i cương về phương pháp phần tử hữu hạn

SAP2000
Email: binh.lv@ou.edu.vn 1
1
i cng v
phng php phn t hu hn

1.1. Khi nim v phng php Phn t hu hn
Phng php phn t hu hn (Finite Element Method FEM) l mt phng php
s c bit c hiu qu tm dng gn ng ca mt n hm cha bit trong min xc
nh V ca n. Tuy
nhin, FEM khng
tm dng xp x ca
n hm trn ton
min V ca kt cu
m ch tm trong
tng min con V
e
.
Chnh v vy m
FEM c th p dng
cho rt nhiu bi
ton k thut v
nht l i vi bi
ton kt cu, trong
n hm cn tm
c th c xc
nh trn cc min
phc tp vi nhiu
iu kin bin khc nhau.
Nh vy, i vi FEM min tnh ton V c thay th bi mt s hu hn cc min
con V
e
c gi l phn t. Cc phn t ny ch c ni vi nhau bi cc im nh
trc trn bin gi l nt. Trong phm v mi phn t, i lng cn tm c xp x theo
mt dng phn b xc nh no . Cc h s ca hm xp x c gi l cc tham s hay
cc ta tng qut. Cc tham s ny li c biu din qua gi tr ca hm (v c th
c o hm ca n) ti v tr cc im nt trn phn t. Cc gi tr ti nt c gi l bc
t do ca phn t v c xem l cc n s cn tm ca bi ton. Nh vy cc h s ca
hm xp x c ngha vt l xc nh, do vy n rt d tha mn iu kin bin ca bi
ton. y cng chnh l u im ni bt ca FEM so vi cc phng php khc.
c th nghin cu c th FEM, ta cn thng nht mt s k hiu v lm quen vi
cc khi nim sau:
+ Phn t (element) l cc min con thuc min V ca trn cu. Do yu cu ca
phng php, min V phi c ri rc ha thnh cc phn t.
Hnh H-1.2 M hnh phn t hu hn ca h dn khng gian
SAP2000
+ Nt (node hay joint) l cc im nh trc trn bin phn t m thng qua cc
nt ny m cc phn t c ni vi nhau to thnh mt min lin tc.
+ Hm xp x (approximation function) biu din dng phn b ca n hm cn tm
theo mt quy lut no trong phm vi tng phn t.
+ Vect chuyn v nt phn t { }
e
q (hay vect bc t do ca phn t) chnh l tp
hp tt cc bc t do ca cc nt thuc v phn t .
+ Vect chuyn v nt kt cu { } q (hay vect chuyn v nt tng th) chnh l tp
hp tt c cc bc t do ca tt c cc nt trong kt cu.
+ Vect cc tham s { } a (hay vect cc ta tng qut) l cc tham s ca hm
xp x. Theo FEM, cc tham s ny s khng c tnh trc tip m s c biu din
qua vect chuyn v nt ca phn t.
+ Cc khi nim hm dng [ ] N (shape function), ma trn cng [ ] K (stiffness
matrix), vect ti { } P (load vector) s c trnh by khi thnh lp cc phng trnh c
bn ca FEM.
Ty theo ngha ca hm xp x trong bi ton kt cu, ngi ta chia lm 3 m
hnh sau y:
(i) M hnh tng thch biu din dng phn b ca chuyn v trong phn t. n s
l cc chuyn v v o hm ca n c xc nh t h phng trnh c thit lp trn
c s nguyn l bin phn Lagrange hay nguyn l th nng ton phn dng.
(ii) M hnh cn bng biu din dng gn ng ca ng sut hoc ni lc bn trong
phn t. n s l cc lc ti nt c xc nh t h phng trnh thit lp trn c s
nguyn l bin phn Castigliano hay nguyn l nng lng h ton phn dng.
(iii) M hnh hn hp biu din gn ng dng phn b ca c chuyn v v ng
sut trong phn t. Coi chuyn v v ng sut l hai yu t c lp ring bit. n s c
xc nh t h phng trnh thnh lp trn c s nguyn l bin phn Reisner-Helinge.
Trong ba m hnh trn th m hnh tng thch c dng rng ri hn c. Hai m
hnh cn li ch s dng hiu qu trong mt s bi ton. Phn mm SAP2000 s dng m
hnh tng thch phn tch kt cu.
1.2. Hm xp x
1.2.1. La chn hm xp x
Nh trnh by trn, cc n hm cn tm c xp x ha trn mi phn t. Nh
vy vic la chn hm xp x phi m t gn ng i lng cn tm trong phm vi mi
phn t. Thng thng hm xp x hay c chn dng a thc. Hm xp x cng c
th s dng dng lng gic.
u im ca hm xp x dng a thc:
+ a thc khi c xem l t hp tuyn tnh cc n thc th tp hp cc n thc
tha mn yu cu c lp tuyn tnh.
+ Hm xp x dng a thc thng d tnh ton o hm v tch phn.
+ C kh nng tng chnh xc bng cch tng s bc ca a thc xp x.
V d:
Trong bi ton 1-D, hm xp x c chn di dng a thc nh sau:
SAP2000
( ) x a a x u
2 1
+ = (xp x tuyn tnh)
( )
2
3 2 1
x a x a a x u + + = (xp x bc 2)
( )
3
4
2
3 2 1
x a x a x a a x u + + + = (xp x bc 3)
Nu chn hm xp x bc n th ta c:
[ ] [ ]{ } a ) x ( P
a
a
a
a
x ... x x 1 x a ... x a a ) x ( u
1 n
3
2
1
n 2 1 n
n 2 1
=
= + + + =
+
M

