B Gio D c V o T o - Vi t Nam 2009

_________________________________________________
THI H C SINH GI I QU C GIA THPT
NM H C 2008-2009
____________________________________________________________________________
Bi 1. (4i m)
Gi i h ph ng trnh:
, ) , )

+ =

+
+ +

+ =

2 2
1 1 2
1 2xy
1 2x 1 2y
2
x 1 2x y 1 2y
9
Bi 2. (5i m)
Cho dy s
n
x xc nh nh sau:

+ +

1
2
n 1 n 1 n 1
n
1
x
2
x 4x x
x
2
Xt dy s
=
=

n
n 2
i 1
i
1
y
x
. Ch ng minh dy c gi i h n h u h n v tm gi i h n .
Bi 3. (5 i m)
Cho 2 i m c nh A,B v i m C di ng trn m t ph ng sao cho

= ACB a
, )
< <
o
0 a 180 khng i cho tr c. Hnh chi u c a tm ng trn n i ti p I c a
tam gic ABC xu ng ba c nh AB,BC,CA l n l t l D,E,F . AI v BI c t EF l n l t t i M v
N .
a) Ch ng minh di MN khng i .
b) CM ng trn ( DMN ) lun i qua m t i m c nh .
Bi 4. (3i m)
Cho a , b , c l cc s th c. V i m i n nguyn d ng, + +
n n n
a b c l s nguyn. Ch ng minh
r ng t n t i 3 s nguyn p , q , r sao cho a , b , c l cc nghi m c a pt b c ba
+ + + =
3 2
x px qx r 0 .
Bi 5. (3 i m)
Cho t p h p S g m 2n s nguyn d ng u tin. Tm s t p h p T sao cho trong T khng c 2
ph n t a,b no th a mn { ; e a b 1;n (ch t p r ng th a mn K trn) .
____________________________________________________________________________
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HUNG DAN GIAI DE THI HC SINH GIOI QUC GIA MN
TON NM 2009





Bi 1 Giai h phuong trnh:
2 2
1 1 1
1 2
1 2 1 2
2
(1 2 ) (1 2 )
9
xy
x y
x x y y

+ =

+ + +

+ =

Giai
+) DK:
1
1 2 0
0
2
(1 2 ) 0
1
0
(1 2 ) 0
2
xy
x
x x
y
y y

+ >

+) Voi diu kin trn ta c
2
1
4
x v
2
1
4
y
2 2
1 1 1 2 2
2 2 1
3
1 2
1 2 1 2
xy
xy
x y
= + > <
+
+ +

+) Mt khc
1
, 0:
2
a b
(

(

v . 1 a b < ta lun c bt dng thuc sau:
2 2
1 1 2
, (*)
1
1 1
ab
a b
+
+
+ +
.
Tht vy bt dng thuc (*)
2 2
2 2
2 1 1 4
0
1 1 1
1 1
a b ab
a b
+ +
+ + +
+ +

Theo bt dng thuc B.C.S ta c
2 2
2 2
2 2
(1 )(1 ) 1
1
(1 )(1 )
a b ab
ab
a b
+ + +
+
+ +

2 2
2 2
0
1
(1 )(1 )
ab
a b

+
+ +

Mt khc ta c:
2
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 ( ) ( 1)
0
1 1 1 (1 )(1 )(1 )
a b ab
a b ab ab a b

+ =
+ + + + + +
, v
1
, 0:
2
a b
(

(

v . 1 a b < .
Do d
2 2
2 2
2 1 1 4
0
1 1 1
1 1
a b ab
a b
+ +
+ + +
+ +
lun dng
1
, 0:
2
a b
(

(

v . 1 a b < .
+) V
1
0
2
x ,
1
0
2
y v 2 1 xy < .
p dung BDT (*) cho 2 , 2 a x b y = = ta c:
2 2
1 1 1
1 2
1 2 1 2
xy
x y
+
+
+ +

Dng thuc xay ra x y =
+) Vy h phuong trnh ban du
2
2
(1 2 ) (1 2 ) 162 81 1 0
9
x y
x y
x x y y x x
=
=

+ = + =

+) Giai h ny v di chiu voi cc diu kin ta c hai cp nghim (x; y) nhu sau:
GV: Phm Vn Qu
Trung THPT chuyn Quang Trung
Tinh Bnh Phuc
81 5913 81 5913
:
324 324
| |
+ +
|
|
\ .
;
81 5913 81 5913
:
324 324
| |

|
|
\ .
.
+) Kt lun: H c hai nghim l
81 5913 81 5913
:
324 324
| |
+ +
|
|
\ .
v
81 5913 81 5913
:
324 324
| |

|
|
\ .
.
Bi 2 Cho dy s ( )
n
x :
1
2
1 1 1
1
2
4
2
n n n
n
x
x x x
x

+ +

, 2 n . Chng minh rng dy ( )

n
y vi
2
1
1
n
n
i
i
y
x
=
=

c gii hn hu hn khi n v tm gii hn d.

