 2008; the truck has a fully functional hydraulic lift for bins. Waste collection time is divided between Phu My town in the morning and Binh Duong town in the afternoon. Every day the truck makes two trips to the dumpsite with a full load. In the opinion of the company, this corresponds to approximately 30% of all waste generated within the District. The company owns seventy 240 litre bins and ten 120 litre bins; these are used in some residential areas for collecting waste and the inhabitants are expected to carry their waste to the bins. In most of the area, waste is collected off the streets and directly into the garbage truck. The garbage truck works in two shifts, with four workers and one driver. One shift takes care of the waste collection in Phu My town and the second of the waste collection in Binh Duong town. In the areas of Phu My where bins are used, these are emptied using the hydraulic lift on the truck. The Transportation and Public Works Unit collects about 10 tonnes of waste per day.
3.2.2. Current Waste Disposal Site

There are two dumpsites within Phu My District. These are located in proximity to the towns of Phu My and Binh Duong. The DPC subsidises the operation of these dumpsites with about 60 million VND every year. The Phu My Dumpsite The dumpsite is located about six kilometres from Phu My town. It is North of the town and about one kilometre East of Highway no. 1. The site is 9,000 m2 and is operated by digging a trench for the waste. After the waste is placed in the landfill, Effective Microorganisms (EM) is sprayed over the waste to assist with minimising odours and the waste volume through accelerated decomposition. The waste on the landfill is also reduced in volume through setting fire to garbage on the dumpsite.
The Phu My dumpsite
13
Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan Soil cover is used on the dumpsite. One drawback of this site is the poor condition of the access road. The Binh Duong Dumpsite The Binh Duong dumpsite is located on the outskirts of Binh Duong town. This dumpsite bears very few signs of any form of planning of the waste disposal. The site is relatively small.
The Binh Duong dumpsite
3.2.3. Current Fees and Cost Recovery

The District follows the regulation of Binh Dinh Provincial Peoples Committee with respect to waste collection fees. The fees are presently as follows: 10,000 VND/household/month in main streets 6,000 8,000 VND/household/month in alleys
The company collects the fees and all the received funds are used for the companys activities. The total amount of fees collected in 2009 was 280 million VND and in 2010 the company expects to collect a total of 310 million VND. Of this 53 million is saved as the depreciation on the garbage truck.
3.2.4. Agricultural/Farm Waste

Clubroot is a disease that attacks plants of the mustard family such as cabbage, collards, kale, mustard, brussel sprouts, radish, turnip, rutabaga, cauliflower, broccoli, rape, and kohlrabi. The clubroot disease causes the abnormal swelling of roots and occasionally on stems below ground, and it is very difficult to eradicate. Therefore, the prevention of the disease is essential, as an outbreak is very costly to farmers over a large area, as the disease is spread by the wind and water. A common cause of the clubroot disease is the burial of field waste, such as remains of cabbage after harvest and these can cause the growth of the clubroot fungus underground as the vegetables decompose. The practice of burying such field waste seems common is some districts within Binh Dinh province2, it is important that the farmers are made aware of the risks of infection caused by this practice and that they are trained to manage such field waste safely.
3.3.
Domestic Waste Characteristics and Generation Rate till 2025
3.3.1. Domestic Waste Composition for Street and Market Waste

The domestic solid waste composition was analysed in Phu My town in 2010; the results can be found in the Baseline Survey for the districts and in Somers report Description and Mapping of the Biologically Treatable Waste Stream in 4 Districts: An Nhon, Tay Son, Hoai Nhon and Phu My in Binh Dinh Province. The results were used to calculate the average composition of the street waste and the market waste. The results are given in the section below.
2
Mr. Todd Hyman
14
Based on the detailed analysis of almost 3 tonnes of domestic solid waste from all four districts, it was found that the average waste composition by weight is as follows:
Result streets Type organic recycleables non recycleables hazardous Total % % 60.38% 5.86% 33.60% 0.17% 100.00%
The results of these waste analyses are is very much in line with the Province Solid Waste Master Plan for Binh Dinh Province where the solid waste is found to contain 60.8% organic waste. A total of 650 kg of samples of waste from the main markets in each of the four districts was analysed by Somers. The average composition by weight was found to be as follows:
Result Markets Type organic recycleables non recycleables hazardous Total % % 76.5% 6.9% 16.6% 0.0% 100.0%
As could be expected, the waste from wet markets contains a higher percentage of organic waste. It is anticipated that the composition of the waste remains unchanged until the year 2025.
3.3.2. Domestic Waste Generation Rates till 2025

The estimates of the quantities of domestic solid waste generated are based on the size of the population. The population in Phu My District was 169,645 people in 2009 and is expected to grow annually by 1.16%3. This means that the population of Phu My district will increase from 172,000 in year 2010 to around 204,000 in year 2025. Here, it is assumed that the population growth is linear and takes place with the same growth rate in the communes as for the towns. On the basis of these assumptions, the estimated population growth within the strategy period has been calculated as shown in Appendix A and as illustrated in Fig. 3.1.
Somers: Description and Mapping of the Biologically Treatable Waste Stream in 4 Districts: An Nhon, Tay Son, Hoai Nhon and Phu My in Binh Dinh Province
15
250.000
Population in Phu My district
200.000
150.000
100.000
50.000
Year Towns Communes Phu My district
Fig. 3.1 Increased population in Phu My district within the strategy period. Within Binh Dinh Province, as in Vietnam as a whole, the availability of reliable data on waste production is limited. Based on the Province Solid Waste Master Plan for Binh Dinh Province the waste generation rates are taken as follows: Cities of rank III & IV: Towns of rank V: 0.9 kg/person/day 0.8 kg/person/day
For communes the figure of 0.5 kg/person/day has been used, as this seems a generally accepted quantity for rural settlements. At present the collection rates for Phu My and Binh Duong towns, as well as every commune, are based on information and estimates from the district. My Chanh commune will become An Luong Town in 2015 and is therefore included as a rank V town in the estimation of waste quantities. Furthermore, proposed collection rates have been set up to the year 20254. At present, the figures aim for a collection of 80% in 2020, based on the resolution of the Provincial Party General Meeting Nr. 17: Up to 2020: 100% of the domestic solid waste from Quy Nhon city, 80% of the domestic solid waste from other urban areas are collected and treated 5. The waste generation tables can be found in Annex A. As it can also be seen from these tables, it is estimated that currently 15% of the waste in Phu My and Binh Duong towns (as well as the future An Luong Town) and 10% of the domestic solid waste generated in the communes is sold to scavengers and recyclers. This is the cardboard, paper, bottles, cans and metals that are sorted at source by the households. It is estimated that these quantities will increase slightly over the coming years to 18% and 12% respectively. Furthermore, it is expected that increased awareness raising and encouragement from the Water Supply and Sanitation Project will lead to increased levels of composting and other forms of treatment for organic waste, eventually leading to 15% of organic waste in Phu My and Binh
4 5
At present EP&T have set the collection rates these should be revised by the District together with the consultant during the next phase of the planning. Province Solid Waste Master Plan for Binh Dinh Province page 6
16
Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan Duong towns being treated at source and 30% in the communes. Of the remaining waste, it is expected that by the year 2015, 70% will be collected in Phu My and Binh Duong towns. All communes are expected to have a collection rate of 30% in 2015. By 2020, the collection rate will be 80% in the two towns and 40% in the communes. The collection rates are expected to further increase to 50% by 2025 in the communes. Hence the waste collection rate will gradually increase as shown in the tables and as illustrated in Fig. 3.2.
90,00 80,00 70,00 DSW Collection rate (%) 60,00 50,00 40,00 30,00 20,00 10,00 -
Year
Towns Communes Phu My district
Fig. 3.2 Increased domestic solid waste collection rates within the strategy period. By 2015 it is expected that approximately 100 tonnes per day of waste will be generated, of which 53% will receive treatment: 30.7 tonnes per day (30%) will be recycled at source and another 22.9 tonnes (23%) will be placed in a landfill. By 2020, 66% of all waste generated within the District is expected to receive some form of treatment.
3.4.
Plan for Waste Management at Source 2011-2025
A significant percentage of the domestic solid waste generated within the District is already treated at source: homes, shops and offices all separate their waste at source and sell materials such as paper, cardboard, metals, plastics and cans to passing scavengers. It is generally estimated at least 10 to 20% of the overall waste stream is removed at the household level in South East Asia and then passed on as recyclable materials to scavengers or waste buyers. Hence many tonnes of recyclable materials are kept separate from the general waste everyday and never enter the waste stream. This not only recovers materials, but also means that less waste has to be collected and treated. There are also possibilities of reusing the organic portion of the waste. Today, a lot of food waste from restaurants and other commercial kitchens is used as pig feed. Likewise, people who raise animals are likely to use leftover food to feed their animals. There are other possibilities for reusing the organic portion of the waste stream. These are described in the following sections.
3.4.1. Markets
The solid wastes from the wet markets contain a high percentage of organic materials (approximately 76%). Therefore, reuse of market wastes for onsite composting is a potential option that would help to reduce amount of waste to be landfilled and produce a compost or soil amendment for farmers. In this case, the organic waste from the market stalls must be collected 17
Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan separately, stored in the markets waste storage area until it can be taken to the composting site. One of many possible technologies, using the Toptex,6 is described in the following: This basic model, focusing on centralized collection and composting of organic waste, is seen all over the world. Materials to be composted may vary from separated organic waste from households, to wet market waste and even the solid fraction of animal manure. Sometimes organic additions such as straw may be needed to assure sufficient porosity, dry matter content and to adjust the carbon to nitrogen ratio. A Toptex fleece allows water vapour (and gases) to be released from the compost heap, yet avoiding entrance of rain water in the heap. Due to the lower gas emission, this is also the most environmentally friendly composting technique. The process of composting is fairly simple, but some experience will be needed make good quality compost. In short, organic waste is shredded, put in heaps and covered by Toptex fleece. To allow sufficient air to enter the heaps, turning is necessary. This can be done manually or by machines. After about 45 days, the compost is sieved and bagged.
3.4.2. Households
Households can also treat their organic waste to produce compost or other products (see below). Therefore, households should be encouraged to separate food refuse for composting, as well as separating valuable materials for selling to recycling shops. Then only non-recyclable materials will have to be collected by the waste collection company, thereby greatly reducing the waste management costs for the district, town and/or commune. Of course this option is only feasible if households are willing to do so, otherwise the waste will be a mixture of organic and other waste. Therefore, awareness raising and education will be required to make the two following technologies popular7: Mesophilic storage units are concrete or brick storage bins in which the volume and weight of organic waste is reduced by natural processes (bacteria, fungi, larvae, worms). The bins are in the first place designed to serve one households. The bins are designed to receive waste that naturally breaks down within a period of about one year (bone and shell are exceptions that will break down over a longer period). Data collected by the project from tests of the solid waste treatment model with mesophilic bins at the 4 districts resulted in the following findings: After 2 months of demonstration, the outcome was: The more larvae the bins had, the highly decomposed the waste was. For the bins that larvae developed a lot, the decomposition was about 80% - 90% (daily produced organic waste > 1.5kg and most of the waste was food waste, rotten fruit and vegetable ...); For the bins that larvae developed normally, the decomposition was 60% - 70% (daily produced organic waste < 1.5kg and most of the waste was food waste, rotten fruit and vegetable ...); For the bins that larvae developed just a little, the decomposition was only 40% - 50% (daily produced organic waste < 1.5kg and most of the waste was garden waste); For the bins that there were no larvae, the decomposition was only 20% - 30% (most of the waste was garden waste and pig faeces).
6 7
The description of the Toptex technology is based on Somers Phase 3 draft report. The descriptions of the Mesophilic unit and the BSF unit are based on Somers Phase 3 draft report.
18
Mesophilic bin
Waste that can be placed in the bin includes food preparation waste, table scraps, spent bouquets of flowers and small amounts of garden waste. A household bins might receive 3 kgs of waste per day. The small lid is opened and the waste is thrown in the bin. Mesophilic bacteria and fungi require oxygen. That is why the sides of the bin have aeration holes. But these holes are not enough to keep the contents of the bin fully aerated. A certain amount of stirring is required. It is recommended to stir once a week. Without sufficient stirring, foul odours are created. Once a year, the bin needs to be cleaned out. This is the only time that the large lid needs to be opened. The contents of the storage bins can be collected, shredded and then routed to composting operations using Toptex, see the previous section for a description. A second model is operated by waste collectors or scavengers. These collect organic waste and use it for a operating a small commercial black soldier fly (BSF) larvae production. In this model, the waste collectors are encouraged to separated waste that can be fed to BSF larvae, who convert the organic waste in to growth. This could be done in their house or at a local place where a few waste collectors work together. The larvae can be sold as animals feed for chicken, frog, turtle, fish and pigs. The waste collectors are already separating a number of recyclables and make an extra income from selling these. Therefore, it seems feasible that the same person would also collect specific organic waste and sells BSF larvae. BSF larvae can eat just about any type of fresh putrescent waste, even meat and dairy products; they can consume all food waste and some parts of the non-food waste.
3.4.3. Cost of Treatment of Organic Waste at Source

Estimation of number of organic treatment units needed is based on the following assumptions: - 20% of the organic waste to be treated at source is from markets and the remainder is from households; - 75% of the organic waste from markets will be composted using Toptex technology and the remainder will be treated in mesophilic bins. The size of a compost pile is 1 m (width) x 0,6 m (height) x 10 m (length), specific gravity of organic waste to be composted is 450 kg/m 3. Thus, each compost pile can receive 1350 kg of organic waste and it has to be incubated for 45 days . Each compost pile has to be covered by approximately 14 m2 of Toptex. Each mesophilic bin can receive 15 kg organic waste/day. - Organic waste from households will be treated in mesophilic bins or in biopods with black soldier fly larvae production. 90% of organic waste from households will be treated by mesophilic bins and the remains will be treated by biopods. It is planned that each mesophilic bin will be shared by 2 households. Thus, amount of organic waste to be treated in each mesophilic bin at households in the town will be (0.52 kg/person/day x 5 person/household x 2 household =) 5,2 kg/bin/day. While in the communes, each mesophilic bin will receive approximately (0.325 kg/person/day x 5 persons/household x 2 households =) 3.25 kg/bin/day. - Cost of Toptex material is 30,000 VND/m2; 19
Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan - A mesophilic bin will cost 350,000 VND; - A price of the biopod made of composite is 1,200,000 VND. - Toptex can be used for 5 years. Mesophilic units and bipods can last for 15 years. Total number of compost piles, mesophilic units and biopods expected to be invested for Phu My District is estimated and summarized in Table 3.1. Distribution of these organic treatment units for towns and communes are described in Table 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 and 3.5. Investment cost for organic waste treatment facilities of Phu My is described in Table 3.6. Table 3.1 Number of units required to treat organic waste using Toptex, mesophilic units and biopods up to 20258 Number of organic waste treatment units needed Organic waste of markets Organic waste of households Compost piles 0 43 69 89 90 91 112 113 141 143 144 146 148 150 Mesophilic bins 0 29 45 58 59 60 73 74 93 94 95 96 97 98 Mesophilic bins 0 1,186 1,889 2,427 2,455 2,483 3,046 3,082 3,856 3,901 3,946 3,992 4,038 4,085 Biopods 0 211 336 431 436 441 542 548 686 693 702 710 718 726
Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
The programme for treating organic waste at source can be started earlier if so desired.
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Table 3.2 Demand on compost piles using Toptex for Phu My District up to 2025 No. Locality 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Binh Duong Phu My My Duc My Chau My Thang My Loc My Loi My An My Phong My Trinh My Tho My Hoa My Thanh My Chanh/An Luong My Quang My Hiep My Tai My Cat My Chanh Tay TOTAL Number of compost piles 2012 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2013 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 3 3 2 4 3 2 1 43 2014 2 5 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 6 4 4 6 3 5 4 3 2 69 2015 2 5 4 5 6 4 4 5 5 3 8 5 6 6 4 7 6 4 2 89 2016 2 5 4 5 6 4 4 5 5 3 8 5 6 6 4 7 6 4 2 90 2017 2 5 4 5 6 4 4 5 5 3 8 5 6 6 4 8 6 4 2 91 2018 2 5 5 6 7 5 5 6 6 4 10 6 7 6 5 9 7 5 3 112 2019 2 5 5 6 8 5 5 6 6 4 10 6 7 6 5 10 7 5 3 113 2020 4 8 6 7 9 6 6 7 7 5 13 8 9 9 6 12 9 6 4 141 2021 4 8 6 7 9 6 6 7 8 5 13 8 9 10 6 12 9 6 4 143 2022 4 8 6 7 9 6 6 7 8 6 13 8 9 10 6 12 9 6 4 144 2023 4 8 6 7 9 6 7 7 8 6 13 8 9 10 6 12 9 6 4 146 2024 4 8 6 8 10 7 7 8 8 6 13 8 9 10 6 12 9 6 4 148 2025 4 8 7 8 10 7 7 8 8 6 13 8 10 10 6 12 9 6 4 150
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Table 3.3 Demand on mesophilic bins to treat organic waste of markets for Phu My District up to 2025 No. Locality 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Binh Duong Phu My My Duc My Chau My Thang My Loc My Loi My An My Phong My Trinh My Tho My Hoa My Thanh My Chanh/An Luong My Quang My Hiep My Tai My Cat My Chanh Tay TOTAL Number of mesophilic bins to treat organic waste of markets 2012 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2013 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 3 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 29 2014 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 3 4 2 4 3 2 1 45 2015 2 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 2 5 3 4 4 2 5 4 2 2 58 2016 2 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 2 5 3 4 4 2 5 4 2 2 59 2017 2 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 2 5 3 4 4 2 5 4 2 2 60 2018 2 3 3 4 5 3 3 4 4 3 7 4 5 4 3 6 5 3 2 73 2019 2 3 3 4 5 3 3 4 4 3 7 4 5 4 3 6 5 3 2 74 2020 2 5 4 5 6 4 4 5 5 4 8 5 6 6 4 8 6 4 2 93 2021 3 5 4 5 6 4 4 5 5 4 8 5 6 6 4 8 6 4 3 94 2022 3 5 4 5 6 4 4 5 5 4 9 5 6 6 4 8 6 4 3 95 2023 3 5 4 5 6 4 4 5 5 4 9 5 6 6 4 8 6 4 3 96 2024 3 5 4 5 6 4 4 5 5 4 9 5 6 7 4 8 6 4 3 97 2025 3 5 4 5 6 4 4 5 5 4 9 5 6 7 4 8 6 4 3 98
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Table 3.4 Demand on mesophilic bins to treat organic waste of households for Phu My District up to 2025 No. Locality 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Binh Duong Phu My My Duc My Chau My Thang My Loc My Loi My An My Phong My Trinh My Tho My Hoa My Thanh My Chanh/An Luong My Quang My Hiep My Tai My Cat My Chanh Tay TOTAL Number of mesophilic bins to treat organic waste of households 2012 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2013 32 66 52 60 77 52 53 60 62 45 106 64 75 80 49 98 75 48 32 1,186 2014 64 133 79 92 116 80 80 92 95 69 162 97 114 161 74 148 113 72 48 1,889 2015 2016 2017 2018 67 139 137 160 203 139 140 160 165 120 282 169 200 169 129 259 198 126 84 3,046 2019 68 141 139 162 205 140 142 162 167 122 285 171 202 171 130 262 200 127 85 3,082 2020 103 214 169 196 249 170 172 197 203 148 346 208 245 259 158 318 243 155 103 3,856 2021 104 216 171 199 252 172 174 199 205 150 350 210 248 262 160 322 246 156 104 3,901 2022 105 219 173 201 255 174 176 201 208 151 354 213 251 265 162 326 249 158 105 3,946 2023 106 221 175 203 258 176 178 204 210 153 359 215 254 268 164 329 251 160 107 3,992 2024 108 224 177 206 261 178 180 206 213 155 363 218 257 271 166 333 254 162 108 4,038 2025 109 226 179 208 264 181 182 208 215 157 367 220 260 275 167 337 257 164 109 4,085 65 65 66 134 136 138 106 107 109 124 125 126 157 159 160 107 109 110 108 109 111 124 125 127 128 129 131 93 94 95 218 220 223 131 132 134 154 156 158 163 165 167 99 101 102 200 203 205 153 155 156 97 98 100 65 66 66 2,427 2,455 2,483
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Table 3.5 Demand on biopods to treat organic waste of households for Phu My District up to 2025 No. Locality 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Binh Duong Phu My My Duc My Chau My Thang My Loc My Loi My An My Phong My Trinh My Tho My Hoa My Thanh My Chanh/An Luong My Quang My Hiep My Tai My Cat My Chanh Tay TOTAL Number of biopods to treat organic waste of households 2012 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2013 6 12 9 11 14 9 9 11 11 8 19 11 13 14 9 17 13 8 6 211 2014 11 24 14 16 21 14 14 16 17 12 29 17 20 29 13 26 20 13 9 336 2015 11 24 19 22 28 19 19 22 23 17 39 23 27 29 18 36 27 17 12 431 2016 12 24 19 22 28 19 19 22 23 17 39 24 28 29 18 36 27 18 12 436 2017 12 24 19 22 29 20 20 23 23 17 40 24 28 30 18 36 28 18 12 441 2018 12 25 24 28 36 25 25 28 29 21 50 30 36 30 23 46 35 22 15 542 2019 12 25 25 29 36 25 25 29 30 22 51 30 36 30 23 47 36 23 15 548 2020 18 38 30 35 44 30 31 35 36 26 62 37 44 46 28 57 43 27 18 686 2021 18 38 30 35 45 31 31 35 37 27 62 37 44 47 28 57 44 28 19 693 2022 19 39 31 36 45 31 31 36 37 27 63 38 45 47 29 58 44 28 19 702 2023 19 39 31 36 46 31 32 36 37 27 64 38 45 48 29 59 45 28 19 710 2024 19 40 31 37 46 32 32 37 38 28 64 39 46 48 29 59 45 29 19 718 2025 19 40 32 37 47 32 32 37 38 28 65 39 46 49 30 60 46 29 19 726
24
Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.6 Total investment cost of Toptex, mesophilic units and biopods for Phu My District up to 2025 New investment Investment cost (x 1,000 VND) Year Toptex Mesophilic Mesophilic 2 invested (m ) bins Biopods Toptex bins Biopods 2012 0 0 0 0 0 0 2013 608 1,214 211 18,232 424,976 252,944 2014 360 720 125 10,810 251,966 149,969 2015 276 551 96 8,273 192,844 114,780 2016 14 29 5 433 10,090 6,005 2017 1,258 29 5 37,754 10,207 6,075 2018 896 577 100 26,891 201,829 120,128 2019 378 36 6 11,353 12,666 7,539 2020 673 793 138 20,181 277,549 165,196 2021 37 46 8 1,121 16,033 9,543 2022 1,282 46 8 38,450 16,219 9,653 2023 920 47 8 27,595 16,407 9,765 2024 402 47 8 12,065 16,597 9,879 2025 697 48 8 20,901 16,790 9,993 Total 7,802 4,183 726 234,060 125,500 21,787 The cost for this equipment may seem high, but investment in the treatment of organic waste at source greatly reduces the quantity of waste that has to be collected, transported and deposited in a sanitary landfill. The savings in investments in bins, pushcarts, garbage trucks and sanitary landfill far outweigh the costs of the investment in the above equipment for the treatment of organic waste at source.
3.5.
Plan for Waste Collection 2011 - 2025
3.5.1. Methodology for Collection of Waste