Bi ton 2-D:
[ ] [ ]{ } a ) y , x ( P
a
a
a
a
a
a
xy y x y x 1 xy a y a x a y a x a a ) x ( u
6
5
4
3
2
1
2 2
6
2
5
2
4 3 2 1
=
= + + + + + =
Bi ton 3-D:
[ ]{ } a ) z , y , x ( P ) z , y , x ( u = (1.1)
[ ] ) z , y , x ( P c gi l ma trn cc n thc.
{ } a c gi l vect cc tham s (hay vect ta tng qut).
1.2.2 Chn bc ca a thc xp x
V nguyn tc, nu chn bc ca a thc xp x cng cao th kt qu xp x cng
chnh xc. Tuy nhin, a thc c chn phi tha mn cc yu cu sau y:
(i) Cc a thc xp x phi tha mn iu kin hi t, tc l:
+ Lin tc trong phm vi phn t. iu ny ng nhin tha mn nu chn hm
xp x dng a thc.
+ Bo m tn ti trng thi n v trong phn t v cc o hm ring ca n n
bc cao nht m phim hm I(u) i hi (Xem li phng php bin phn ca L thuyt
n hi).
(ii) a thc xp x c chn khng lm mt tnh ng hng hnh hc:
+ p ng yu cu ny, ta c th chn dng cc a thc t tam gic Pascal (bi
ton 2-D) hay t thp Pascal (bi ton 3-D). i vi xp x ca bi ton 1-D th yu cu
ny t nhin tha mn.
SAP2000

Hnh H-1.2 (a) Tam gic Pascal - (b) Thp Pascal
Th d:
Vi bi ton 2-D, mun dng hm xp x n bc 2, ta s ly cc s hng n tng
th 2 ca tam gic Pascal, khi hm xp x s l:
xy a y a x a y a x a a ) y , x ( u
6
2
5
2
4 3 2 1
+ + + + + =
Vi bi ton 3-D, hm xp x bc 2 s c ly n tng th 2 ca thp Pascal:
xz a zy a xy a z a y a x a z a y a x a a ) z , y , x ( u
10 9 8
2
7
2
6
2
5 4 3 2 1
+ + + + + + + + + =
(c) S tham s trong vect { } a phi bng s bc t do ca phn t { }
e
q :
+ Yu cu ny cn c m bo, nh th mi c th ni suy a thc xp x theo
gi tr i lng cn tm ti cc im nt. Mun tng bc ca a thc xp x ln, ta cng
phi tng s bc t do ca phn t ln, ta s c c cc phn t bc cao.
1.3. Hm dng
Vect cc bc t do { }
e
q ca phn t (hay vect chuyn v nt phn t) l tp hp
tt c cc bc t do ca cc nt trn phn t. Cc bc t do ny chnh l n s cn tm ca
bi ton khi phn tch theo phng php phn t hu hn.
Sau khi la chn hm xp x, chng ta phi biu din cc a thc xp x theo vect
chuyn v nt phn t { }
e
q . Ta ni rng, cc a thc ny c ni suy theo { }
e
q . Thc
cht l ta phi m bo rng gi tr ca a thc xp x (hay o hm ca n) ti cc im
nt thuc phn t phi ng nht bng bc t do ca phn t. Hay ni cch khc, nu ta
thay th ta cc im nt trn phn t vo trong hm xp x th phi cho gi tr ng
bng chuyn v nt. Trong trng hp tng qut, nu phn t c r nt, ta c:
{ }
e
q
) r node ( u
... ..........
) 2 node ( u
) 1 node ( u