Giai
+) Tu gia thit ta c 0, 1
n
x n > .
Khi d
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
2
1 1 1
4 4 2
0
2 2
4
n n n n n n n
n n n
n n n
x x x x x x x
x x x
x x x



+ + +
= = = >
+ +
, 2 n .
Do d ( )
n
x l dy s tng
+) Gia su ( ) lim 0
n
x a a = > v ta c
2
4
0
2
a a a
a a
+ +
= = , (v l).
Vy
n
x khi n .
+) Mt khc ta c
2
1 1 1
4
2
n n n
n
x x x
x

+ +
= , 2 n
2
1
( 1)
n n n
x x x

= +
2
1
1 1 1
, 2
n n n
n
x x x

=
Do d
2 2 2
1
1 1 2 2 3 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
... 6
n
n
i
i n n n n
y
x x x x x x x x x x x x
=

| | | | | |
= = + + + + = + =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

, 2 n .
+) Tu trn ta c 6, 1
n
y n < , (v 0, 1
n
x n > ). Mt khc
1 1
1
n n n
n
y y y
x

= + > . Do d ( )
n
y l dy
tng v bi chn trn hay ( )
n
y c gioi han huu han khi n .
+) Ta c :
1
lim lim 6 6
n
n n
n
y
x

| |
= =
|
\ .
, (v
n
x khi n ).
+) Kt lun : lim 6
n
n
y

= .
Bi 3 Trong m}t phng cho hai dim c d|nh A, B (A B). Mt dim C di dng trn m}t phng
sao cho

ACB = khng di
( )
0 0
0 180 < < . Dung trn tm I ni tip tam gic ABC v tip
xc vi AB, BC, CA ln lut ti D, E, F. Cc dung thng AI, BI ct dung thng EF ln lut
ti M v N.
a) Chng minh rng don thng MN c d di khng di.
b) Chng minh rng dung trn ngoi tip tam gic DMN lun di qua mt dim c d|nh.
Giai

a) Chng minh rng don thng MN c d di khng di.
+) Ta c

0
180
2 2 2
ACB BAC ABC
AFA CFE A/A

= = = + = ANFI l tu gic ni tip

/AF /AF /AD = = v

0
90 AA/ AF/ = =
+) Mt khc ta c A/M A/B , (g-g)

0
180
cos cos
2
AM A/
A/A
AB A/

= = = , (v

0
90 AA/ = ).
0
180
. cos
2
MA AB

= khng di khi C thay di, (dpcm).


I
N
M
F
E
D
C
B A


Ch : Bi ton c mot so truong hop khc nhau v hnh ve, cc ban tu ve hnh nh. Tuy nhin cch chung
minh khng c g thay doi.

b) Chng minh rng dung trn ngoi tip tam gic DMN lun di qua mt dim c d|nh.
Cch 1:
+) Goi K l trung dim cua AB ta d c

0
90 AAB KA KB KA = = =

2 AKA KAB KBA KBA ABC = + = = , (1).
+) Mt khc tu A/M A/B o cu (a) ta c

AM/ /BA /BE = = , (2).
IMEB l tu gic ni tip

0
90 /MB /EB = =
IMBD cung l tu gic ni tip v

0
180 /MB /DB + = .

/MD /BD = , (3).
+) Tu (2) v (3)

AMD AM/ /MD /BE /BD ABC = + = + = , (4).
+) Tu (1) v (4)

AKA AMD = tu gic NKDM ni tip hay duong trn ngoai tip tam gic
DMN lun di qua dim K c dinh, (dpcm).

Cch 2
Theo trn ta c

0
90 /AA /MB = = D, M, N ln luot l chn duong cao ke tu cc dinh cua tam gic
ABI nn (DMN) chnh l duong trn Euler cua tam gic ABI. Do d duong trn ny phai di qua
trung dim cua K cua AB. V AB c dinh nn K c dinh. (dpcm).

Bi 4 Cho ba s thc a, b, c thoa mn diu kin: vi mi s nguyn duong n,
n n n
a b c + +
l mt s nguyn. Chng minh rng tn ti cc s nguyn p, q, r sao cho a, b, c l ba
nghim cua phuong trnh
3 2
0 x px qx r + + + = .
Giai
+) Gia su tn tai cc s p, q, r thoa mn bi ton. Theo dinh l Viet ta c :
a b c p
ab bc ca q
abc r
+ + =