STREET SWEEPING Street sweeping will be applied in central areas of Phu My and Binh Duong towns. In rural areas of communes, it is not necessary to implement street sweeping. Street sweeping will be organised every day for main streets in administrative and central zones of the town, at parks and bus station. Workers will sweep along the sidewalk; pavement and roadside and collect garbage into the pushcart for later transfer to a transportation vehicle. PUBLIC AREAS Public areas such as parks, the bus station and the main streets in the administrative zone are equipped with garbage bins where required. Waste from these bins is collected by garbage compactor trucks and transported to the landfill.
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Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE FROM HOUSEHOLDS Waste collection mode for households along main roads in town/sub-town For waste collection in towns, where the households are close to each other, door to door collection mode with stationary container system is strong recommended. Waste collectors will start with empty pushcart from the first house of a collection route to pick up waste bag/ basket , empty it and return bag/ basket to the house (if necessary) and then continue doing the same at the next houses until pushcart is fully loaded. Waste collectors will push the loaded pushcart to a waste transfer point, waiting for emptying it into waste transportation vehicles. The waste collectors can either use a second pushcart to continue collecting waste from another route or they will have to wait for the transfer of waste to the transportation vehicle. This will depend on the number of pushcarts available. This waste collection mode for households located along main roads is illustrated in Fig. 3.3. In this area, waste from households will be collected every two days. Time of collection will be set up depending up agreement between households and waste collectors and the time of transferring waste from the pushcarts to the transportation vehicles.
House 1 Empty pushcart Pushcart location
House 2
House 3
House 4
..
House n
House 1
Next collection route
Transfer point
Loaded pushcart
Fig. 3.3 Waste collection mode for households located along main roads. Waste collection mode for households located along alleys in town/sub-town For households located along paved alleys, where pushcarts can enter easily, the same collection mode as described in Fig 3.3 is recommended. For very narrow alleys or non-paved alleys, the inhabitants have to carry their waste out of the alley to a bin/container on the main streets. Waste collection mode for communes In the urban areas of a commune, door to door waste collection mode as described in the case of town/sub-town is recommended Each commune must find suitable transfer points so that households can gather their wastes at these points for further collection by waste collectors using pushcarts. Thus, instead of going door to door for waste collection, collectors can pick up wastes from transfer points within the communes. This helps to save time moving among households and overcome problem of small roads. Waste collection mode for rural areas of a commune is shown in Fig. 3.4. The waste collection frequency is every three days and hence sufficient bins and pushcarts are provided to hold the amount of waste generated over a three day period.
26
Village transfer point 1 Empty pushcart Pushcart location Next collection route
Village transfer point 2
..
Village transfer point n
Commune/commune s transfer point
Loaded pushcart
Fig. 3.4 Waste collection mode for rural areas of a commune. For scattered settlements and isolated households, households must bring their waste to bins/containers located along the (main) roads. Collection of Solid Waste from Markets Every market has a waste storage area. Owners of shops/stores are responsible for bringing their wastes to this area. The biodegradable organic materials of the market waste will be composted using Toptex technology and mesophilic bins, therefore it will be separated from the general waste as it is placed in the markets waste storage area. Hence the market waste storage area will store organic materials separately from the general waste. The organic waste can then be transported to the composting facility, whereas the non-biodegradable materials will be transported directly from the market to the landfill. Collection of Domestic Solid Waste from Hospitals Domestic solid wastes from hospital are segregated from hospitals infectious wastes, stored in a separate storage area and will be collected every day.
3.5.2. Waste Transfer and Transportation

Waste Transfer As there is some distance from Phu My and Binh Duong towns and other communes to the waste disposal sites, transferring the collected waste from pushcarts to transportation vehicles for transport to the landfill seems the only reasonable solution. The only question is whether it is necessary to construct transfer stations for communes or whether it is better to use rendezvous point for transferring the waste to the trucks? Strengths, weakness, threats and opportunities of using transfer station and rendezvous points are analyzed and summarised in Table 3.7 and Table 3.8. Based on this analysis, it is strong recommended to use the rendezvous point option. Table 3.7 A Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis for transfer station option: Strengths Have sufficient place for gathering collected domestic solid wastes of the whole town or ward Prevent scatter waste transfer points which may cause nuisance and dirty
9
Opportunities One transfer station in each commune is approved in Binh Dinh Province Solid Waste Master Plan9
Province Solid Waste Master Plan (PSWMP) for the urban areas and the industrial zones in Binh Dinh area up to 2020
27
Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan Weaknesses Need a storage area inside a residential area and it is difficult as no waste in my backyard Improper operation of transfer station will cause several problems such as nuisance, leachate, attraction of flies, rats, etc. If only one transfer station in each town or communes, waste collectors again have to walk for a long distance to reach the transfer station Threats Operational cost is required for cleaning and maintaining of the transfer station. Town and Ward PC has to find budget for that Improper operation of the transfer station will cause worse environmental problem as all wastes are gathered in one location
Table 3.8 A Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis for rendezvous point option Strengths This option is already applied in the District and is operating very well. The improvement would be that the new trucks will have a hydraulic lift to empty the pushcarts mechanically. Setting new rendezvous points along main roads of communes for collection of wastes from communes to landfill would be easier as: (1) wastes are stored in pushcarts; (2) no special requirements for operation and maintenance ; (3) uploading wastes from pushcarts into transportation vehicles will be less time consuming and requires less workforce. Weaknesses It needs some time for adapting with new system. Waste collectors and transportation drivers are both required on time at the rendezvous points Opportunities Using rendezvous points for transferring of waste are applied successfully in several places in Vietnam.
Simple technique and low operational cost requirement
Threats The system is difficult to operate well: If the waste collection truck is delayed, the waste collectors must wait for the truck so that their pushcarts can be emptied.
Transportation Eight tonne garbage compactor trucks are for now proposed to collect waste10 from rendezvous points (including large waste generation sites such as markets and hospitals) and transport to sanitary landfill for disposal. Compactor trucks are recommended rather than normal trucks for several reasons: The compactor truck will have a hydraulic lift, so that the waste can be transferred from bins, containers and pushcarts into the truck mechanically. When using a flatbed truck, the transfer of waste must be done manually and this is time consuming; The longer loading time when using a normal truck will increase the time requirement for completing 1 trip of collection and transportation of waste to the landfill. As a result fewer trips can be done by one truck in a day and therefore it is necessary to invest in a higher number of trucks; and
10
This can be changed to meet the Districts preferences
28
Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan A flatbed truck must be loaded manually, requiring more workers and exposing these to unhygienic working conditions.
Transportation mode of domestic solid waste in the district is illustrated in Fig. 3.5. Market (Rendezvous point 1) Empty compactor truck Garbage compactor truck Hospital (Rendezvous point 2) Ward rendezvous point 3 ..
Ward rendezvous point n
Next collection route
District sanitary landfill
Loaded compactor truck
Fig. 3.5 Transportation mode of domestic solid waste in the district. The quantities of waste that have to be collected for each year can be found in Annex A. Given that a substantial portion of the waste is taken care of at source, either through the sale of recyclable materials to scavengers or through the use of the organic faction of the waste at the household or market, the increase in the amount of waste that has to be collected is relatively modest, as can be seen in figure 3.6.
16.000 Amount of DSM collection (tonnes/year) 14.000 12.000 10.000 8.000 6.000 4.000 2.000 0
Collection from towns Collection from communes Total collection from Phu My district
Year
Fig. 3.6 Domestic solid waste collected in Phu My district.
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3.5.3. Requirements to Street Sweeping Equipment

Equipment required for street sweeping includes pushcarts, brooms and labour protective equipment (such as clothes, gloves, boots, comforters, hats). At least two pushcarts should be provided each town/sub-town. Street in front of administrative offices and some main roads will be swept in early morning. The other areas will be cleaned in the afternoon. Each pushcart will be operated by one worker. The life time of a pushcart is approximately 4 years. Equipment demand for street sweeping is estimated and summarised in Table 3.9. Table 3.9 Estimated equipment demand for street sweeping up to 2025 Year Number of pushcarts Number of brooms* Number of labour safety clothing** Demand Investment Demand Investment Demand Investment 2011 6 0 24 24 12 12 2012 6 6 24 24 12 12 2013 6 0 24 24 12 12 2014 6 0 24 24 12 12 2015 6 0 24 24 12 12 2016 6 6 24 24 12 12 2017 6 0 24 24 12 12 2018 6 0 24 24 12 12 2019 6 0 24 24 12 12 2020 6 6 24 24 12 12 2021 6 0 24 24 12 12 2022 6 0 24 24 12 12 2023 6 0 24 24 12 12 2024 6 6 24 24 12 12 2025 6 0 24 24 12 12
* 1 worker/pushcart x 2 pushcarts/town x 3 towns x 4 brooms/worker/year = 24 brooms/year ** 1 worker/pushcart x 2 pushcarts/town x 3 towns x 2 labour safety clothing/worker/year = 12 labour safety clothing/year
3.5.4. Demand for Waste Collection Facilities

Selection of Waste Collection Equipment Equipment used for primary collection consists of 240 L containers located along street, 660 L containers located at central waste producers and 660 L pushcarts for collection wastes from households and other small waste producers. Estimated density of wastes contained in this equipment is summarised in Table 3.10. Proposed domestic solid waste primary collection equipment for Phu My District is presented in Fig. 3.7.
(a) 240 L bin (b) 660 L container (c) 660 L pushcart Fig. 3.7 Proposed domestic solid waste primary collection equipment for Phu My district.
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Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.10 Estimated Waste Densities within Different Collection Equipment Collection Equipment Density Percentage of Typical 3 (kg/m ) volume used amount in when emptied container (kg) Waste in 240 L container 350 60% 50 Waste in 660 L container 350 60% 140 Waste in 660 L pushcart 350 100% 230 Demand of primary domestic solid waste collection equipment Estimation of equipment required for primary domestic solid wastes collection in Phu My district is conducted based on the conditions summarised in Table 3.11. Table 3.11 Characteristics of equipment required for primary collection of domestic solid waste Area Equipment Service Estimated division of system coverage Towns 240 L bin Located along main streets and 20-30% of total waste central areas of the towns amount, typical value for estimation is 25% 660 L container Central waste producers as markets, 10-20 of total waste administrative offices, institutions, amount, typical value for hotels estimation is 10% 660 L pushcart Collection of waste from residential 60-70% of total waste areas amount, typical value for estimation is 65% Communes 240 L bin Located along main streets, central 10-15% of total waste areas of the communes, and also to amount is typical, here receive waste from surrounding 30% is used households 660 L pushcart Collection of waste from residential 80-90% of total waste areas amount is typical. here 70% is used It is judged by the Districts experts that many rural areas in Phu My District are ill-suited for pushcarts, and therefore it was decided to collect 30% of the waste using 240 litre bins. On the basics of the data presented above, equipment demand for primary collection of domestic solid wastes in Phu My district is estimated and summarised in Table 3.12 and described in detailed for different towns and communes in tables 3.13, 3.14 and 3.15.
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Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.12 Total demand on equipment for primary domestic waste collection up to 2025 Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 240 L Bins 55 59 61 59 59 61 61 69 72 72 73 74 77 85 Towns 660 L Containers 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 14 660 L Pushcarts 32 35 35 33 34 35 35 40 41 41 41 43 45 49 Communes 240 L 660 L Bins Pushcarts 131 70 144 77 214 113 213 112 216 114 218 115 204 109 254 134 275 145 280 145 281 148 327 173 334 173 379 195
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Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.13 Demand for 240 L bins for Phu My District up to 2025 No. Locality 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Binh Duong Phu My My Duc My Chau My Thang My Loc My Loi My An My Phong My Trinh My Tho My Hoa My Thanh My Chanh/An Luong My Quang My Hiep My Tai My Cat My Chanh Tay TOTAL Number of 240 L bins 2012 12 28 7 4 5 4 7 22 16 23 15 12 23 5 3 186 2013 13 27 6 7 4 6 11 20 15 12 20 19 11 21 4 3 4 203 2014 13 26 6 12 8 11 16 6 19 14 22 19 23 22 15 29 4 3 7 275 2015 12 25 5 17 7 15 15 6 17 5 29 18 7 22 18 36 7 5 6 272 2016 12 25 5 17 8 15 15 6 18 5 30 18 7 22 18 36 7 5 6 275 2017 13 26 5 17 8 15 15 6 18 5 30 18 7 22 19 37 7 5 6 279 2018 13 26 5 16 7 14 14 6 17 4 28 17 7 22 17 34 7 5 6 265 2019 14 28 10 19 11 17 17 8 20 6 33 20 10 27 20 39 10 7 7 323 2020 14 28 9 20 13 18 18 10 21 8 35 21 13 30 20 40 13 8 8 347 2021 14 28 9 20 13 18 18 11 21 8 36 22 13 30 21 41 13 8 8 352 2022 14 29 9 21 13 18 18 11 21 8 36 22 13 30 21 41 13 8 8 354 2023 14 29 11 23 17 20 21 13 24 10 41 25 16 31 23 46 16 11 10 401 2024 15 31 12 24 17 21 21 13 25 10 42 25 17 31 23 47 16 11 10 411 2025 16 33 14 27 20 23 23 16 28 12 47 28 20 36 26 51 20 13 11 464
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Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.14 Demand on 660 L containers for Phu My District up to 2025 No. Locality 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Binh Duong Phu My My Duc My Chau My Thang My Loc My Loi My An My Phong My Trinh My Tho My Hoa My Thanh My Chanh/An Luong My Quang My Hiep My Tai My Cat My Chanh Tay TOTAL Number of 660 L containers 2012 2 4 3 9 2013 2 4 3 9 2014 2 4 4 10 2015 2 4 4 10 2016 2 4 4 10 2017 2 4 4 10 2018 2 4 4 10 2019 2 4 4 10 2020 2 4 5 11 2021 2 4 5 11 2022 2 5 5 12 2023 2 5 5 12 2024 3 5 5 13 2025 3 5 6 14
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Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.15 Demand on 660 L pushcarts for Phu My District up to 2025 No. Locality 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Binh Duong Phu My My Duc My Chau My Thang My Loc My Loi My An My Phong My Trinh My Tho My Hoa My Thanh My Chanh/An Luong My Quang My Hiep My Tai My Cat My Chanh Tay TOTAL Number of 660 L pushcarts 2012 7 16 4 2 3 2 4 11 9 12 9 6 12 3 2 102 2013 8 16 3 4 3 3 6 10 8 6 11 11 6 11 2 2 2 112 2014 7 15 3 7 4 6 8 4 10 7 11 10 12 13 8 15 2 2 4 148 2015 7 14 3 9 4 8 8 3 9 3 15 9 4 12 9 18 4 3 3 145 2016 7 14 3 9 4 8 8 3 9 3 15 9 4 13 10 19 4 3 3 148 2017 7 15 3 9 4 8 8 3 9 3 16 9 4 13 10 19 4 3 3 150 2018 7 15 3 8 4 7 7 3 9 3 15 9 4 13 9 18 4 3 3 144 2019 8 16 5 10 6 9 9 5 10 4 17 10 6 16 10 20 5 4 4 174 2020 8 16 5 11 7 9 9 6 11 4 18 11 7 17 11 21 7 4 4 186 2021 8 16 5 11 7 9 9 6 11 4 18 11 7 17 11 21 7 4 4 186 2022 8 16 5 11 7 9 9 6 11 4 19 11 7 17 11 21 7 5 5 189 2023 8 17 6 12 9 11 11 7 13 5 21 13 9 18 12 24 9 6 5 216 2024 9 18 6 12 9 11 11 7 13 5 21 13 9 18 12 24 9 6 5 218 2025 9 19 7 14 11 12 12 8 14 6 24 15 10 21 13 26 10 7 6 244
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Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan During the following years, the waste amounts to be collected will increase. New investment needed is estimated as presented Table 3.16 with assumption that the life time of this equipment is 4 years. Table 3.16 New investment of equipment for primary domestic waste collection in Phu My District up to 2025 Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 240 L Bins 55 4 2 55 6 2 8 58 6 3 9 61 14 Towns 660 L Containers 9 1 9 1 10 2 11 1 660 L Pushcarts 32 3 33 4 5 34 4 7 36 8 Communes 240 L 660 L Bins Pushcarts 131 70 13 7 70 36 134 72 15 8 56 30 50 25 155 83 20 8 57 33 96 50 162 83 65 30
3.5.5. Requirements for Waste Transportation Vehicles