SAP2000
Ta thay ta cc nt vo cc a thc xp x, thc hin ng nht v biu din theo
(1.1), ta c:
{ } [ ]{ } { }
e
r r r
2 2 2
1 1 1
r r r
2 2 2
1 1 1
q a A a
)] z , y , x ( P [
........ ..........
)] z , y , x ( P [
)] z , y , x ( P [
) z , y , x ( u
........ ..........
) z , y , x ( u
) z , y , x ( u
) r node ( u
... ..........
) 2 node ( u
) 1 node ( u
=
(1.2)
Trong [ ] A l ma trn vung kch thc bng s bc t do ca phn t v ch
cha ta cc im nt ca phn t.
T (1.2) ta c: { } [ ] { }
e
1
q . A a

= (1.3)
Thay (1.3) vo (1.1), ta c:
{ } [ ]{ } [ ][ ] { } [ ]{ }
e e
1
e
q N q . A ) z , y , x ( P a ) z , y , x ( P ) z , y , x ( u = = =

(1.4)
Trong : [ ] [ ][ ]
1
A z) y, P(x, N

= (1.5) c gi l ma trn cc hm ni suy hoc ma
trn cc hm dng. Thc cht l ma trn [ ] N dng biu din cc hm xp x theo vect
e
q hay ni suy theo { }
e
q . Nhn vo biu thc (1.4), c th thy,
chuyn v ca cc im bn trong phn t c tnh theo cc chuyn v nt ca phn t
bng ma trn cc hm dng [ ] N . i vi bi ton kt cu, cc thnh phn ca ma trn [ ] N
biu din dng phn b ca chuyn v trong phn t ng vi cc chuyn v nt bng n
v.
Th d 1-1: Tm ma trn cc hm dng ca phn t thanh chu ko (nn) dc trc
c 2 nt (hnh H-1.3).
Do thanh ch chu ko (nn)
nn mi nt ch c mt bc t do
l chuyn v theo phng chu ko
(nn). Do vy vect chuyn v nt
s l:
{ } { } { }
T
j i
T
e 2 1 e
u , u q , q q = =
Do vect chuyn v nt ch
c hai thnh phn, do ta ch c th xp x hm chuyn v n bc 1 (cha 2 tham s):
( ) [ ] [ ]{ } a ) x ( P
a
a
x 1 x a a x u
2
1
2 1
=
)
`
= + =
biu din chuyn v xp x trn theo { }
e
q , ta thc hin thay ta cc im nt
vo ) x ( u v thc hin ng nht, ta c:
[ ]{ } { }
e
2
1
2 1
1
q a A
a
a
L 1
0 1
L a a
a
) L x ( u
) 0 x ( u
) 2 node ( u
1) (node u
=
)
`
=
)
`
+
=
)
`
=
=
=
)
`

Nh vy [ ] [ ]
(
(
=
(
=

L
1
L
1
0 1
A
L 1
0 1
A
1

T (1.5) ta c ma trn cc hm dng ca phn t thanh chu ko (nn):
Hnh H-1.3
SAP2000
Hnh H-1.4
[ ] [ ][ ] [ ] [ ] ) x ( N ) x ( N
L
x
L
x
1
L
1
L
1
0 1
x 1 A ) x ( P N
2 1
1
e
=
(
\
|
=
(
(
= =