+ + =

+) Nhu vy d chung minh bi ton ta chi cn chung minh
a b c Z
ab bc ca Z
abc Z
+ +

+ +

+) Hin nhin a b c Z + + , (1). V theo gia thit ,
n n n
a b c Z n + + .
+) V
2 2 2 3 3 3
, ,
n n n
a b c Z n a b c Z a b c Z + + + + + + ,
4 4 4 6 6 6
, a b c Z a b c Z + + + +
+) Ta s di chung minh abc Z . Tht vy:
Ta c
2 2 2 2
2( ) ( ) ( ) 2( ) ab bc ca a b c a b c ab bc ca Z + + = + + + + + +
Ta c
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2
2( ) ( ) ( ) 2( ) a b b c c a a b c a b c a b b c c a Z + + = + + + + + +
Ta c
3 3 3 2 2 2
3 ( )( ) a b c abc a b c a b c ab bc ca + + = + + + +
3 3 3 2 2 2
2( ) 6 ( ) 2( ) 2( ) a b c abc a b c a b c ab bc ca ( + + = + + + + + +


3 3 3 2 2 2
6 2( ) ( ) 2( ) 2( ) abc a b c a b c a b c ab bc ca ( = + + + + + + + +


6abc Z
Ta c
6 6 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 ( )( ) a b c a b c a b c a b c a b b c c a + + = + + + +
6 6 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2
2( ) 6 ( ) 2( ) 2( ) a b c a b c a b c a b c a b b c c a ( + + = + + + + + +


2 2 2 6 6 6 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2
6 2( ) ( ) 2( ) 2( ) a b c a b c a b c a b c a b b c c a ( = + + + + + + + +


2 2 2
6a b c Z
Tu cc du kin 6abc Z v
2 2 2
6a b c Z abc Z , (2).
+) Ta s di chung minh ab bc ca Z + + . Tht vy:
Ta c ( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 ( ) ab bc ca a b b c c a abc a b c + + = + + + + +
( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2( ) 4 ( ) ab bc ca a b b c c a abc a b c + + = + + + + +
( )
2
2 ab bc ca Z + +
Tu cc du kin 2( ) ab bc ca Z + + v ( )
2
2 ab bc ca Z + + ab bc ca Z + + , (3).
+) Tu (1), (2) v (3) ta c bi ton duoc chung minh.


Bi 5 Cho s nguyn duong n. K hiu T l tp hp gm 2n s nguyn duong du tin.
Hoi c bao nhiu tp con S cua T c tnh cht : trong S khng tn ti cc s a, b m
{ } 1: a b n .
Luu Tp rng duc coi l tp con c tnh cht nu trn.
Giai
(Li giai bi 5 duc tham khao ti http://forum.mathscope.org)

+) Truoc ht ta xt bi ton sau :
Cho 2 hng dim
1 2
, , ..,
n
A A A o trn v
1 2
, , ..,
n
B B B o duoi. Cc dim cp dim
1
( : )
i i
A A

,
1
( : )
i i
B B

, ( : )
i i
A B
duoc ni voi nhau, ngoi ra
1
A v
n
B cung duoc ni voi nhau. Tnh s cch chon ra mt s dim m khng
c hai dim no duoc ni voi nhau.

+) Goi
n
S l s cch chon thoa mn diu kin trn, nhung c th chua ca
1
A v
n
B . Goi
n
x l s cch chon
thoa mn nhung khng chua dim no trong 4 dim
1 1
, , ,
n n
A B A B . Goi
n
y l s cch chon thoa mn nhung
chua dng 1 dim trong 4 dim trn. Goi
n
: l s cch chon thoa mn nhung chua dng 2 dim
1
,
n
A A hoc
1
,
n
B B . Goi
n
t l s cch chon nhung chua dng 2 dim
1
,
n
A B hoc
1
,
n
A B .
Khi d ta c
1 n n n n
S x y : t = + + + v s cch chon thoa mn bi ton l
2
n
n
t
S .
+) D dng lp cng thuc truy hi cho
n
S l :
0
1
1 1
1
3
2
n n n
S
S
S S S
+
=

= +

.
+) Mt khc ta c:
2 n n
x S

= , (1)
1 2
2( )
n n n
y S S

= , (2)
1 2
1
2
n n n
: t y

= + v
1 2
1
2
n n n
t : y

= + , (3).
Tu (1) v (2) suy ra
2 1 2 2
2( ) 2
n n n n n n n
: t S S S S S

+ = = , (4).
Tu (3) suy ra
1 1
( )
n n n n
: t : t

= . Tu dy d dng suy ra
1
2( 1)
n
n n
: t

= , (5).
Tu (4) v (5) ta c
2
( 1)
n
n n
t S

= + .
Vy ta c s dy thoa mn l
1
2
2 ( 1) 1
2 2
n
n n
n n
S S
S t

+
=
Cui cng thu duoc kt qua l
( )( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
1
5 4 2 1 2 5 4 2 1 2 2.( 1)
4
n n
n

+ + + +

+) Tro lai bi ton dang xt nu ta coi dim
i
A duoc gn s n + i v dim
i
B duoc gn s i th ta c kt qua
cua bi ton s 5.

Ht