Transportation vehicles Secondary collection and transportation of domestic solid waste to landfill will be done by 8 tonne rearend loading compactor truck (called compactor truck). Secondary collection and transportation system data is described briefly in Table 3.17. Average time for 1 trip of compactor truck is estimated as presented in Table 3.18.
Fig. 3.8 Proposed type of waste transportation vehicle.
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Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.17 Secondary collection and transportation system data Town Average loading time per Time for emptying one container: 240 L bin 1 min Time for transport between 2 containers: 1 min Total: 2 minutes/container Average loading time per Time for emptying one container: 660 L container 2 min (more difficult access) Time for transport between 2 containers: 5 minute Total: 7 minutes/container Average loading time per Time for emptying one pushcart: 1 660 L pushcart minute Time for transport between 2 groups of 4 pushcarts: 5 minutes (It is expected that there will be an average of 4 pushcarts at a rendezvous point) Total: 2.25 minutes/pushcart Average time for transportation between commune Average distance for return trip to landfill Average transportation speed to landfill Average time at landfill n/a Commune Time for emptying one container: 1 min Time for transport between 2 containers: 1 min Total: 2 minutes/container
Time for emptying one pushcart: 1 min Time for transport between 2 groups of 4 pushcarts: 5 minutes (It is expected that there will be an average of 2 pushcarts at a rendezvous point) Total: 3.5 minutes/pushcart 20 minutes
20 km 30 km/h 20 minutes
40 km 25 km/h 20 minutes
Table 3.18 Average time per trip of compactor truck Town 185 minutes 0 minutes 40 minutes 20 minutes 37 minutes 282 4.7 Commune 160 minutes 140 minutes 96 minutes 20 minutes 57 minutes 473 7.8
Waste collection time (minutes/trip) Average time for transportation between communes (7 communes/trip x 20 minutes/commune) Average time to transport to landfill Average time at landfill Average none-working time per trip (for maintenance, ~ 15% of working time) Total time per trip of compact truck (minutes/trip) Total time per trip of compact truck (hours/trip)
Based on the data presented in Table 3.17 and 3.18, number of compact truck required is estimated and summarised in Table 3.19.
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Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.19 Number of compactor trucks required for secondary waste collection and transportation Year Amount of waste to be Operating time to collect Total operating Total Total collected (tonnes/day) waste (minutes/trip) time of truck truck truck (hours/day) needed invested Towns Communes In Towns In Communes 2012 10.78 6.87 380 406 13 1.64 2 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 11.55 11.83 11.49 11.62 11.76 11.89 13.46 14.02 14.18 14.34 14.51 15.21 16.82 7.60 11.46 11.44 11.57 11.71 10.97 13.69 14.92 15.09 15.27 17.81 18.02 20.66 407 417 405 410 414 419 474 494 500 506 512 536 593 450 678 676 684 692 649 809 882 892 903 1053 1066 1221 14 18 18 18 18 18 21 23 23 23 26 27 30 1.79 2.28 2.25 2.28 2.31 2.22 2.67 2.87 2.90 2.93 3.26 3.34 3.78 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4
As can be seen, the number the trucks is rounded to the nearest whole number, so that in some cases the collection vehicles will have to work a little more than 8 hours each day, thereby saving the cost of purchasing and operating an extra truck that would be under utilised. Table 3.20 New investment in compactor trucks required for secondary waste collection and transportation of the district up to 2025 Year Total compactor trucks required New investment 2012 2 2 2013 2 0 2014 2 0 2015 2 0 2016 2 0 2017 2 0 2018 2 0 2019 3 1 2020 3 0 2021 3 0 2022 3 2 2023 3 0 2024 3 0 2025 4 1
3.5.6. Requirements to Waste Management Workers

Workforce will be estimated based on the following condition: For street sweeping, one worker will operate one pushcart; For primary waste collection, one worker will operate two pushcarts; For the transportation vehicle, there will be 1 driver and 2 assistants. 38
Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan Workforce requirement is estimated based on the conditions mentioned above and summarised in Table 3.21. Table 3.21 Workforce required for waste collection and transportation operation Workers to operate Compactor Workers to pushcarts Year operate compactor truck drivers trucks Town Communes 2012 16 35 4 2 2013 18 39 4 2 2014 18 57 6 3 2015 17 56 6 3 2016 17 57 6 3 2017 18 58 6 3 2018 18 55 6 3 2019 20 67 6 3 2020 21 73 6 3 2021 21 73 6 3 2022 21 74 6 3 2023 22 87 8 4 2024 23 87 8 4 2025 25 98 8 4
3.5.7. Cost of Waste Collection System

The following unit prices are used for calculation of investments in equipment and facilities for waste collection and transportation. Table 3.22 Unit Prices for New Trucks and Equipment Item Unit price (USD) 240 L bin 24 660 L container 105 660 L pushcart 200 8 tonnes rear end loading compactor truck 80,000
Unit Price (x 1000 VND) * 480 2,100 4,000 1,600,000
* Note: Prices on trucks and pushcarts have been collected from purchasers in Vietnam. Other prices are estimates based on purchases elsewhere in Vietnam.
On the basis of the unit prices and the number of facilities and equipment estimated above, the total investments to be made within the initial period can be calculated. The result is summarised in table 3.23. Detailed investment for towns and communes is presented in table 3.24.
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Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.23 Total investment cost for waste collection and transportation equipment of Phu My Total equipment Total investment (x 1,000 VND) Year 240l 660l 660l Compact 240l 660l 660l Compactor truck Bins Containers Pushcarts truck Bins Containers Pushcarts 2012 186 9 102 2 89,280 18,900 408,000 3,200,000 2013 17 10 8,160 40,000 2014 72 1 36 1 34,560 2,100 144,000 1,600,000 2015 2016 189 9 105 90,720 18,900 420,000 2017 21 12 10,080 48,000 2018 58 1 30 27,840 2,100 120,000 2019 58 30 27,840 120,000 2020 213 10 117 102,240 21,000 468,000 2021 26 12 12,480 48,000 2022 60 2 33 2 28,800 4,200 132,000 3,200,000 2023 105 57 1 50,400 228,000 1,600,000 2024 223 11 119 1 107,040 23,100 476,000 1,600,000 2025 79 1 38 37,920 2,100 152,000 -
Total cost (x 1,000) 3,716,180 48,160 1,780,660 529,620 58,080 149,940 147,840 591,240 60,480 3,365,000 1,878,400 2,206,140 192,020
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Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.24 Investment cost for waste collection equipment for towns and communes Year Number of new invested equipment Investment (x 1,000 VND) Towns Communes Towns Communes Compactor 240l 660l 660l 240l 660l 240l 660l 660l 240l 660l Compactor truck Bins Containers Pushcarts Bins Pushcarts Bins Containers Pushcarts Bins Pushcarts truck 2012 55 9 32 131 70 2 26,400 18,900 128,000 62,880 280,000 3,200,000 2013 4 3 13 7 - 1,920 12,000 6,240 28,000 2014 2 1 70 36 1 960 2,100 - 33,600 144,000 1,600,000 2015 2016 55 9 33 134 72 - 26,400 18,900 132,000 64,320 288,000 2017 6 4 15 8 - 2,880 16,000 7,200 32,000 2018 2 1 56 30 960 2,100 - 26,880 120,000 2019 8 5 50 25 - 3,840 20,000 24,000 100,000 2020 58 10 34 155 83 - 27,840 21,000 136,000 74,400 332,000 2021 6 4 20 8 - 2,880 16,000 9,600 32,000 2022 3 2 57 33 2 1,440 4,200 - 27,360 132,000 3,200,000 2023 9 7 96 50 1 4,320 28,000 46,080 200,000 1,600,000 2024 61 11 36 162 83 1 29,280 23,100 144,000 77,760 332,000 1,600,000 2025 14 1 8 65 30 - 6,720 2,100 32,000 31,200 120,000 -
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Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan Annual Operation and Maintenance Cost of Domestic Waste Collection and Transportation System Capital, operating and maintenance costs have been estimated based on the capital investments, personnel costs, operating costs and maintenance as a percentage of the investment. For calculation of annual costs related to waste collection and transportation, the unit costs listed in Table 3.25 have been used. Table 3.25 Operation and maintenance unit cost Item
Annual Unit costs (x 1,000 VND/year)
240 L bin Cost: 480,000 VND Lifespan: 4 years Annual write down 120,000 VND Annual maintenance cost = 5% of investment/year = 24,000 VND/year/container 660 L container Cost: 2,100,000 VND Lifespan: 4 years Annual write down 525,000 VND Annual maintenance cost = 5% of investment/year = 105,000 VND/year/container 660 L pushcart Cost: 4,000,000 VND Lifespan: 4 years Annual write down 1,000,000 VND Annual maintenance cost = 5% of investment/year = 200,000 VND/year/container 8 tonne rear-loading compactor truck Cost: 1,600,000,000 VND Lifespan: 10 years Annual write down 160,000,000 VND Annual maintenance cost = 5% of investment/year = 50,000,000 VND/year/truck Fuel for compactor truck: (8 ltr./hour x 8 hours/day x 300 days/year x 21,000 VND/ltr = 403,200,000 VND/year/truck) Equipment per worker: Working clothes, brooms, shovels, gloves (per employee) Average salaries per driver of compactor truck Total salary, including bonus, compensation, social costs etc. Average salaries per waste collector and assistant of compactor truck driver Total salary including social costs etc.
144
630
1,200
210,000
403,200
300 30,000 21,600
On the basis of the unit prices and the number of facilities and equipment estimated, the total annual costs for the collection and transportation system can be calculated. The result is shown in Table 3.26.
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Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.26 Total cost for operating a waste collection system within the district Total Operation Costs and Maintenance Cost (x 1,000 VND) Sub-towns Communes Compactor truck Equipment Salary for Year 240 L 660 L 660 L 240 L 660 L Fuel for workers truck drivers bins containers pushcarts bins pushcarts Maintenance 2012 504 840 7,200 1,536 24,400 150,000 1,209,600 16,500 60,000 2013 48 105 1,000 96 1,400 150,000 1,209,600 18,000 60,000 2014 150,000 1,209,600 24,000 90,000 2015 48 210 1,000 150,000 1,209,600 23,550 90,000 2016 504 840 7,200 1,560 24,400 150,000 1,209,600 24,000 90,000 2017 72 105 1,200 96 2,000 150,000 1,209,600 24,300 90,000 2018 150,000 1,209,600 23,400 90,000 2019 48 210 1,000 288 5,200 200,000 1,612,800 27,900 90,000 2020 552 840 7,800 1,704 26,200 200,000 1,612,800 29,700 90,000 2021 72 105 1,200 96 2,200 200,000 1,612,800 29,700 90,000 2022 200 24 200,000 1,612,800 30,150 90,000 2023 48 210 1,200 552 9,600 200,000 1,612,800 34,800 120,000 2024 552 945 7,800 1,800 26,800 200,000 1,612,800 35,100 120,000 2025 72 105 1,200 336 6,200 250,000 2,016,000 39,000 120,000
Salary for workers 1,144,800 1,252,800 1,663,200 1,630,800 1,663,200 1,684,800 1,620,000 1,944,000 2,073,600 2,073,600 2,106,000 2,419,200 2,440,800 2,721,600
Total 3,280,780 3,380,349 3,760,950 3,685,558 3,718,804 3,731,573 3,618,600 4,415,446 4,577,196 4,554,723 4,595,074 4,858,310 4,917,447 5,611,863
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Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan As can be seen in table 3.26 the costs of the system are considerable and over 50% of the costs are labour costs. The total costs in 2015 would be around 3.06 billion VND; this would serve to collect 8,369 tonnes of domestic waste, at a time when there are approximately 182,000 inhabitants in the district. Hence the cost is around 365,500 VND per tonne or around 16,800 VND per citizen per year. If it is assumed that 50% of the population is served by the waste collection service and that the population bears 67% of the costs (the remaining third being borne by shops, institutions, industries, etc.), this amounts to a cost per citizen of 2 * 16,800 * 2/3 = 22,400 VND per year. So if an average household has five people, the monthly cost is around 9,300 VND. These costs only include waste collection and transport to the disposal site; i.e. capital and operating costs for a sanitary landfill are not included. Included in the above estimate are all costs for purchasing new compactor trucks, bins and pushcarts, as well as the maintenance of these, safety equipment for workers and fuel for the vehicles. Administration costs are not included. There are naturally means to reduce these costs: The most obvious is to minimise salary costs by reducing the necessary staff to a minimum. Contracting out the operation of pushcarts to individuals could be one way to reduce costs. At present a pushcarts only completes one collection route per day. In towns a waste collection worker can normally complete two collection routes with a pushcart per day. This means that each worker in towns could be issued with two pushcarts or that the garbage truck come to empty the pushcart twice during the day. Either way, the number of collection workers in towns will be halved, furthermore, if the pushcart is emptied twice per day, only half the number of pushcarts is needed. Finally, the trucks only operate around 8 hours per day in these estimations, and significant gains could be made if the trucks operated for longer periods every day. In some countries, for example Denmark, the garbage truck are generally operated in two shifts per day (i.e. 16 hours per day) to reduce costs as much as possible.
3.5.8. Fees and Cost Recovery for Waste Collection