Cui cng ta c th xp x ) x ( u theo vect chuyn v nt phn t nh sau:
[ ]{ }
2 1
2
1
e
q
L
x
q
L
x
1
q
q
L
x
L
x
1 q N ) x ( u + |
\
|
=
)
`
\
|
= =
Th d 1-2: Tm ma trn cc hm dng ca phn t dm chu un 2 nt (H-1.4).
i vi dm chu un, mi nt
c 2 bc t do l thnh phn chuyn
v thng gc vi dm ) x ( v v gc
xoay
dx
dv
= . Nh vy, vect bc t
do ca phn t s l:
{ } { } { }
T
j j i i
T
4 3 2 1 e
, v , , v q , q , q , q q = =

Do vy, hm xp x chuyn v
) x ( v c th xp x n bc 3 (cha 4
tham s):
[ ] [ ]{ } a ) x ( P
a
a
a
a
x x x 1 x a x a x a a ) x ( v
4
3
2
1
3 2 3
4
2
3 2 1
=
= + + + =
Hm xp x gc xoay:
[ ]
= + + = =
4
3
2
1
2 2
4 3 2
a
a
a
a
x 3 x 2 1 0 x a 3 x a 2 a
dx
dv
) x (
biu din chuyn v v gc xoay xp x trn theo { }
e
q , ta thc hin thay ta
cc im nt vo ) x ( v v ) x ( v thc hin ng nht, ta c:

[ ]{ } { }
e
4
3
2
1
2
3 2
2
4 3 2
3
4
2
3 2 1
2
1
2
2
1
1
q a A
a
a
a
a
L 3 L 2 1 0
L L L 1
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
L a 3 L a 2 a
L a L a L a a
a
a
) L x (
) L x ( v
) 0 x (
) 0 x ( v
= =
(
(
(
(
+ +
+ + +
=
=
=
=
=

Nh vy [ ] [ ]
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(
=

2 3 2 3
2 2
1
2
3 2
L / 1 L / 2 L / 1 L / 2
L / 1 L / 3 L / 2 L / 3
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
A
L 3 L 2 1 0
L L L 1
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
A
SAP2000
Ma trn cc hm dng c xc nh nh sau:
[ ] [ ][ ] [ ] [ ]
4 3 2 1
2 3 2 3
2 2
3 2 1
N N N N
L / 1 L / 2 L / 1 L / 2
L / 1 L / 3 L / 2 L / 3
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
x x x 1 A ) x ( P N =
(
(
(
(

= =

Trong :
3
3
2
2
1
L
x
2
L
x
3 1 N + = ;
2
3 2
2
L
x
L
x
2 x N + = ;
3
3
2
2
3
L
x
2
L
x
3 N = ;
2
3 2
4
L
x
L
x
N + =
Hm chuyn v c ni suy qua vect cc bc t do ca phn t:
[ ]{ }
4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 e
q N q N q N q N q N ) x ( v + + + = =
1.4. Cc phng trnh c bn ca FEM
1.4.1. Ma trn cng phn t v vect ti phn t
Bi ton kt cu gii gii bng FEM theo m hnh tng thch tc l ta chn n c
bn l chuyn v. Sau khi tm c chuyn v, ta mi tm tip cc thnh ng sut, bin
dng. Chuyn v c xp x ha bng cc a thc xp x v c ni suy qua vect
e
q :
{ } [ ]{ }
e e
q N u =
Theo phng trnh Cauchy ca L thuyt n hi (xem thm bi tp 1 phn bi
tp cui chng), ta c th tnh c cc thnh phn bin dng:
{ } [ ]{ } [ ][ ]{ } [ ]{ }
e e e e
q B q N u = = = (1.6)
Trong : [ ] [ ][ ] N B = c gi l ma trn tnh bin dng. (1.7)
tnh ng sut ca cc im thuc phn t, ta p dng nh lut Hooke. Nu b
qua thnh phn ng sut v bin dng ban u, ta c:
{ } [ ]{ }
e e
D = (1.8)
Thay (1.6) vo (1.8), ta c:
{ } [ ][ ]{ } [ ]{ }
e e e
q S q B D = = (1.9)
Trong : [ ] [ ][ ] B D S = c gi l ma trn tnh ng sut. (1.10)
tm c phng trnh c bn ca phng php phn t hu hn, ta dng cc
nguyn l bin phn Lagrange (tng t nh cc phng php Ritz v Galerkin trong
phng php bin phn). Th nng ton phn ca phn t s l:
{ } ( ) { } { } { } { } { } { }