Decision No. 23/2008/Q-UNBD Binh Dinh regulates that all organisations, households and individuals who used waste service system have to pay fees as follows: - Households in the towns or sub-towns of the other districts (except for Quy Nhon City) located along main roads (asphalted or concrete roads) have to pay 10,000 VND/household/month; while households located along main village roads (not asphalted or concrete roads) have to pay 8,000 VND/household/month. Households located along small roads or alleys have to pay 6,000 VND/household/month; - Households in communes of other districts located along main roads, highways have to pay 8,000 VND/household/month while households located along small roads or alleys have to pay 5,000 VND/household/month; - Food selling households in districts have to pay 25,000 VND/household/month; - Other business households in districts have to pay 20,000 VND/household/month; - In the market, shop owners have to pay 10,000-20,000 VND/shop/month depending on amount of waste generated; - Offices have to pay 45,000 VND/office/month; and - Markets, hospitals and enterprises have to pay 60,000 VND/m3 of domestic solid waste that is generated and collected. The full amount of collected fees must be used to cover the costs of waste collection, transportation, treatment and fee collection activities.
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Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan Full cost recovery for the waste collection system means that total cost for financing and operating a waste collection system should have to be covered through fees to be paid by the waste producers. The waste collection system is divided into a primary collection system that covers the activities from the waste generation sources such as households, markets, hospitals, etc. to the transfer points; and the secondary collection system from transfer points to the landfill or composting plant. On average every household will have five persons. If applying the fee regulated in Decision No. 23/2008/Q-UBND as follows: - In the town and sub-towns, 30% of all serviced households have to pay 10,000 VND/household/month; 20% have to pay 8,000 VND/household/month and 50% have to pay 6,000 VND/household/month; and - In the communes, 30% of households have to pay 8,000 VND/household/month and 70% have to pay 5,000 VND/household/month. Cost recovery from household fee as estimated in Table 3.27 (with assumption that 100% of serviced household pay collection fee) is insufficient to compensate 2/3 of the total cost for operating a waste collection system in Phu My District11. It is possible to compensate 58-91% (from 2012 to 2025) of the cost for operating the secondary collection system (to transport collected wastes to the landfill) or about 38-50% (from 2012 to 2025) of the cost for operating the primary collection system. Thus, it is obviously that in order to compensate the operational cost of the waste collection system, household fee must be higher than the present regulated fee. Table 3.27 Cost recovery for waste collection system Year Total cost for Total cost for Total cost for operating operating primary operating waste waste collection secondary waste collection system (x 1000 collection system system VND/year) (x 1000 VND/year) (x 1000 VND/year) 2012 3.280.780 1.831.180 1.449.600 2013 3.380.349 1.930.749 1.449.600 2014 3.760.950 2.311.350 1.449.600 2015 3.685.558 2.235.958 1.449.600 2016 3.718.804 2.269.204 1.449.600 2017 3.731.573 2.281.973 1.449.600 2018 3.618.600 2.169.000 1.449.600 2019 4.415.446 2.482.646 1.932.800 2020 4.577.196 2.644.396 1.932.800 2021 4.554.723 2.621.923 1.932.800 2022 4.595.074 2.662.274 1.932.800 2023 4.858.310 2.925.510 1.932.800 2024 4.917.447 2.984.647 1.932.800 2025 5.611.863 3.195.863 2.416.000
Number of serviced households Communes
Subtowns 2,318 2,459 2,487 2,516 2,546 2,605 2,823 3,047 3,082 3,118 3,154 3,154 3,390 3,631
3,906 4,953 7,568 8,203 8,298 8,394 8,491 10,540 12,472 12,617 12,763 14,547 14,715 16,890
Cost recovery from household fee (x 1000 VND/year) 487,916 574,956 762,666 810,228 819,627 831,858 858,674 1,024,069 1,164,113 1,177,617 1,191,277 1,317,527 1,350,996 1,526,931
11
The remaining 1/3 of the total cost for operating a waste collection system in An Nhon District will be covered by the fee collection from shops, offices, hospitals, markets, industrial zones, etc.
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Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan The District has to consider one of the three following options: - Option 1: Apply household fee indicated in Decision No. 23/2008/QD-UBND as mentioned above. + Advantage: because this option is based on Decision of the Province, so there is no explanation requirement. + Disadvantage: if applied this collection fee for households, cost recovery from household fee can only compensate 58-91% of the operational cost of secondary collection system. That mean the District has to find budget to operate primary collection system and waste treatment (landfill operation and maintenance). Option 2: Increase household fee so that it could help to recover 2/3 of the cost for operating the primary waste collection system (Table 3.28) (and the remaining will be covered by the fee collection from other waste generation sources). In this case, households have to pay in average about 11,400 VND/household/month in 2012 and reduce to 8,200 VND/household/month in 2025. + Advantage: Implementation of this option would help to save the budget of the District compared to the option 1. A slightly increase in the fee seems to be feasible to convince households to pay for waste collection. In this case, the District has to find budget to operate secondary collection system and waste treatment (landfill operation and maintenance). + Disadvantage: new fee should be approved by the Province. Option 3: Increase household fee so that it could help to recover 2/3 of the total operational cost of waste collection system (Table 3.28) (and the remaining will be covered by the fee collection from other waste generation sources). In this case, households have to pay in average about 18,800 VND/household/month in 2012 and decreasing to 12,750 VND/household/month in 2025. + Advantage: Implementation of this option would help to save the budget of the District compared to the option 1 and 2. In this case, the District has to find budget only for waste treatment (landfill operation and maintenance). + Disadvantage: (1) new fee should be approved by the Province; (2) it would be more difficult to convince households to pay fee compared to the option 2. Table 3.28 Recommended household fee (VND/household/month) Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 New household fee recommended option 2 11,352 10,461 10,189 9,367 9,448 9,440 8,809 8,861 8,275 8,183 8,219 8,442 New household fee recommended option 3 18,802 16,715 17,104 15,854 15,862 15,763 14,955 13,979 12,746 12,602 12,588 13,680 46
Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan 2024 2025 8,334 8,231 13,455 12,749
Household fee could be reduced year by year in the future as the number of serviced household is increased. This is also an important point for the District to consider in setting action plan for improving solid waste management of the District in the coming years.
3.6.
Requirements for Capacity Development and Awareness Raising
This section describes the requirements capacity development and awareness raising programme from 2012 through 2025. A section is included covering the costs of these recommended activities. The programme is structured around the building of Environmental Communication Teams at all levels within the District whilst funds are available through the Water Supply and Sanitation Project. From 2015, when only the more limited local budgets are available to fund these activities, the operations will be maintained due to the skills acquired during the initial years.
3.6.1. Background
The Environment Protection Agency under the provincial Department of Natural Resources and Environment is in charge of environmental communication activity in Binh Dinh Province. Regarding the administrative management, EPA delegates most of its environment management activities to the districts. District DONRE represents the district in managing and implementing environmental management and communication activities at the commune and town level. However, these activities are generally limited to meetings on around special events (e.g. Earth Day) and therefore do not fully meet the goals of increasing community awareness for the following reasons: The budget for this activity is usually low, although every District has 1% of their yearly budget allocated for the environmental protection activities; this is called the Environment Life-work budget. However, most of this budget is used for waste collection and treatment activities. The human resources available for implementing the environmental communication activities are limited. Most of the human resources come from the District Office of Natural Resources and Environmental, as well as from Environmental and Land officers from wards and communes These officers have limited knowledge of environmental communication and waste management; this especially applies to officers at the commune level.
3.6.2. Capacity Development and Training within the district

A District Solid Waste Management (DSWM) Board and working groups will be established (see implementation/action plan, section 2.1: Establish a district solid waste management board). This board will be responsible for all aspects of the implementation of the District Solid Waste Management Plan. Under the DSWM board several working groups will be formed. Each working group focuses on the management of a specific area of the district SWM (e.g. industrial waste, health care waste, agricultural waste, collection & transport of domestic waste, organic waste treatment at source, landfill construction, etc.). The DSWM board coordinates and supervises the working groups. The management of a specific SWM area may cover several activities, such as awareness raising for a specific target group (for instance, the working group industrial waste management organises awareness raising for the target population industrial enterprises), funding of all 47
Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan activities and fee collection, specific waste collection / transport / treatment (for instance, the working group industrial waste management is responsible for ensuring industrial waste is separated, reused, recycled, collected, transported and/or treated according to the law and regulations). WSSP together with the province will support the work of the DSWM board as well as the working groups through its capacity development actions from mid 2011 until mid 2014. In the first phase (mid 2011 2012) support will be given to the start up and first tasks of these newly established board and working groups, through on-the-job-guidance from SWM experts. Especially for the working groups, guidance will be given to situation analyses, stakeholder analyses and process analyses, which will be the basis for further informed planning and budgeting in the specific SWM area of each working group. In a second phase (2013 mid 2014) the capacity development actions are continued coaching (but less intensive) of the change process as described in the DSWMPs, and based on what has been achieved in 2011. Furthermore, technical trainings will also be provided for the specific needs that have come up in the working groups.
3.6.3. Basic for a Awareness Raising Programme from 2012 to 2014

Under the management of the PPMU, the EPA of the Binh Dinh DONRE is contracted (hired) to carry out an Awareness Raising Programme (ARP) that includes a pilot phase in 2011. Further collaboration with EPA for the extension phase from 2012 to 2014 will be considered based on the achievement level of the pilot phase in 2011. The target group of this component include the community people and the pupils in primary and secondary schools. The awareness raising is planned in great detail in the ARP document of pilot phase, which includes the awareness raising programme for the Hoai Nhon District. Here the plan recommends that: The awareness raising should be carried out in most of the areas where the SWM system is already or will be established. The members of the communication group should be complemented by members of the waste collection group, so that these can cooperate in the communication activities regarding solid waste management at the community level. Beside the general objective of the ARP, the specific objectives should be more concrete such as: o Increasing the number of household involving the waste collection service i.e. from 10% to 50%. o Increasing the number of household paying for the waste collection service based on the baseline when programme started. o Reducing the frequency of illegal waste disposal and illegal dumpsite within communities. o As the treatment of organic waste at source is an important part of the waste management plan, the methods for progressive organic treatment at source must be part of the focus for the training course for the Environmental Communication Teams. The methods should be simple and inexpensive. o Increase the number of private clinics involved in the healthcare waste collection service. o Increase the volume of organic waste that is treated at source. The action plan of each Environmental Communication Team should be prepared at grass-root level. Each community has to identify their needs based on the community approach such as community rapid appraisal, community action plan with a participatory
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Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan approach. Visual tools such as mapping community problems and problem tree should be used. Other than the monitoring and evaluating system designed by Provincial and District level, each Communication Team needs to have results of this monitoring and evaluating program to adjust their action plan every year.
3.6.4. Strategy and Objectives

To mitigate the shortages of funding and skilled staff at the District level within environmental communication, and to make full use of the resources available through the Water Supply and Sanitation Project up to the year 2014, the strategy on capacity development and communication for the period to the year 2025 is based on the following considerations: To establish key Environmental Communication Teams within towns, communes and schools rapidly. These teams will be trained in environmental communication principles and solid waste management in order to be able to organise and implement these activities, with the goal that they must be able to organise solid waste management activities within their own town, ward or commune. The key groups will be trained with sufficient knowledge on environmental communication and sustainable solid waste management, solutions to reduce waste at dumpsite, skills on organising and implementing the environmental communication activity at community level. The towns, communes and schools should formulate and implement their individual communication plans on waste issues with the aim of meeting the objectives of the District Solid Waste Management Plan. The improvement of the solid waste management services within the district, towns and communes will be monitored on a quarterly, semester or yearly basis as appropriate. Here precise indicators will be used to compare the actual progress with the objectives of the District Solid Waste Management Plan, such as the percentage of households receiving waste collection service, the percentage of households that are paying waste collection fees, and the percentage of households that are treating organic waste at home. During the period 2012-2014, the budget resource will rely on the Water Supply and Sanitation Projects budget. The focus will be on capacity development for core teams. For the period from 2015 the focus will be on maintaining the existing activities, hence lowering the financial requirements. Here the resource from Environment Life-work budget should be able to cover the necessary project activities.
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3.6.5. Organisation and Implementation Structure

To ensure the autonomy and self-motivation of the Environmental Communication Teams, the recommended organisational structure is as follows:
Env. Communication core team at district level Env. Communication core team at Towns/communes level Waste collectors MB Waste collectors Env. Communic ation team at community level Households Env. Communication team at school level
EPA
DoCI Provincial level
PPMU (2012 2014)
Market MB
Pupils
HH Sellers
Note: DoCI: Department of Culture and Information (this component will implement at provincial level) Direct relationship Indirect relationship (supporting/ advice/ broadcasting)
The resources and functions should as follows: Unit 1 Environmental Communication Core team at district level Responsibilities - In charge of overall management and coordinate the environmental communication activity at district level. - To approve activity plan and support budget/tools/means/documents for environmental communication activity. - To orient the precise objectives for Members Leader/Director of the Natural Resource and Environment Office District Natural Resource and Environment Office officers. District Womens Union officer District Youth Association officer District Farming Association 50
Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan Unit Responsibilities each area, each period for the environmental communication groups at towns, communes based on the approved (or adjust during the implementation process). To organise capacity development for key groups on SWM and communication skill. In the period 2012 2014 PPMU and EPA will direct support budget as well as techniques. From 2015 2025 the groups will be selfmanagement and implement through the Environment Life-work budget of District and the consulting of EPA. To participate the capacity development organised by district. To cooperate with environmental communication (EC) groups at hamlets/sub-wards/cells) to formulate a yearly action plan on environmental communication and submit to the district for approval. To provide documents / communication tools/ budget for EC activities at community In the period from 2012 2014 will organise training on SWM, communication skills for community EC groups To cooperate/ support with community EC groups to implement the EC activity based on the approved action plan. To organise quarterly meeting with EC group to review the implementation process based on the supervisory plan and detailed indicators in order to adjust the action plan accordingly To participate in the capacity development program organised by the district. To cooperate with head teachers/mistress in schools to build a yearly EC and submit to the district for approval. To provide documents/ communication tools/ budget for EC Members officer. - District Educational Office staff. - (6 members)
2 Environmental Communication Core Team at Town/commune level
- Leader of PC of towns/communes, in charge of group leader - Officer who is in charge of Environment activity - WU staff. - YA staff. - Veteran Association staff. - Farming Association staff - (6 7 members)
3 Environmental Communication Core Team at school level
- Representative of school management board. - Teachers who in charge of the movements - Teachers at primary school: teaching music and fine arts. Teachers at secondary schools: teaching civics and biology 51
Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan Unit Responsibilities activities in classes. In the period from 2012 2014 will provide training on SWM, communication skills for head teachers in schools. To cooperate with and support teachers in carrying out the EC activity based on the approved action plan. To review every quarter with the head teacher on the process of the program based on the action plan and indicators in order to adjust accordingly. To participate into capacity development program on SWM, environmental communication skills organised by towns/communes. To present the ideas/initiatives of the community and to cooperate with the key EC group at towns/communes to build the environmental communication action plan at their hamlet/subward. To implement the environmental communication at their hamlet/subward. The main communication will be: organise meeting at cells to discuss with community people on the improvement of the existing SWM at their communities; home visits to mobilise, consulting and explanation on the habit/attitude to improve the existing SWM such as: participate the collection service, payment collection fee dispose the waste in time, sorting waste at home, treatment organic waste at home by simple techniques. To record information/data, detail figure with the core group to supervise the implementing process of the environmental communication activities To participate into capacity development program on SWM, environmental communication skills organised by schools. To cooperate with core group to Members
4 Environmental Communication Team at community level
This is a main force to work with community people in hamlet/sub-ward. Therefore, the members of the team will be flexible. It is depending to the context of each area to invite the ones who has free time and interested in this environmental activity. However, the core members should be based on the existing mass organisation and local authority staff such as: - Sub-ward management board member. - Cell leaders. - WU branch - YA. - Farming Association branch. - Veteran Association branch. - Volunteers who are ready to participate into environmental communication activity. - Waste collection workers at community.
5 Environmental Communication Team at school level
For Primary schools, the team will be included of all teachers (each teacher will in charge of one class). For secondary schools, the team 52
Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan Unit Responsibilities formulate the EC activity for school. - To carry out the EC activity in classes. The main EC program will be: teaching the pupils on having right attitude/behaviour with the disposal of waste, organise some concrete activities for pupils participate as waste separation at school; treating food wastes, leafs at school by using simple techniques (according to the condition of each school); organise competition for pupils on the knowledge on waste - To record the data/information, figures in order to cooperation with the core group to supervise the environmental communication implementation process. Members will be included mistresses in order to integrate this subject into their regular meetings or organise extra-curricular activities
3.6.6. Awareness Raising through the Public Media

Public media is an important communication channel for the dissemination of information to a large population and an excellent means of attracting peoples attention. Advertising within local media aims to educate people on solid waste issues and get them to change their behaviour in line with the Districts Solid Waste Management Plans. The focus will be on promoting the treatment at source of organic waste, suitable practices for setting out waste for collection and the importance of paying the waste collection fees. The three communication channels that should be used are newspapers, radio and television. For the period 2012 2014 it is suggested that the PPMU should sign the contract with EPA to implement these activities; the EPA can then in turn sign separate contracts with some of the following media as appropriate: Binh Dinh Newspaper. Binh Dinh television station. Binh Dinh broadcasting radio station.
Topic for the communication should include the following topics: Introducing the project activities quarterly. Introducing the organic waste treatment simple technologies such as composting and the black soldier fly larvae. Practical aspects of the solid waste collection system. The importance of paying waste collection fees. Introducing more general aspects of the solid waste management system issue in Binh Dinh.
For the communication through television it is suggested to advertising good behaviour through a few video clips that are alternated as the environmental communication programme will be implemented throughout the year. The changes in clips will keep people watching. Scenes and 53
Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan scripts should be developed for educational purpose but with a great sense of humour. Actors practices are representative of the local peoples practices. The EPA should sign the contract with the provincial television company to broadcast the programme at a certain time during the day when it is known that most people will be watching the local TV channel. For example, the broadcasting time can be in the evening after the news programme or during the break in a film. The produced video clips should be copied into DVDs to be distributed to motivators, towns, communes, schools and other civil organisations as supporting IEC material. These video clips can then be shown in meetings, training sessions or workshops at schools and/or for organisations. This gives a chance for a number of people who do not watch television to be approached by the programme. From 2012, the District Peoples Committee will submit proposals to the Binh Dinh Peoples Committee to assign both TV and radio stations to broadcast news relating to solid waste management as part of their responsibility for raising environment awareness. This component will in practice be formulated for the whole province by public broadcasting system of Binh Dinh province.
3.6.7. Requirements to Improve the Waste Collection

To ensure that the population makes full and correct use of an expanded waste collection system, as well as to ensure that they pay their waste collection fees, a continuous educational programme is required. Such a programme can initially be under the ARP described in section 3.6.3 but after 2014 this must be under the District authorities and financed through the Province and District budgets (or financed through the fees collected for waste management). These awareness programmes must reach all stakeholders, including households, shops, institutions and enterprises. The cornerstones of such the awareness raising programmes will be to: Under the direction of the Environmental Communication Core Team at town/commune level, the Environmental Communication Team at community level will ensure that awareness is raised throughout the community regarding the new waste collection system, covering how waste should be placed for collection, collection hours, the payment of waste collection fees, the importance of not littering and so forth. The Environmental Communication Teams at school level will raise the childrens awareness about the importance of handling waste correctly and will help them influence their parents and other family members in making the best possible use of the new waste collection system. The provincial level broadcasting through the public media (see section 3.6.6) will raise the general populations awareness.
3.6.8. Strengthening the Recycling at Source

This District Solid Waste Management Plan calls for 15% of the total generated domestic solid waste stream, consisting of organic waste, to be treated at source by the year 2025 in towns and likewise 30% in communes. This will call for technologies such as those described in section 3.4, covering the composting of market waste, the usage of Mesophilic Storage Units for households and commercial black soldier fly larvae production. Ensuring that such methodologies are successfully implemented throughout the District will require an important and continuous awareness raising and educational effort. Initially, it is very important that demonstration projects are implemented under the direction of the District Project Management Group to show that the technologies can be successfully implemented in both towns and communes. Through the
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Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan demonstration projects, those responsible will learn (by trail and error, as well as through consultants) how these treatment methods can be made to work. This endeavour must include an incessant programme of capacity development and assistance to larger-scale composting or commercial black soldier fly larvae production; as well as a continued support at all administrative levels within the District to implement and uphold the operation of Mesophilic Storage Units. Steps that should be taken to insure the successful implementation and operation of Mesophilic Storage Units include: Under the direction of the Environmental Communication Core Team at town/commune level, the Environmental Communication Team at community level will provide information and support to households making use of the mesophilic storage units. The Environmental Communication Teams at school level will raise the childrens interest in the treatment of organic waste at source and give them an understanding and interest in the proposed mesophilic storage units. The provincial level broadcasting through the public media (see section 3.6.6) will raise the general populations awareness.
A second consideration is for towns and communes to establish a small scale composting facilities at their wet market; in this case it is important to: Choose the appropriate technology with a simple operation and low cost. Separate recyclable, organic and non-organic wastes at source That the Market Management Board agrees with this idea and that they provide the land for a composting facility or a location to store the organic waste separately. They can then help organise the scavengers at market into a group; this group is then allowed to work in this area managing the waste and operating the composting facility.
Here the Environmental Communication Core Team at town/commune level can assist the District authorities in setting up the small scale facilities. Finally, there may be plans for scavengers (or others) to operate a commercial black soldier fly larvae production; these will require support from the District authorities and the Environmental Communication Core Team at town/commune level to ensure a successful implementation: Provision of information on how to operate a commercial black soldier fly larvae production. A site to place the equipment. Assistance from the Environmental Communication Team to ensure that organic waste can be collected from households, restaurants, etc. Support on the sale of the larvae.
3.6.9. Capacity Development and Training within the District

The District will need support in the form of technical expertise to put into operation this Solid Waste Management Plan. It is foreseen that approximately 110 man days of national expertise will be available to the District for the years 2012 to 2014. This expertise can be used to help tender for equipment, to help with demonstration project, for training of District staff and others involved in solid waste management, as well as assisting with completing the new solid waste management system.
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3.6.10. Cost of Capacity Development and Awareness Raising Programmes 2012 2025
The costs of the above programmes that are described in this section are estimated in this section.
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Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.29 Annual Costs for District Awareness Raising Programme (in 1,000 VND)
Activity 2011 (4 towns/communes) Cost
Unit No price No
2012 (3 towns/ communes) Cost

price
2013 (12 new communes) Cost

No price No
2014 Cost
price
total 2011 - 2015-2025 (Annual Costs) 2014 Cost

No price
1 Technical Expertise Support

Pool of Experts Training Materials and Course Costs Demonstration Projects days unit
50 10 1 147,200 40,000 20,000 20,000 40,000 20,000 20,000 40,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 7,200 113,600 20,000 60,000 33,600 84,000 20,000 40,000 24,000 344,800
45,000 5,000 40,000
2 Capacity building for core team at Dist. level 2.1 Training/ w orkshop at Dist. level
For core team of tow ns/communes For core team of school Time Time Time Time Time Time unit Per. Time Time Time Time Time Time
1 1 1 1 1 1 4 6
20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 5,000 1,200
1 1 1 1 1 1 7 6
20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 5,000 1,200
2.2 Sharing experience

For core team of tow ns/communes For core team of school
2.3 Annual closure w orkshop

For core team of tow ns/communes For core team of school
2.4 Com m unication tools 2.5 Managem ent fee (stationary/ transportation m eans) Dist. Core team (6
per.)
2,340,000 2,250,000 50,000 40,000 162,200 40,000 20,000 20,000 40,000 20,000 20,000 40,000 20,000 20,000 35,000 7,200 198,800 35,000 105,000 58,800 147,000 35,000 70,000 42,000 2,848,000
30 6
45,000 5,000
2 2 2 2 1 1 12 6
20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 5,000 1,200
1,380,000 1,350,000 30,000 267,200 80,000 40,000 40,000 80,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 20,000 20,000 60,000 7,200 434,600 95,000 180,000 159,600 329,000 95,000 120,000 114,000 2,410,800
30 45,000 6 5,000
1,380,000 1,350,000 30,000 127,200 -
5,100,000
1 30,000 1 30,000 12 5,000 6 1,200
60,000 30,000 30,000 60,000 7,200 434,600 95,000 180,000 159,600 329,000 95,000 120,000 114,000 2,270,800
703,800 160,000 80,000 80,000 160,000 80,000 80,000 180,000 90,000 90,000 175,000 28,800 1,181,600 245,000 525,000 411,600 889,000 245,000 350,000 294,000 7,874,400 6 1,200
7,200 -
7,200 254,600 95,000 159,600 209,000 95,000 114,000 470,800
3 Im plem enting Aw areness raising at com m unity

Formulating annual action plan Supporting community activities (tow ns/ communes) Management fee (stationary/ transportation means) tow ns/ communes Core team (7 per./ tow ns/ communes)
4 4 4
5,000 15,000 8,400
7 7 7
5,000 15,000 8,400
19 12 19
5,000 15,000 8,400
19 12 19
5,000 15,000 8,400
19 19
5,000 8,400
4 Im plem enting Aw areness raising at school

Formulating annual action plan Supporting school activities (tow ns/ communes) Management fee (stationary/ transportation means) Total
4 4 4
5,000 10,000 6,000
7 7 7
5,000 10,000 6,000
19 12 19
5,000 10,000 6,000
19 12 19
5,000 10,000 6,000
19 19
5,000 6,000
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Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.30 Budget Capacity Development for District Solid Waste Management (Euro) (from excel file "CD actions 2011 Total Basis for calculation 2011 - SEM2" year Establishment of 6,200 DSWMGroups & subgroups in 4 districts: Define coaching process of 8,340 sub-groups: Start up coaching processes & 34,000 follow up Total 48,540 2012 increasing input (HR+budget) from province/districts is needed coaching of sub groups 48,000 5 working (consultant fees) groups*100EUR/consultant/d*8d/m*12m coaching process 10,080 30 EUR/meeting*4 districts*1 board & 5 (meetings/workshops) working groups*12m Total 58,080 2013 increasing input (HR+budget) from province/districts is needed continued coaching (less 25,200 (1 board+6 intensive) workinggroups)*100EUR/consultant/d*3d/ m*12m possible technical trainings 12,500 technical, project management, leadership, ... 5 trainings (1 training per working group area*5 working group areas) 25 participants*5 trainings*100 EUR/p/training coaching process 10,080 30 EUR/meeting*4 districts*1 board & 5 (meetings/workshops) working groups*12m Total 47,780 2014 input (HR+budget) provided by province/districts 10,080 30 EUR/meeting*4 districts*1 board & 5 workinggroups*12m Total BUDGET (2011 2014) 164,480 The above table includes costs for: experts contracted to coach the districts on the longer term (2 years) with their planning and implementation allowances to organise meetings of the working groups study trips technical trainings for members of the working groups or other people that need training.
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Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.31 Total cost for the Public Broadcasting Programme covering four Districts (in 1,000 VND)
2012 STT Content unit time Price 400 No 10 1 90 4 4 2 2 total cost 284,000 4,000 100,000 180,000 9,600 1,600 8,000 4,800 800 4,000 50,000 348,400 No 10 1 90 4 4 2 2 10,000 10,000 2013 total cost 284,000 4,000 100,000 180,000 9,600 1,600 8,000 4,800 800 4,000 50,000 348,400 No 10 1 90 4 4 2 2 10,000 10,000 2014 total cost 284,000 4,000 100,000 180,000 9,600 1,600 8,000 4,800 800 4,000 50,000 348,400 852,000 12,000 300,000 540,000 28,800 4,800 24,000 14,400 2,400 12,000 150,000 1,045,200 Total 2012- 2014 Yearly (2015 - 2025) No 10 1 90 4 4 2 2 10,000 10,000 total cost 284,000 4,000 100,000 180,000 9,600 1,600 8,000 4,800 800 4,000 50,000 348,400
1 Television station 1.1 Television news 1.2 Video clip production 1.3 Video clip broadcast 2 Radion station 2.1 Radio news Technical article (composting, SWM 2.2 sustainability) 3 Newspaper 3.1 News page 3.2 Technical article (composting) 4 Publishement of DVD Total
video clip 100,000 time time article article article unit 2,000 400 2,000 400 2,000
5 10,000
As can be seen from the above about 5 billion VND of technical support are foreseen over the years 2012 to 2014, whilst the plan is being implemented. The costs for the awareness raising programme come to approximately 2.8 billion VND for the awareness raising programme plus about 1 billion VND for the public broadcasting programme. Hereafter the annual costs are approximately 470 million VND for the awareness raising and 350 million for the public broadcasting covering all four Districts. The Water Supply and Sanitation project does not have sufficient funds to cover these costs, so participation of the Environment Life-work budget will be required.
3.7.
Requirements to the Waste Disposal System
Landfilling is accepted as a legal solution for final disposal of solid waste in Vietnam. This is regulated in the Joint circular No. 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment and the Ministry of Construction from January 18, 2001. The joint circular guides the regulations on environmental protection for the selection of location for, the construction and operation of, solid waste burial sites together with the Vietnamese Standard TCXD VN 261:2001 Solid Waste Landfill Design Standards promulgated by Decision No 35/2001/QD-BXD of the Ministry of Construction on January 26, 2001. Although in the hierarchy of an integrated solid waste management system, the landfill is the last choice due to its significant and negative environmental impacts, it still remains in the long term as an indispensable component of the current SWM practices in Vietnam, as there is a large and rapidly increasing volume of waste has to be disposed of. The district of Phu My within Binh Dinh Province is not an exceptional case, just similar to most of other areas in the country.
3.7.1. Quantity of Waste to Landfill 2011 2025

The quantity of waste for landfill is calculated as follows: WLandfill = (Wtotal Wtotal * Rrecycled Wtotal * Rcomposted) * Rcollection * (1.00 - Rrecycled at LF) Where: WLandfill : Wtotal : Rrecycled: Rcomposted: quantity of waste transported to landfill total quantity of waste generated rate of waste sold for recycling rate of waste treated/composted at source
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Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan Rcollection: Rrecycled at LF rate of collection, in percentage percentage recycled at the landfill
The assumptions described in section 3.3.2 were employed when calculating the quantity of waste that has to be landfilled every year. Based on these assumptions, the calculations result in the following flows of waste, including the annual quantity of waste going to landfill as shown in table 3.31. Table 3.31 Total amount of waste to landfill 2012 - 2025
Percenta ge Recycled at source Quantity Recycled at source Percenta ge Collected and Treated at Landfill
(Kg/day)
Year
Quantity Generated
Remaining after Recycled at source
Quantity Collected and Treated at Landfill

(Tonnes /yr)
(Kg/day)
(Tonnes/ yr)
(%)
(Kg/day )
(Tonnes /yr)
(Kg/day )
(Tonnes/ yr)
(%)
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
95,066 96,169 97,285 98,413 99,555 100,709 101,878 103,059 104,255 105,464 106,688 107,925 109,177 110,444 111,725 113,021
34,699 35,102 35,509 35,921 36,338 36,759 37,185 37,617 38,053 38,494 38,941 39,393 39,850 40,312 40,780 41,253
11 11 11 20 25 30 30 30 34 34 39 39 39 39 39 39
10,741 10,886 10,992 19,454 24,541 30,712 31,069 31,429 35,531 35,943 41,570 42,053 42,541 43,034 43,533 44,038
3,920 3,973 4,012 7,101 8,957 11,210 11,340 11,472 12,969 13,119 15,173 15,349 15,527 15,707 15,890 16,074
84,325 85,283 86,293 78,959 75,014 69,997 70,809 71,630 68,724 69,521 65,118 65,872 66,636 67,410 68,192 68,983
30,779 31,129 31,497 28,820 27,381 25,549 25,845 26,145 25,084 25,375 23,768 24,044 24,323 24,605 24,890 25,179
12 12 20 24 31 33 33 33 33 39 44 44 44 48 49 54
10,204 10,322 17,650 19,157 23,290 22,929 23,195 23,464 22,865 27,146 28,936 29,271 29,611 32,325 33,235 37,473
3.724 3.768 6.442 6.992 8.501 8.369 8.466 8.564 8.346 9.908 10.562 10.684 10.808 11.799 12.131 13.678
3.7.2. District Sanitary Landfill

To build a sanitary landfill for the district is in agreement with the Province Solid Waste Master Plan. The sanitary landfill will be in compliance with current national standards as required, i.e. with an impermeable bottom layer, a drainage system for surface storm water runoff, a leachate collection and treatment system, a landfill gas collection and treatment system, use waste compacting and a regular soil cover, regular environmental monitoring, and so forth. It must be noted that, given a number of uncertainties at present, the cost estimates are all not accurate and must be revised/adjusted in the future prior to implementing the sanitary landfill. The proposed landfill site is 11 kilometres from the centre of Phu My town to the north, off the road to My Tho, belonging to Gia Hoi village of My Phong commune.
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The site for the planned District landfill
The proposed new landfill site close to the Gia Ho village is suitable in term of minimum distance to National and Provincial main areas; to residential areas; to rivers and streams; to groundwater, exploitation works/structures; to airports, seaports and industrial areas.12 The total area reserved for the new sanitary landfill is 30 hectares. The landfill designed by CEEN in 2008 is sized to receive an average of 27.12 tonnes per day of waste. The waste cell will have a waste layer that is 11-12 metres thick. The bottom of the cell consists of a compacted clay layers and a HDPE layer. There is a gas collection system, as well as a leachate collection and treatment system that will discharge water to the surroundings meeting the requirements of the Standard TCVN 7733:2007 Effluent standards for leachate of solid waste landfill sites.. A surface water drainage system is provided around the landfill. The sites water supply is from drilled wells. The power supply is mainly for lighting. Proposed ancillary facilities include buildings, a weighbridge, a fence, environmental monitoring, a car park, a guard house, etc. The original estimate was made by CEEN in 2008. The cost estimate is based on the 2008 estimate by CEEN in 2008 and has been updated to 2011 costs; it can be found in Annex C, tables C1 and C2. As can be seen, the costs include 739 metre long access road, a weighbridge, a truck wash station, a material stockpile area, an office, guard house, a fence around the entire site and the sanitary landfill cells with their impermeable membrane and leachate collection system. Also included in the costs are the leachate treatment system, the water supply and electric systems and the closure of cells that have been filled with waste. Finally observation wells are included for the monitoring of the environment round the sanitary landfill and a bulldozer to be used daily in the operation of the landfill. Excluded from the costs are the costs of land acquisition; as well as the costs for the closure of the two existing dumpsites. As can be seen from the tables, the total investment costs for the sanitary landfill are 34.5 billion Dong, where the majority of the costs are for the construction of new landfill cells and the cost of machinery. The landfill proposed by CEEN is large enough to accommodate the waste generated by the district in the period 2013 2025. The landfill has been subdivided into 50,000 m3 cells; where a cell is closed when it is full. The design by CEEN proposes that all cells are built immediately, so in this scenario there will be empty cells that will remain unused for about 10 years (7 years in case of a shared landfill). This is not a recommended scenario, as the cells that are not used are difficult to preserve and they will be damaged by sunshine, vegetation and precipitation and deteriorate rapidly and therefore become unusable; thus, the initial investment may be lost to a large extend. In fact, the landfill may be planned in one design as was done by CEEN, but they may not be all fully built immediately. Thus, the dimensioning of the planned total area for the landfill site may be large enough to cover the entire planning period (say 15 years), but the construction of landfill
12
TCXDVN 261 : 2001
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Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan cells should be phased, with a new cells built only after the previous cell has been filled up. The size of each cell should not be larger than necessary, so that it will be filled within say about two years; no new additional cells should be built before needed. Therefore, the construction of the landfill cells is split into phases, so that there is an initial investment, subsequent additional investments for the new landfill cells, as well as operating costs for the landfill. The costs are based on the CEEN estimate, where the costs of landfills that are subsequently build, is deducted from the initial cost estimate. The operating costs for the years 2013 through 2025 can be found in Annex C, table C3. Here the main expenses are maintenance costs and the cost of staff. As can be seen in table 3.33, the total operating costs per tonne for the sanitary landfill come to approximately 430,000 VND per tonne. The sanitary landfill staff is foreseen as follows: Table 3.32 Landfill Staffing Staff Category
Landfill Manager Waste Controllers / (weighbridge Operators) LTP Operator Chief Mechanic Assistant Mechanics Electrician Machine Operators Cleaners Security Guards Various unskilled workers Total Staff:
Number
1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2
5
17
3.7.3. Benefits of a Shared Sanitary Landfill

In agreement with the Technical and Financial File of the project Water Supply and Sanitation Programme In Binh Dinh Province, chapter 2.2.2.1 Solid Waste Management Plans for the districts, and reviewing the Global strategy on solid waste for Binh Dinh province on page 15, the project should review the PSWMP, in order to make sure it will lead to the definition of a coherent strategy for the Province and the targeted districts. Such a review, based on international standards, must consider grouping some districts around the same landfill, while taking into account costs efficiency, accessibility, transport distance and the target population. Given the financial advantages, it is proposed that Phu My considers sharing a sanitary landfill with other district(s) or parts of them, preferably with parts or all of the three neighbouring districts of Hoai Nhon, Hoai An and An Lao. All the involved districts would benefit a lot, in terms of not only lower construction and operational costs, but also by minimising the negative environmental impacts. This would also allow saving a lot of land within the province, as each single landfill has to follow the requirements for safe distance (at least 300 m to a residential area, applied for small landfills and located not to the windward of residential areas). The costs for a shared landfill are estimated as shown in Annex C, table C4. With a shared landfill, it is foreseen that both the construction and operational costs can be minimised (due to the economy-of-scale principle) and also the overall environmental (negative) impacts will be reduced as a single landfill serves a larger area. Furthermore, this scenario could make certain options more practicable, for example the recovery and re-use of landfill gas to 62
Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan make energy is only viable when large quantities of waste are available. The landfill gas recovery can reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and lead to a net income through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).13 In practice, the Phu My District is willing to share a sanitary landfill with another District, if this is based on a decision by the PPC. Summary of the Capital and Operating Costs for the Sanitary Landfill The capital and operating costs for the period 2013 to 2025 for the sanitary landfill can be found in table 3.33. Table 3.33 Summary of the capital and operating costs for the period 2013 to 2025 for the sanitary landfill Item Unit Sanitary Landfill Shared Landfill Total tonnage received Tonnes 142,742 328,172 Initial investment costs MVND 24,137 26,414 Additional investment costs MVND 9,222 28,497 Operating costs MVND 23,263 26,637 Average costs per tonne VND/tonne 396,674 248,492
As can be seen in the above table, the overall landfill costs come to about 400,000 VND per tonne of waste received. Significant savings can be made by sharing the costs of building and operating a landfill. The basic infrastructure required is the same, though the operating costs are a little higher in terms of fuel consumption, chemicals for the leachate treatment costs, and so forth. In practice, sharing the landfill with Hoai Nhon District will reduce the costs by approximately 150,000 VND per tonne. This is a significant saving, especially given that this plan calls for around 23 tonnes of waste to be collected daily within the District a few years from now. Final disposal of solid waste by landfilling, if and where needed, will have to employ environmentally safe sanitary landfills. Taking into account both economic and environmental aspects, it is obvious that sharing a landfill has significant has significant cost advantages. The only challenge for this scenario is the possible resistance of the local residents where the shared landfill is to be located. To make this realistic, the district must design and implement an appropriate IEC and awareness raising programme for both local authorities and residents.
3.7.4. Procedure for Sharing a Sanitary Landfill