=
e e e
S
e
T
V
e
T
V
e
T
e e e
dS u p dV u g dV
2
1
u (1.11)
Thay cc kt qu t (1.5), (1.6) v (1.9) vo (1.11), ta s biu din c th nng
ca phn t theo chuyn v nt { }
e
q , c th:
{ } ( ) { } [ ] [ ][ ] ( ){ } { } [ ]{ } { } [ ]{ }

=
e e e
S
e
T
V
e
T
V
e
T T
e e e
dS q N p dV q N g dV q B D B q
2
1
u (1.12)
C th vit gn di dng:
SAP2000
{ } ( ) { } [ ] { } { } { }
e
T
e e e
T
e e e
P q q K q
2
1
u = (1.13)
Trong :
[ ] [ ] [ ][ ]
=
e
V
T
e
dV B D B K gi l ma trn cng phn t. (1.14)
{ } [ ] { } [ ] { }

+ =
e e
S
e
T
V
e
T
e
dS p N dV g N P gi l vect ti phn t. (1.15)
php tnh ma trn cng (1.14) v do [ ] D l ma trn i xng nn [ ]
e
K cng
l ma trn i xng.
1.4.2. Ma trn cng tng th v vect ti tng th
Gi s rng kt cu c chia thnh N phn t bi R nt. S bc t do ca mi nt
l s. Mi phn t c r nt.
Nh vy:
+ S bc t do ca phn t s l ne = r x s.
+ S bc t do ca c h s l n = R x s.
Vect chuyn v nt phn t { }
e
q s c kch thc (ne x 1)
Vect chuyn v nt tng th { } q s c kch thc (n x 1)
Thc cht, { }
e
q l mt thnh phn ca { } q , do gia hai vect chuyn v nt phn
t v tng th s c mi quan h vi nhau theo biu thc:
{ } [ ] { } q L q
e e
= (1.16)
Trong : [ ]
e
L (ne x n) gi l ma trn nh v
phn t. Ma trn ny cho thy hnh nh sp xp ca
{ }
e
q trong { } q .
Th d 1-3: Hy biu din vect chuyn v nt
{ }
e
q ca cc phn t theo vect chuyn v nt { } q
ca kt cu dn phng nh trn hnh H-1.6.
Kt cu gm N = 6 phn t, tng s nt R = 4
nt, mi nt c s = 2 bc t do l 2 thnh phn
chuyn v trong mt phng dn, mi phn t c r = 2
nt. Nh vy, vect { } q s c tt c R x s = 4 x 2 = 8
thnh phn thnh phn, c th:
{ } { }
T
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
q q q q q q q q q =
Vect chuyn v nt phn t { }
e
q s c 2 x 2 = 4 thnh phn v c th ty quan
nim im u i v im cui j ca phn t:
{ } { }
T
6 5 2 1 1
q q q q q = ; { } { }
T
2 1 4 3 2
q q q q q = ; { } { }
T
4 3 8 7 3
q q q q q =
{ } { }
T
6 5 8 7 4
q q q q q = ; { } { }
T
6 5 4 3 5
q q q q q = ; { } { }
T
2 1 8 7 3
q q q q q =
Ta biu din v tr sp xp ca cc { }
e
q trong { } q bng ma trn nh v [ ]
e
L :
Hnh H-1.6
SAP2000
{ }
(
(
(
(
=
8
2
1
1
q
q
q
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
q
M
{ }
(
(
(
(
=
8
2
1
2
q
q
q
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
q
M

{ }
(
(
(
(
=
8
2
1
3
q
q
q
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
q
M
{ }
(
(
(
(
=
8
2
1
4
q
q
q
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
q
M