To manage a shared sanitary landfill, it is essential that the landfill operation is supervised by a strong management board that represents the interests of both (or more) Districts. The Landfill Management Board could be either lead by a Vice Chairman from the PPC or co-directed by Vice Chairmen of the involved districts. The Landfill Management Board must ensure that the sanitary landfill is built and operated to the best advantage of all parties. The Landfill Management Board should also include representatives from district sections covering Planning and Investment, Natural Resource and Environment, Agricultural and Rural Development, Urban Management , Public Health Section, as well the Commune PC where the landfill is located and the District waste management company(ies). It is important that the Landfill Management Board ensures that the sanitary landfill is managed in a transparent manner where all expenses are clearly accounted for. Given that the sanitary
13
The CDM option through landfill gas is only an option if organic waste is placed in the landfill. As mentioned elsewhere, composting activities also reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and are also eligible for CDM credits.
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Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan landfill will have a weighbridge and that all garbage trucks will be weighed upon arrival (and departure is desired) at the landfill, it will be possible to attribute the costs to each involved District based on the quantity of waste delivery to the sanitary landfill. All decisions regarding upgrades and expansion of the landfill should also be approved by the Landfill Management Board.
3.8.
Closure of Dumpsites
The existing dumpsites in Phu My should sooner or later be closed in order to avoid polluting the environment and to be in compliance with the national strategy on sustainable development. It is foreseen that over the next 15 years all dumpsites should be eliminated. Assuming (and it seems most likely) that no industrial hazardous waste was received by the dumpsites, they can be closed following the guidelines given in the Joint circular No. 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD of January 18, 2001 guiding the regulations on environmental protection for the selection of location for, the construction and operation of, solid waste burial sites" as follows: The final cover layer should have a clay content >30%, ensure a standard moisture and properly compacted, with a thickness 60 cm. The slope from the edge to the top should gradually increase from 3 to 5%, ensuring good draining, and thereafter: + Cover the buffer layer with a 50-60 cm thick layer of sandy soil + Covering with a 20-30 cm thick agricultural soil + Plant grass and trees Carry out a monitoring program, including the monitoring of air, water, soil and ecosystems, labour environment and local residents; health.
Once the dumpsite has been closed, the District Office of Natural Resources and Environment should develop a simple monitoring programme to ensure that the final cover layer remains intact.
3.9.
Cost Saving by Treating Organic Waste at Source
There are considerable savings to be made by composting the organic faction of waste at source. This District Solid Waste Management Plan has used a model where eventually 30% of the total waste stream is treated through composing (or similar processes) in communes and 15% of the waste stream is treated likewise in towns. In table 3.34 below the total costs are compared to scenarios where there is absolutely no treatment of organic waste at source and one where all organic waste is treated at source. In all three cases, it is assumed that the waste will be deposited in a District sanitary landfill. Table 3.34 Cost comparison for various composting scenarios Almost 100% of Current scenario organic waste is (30% in communes composted /15% in towns) Total Waste to landfill 2013 108,738 133,897 2025 (tonnes) Total Capital Costs (MVND) 30,408 34,453 Total Operating Costs 22,717 23,253 (MVND) Total Costs (MVND) 53,125 57,706
No treatment of organic waste at source 172,374 34,453 33,634 68,087 64
As can be seen there are significant savings in the current system, when compared to a system where there is no treatment of organic waste at source. The fact that about 38,000 tonnes less of waste are collected over the period 2013 2025, (134,000 tonnes versus 172,000 tonnes) means savings in the order of 10 billion VND. Hence, there are very strong financial incentives to minimise the flow of waste to landfill, as this significantly lowers the costs. Furthermore, waste minimisation benefits the environment.
4. Plan for Management of Industrial Waste till 2025

4.1. Definitions of Industrial/Hazardous Waste
Industrial solid waste is defined in Decree No. 59/2007/N-CP issued by Vietnamese Government as solid waste generated in industrial production, craft villages, business and service activities or other activities is collectively referred to as industrial solid waste. Furthermore, hazardous solid waste is described as solid waste containing substances or compounds that exhibit any of the characteristics of radioactivity, ignitability, explosiveness, corrosiveness, infectiousness, toxicity or other hazardous characteristics. Industrial waste represents waste generated from activities in manufacturing businesses that utilises raw material and machinery to generate marketable products in their premises. A small percentage of the industrial waste will be hazardous waste, these are also discussed below. Industrial waste is generated from manufacturing businesses that use raw material and machinery to generate products within their premises. Typical categories of manufacturing industries can be found below: Food processing Beverage manufacturing Wood-based products Manufacturing of chemical and chemical products Manufacturing of non-metallic mineral products Basic metals Manufacture of electrical machinery, apparatus, appliances and supplies Manufacture of transport equipment Textiles and garments
These categories of industries will each generate their particular industrial waste, where the waste characteristics will be dependent on the industrial production process. The wastes are often complex and heterogeneous ranging from inert inorganic waste (such as mineral, electronic and metal waste) to organic waste (such as plastics and foodstuffs). Industrial waste is the waste generated by the industrys production, as can be items such as mineral, electronic and metal waste, filter cakes, plastics, raw material wastage, off-spec products, floor sweepings, rags, packaging, etc.; so long as these do not fall under the MONREs definition of a hazardous waste In addition to the industrial waste generated, the industries will also generate a sizeable amount of general waste. This latter waste is common to all industries and includes packaging, office and canteen waste. Some of this waste (e.g. packaging) is often sold for recycling and the remained of this waste is usually handled as domestic solid waste. 65
The term Hazardous Waste applies to toxic and hazardous waste. These are defined as wastes containing components that are toxic, radioactive, inflammable, explosive, abrasive, contagious, poisonous or harmful.14 Vietnams National Technical Regulation on Hazardous Waste Thresholds (QCVN 07:2009/BTNMT) sets the standard for hazardous waste thresholds and is used to indentify wastes that may be considered hazardous. These technical regulations clearly describe the laboratory method that must be used for analysis of waste to determine whether it is a hazardous waste. Hazardous waste from industrial activities will include waste such as solvents, oils, PCBs, acids and plating baths. Healthcare risk waste is also defined as a hazardous waste (as it is contagious); these are discussed in section 5.
4.2.
Current Situation and Plans
There are four Industrial Clusters within the District; a fifth Industrial Cluster is under construction: The Binh Duong Industrial Cluster covers 100 hectares, of which 40 are in use. There is a titanium factory on the site, as well as wood processing, construction material manufacture and production of coconut fibre. There are 17 factories in total with approximately 2,000 workers. Some companies have signed waste collection contracts with the District garbage collection company. The 43 hectare Diem Tieu Industrial Cluster holds brick manufacturers, fertilizer production, as well as wood and seafood processing. In addition, there is a large vocational school located within this Industrial Cluster. The Dai Thanh Industrial Cluster covers an area of 63 hectares and holds packaging production, wood processing and brick kilns. The 73 hectare My Thanh Industrial Area hold one titanium factory that uses 15 hectares of the available area. The An Luong Industrial Cluster will eventually cover 50 hectares; this cluster is close to Phu My town and intended for clean industries, mainly within wood and agro-product processing and stone production. The Industrial Cluster has been planned for construction.
At present the general waste from industries is often collected by the local waste management company; this covers waste from canteens, offices and so forth. This general waste is included in the numbers for domestic solid waste in section 3.3.2. The consultant found that the disposal of containers that have held pesticides was a problem throughout the province. Some Districts have built boxes in the fields, with the intention that the farmers should place their pesticide waste in these boxes. This system did not work, as the farmers did not use the boxes and continue to dump the containers on their land. Some Districts are interested in again trying to collect these empty pesticide containers. This is not recommended as long as there is no disposal system for the empty pesticide packaging. If these containers were collected today, the District would have to store these as a hazardous waste, as there is no disposal system for hazardous waste within the region. At a later date, when a hazardous waste treatment facility is built within the region, the collected waste would then have to be shipped for treatment at great cost to the District.15
14
15
Law on Environmental Protection of 2005 that went into effect on 1 July 2006
The treatment fee would likely be in the region of 20,000 VND per kg or more.
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Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan For the empty pesticide containers, the Government of Vietnam should implement a programme in collaboration with the pesticide manufacturers, the importers and the distributers. The programme should ensure that when the farmers are supplied with new pesticides, the supplier will automatically take back empty pesticide packaging. There could be a deposit on the packaging, to ensure all packaging is returned. The pesticide distributers would then organise and implement an awareness programme, so that all farmers know how to store and return their empty pesticide containers.16 Given that the distributers transport full pesticide containers to sell to the farmers, it is easy for them to ensure that empty containers are transported back to their distribution centre or factory. The empty containers can then be reused or sent for treatment as hazardous waste.
4.3.
Possibilities for waste prevention and waste minimisation;
Typical main waste composition from industries can include scrap metals, plastics, paper and cardboard and food scraps. Such wastes can be sold or given away for recycling. Industries frequently have large amounts of raw materials that are wasted during the manufacturing process; likewise some industries have a significant percentage of products that do not meet the specifications. Both the wasted raw materials, as well as off-spec products are often discarded on-site, as this is an inexpensive solution. Commonly reusing these materials in the production makes good economic sense, as it reduces the companys costs for raw materials per unit product. Better utilisation of raw materials, as well as other resources such as water, should be encouraged. Some industrial hazardous waste is also recycled at the moment, this includes waste oils and waste lubricants that are currently sold to recyclers and used as a fuel, often in brick kilns. In the longer term; once there is a dedicated hazardous waste treatment facility within the region, this practice should be discontinued and the hazardous waste oils and lubricants should be treated at a specialised facility.
4.4.
Present and future quantities of Industrial Waste
At present this waste stream is not sufficiently regulated, so there is no readily available data on the number of waste generators, the nature of the wastes, their quantity or where they are currently being disposed. The Provincials Solid Waste Management Plan does state that The industrial SW collection in the district area has not currently managed, so there has not been any specific figure on the total amount of SW generated in the district. On the other hand the plan does predict that 8.2 tonnes per day will be generated in 2015 and 11.7 tonnes per day in 2020. Of these waste streams in 2020 17 63% were recycled or reused; 21% is hazardous waste; and the remaining 16% are non-hazardous waste. Clearly, the 21% must be mostly industrial wastes. Given that there are no current figures for the waste arisings, the predictions for 2015 and 2020 must be associated with a high degree of uncertainty. It is important for the District to obtain a better knowledge of exactly how much and what types of waste are generated by the industrial clusters within the District. It is recommended that a survey be organised to better determine the current situation. Such a survey should investigate all major sources of industrial waste within the District and propose the best possible solutions. The survey should visit all industrial zones and clusters, as well as other major generators of industrial waste. The quantity of waste can then be determined through information from the waste generators, through estimates based on the number of employees
16
Such a programme would normally also take back and treat any obsolete pesticides that the farmer may have stored over time on his premises.
17
The figures for 2015 in the PSWMP do not add up and have therefore been ignored.
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Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan and/or the quantity of product produced. The consultant will then have to determine how the waste is best treated: Some waste will be akin to domestic solid waste, just as there will be large amounts of industrial waste that can be placed in a sanitary landfill (or reused).18 There will be a small percentage of hazardous waste, where a solution will need to be found, given that there is currently no hazardous waste treatment centre within the region. Such a survey, performed by a team of international and national experts, would probably cost around 60,000 Euro, and this price would cover a survey of four Districts within the Province.
4.5.
The Management System for Industrial Waste
The basic principle for handling industrial waste, is that the wastes from the industry are properly separated. There will be some general waste from kitchens, offices, and so forth. This will generally be collected by the local garbage company. There will also be some waste from the production or manufacturing process; this can be contaminated raw materials, wastage from the production process and/or off-spec products. Other a sizeable percentage of these materials can be reused (especially if the alternative is to pay to dispose of them). Likewise, some waste can be (and is already) reused, for example wood waste and sawdust from wood manufacturing industries is often reused as a source of energy. Naturally, most industries will have some waste that is not general waste. The industry is expected to ensure that this waste is transported by a licensed transporter to an approved site where it can be treated and disposed of. Much of the manufacturing waste from industries can meet the acceptance criteria of landfills and can therefore be transported to landfills. This requires that the manufacturing waste is not contaminated with hazardous waste (in which case the whole batch of waste will often be considered as hazardous waste). Therefore, industries must have good housekeeping to keep non-hazardous and hazardous waste separate. Finally, there are some wastes that are hazardous wastes and that require special treatment. This applies to materials such as waste solvents, waste oils and spent plating baths. Here the enterprise must follow the requirements of the Law on Environmental Protection of 2005 regarding the handling, storage, transportation and treatment of these materials. If housekeeping is good, the quantity of hazardous waste will be very small for most industries. These wastes must be transported to a hazardous waste treatment facility for final treatment and disposal (unless they are treated (or pre-treated) on-site, as is generally the case with liquid wastes). To properly manage these wastes, thorough training is needed, so that managers and workers within enterprises and industries can correctly handle all the waste that is generated within their premises. This is briefly described in the following section and will be further developed over the coming months.
4.6.
Requirements for Capacity Development and Awareness Raising
Based on the Awareness Raising Programme that is being implemented by the EPA19, there is one component about awareness raising for enterprises that has to be carried out. This programme is currently in its in pilot phase but will later be implemented on a broader scale.
18
For some of the industrial waste to be placed in a sanitary landfill requires that this waste is kept separate from hazardous waste during the manufacturing process. A frequent problem for industrial waste is that large amounts of relatively inert waste that could be reused or placed in a sanitary landfill, is contaminated with a small percentage of hazardous waste, making all the waste hazardous waste that requires very costly treatment. 19 Note that this activity is not part of the projects awareness raising programme
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Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan The target groups of this component are the enterprise owners and the managers. The topics include knowledge of industrial waste; how to distinguish between various categories of industrial waste; how to separate and store the waste; and how each category of waste should be handled and treated. The selected communication methodology is to organising a managing group to be in charge of this component at the provincial level where the EPA members are the core members together with a member of the Department of Industry and Commerce of Binh Dinh Province. The core members will cooperate with the members of the Division of Natural Resources and Environment of the District and the members of the Industrial Zone Management Board of the district to carry out the communication activities within the district. The managing group will organise the training courses for the district with the participation of the target group. They will also organise the monitoring system to measure the result of the communication activities; the indicators of this system can be based on the EIA indicators but be more simple i.e. it does not need to use specific equipment to measure the environmental parameters, these can just be visual observations. The main indicator of this activity is whether the enterprise owners organise the activities in their enterprise to inform and guide the workers about how to manage industrial waste. The improvements can be monitored on a month by month basis measuring the workers habits relating to the handling of industrial waste.
5. Plan for Management of Healthcare Risk Waste

5.1. Definition of Healthcare Risk Waste
There exist various definitions of Healthcare Waste in general and Healthcare Risk Waste in particular. This report, however, employs Vietnamese definitions, which are defined in the Decision No. 43/2007/QD-BYT promulgated on 30 November 2007 by the Minister of Health, and which are as follows: Healthcare Waste (HCW) is the material in either solid, liquid or gaseous form, which is discharged from healthcare facilities (HCFs) and which includes both healthcare risk waste and ordinary waste. Healthcare Risk Waste (HCRW) (also known as special healthcare waste or hazardous healthcare waste) is the waste containing hazardous elements to human health and the environment, such as infectious, toxic, radioactive, flammable, explosive, corrosive or possessing other hazardous properties, if not disposed of properly Healthcare waste management (HCWM) is the management activities of the waste generation, preliminary handling, collection, transport, storage, reduction, reuse, recycling, treatment and disposal of healthcare waste and the control and supervision of implementation. Healthcare waste reduction is the activities taken in order to minimize the generation of healthcare waste, including reduction of healthcare waste at source, use of products that can be recycled and/or reused, good management and strict control of the practical processes and correct waste segregation. Reuse is the use of a product several times until the end of life of the product or use of the product for other functions and/or purposes. Recycling is the reproduction of waste materials into new products Waste collection at source is the process of segregation, gathering, packing and temporary storage of waste at the site of waste generation in the healthcare facilities.
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Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan Transport of waste is the process by which the waste is transported from the place where it was generated to the sites of preliminary treatment, storage, or disposal. Preliminary treatment is the process disinfection or sterilisation of potentially infectious waste at the sites of the waste generation, before transportation to a site of storage or disposal. Treatment and disposal of waste is a technological process which aims to disable the waste in causing its potential hazards to human health and the environment.
According to Vietnamese definitions (Vietnamese Regulation on Healthcare Waste Management promulgated by Decision No. 43/2007/QD-BYT of the Minister of Health on 30 November 2007), healthcare waste is classified into five groups as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Infectious waste Hazardous chemical waste Radioactive waste Pressurised containers Ordinary waste
5.2.
Current Situation
The Phu My District Hospital has 140 beds and on average has 170 patients; it has managed its healthcare risk waste since 2000. From that year and until 2005 the hospitals waste was segregated and placed in colour coded bags; where after the waste was transported to the Hoval incinerator in Quy Nhon. The cost to the hospital for healthcare risk waste segregation and transport was about 20 million VND per year. The Department of Health paid the costs of treating the waste in the Hoval incinerator. From the beginning of 2006 the hospital has used a Bidiphar incinerator paid for through the DOHs provincial healthcare improvement programme. This incinerator can incinerate 20 kg/batch; the hospital generates 5 to 10 kg per day of healthcare risk waste. The facility also receives small quantities of sharps from the commune healthcare stations within the District and these are also treated by incineration. The hospital segregates the generated waste into general waste (placed in blue bags and collected by the Transportation and Public Works Unit), sharps (placed in cardboard boxes enclosed in a yellow plastic bag) and healthcare risk waste (placed in yellow plastic bags). The healthcare risk waste is transported by hand to the incinerator.
Trolleys equipped for waste separation at the District Hospital
Incinerator and waste water treatment at Phu My District Hospital
The costs of operating the system are approximately 26 million VND per year plus about 14 million VND in supplementary hazardous pay for the two workers responsible for healthcare waste management and for operating the waste water treatment system. For any major 70
Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan maintenance or repairs where the hospital has an insufficient budget for the incinerator; the funds will be taken from either the hospitals general repair budget or in costlier cases from the purchasing budget. The hospitals healthcare risk waste management system is sound and well operated. This is the only hospital within the District and also the only facility within the District that can incinerate infectious waste.
5.3.
Future Management of HCW
The management of healthcare risk waste within the District was very professional and meets the Vietnamese Ministry of Health requirements. At present only about 20 private clinics are not currently included in the system. A programme of capacity development and awareness raising will be developed in collaboration with the local health authorities to ensure that healthcare risk waste from these private clinics is also properly segregated, safely transported and then incinerated together with the healthcare risk waste from the hospitals.
6. Implementation Plans
The implementation of the proposed waste management systems are covered through the draft Action Plan for the District that was issued at the same time as this DSWMP.
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Annex A
Tables of Waste Quantities 2010 2025
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2010 Garbage per person (kg/person/ day) 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Population (people) Total Waste Generated (kg/day) 4,408 9,165 3,620 4,213 5,344 3,656 3,685 4,220 4,356 3,174 7,430 4,456 5,264 11,120 3,391 6,825 5,211 3,318 2,211 95,066 Sold to Recyclers % 15% 15% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 15% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% Sold to Recyclers (kg/day) 661 1,375 362 421 534 366 368 422 436 317 743 446 526 1,668 339 682 521 332 221 10,741 Treated/ Composted at Source % 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) Balance of Waste (kg/day) 3,747 7,790 3,258 3,792 4,810 3,291 3,316 3,798 3,920 2,857 6,687 4,010 4,737 9,452 3,052 6,142 4,690 2,986 1,990 84,325 Rate of collection (%) 50% 70% 0% 0% 5% 0% 0% 10% 10% 0% 0% 0% 0% 10% 10% 10% 0% 0% 0% Garbage from collection (kg/day) 1,873 5,453 240 380 392 945 305 614 10,204
Year
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Binh Duong Phu My My Duc My Chau My Thang My Loc My Loi My An My Phong My Trinh My Tho My Hoa My Thanh My Chanh/An Luong My Quang My Hiep My Tai My Cat My Chanh Tay TOTAL
5,510 11,456 7,240 8,427 10,689 7,313 7,370 8,440 8,712 6,348 14,859 8,911 10,528 13,899 6,783 13,650 10,422 6,636 4,422 171,613
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2011 Garbage per person (kg/person/ day) 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Population (people) Total Waste Generated (kg/day) 4,459 9,271 3,662 4,262 5,406 3,699 3,727 4,269 4,406 3,211 7,516 4,507 5,325 11,248 3,431 6,904 5,271 3,357 2,236 96,169 Sold to Recyclers % 15% 15% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 15% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% Sold to Recyclers (kg/day) 669 1,391 366 426 541 370 373 427 441 321 752 451 532 1,687 343 690 527 336 224 10,866 Treated/ Composted at Source % 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) Balance of Waste (kg/day) 3,790 7,881 3,296 3,836 4,866 3,329 3,355 3,842 3,966 2,890 6,764 4,057 4,792 9,561 3,088 6,214 4,744 3,021 2,013 85,303 Rate of collection (%) 50% 70% 0% 0% 5% 0% 0% 10% 10% 0% 0% 0% 0% 10% 10% 10% 0% 0% 0% Garbage from collection (kg/day) 1,895 5,516 243 384 397 956 309 621 10,322
Year
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
5,574 11,589 7,324 8,524 10,813 7,398 7,455 8,538 8,813 6,421 15,032 9,015 10,650 14,061 6,861 13,808 10,542 6,713 4,473
74

2012 Garbage per person (kg/person/ day) 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Population (people) Total Waste Generated (kg/day) 4,511 9,379 3,704 4,312 5,469 3,742 3,771 4,318 4,458 3,248 7,603 4,560 5,387 11,379 3,471 6,984 5,332 3,395 2,262 97,285 Sold to Recyclers % 15% 15% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 15% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% Sold to Recyclers (kg/day) 677 1,407 370 431 547 374 377 432 446 325 760 456 539 1,707 347 698 533 340 226 10,992 Treated/ Composted at Source % 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) Balance of Waste (kg/day) 3,834 7,972 3,334 3,880 4,922 3,368 3,394 3,887 4,012 2,923 6,843 4,104 4,848 9,672 3,123 6,286 4,799 3,056 2,036 86,293 Rate of collection (%) 60% 70% 10% 5% 5% 5% 10% 10% 30% 30% 0% 30% 0% 30% 20% 20% 5% 5% 0% Garbage from collection (kg/day) 2,301 5,580 333 194 246 168 339 389 1,204 877 1,231 2,902 625 1,257 240 153 17,650
Year
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
5,639 11,724 7,409 8,623 10,938 7,483 7,541 8,637 8,915 6,496 15,206 9,119 10,773 14,224 6,941 13,968 10,665 6,791 4,525
75

2013 Garbage per person (kg/person/ day) 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Population (people) Total Waste Generated (kg/day) 4,563 9,488 3,747 4,362 5,532 3,785 3,814 4,368 4,509 3,286 7,691 4,612 5,449 11,511 3,511 7,065 5,394 3,435 2,289 98,413 Sold to Recyclers % 15% 15% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 15% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% Sold to Recyclers (kg/day) 685 1,423 375 436 553 379 381 437 451 329 769 461 545 1,727 351 707 539 343 229 11,119 Treated/ Composted at Source % 5% 5% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 5% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) 228 474 375 436 553 379 381 437 451 329 769 461 545 576 351 707 539 343 229 8,334 Balance of Waste (kg/day) 3,651 7,590 2,998 3,489 4,426 3,028 3,052 3,495 3,607 2,629 6,153 3,690 4,359 9,209 2,809 5,652 4,315 2,748 1,831 78,730 Rate of collection (%) 70% 70% 10% 10% 5% 10% 20% 0% 30% 30% 10% 30% 0% 40% 20% 20% 5% 5% 10% Garbage from collection (kg/day) 2,555 5,313 300 349 221 303 610 1,082 789 615 1,107 3,684 562 1,130 216 137 183 19,157
Year
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
5,704 11,860 7,495 8,723 11,065 7,570 7,629 8,737 9,019 6,571 15,383 9,225 10,898 14,389 7,022 14,130 10,788 6,870 4,577
76

2014 Garbage per person (kg/person/ day) 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Population (people) Total Waste Generated (kg/day) 4,616 9,598 3,791 4,412 5,597 3,829 3,859 4,419 4,562 3,324 7,780 4,666 5,512 11,644 3,552 7,147 5,457 3,475 2,315 99,555 Sold to Recyclers % 15% 15% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 15% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% Sold to Recyclers (kg/day) 692 1,440 379 441 560 383 386 442 456 332 778 467 551 1,747 355 715 546 347 232 11,248 Treated/ Composted at Source % 10% 10% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 10% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) 462 960 569 662 839 574 579 663 684 499 1,167 700 827 1,164 533 1,072 819 521 347 13,293 Balance of Waste (kg/day) 3,462 7,198 2,843 3,309 4,197 2,872 2,894 3,314 3,421 2,493 5,835 3,499 4,134 8,733 2,664 5,360 4,093 2,606 1,736 74,666 Rate of collection (%) 70% 70% 10% 20% 10% 20% 30% 10% 30% 30% 20% 30% 30% 50% 30% 30% 5% 5% 20% Garbage from collection (kg/day) 2,424 5,039 284 662 420 574 868 331 1,026 748 1,167 1,050 1,240 4,367 799 1,608 205 130 347 23,290
Year
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
5,770 11,997 7,582 8,824 11,193 7,658 7,717 8,838 9,123 6,647 15,561 9,332 11,025 14,556 7,103 14,294 10,914 6,949 4,630
77

2015 Garbage per person (kg/person/ day) 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Population (people) Total Waste Generated (kg/day) 4,670 9,709 3,835 4,463 5,662 3,873 3,903 4,470 4,615 3,362 7,871 4,720 5,576 11,780 3,593 7,230 5,520 3,515 2,342 100,709 Sold to Recyclers % 18% 18% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 18% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% Sold to Recyclers (kg/day) 841 1,748 460 536 679 465 468 536 554 403 944 566 669 2,120 431 868 662 422 281 13,655 Treated/ Composted at Source % 10% 10% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 10% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) 467 971 767 893 1,132 775 781 894 923 672 1,574 944 1,115 1,178 719 1,446 1,104 703 468 17,058 Balance of Waste (kg/day) 3,362 6,991 2,608 3,035 3,850 2,634 2,654 3,040 3,138 2,286 5,352 3,210 3,792 8,481 2,443 4,916 3,754 2,390 1,593 69,529 Rate of collection (%) 70% 70% 10% 30% 10% 30% 30% 10% 30% 10% 30% 30% 10% 50% 40% 40% 10% 10% 20% Garbage from collection (kg/day) 2,354 4,893 261 911 385 790 796 304 941 229 1,606 963 379 4,241 977 1,967 375 239 319 22,929
Year
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
5,837 12,136 7,670 8,927 11,323 7,747 7,807 8,941 9,229 6,725 15,741 9,440 11,153 14,724 7,185 14,460 11,040 7,030 4,684
78

2016 Garbage per person (kg/person/ day) 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Population (people) Total Waste Generated (kg/day) 4,724 9,822 3,879 4,515 5,727 3,918 3,949 4,522 4,668 3,401 7,962 4,775 5,641 11,916 3,634 7,314 5,584 3,556 2,369 101,878 Sold to Recyclers % 18% 18% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 18% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% Sold to Recyclers (kg/day) 850 1,768 466 542 687 470 474 543 560 408 955 573 677 2,145 436 878 670 427 284 13,813 Treated/ Composted at Source % 10% 10% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 10% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) 472 982 776 903 1,145 784 790 904 934 680 1,592 955 1,128 1,192 727 1,463 1,117 711 474 17,255 Balance of Waste (kg/day) 3,401 7,072 2,638 3,070 3,894 2,665 2,685 3,075 3,174 2,313 5,414 3,247 3,836 8,580 2,471 4,973 3,797 2,418 1,611 70,335 Rate of collection (%) 70% 70% 10% 30% 10% 30% 30% 10% 30% 10% 30% 30% 10% 50% 40% 40% 10% 10% 20% Garbage from collection (kg/day) 2,381 4,950 264 921 389 799 806 308 952 231 1,624 974 384 4,290 989 1,989 380 242 322 23,195
Year
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
5,905 12,277 7,759 9,030 11,454 7,837 7,898 9,044 9,336 6,803 15,924 9,550 11,282 14,895 7,269 14,628 11,168 7,112 4,739
79

2017 Garbage per person (kg/person/ day) 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Population (people) Total Waste Generated (kg/day) 4,779 9,936 3,924 4,568 5,794 3,964 3,995 4,575 4,722 3,441 8,054 4,830 5,706 12,054 3,677 7,399 5,649 3,597 2,397 103,059 Sold to Recyclers % 18% 18% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 18% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% Sold to Recyclers (kg/day) 860 1,788 471 548 695 476 479 549 567 413 967 580 685 2,170 441 888 678 432 288 13,973 Treated/ Composted at Source % 10% 10% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 10% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) 478 994 785 914 1,159 793 799 915 944 688 1,611 966 1,141 1,205 735 1,480 1,130 719 479 17,456 Balance of Waste (kg/day) 3,441 7,154 2,669 3,106 3,940 2,695 2,716 3,111 3,211 2,340 5,477 3,285 3,880 8,679 2,500 5,031 3,841 2,446 1,630 71,151 Rate of collection (%) 70% 70% 10% 30% 10% 30% 30% 10% 30% 10% 30% 30% 10% 50% 40% 40% 10% 10% 20% Garbage from collection (kg/day) 2,409 5,008 267 932 394 809 815 311 963 234 1,643 985 388 4,340 1,000 2,012 384 245 326 23,464
Year
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
5,973 12,420 7,849 9,135 11,587 7,928 7,989 9,149 9,444 6,882 16,109 9,660 11,413 15,068 7,353 14,797 11,298 7,194 4,793
80

2018 Garbage per person (kg/person/ day) 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Population (people) Total Waste Generated (kg/day) 4,834 10,051 3,970 4,621 5,861 4,010 4,041 4,628 4,777 3,481 8,148 4,886 5,773 12,194 3,719 7,484 5,714 3,639 2,425 104,255 Sold to Recyclers % 18% 18% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 18% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% Sold to Recyclers (kg/day) 870 1,809 476 554 703 481 485 555 573 418 978 586 693 2,195 446 898 686 437 291 14,135 Treated/ Composted at Source % 10% 10% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 10% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) 483 1,005 992 1,155 1,465 1,002 1,010 1,157 1,194 870 2,037 1,222 1,443 1,219 930 1,871 1,429 910 606 21,396 Balance of Waste (kg/day) 3,481 7,237 2,501 2,911 3,692 2,526 2,546 2,915 3,009 2,193 5,133 3,078 3,637 8,780 2,343 4,715 3,600 2,292 1,527 68,118 Rate of collection (%) 70% 70% 10% 30% 10% 30% 30% 10% 30% 10% 30% 30% 10% 50% 40% 40% 10% 10% 20% Garbage from collection (kg/day) 2,436 5,066 250 873 369 758 764 292 903 219 1,540 924 364 4,390 937 1,886 360 229 305 22,865
Year
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
6,043 12,564 7,940 9,241 11,722 8,020 8,082 9,256 9,554 6,961 16,296 9,773 11,545 15,243 7,438 14,969 11,429 7,278 4,849
81

2019 Garbage per person (kg/person/ day) 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Population (people) Total Waste Generated (kg/day) 4,890 10,168 4,016 4,674 5,929 4,056 4,088 4,681 4,832 3,521 8,242 4,943 5,840 12,336 3,762 7,571 5,781 3,681 2,453 105,464 Sold to Recyclers % 18% 18% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 18% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% Sold to Recyclers (kg/day) 880 1,830 482 561 711 487 491 562 580 423 989 593 701 2,220 451 909 694 442 294 14,299 Treated/ Composted at Source % 10% 10% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 10% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) 489 1,017 1,004 1,169 1,482 1,014 1,022 1,170 1,208 880 2,061 1,236 1,460 1,234 941 1,893 1,445 920 613 21,644 Balance of Waste (kg/day) 3,521 7,321 2,530 2,945 3,735 2,556 2,575 2,949 3,044 2,218 5,193 3,114 3,679 8,882 2,370 4,770 3,642 2,319 1,545 68,908 Rate of collection (%) 75% 75% 20% 35% 15% 35% 35% 15% 35% 15% 35% 35% 15% 60% 45% 45% 15% 15% 25% Garbage from collection (kg/day) 2,641 5,490 506 1,031 560 894 901 442 1,066 333 1,817 1,090 552 5,329 1,067 2,146 546 348 386 27,146
Year
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
6,113 12,709 8,032 9,348 11,858 8,113 8,176 9,363 9,665 7,042 16,485 9,886 11,679 15,420 7,525 15,142 11,561 7,362 4,905
82

2020 Garbage per person (kg/person/ day) 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Population (people) Total Waste Generated (kg/day) 4,947 10,285 4,063 4,728 5,998 4,103 4,135 4,736 4,888 3,562 8,338 5,000 5,907 12,479 3,806 7,659 5,848 3,724 2,481 106,688 Sold to Recyclers % 18% 18% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 18% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% Sold to Recyclers (kg/day) 890 1,851 488 567 720 492 496 568 587 427 1,001 600 709 2,246 457 919 702 447 298 14,465 Treated/ Composted at Source % 15% 15% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 15% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) 742 1,543 1,219 1,419 1,799 1,231 1,241 1,421 1,467 1,069 2,501 1,500 1,772 1,872 1,142 2,298 1,754 1,117 744 27,105 Balance of Waste (kg/day) 3,315 6,891 2,356 2,742 3,479 2,380 2,398 2,747 2,835 2,066 4,836 2,900 3,426 8,361 2,207 4,442 3,392 2,160 1,439 64,373 Rate of collection (%) 80% 80% 20% 40% 20% 40% 40% 20% 40% 20% 40% 40% 20% 70% 50% 50% 20% 20% 30% Garbage from collection (kg/day) 2,652 5,513 471 1,097 696 952 959 549 1,134 413 1,934 1,160 685 5,853 1,104 2,221 678 432 432 28,936
Year
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
6,184 12,857 8,125 9,457 11,995 8,207 8,270 9,472 9,777 7,124 16,676 10,001 11,815 15,599 7,612 15,318 11,695 7,447 4,962
83

Year
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
6,256 13,006 8,219 9,566 12,134 8,302 8,366 9,581 9,890 7,206 16,869 10,117 11,952 15,779 7,700 15,496 11,831 7,534 5,020
84

Year
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
6,328 13,157 8,315 9,677 12,275 8,398 8,463 9,693 10,005 7,290 17,065 10,234 12,090 15,963 7,790 15,676 11,968 7,621 5,078
85