{ }
(
(
(
(
=
8
2
1
5
q
q
q
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
q
M
{ }
(
(
(
(
=
8
2
1
6
q
q
q
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
q
M

Trong tt c cc trng chuyn v kh d, trng chuyn v thc phi lm cho th
nng ton phn ca h t gi tr dng (theo nguyn l bin phn v chuyn v). Do vy,
ta cn thit phi tm c th nng ton phn ca h, sau t iu kin dng s tm ra
trng chuyn v { } u .
T (1.13), ta c th nng ton phn ca h c biu din theo { } q :
{ } [ ] [ ] [ ] { } { } [ ] { }

= =
|
\
|
= =
N
1 e
e
T
e e e
T
e
T
N
1 e
e
q L P q L K L q
2
1
(1.17)
p dng nguyn l th nng ton phn dng:
0
q
0
q
0
q
0
n
2
1
M
hay vit gn dng ma trn:
{ }
0
q
=
(1.18)
Thay (1.17) vo (1.18) v thc hin o hm ring vi bin s l bc t do tng
ng, ta s nhn c h phng trnh:
[ ]{ } { } 0 P q K = (1.19)
Trong :
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
=
=
N
1 e
e e
T
e
L K L K gi l ma trn cng tng th (2.20)
{ } [ ] { }
=
=
N
1 e
e
T
e
P L P gi l vect ti tng th (1.21)
Phng trnh (1.19) cha n hm l cc chuyn v nt { } q . Tuy nhin, khi ta p dng
cc nguyn l th nng thnh lp phng trnh ny, ta cha p t iu kin bin cho
SAP2000
h kt cu. Do vy ma trn [ ] K l suy bin v khng tn ti ma trn nghch o. Ta phi
a thm vo cc iu kin bin m bo h l bt bin hnh. Sau khi p t iu kin
bin cho { } q (p t iu kin bin ti cc nt), phng trnh (1.19) s tr thnh:
[ ]{ } { } 0 P q K
* * *
= (1.22)
Phng trnh (1.22) chnh l h phng trnh c bn ca FEM.
Cc nhn xt:
+ Ma trn [ ]
e
K l i xng nn [ ]
*
K cng i xng.
+ Trong cng thc (1.20) v (1.21), xc nh [ ] K v { } P ta dng ma trn nh v
phn t [ ]
e
L , thc cht l sp xp cc phn t ca [ ]
e
K v { }
e
P vo ng v tr ca n
trong [ ] K v { } P . Trong thc hnh, ta khng dng cng thc ny m s dng mt ma trn
ch s tin li hn trong qu trnh ghp ni phn t.
+ V mt c hc, phng trnh (1.22) biu din iu kin cn bng ca vt th ti
cc im nt ca kt cu.
Ch : i vi cc nt c lc tp trung ti nt (thng gp trong h dn), ta phi k
thm cc ngoi lc tp trung ti nt { }
n
P vo vect ti { } P .
1.4.3. Ghp ni phn t bng ma trn ch s
Ma trn cng v vect ti tng th c th tnh trc tip t cng thc (1.20) v
(1.21). Tuy nhin, tin li ta dng h thng ch s nh s cho cc bc t do ca
nt nh sau:
1. H thng ch s tng th: ta thc hin nh s th t cc bc t do trong tp hp
cc bc t do ang xt trong { } q . Ch s nh t 1, 2, 3, , n = R x s.
2. H thng ch s phn t: ta thc hin nh s th t cc bc t do trong phn t
{ }
e
q . Ch s c nh t 1, 2, , ne = r x s.
Ta lp ma trn ch s [ ] b sao cho vi cc thnh phn
ij
b chnh l ch s tng th
tng ng vi bc t do th j ca phn t th i. Do vy ma trn [ ] b s c s hng bng s
phn t N v s ct bng s bc t do ca phn t ne.
Khi s dng ma trn ch s [ ] b xy dng ma trn cng tng th [ ] K v vect ti
tng th { } P , ta cn nh rng mi thnh phn
e
ij
K ca ma trn cng phn t
e
K c cng
thm vo phn t mn K ca ma trn cng tng th [ ] K vi
ei
b m = v
ej
b n = . Tng t,
mi phn t
e
i
P ca vect { }
e
P s c cng thm vo phn t m P ca { } P vi
ei
b m = .
Th d 1-4: Lp ma trn ch s ca h dm lin tc sau xy dng ma trn cng
tng th [ ] K v vect ti tng th { } P (hnh H.1-5).
Ch s cc b
Phn t
Nt i Nt j
(1) 1 2 3 4
(2) 3 4 5 6
(3) 5 6 7 8
q
1
1
2
q q
4
3
q q
5
6
q q
8
7
q
1 2 3
2 3 3