2023 Garbage per person (kg/person/ day) 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Population (people) Total Waste Generated (kg/day) 5,121 10,648 4,206 4,895 6,209 4,248 4,281 4,902 5,061 3,687 8,631 5,176 6,115 12,918 3,940 7,929 6,054 3,855 2,568 110,444 Sold to Recyclers % 18% 18% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 18% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% Sold to Recyclers (kg/day) 922 1,917 505 587 745 510 514 588 607 442 1,036 621 734 2,325 473 951 726 463 308 14,974 Treated/ Composted at Source % 15% 15% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 15% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) 768 1,597 1,262 1,468 1,863 1,274 1,284 1,471 1,518 1,106 2,589 1,553 1,835 1,938 1,182 2,379 1,816 1,156 771 28,060 Balance of Waste (kg/day) 3,431 7,134 2,439 2,839 3,601 2,464 2,483 2,843 2,935 2,139 5,006 3,002 3,547 8,655 2,285 4,599 3,511 2,236 1,490 66,639 Rate of collection (%) 80% 80% 25% 45% 25% 45% 45% 25% 45% 25% 45% 45% 25% 70% 55% 55% 25% 25% 35% Garbage from collection (kg/day) 2,745 5,707 610 1,278 900 1,109 1,117 711 1,321 535 2,253 1,351 887 6,059 1,257 2,529 878 559 521 32,325
Year
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
6,401 13,309 8,411 9,790 12,417 8,496 8,562 9,805 10,121 7,375 17,263 10,353 12,231 16,148 7,880 15,857 12,107 7,710 5,137
86

2024 Garbage per person (kg/person/ day) 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Population (people) Total Waste Generated (kg/day) 5,181 10,771 4,254 4,952 6,281 4,297 4,330 4,959 5,119 3,730 8,732 5,236 6,186 13,068 3,986 8,021 6,124 3,899 2,598 111,725 Sold to Recyclers % 18% 18% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 18% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% Sold to Recyclers (kg/day) 933 1,939 511 594 754 516 520 595 614 448 1,048 628 742 2,352 478 962 735 468 312 15,148 Treated/ Composted at Source % 15% 15% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 15% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) 777 1,616 1,276 1,485 1,884 1,289 1,299 1,488 1,536 1,119 2,619 1,571 1,856 1,960 1,196 2,406 1,837 1,170 779 28,385 Balance of Waste (kg/day) 3,471 7,217 2,468 2,872 3,643 2,492 2,512 2,876 2,969 2,163 5,064 3,037 3,588 8,756 2,312 4,652 3,552 2,262 1,507 67,412 Rate of collection (%) 85% 85% 25% 45% 25% 45% 45% 25% 45% 25% 45% 45% 25% 70% 55% 55% 25% 25% 35% Garbage from collection (kg/day) 2,950 6,134 617 1,292 911 1,122 1,130 719 1,336 541 2,279 1,367 897 6,129 1,271 2,559 888 565 527 33,235
Year
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
6,476 13,464 8,509 9,903 12,562 8,594 8,661 9,919 10,238 7,460 17,463 10,473 12,373 16,335 7,971 16,041 12,248 7,799 5,197
87

2025 Garbage per person (kg/person/ day) 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Population (people) Total Waste Generated (kg/day) 5,241 10,896 4,304 5,009 6,354 4,347 4,381 5,017 5,179 3,773 8,833 5,297 6,258 13,220 4,032 8,114 6,195 3,945 2,628 113,021 Sold to Recyclers % 18% 18% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 18% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% Sold to Recyclers (kg/day) 943 1,961 516 601 762 522 526 602 621 453 1,060 636 751 2,380 484 974 743 473 315 15,324 Treated/ Composted at Source % 15% 15% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 15% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) 786 1,634 1,291 1,503 1,906 1,304 1,314 1,505 1,554 1,132 2,650 1,589 1,877 1,983 1,210 2,434 1,858 1,183 789 28,714 Balance of Waste (kg/day) 3,511 7,300 2,496 2,905 3,685 2,521 2,541 2,910 3,004 2,189 5,123 3,072 3,630 8,857 2,339 4,706 3,593 2,288 1,524 68,194 Rate of collectio n (%) 90% 90% 30% 50% 30% 50% 50% 30% 50% 30% 50% 50% 30% 80% 60% 60% 30% 30% 40% Garbage from collectio n (kg/day) 3,160 6,570 749 1,453 1,106 1,261 1,270 873 1,502 657 2,562 1,536 1,089 7,086 1,403 2,824 1,078 686 610 37,473
Year
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
6,551 13,620 8,607 10,018 12,707 8,694 8,761 10,034 10,357 7,547 17,666 10,594 12,516 16,524 8,064 16,227 12,390 7,889 5,257
88
Annex B
Map of District
89
90
Annex C
Sanitary Landfill Calculations
Location and scale of each landfill proposed by the districts: Decision nr.1553/QD-CTUBND dated 21 July 2008 of the Binh Dinh PPC on approving the construction detailed planning at scale 1/500 for the landfill of Phu My Location: in Gia Hoi hamlet, My Phong commune, Phu My district. It is border by: Cashew garden to the North Cashew garden to the South Lane to the East Mountain to the West Scale of construction: 59,798.27 m2 (total area of the landfill)
Table C1: Investment Cost estimate Work: Sanitary Landfill In Phu My District Location: My Phong Commune, Phu My District, Binh Dinh Province NR 1 2 3 4 5 6 Of which: COST ITEM Construction cost inclusive of tax Equipment cost inclusive of tax Project management cost Investment consultancy cost Other cost Contingency 10% Total Construction cost without tax Equipment cost without tax Currency: VND TOTAL 26,799,256,000 10,159,931,000 581,292,000 1,592,385,000 321,110,000 3,945,397,400 43,399,371,000 24,121,743,000 9,236,301,000
91
Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan Table C2 Estimation for the investment costs for the Phu My Sanitary Landfill No. A I Item Unit Quantity Unit Price (VND) Total Amount (VND) 24,121,743,000 361,033,000 353,952,918 7,080,000 1,131,901,000 m2 m2 m2 13.20 24.20 600.00 8,108,823 34,690,904 308,908 107,036,464 839,519,877 185,344,800 1,816,114,000 m2 m2 m2 m m 98.00 12.96 120.00 100.00 776.00 4,363,319 6,564,285 4,363,319 1,505,924 810,882 427,605,262 85,073,134 523,598,280 150,592,400 629,244,432 18,649,004,000 18,443,512,724 2,759,704,976 6,801,540,525 7,886,399,040 376,095,003 619,773,180 205,491,558 m3 m2 424.00 706.00 114,954 222,027 48,740,496 156,751,062 211,540,000
Construction cost before tax Access road Dirt road, width of 3.5m, sod facing 1 on both sides of 1.5m Sign boards, stacks, transportation 2 safety Bridge scale and car/truck II washing bridge, material stockpile area 1 Bridge scale, RC foundation 2 Car washing bridge Material stockpile area, concrete 3 of 4x6 crushed stone, thickness of 20cm, on compacted soil III Office, guardhouse, fences Site office: Class III, bricked wall, 1 metal sheet roof, metal roof trusses, false ceiling Guardhouse, area S = (3.6x3.6), 2 bricked wall, RC roof Car/motorbike parking, metal roof 3 trusses Gates, wall height of 2m built by 4 bricks 5 B40 net fences, RC piles IV Landfill cells and Bio-ponds IV.1 Landfill cells Excavation, leveling and 1 compaction of landfill cells, soil Class III Construction of cell bottom with 2 impermeable clay, stones, sand 3 HDPE sheet thickness of 2mm Internal roads: Compacted crushed 4 stone, K=0.95, road width of 6m Surface drainage ditch: Wet 5 masonry open canal, size of 600x700 IV.2 Bio-ponds Excavation, leveling and 1 compaction of Bio-ponds, soil Class II 2 HDPE sheet thickness of 2mm V Water supply and electric system Water supply networks of moisten, 1 truck washing, pump station
m LS
739.00 1.00
478,962 7,080,000
m3 m3 m2 m m
154,588.00 167,505.00 35,520.00 487.00 895.00
17,852 40,605 222,027 772,269 692,484
92
Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan uPVC Pipe Dia. DN50 HDPE Pipe Dia. DN50 Water supply pump station Electric system Leachate collection system Installation and back-up 4 catchpits 800x800x800 by RC and 1 leachate collecting well by RC, Dia. 1500mm, height of 6m uPVC pipes, Dia. DN160, perforating of 20% area uPVC pipes, Dia. DN250, perforating 20% area Monitoring system and gas collection system Observation wells, Dia. 150, depth of 22m Gas collection system by uPVC pipes Dia. 150, perforating of 20% area Equipment cost before tax Water supply system and pump station Pump, capacity Q = 5m3/h, H = 35m Equipment/machinery in pump station Water supply well, Q = 4m3/day, H = 25-30m Water treatment equipment Scale station Weighbridge Car/truck washing station Car/truck washing equipment Observation wells Well, uPVC pipes Dia. 150, depth of 22m Operation equipment/machinery Caterpillar bulldozer 100CV, made in USA Dump truck, 2 wheels, 5 tonnes, made in Korea Excavator 0.4 0.6m3 made in Korea Equipments in workshop Electric equipments Copper wire OVAL, PVC insulator Light poles Generator KDE 12STA, diesel engine driven; 9,5 KVA m m m2 LS 715.00 715.00 4.00 1.00 43,440 105,876 2,061,388 96,533,604 31,059,600 75,701,340 8,245,552 96,533,604 1,716,810,000 470,685,337 34,752,097 484,992,718 726,379,848 235,341,000 Nos m 2.00 78.20 96,533,604 540,588 193,067,208 42,273,982 9,236,301,000 100,585,000 LS LS Nos LS LS LS Nos 2.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 10,320,000 3,807,000 45,683,000 30,455,000 761,379,000 30,455,000 45,683,000 20,640,000 3,807,000 45,683,000 30,455,000 761,379,000 761,379,000 30,455,000 30,455,000 91,366,000 91,366,000 5,821,655,000 Nos Nos Nos LS m LS Nos 1.00 3,150,000,000 1.00 805,800,000 3,150,000,000 805,800,000 1,713,578,580 152,276,000 354,691,000 34,452,000 166,292,000 96,747,000
2 VI
1 2 3 VII 1 2 B I 1 2 3 4 II III IV
LS m m
1.00 742.00 558.00
34,752,097 653,629 1,301,756
V 1 2 3 4 VI 1 2 3
1.00 1,713,578,580 1.00 1,276.00 14.00 1.00 152,276,000 27,000 11,878,000 96,747,000
93
Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan 4 VII 1 2 3 Transformer 25 KVA LS Leachate treatment system (Q= 50 m3/day.night) Leachate pump Nos Equipment/machinery for pump LS station Leachate treatment system and LS pump well at the collection well Total construction and equipment cost before tax 1.00 57,200,000 57,200,000 2,076,170,000 2.00 1.00 35,420,000 5,330,000 70,840,000 5,330,000 2,000,000,000 33,358,044,000
1.00 2,000,000,000
94
Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan Table C3 Cost estimation for the operating costs for the Phu My Sanitary Landfill.
Nr
Item
Investment phasing (Construction cost before tax) Daily average of waste Density of waste in dumpsite Daily average volume of waste Soil cover, (1m of waste/20cm of soil cover) Final soil cover and top soil for plantation (60cm of soil cover + 30cm of top soil) Annual volume of landfill Cumulative volume of landfill Cell construction time Cell closure time
Unit
2010
2011
2012
2013 9,222
2014 14,915
2015
2016
2017
Year 2018 4,611
2019
2020
2021 4,611
2022
2023
2024
2025
MVND
1 2 3
tonnes/day tonnes/m3
10.204 0.80 12.76
10.322 0.80 12.90
17.650 0.80 22.06
19.157 0.80 23.95
23.290 0.80 29.11
22.929 0.80 28.66
23.195 0.80 28.99
23.464 0.80 29.33
22.865 0.80 28.58
27.146 0.80 33.93
28.936 0.80 36.17
29.271 0.80 36.59
29.611 0.80 37.01
32.325 0.80 40.41
33.235 0.80 41.54
37.473 0.80 46.84
m3/day
m3
2.58
4.41
4.79
5.82
5.73
5.80
5.87
5.72
6.79
7.23
7.32
7.40
8.08
8.31
9.37
m3
1.16
1.99
2.16
2.62
2.58
2.61
2.64
2.57
3.05
3.26
3.29
3.33
3.64
3.74
4.22
6 7
m3
10,388
11,275
13,708
13,495
13,652
13,810
13,457
15,977
17,031
17,228
17,428
19,025
19,561
22,055
m3
11,275
Build cell # 1 and cell #2
24,983
Build other items
38,478
52,130
65,940
79,397
95,374
112,405
129,633
147,061
166,086
185,647
207,702
Build cell # 3
Build cell #4
Close cell # 1
Close cell # 2
Close cell # 3
Close cell # 4
95

Operating cost Shifts of bulldozer Diesel oil Closure of landfill cells Maintenance of access road Maintenance of vehicles Maintenance of equipment and facility Electricity Chemicals for leachate treatment plant Salary for landfill staff
II
MVND Shift/year MVND MVND MVND MVND MVND MVND MVND
1,702 54.00 54.00
1,714 66.00 66.00
1,713 65.00 65.00
1,925 66.00 66.00 211.25
1,714 67.00 66.00
1,713 65.00 65.00
1,935 77.00 76.00 211.25
1,729 82.00 81.00
1,730 83.00 82.00
1,942 84.00 83.00 211.25
1,739 92.00 91.00
1,741 94.00 93.00
1,965 107.00 106.00 211.25
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
11.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00 930.00
11.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00 930.00
11.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00 930.00
11.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00 930.00
11.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00 930.00
11.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00 930.00
11.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00 930.00
11.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00 930.00
11.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00 930.00
11.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00 930.00
11.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00 930.00
11.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00 930.00
11.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00 930.00
MVND
96
Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan Table C4 Cost estimation for the operating costs when the Phu My Sanitary Landfill is shared with another District.
Year Nr Item
Investment phasing (Construction cost before tax) Daily average of waste Density of waste in dumpsite Daily average volume of waste Soil cover, (1m of waste/20cm of soil cover) Final soil cover and top soil for plantation (60cm of soil cover + 30cm of top soil) Annual volume of landfill Cumulative volume of landfill Cell construction time
Unit 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
MVND
9,499
16,915
9,499
9,499
9,499
1 2 3
tonnes/day
28.627 0.80 35.78
28.874 0.80 36.09
42.645 0.80 53.31
46.198 0.80 57.75
54.444 0.80 68.06
54.011 0.80 67.51
54.495 0.80 68.12
54.983 0.80 68.73
53.178 0.80 66.47
60.883 0.80 76.10
64.707 0.80 80.88
65.292 0.80 81.62
65.884 0.80 82.36
71.795 0.80 89.74
72.982 0.80 91.23
80.103 0.80 100.13
tonnes/m3
m3/day
m3
7.22
10.66
11.55
13.61
13.50
13.62
13.75
13.29
15.22
16.18
16.32
16.47
17.95
18.25
20.03
m3
3.25
4.80
5.20
6.12
6.08
6.13
6.19
5.98
6.85
7.28
7.35
7.41
8.08
8.21
9.01
6 7
m3
25,099
27,190
32,044
31,789
32,074
32,361
31,299
35,833
38,084
38,428
38,777
42,256
42,954
47,146
m3
27,190
Build cell # 1 and cell #2
59,234
Build other items
91,023
123,097
Build cell # 3 and cell # 4
155,458
186,756
222,590
260,674
299,102
337,879
380,135
423,089
470,235
Cell closure time
Close cell # 1
Close cell # 2
Close cell # 3
Close cell # 4
Close cell # 5
Close cell # 6
Close cell # 7
Close cell # 8
97

Operating cost Shifts of bulldozer
II
MVND Shift/year MVND MVND MVND MVND MVND MVND MVND
1,876 131.00 130.00
2,111 155.00 154.00 211.25
1,898 153.00 152.00
2,111 155.00 154.00 211.25
2,112 157.00 155.00 211.25 19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
1,896 151.00 150.00
2,128 173.00 171.00 211.25
1,928 184.00 182.00
2,140 185.00 183.00 211.25
2,142 187.00 185.00 211.25 19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
1,948 204.00 202.00
2,162 207.00 205.00 211.25
2,183 228.00 226.00 211.25 19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Diesel oil Closure of landfill cells Maintenance of access road Maintenance of vehicles Maintenance of equipment and facility Electricity Chemicals for leachate treatment plant Salary for landfill staff
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
MVND
98

Phu My - District Solid Waste Management Plan

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Peoples Committee of BINH DINH Province

WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION PPMU

Project Management Unit

Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan

Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan

ANNEX A ANNEX B ANNEX C

Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan

Purpose of the District Solid Waste Management Plan

The Contents of this District Solid Waste Management Plan

2. Targets for District Solid Waste Management

2.1.1. The Government Decree no. 59 on Solid Waste Management

2.1.2. The National Strategy on Integrated Solid Waste Management

2015 MONRE 2020 MoC

2020 MoC 2020 MoNRE

2020 MARD 2015 MoNRE

2020 MoIT 2015 MoC

2.1.3. The Inter-ministerial joint circular No. 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD

2.1.4. The Circular No. 13/2007/TT-BXD

2.1.5. The Circular No. 01/2011/TT-BXD

The Provincial Solid Waste Management Plan

District Decisions regarding Solid Waste Management

Targets for the District Solid Waste Management

Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan

3. Plan for Management of Domestic Waste till 2025

Current Situation in Phu My District

3.2.1. Existing Equipment, Staffing and Waste Collection Service

The compacting truck used to collect waste in Phu My District

Waste awaiting collection in Binh Duong

3.2.2. Current Waste Disposal Site

The Phu My dumpsite

The Binh Duong dumpsite

3.2.3. Current Fees and Cost Recovery

3.2.4. Agricultural/Farm Waste

Domestic Waste Characteristics and Generation Rate till 2025

3.3.1. Domestic Waste Composition for Street and Market Waste

Mr. Todd Hyman

Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan

3.3.2. Domestic Waste Generation Rates till 2025

Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan

Population in Phu My district

Year Towns Communes Phu My district

Plan for Waste Management at Source 2011-2025

Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan

3.4.3. Cost of Treatment of Organic Waste at Source

Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan

Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan

Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan

Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan

Plan for Waste Collection 2011 - 2025

3.5.1. Methodology for Collection of Waste

House 1 Empty pushcart Pushcart location

Next collection route

Phu My District Solid Waste Management Plan

Village transfer point 2

Village transfer point n

Commune/commune s transfer point

3.5.2. Waste Transfer and Transportation

Simple technique and low operational cost requirement

This can be changed to meet the Districts preferences

Ward rendezvous point n

Next collection route

District sanitary landfill

Loaded compactor truck