Hnh 1-5
SAP2000

Ma trn ch s [ ]
) 3 (
) 2 (
) 1 (
8 7 6 5
6 5 4 3
4 3 2 1
b
(
(
(
=
Do mi phn t dm c 4 bc t do, nn ma trn cng phn t s l:
[ ]
4
3
2
1
k dx
k k
k k k
k k k k
K
4 3 2 1
1
44
1
34
1
33
1
24
1
23
1
22
1
14
1
13
1
12
1
11
1
(
(
(
(
(
=

[ ]
6
5
4
3
k dx
k k
k k k
k k k k
K
6 5 4 3
2
44
2
34
2
33
2
24
2
23
2
22
2
14
2
13
2
12
2
11
2
(
(
(
(
(
=

[ ]
8
7
6
5
k dx
k k
k k k
k k k k
K
8 7 6 5
3
44
3
34
3
33
3
24
3
23
3
22
3
14
3
13
3
12
3
11
3
(
(
(
(
(
=
; { }
4
3
2
1
P
P
P
P
P
1
4
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
= ; { }
6
5
4
3
P
P
P
P
P
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
= ; { }
8
7
6
5
P
P
P
P
P
3
4
3
3
3
2
3
1
3
=
Vect ti tng th gm 8 thnh phn, do vy ma trn cng tng th [ ] K c kch
thc l 8x8 v vect ti tng th { } P l 8x1. Thc hin lp ghp cc ma trn theo h
thng ch s tng th v h thng ch s phn t, ta c:
Ma trn cng tng th:
[ ]
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
k
k k dx
k k k k
k k k k k k
k k k k
0 0 k k k k k k
0 0 0 0 k k k
0 0 0 0 k k k k
K
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
3
44
3
34
3
33
3
24
3
23
3
22
2
44
3
14
3
13
3
12
2
34
3
11
2
33
2
24
2
23
2
22
1
44
2
14
2
13
2
12
1
34
2
11
1
33
1
24
1
23
1
22
1
14
1
13
1
12
1
11
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
+
+ +
+
+ +
=

Vect ti tng th: { }
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
P
P
P P
P P
P P
P P
P
P
P
3
4
3
3
3
2
2
4
3
1
2
3
2
2
1
4
2
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
+
+
+
+
=

SAP2000
1.5. Php chuyn trc ta
Khi thnh lp cc ma trn cng phn t [ ]
e
K v vect ti phn t { }
e
P , chng ta
s dng h ta ca phn t. H ta ny c gn lin vi mi phn t sao cho vic
thit lp cc cng thc tr nn n gin nht. H ta ny c gi l h ta a
phng (local coordinate system).
Tuy nhin trong thc t, h kt cu gm nhiu phn t khc nhau, nn cc h ta
a phng cng khc nhau v chuyn v nt ca mi phn t s khc nhau. Do vy cn
c h ta tng th dng chung cho tt c cc phn t trong h kt cu. H ny c
gi l h ta tng th (global coordinate system).
Gi h ta a phng l xyz, h ta tng th l xyz
Tt c cc ma trn cng phn t, vect ti phn t sau khi c tnh ton trong h
ta a phng c quy chiu sang h ta tng th theo cng thc:
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
e e
T
e e
T K T ' K = (1.23)
{ } [ ] { }
e
T
e e
P T ' P = (1.24)
Trong [ ]
e
T c gi l ma trn bin i (transformation matrix) ph thuc vo v
tr ca phn t trong kt cu.
1.6. Trnh t phn tch bi ton theo FEM
Tm li, khi phn tch bi ton kt cu theo FEM, chng ta cn thc hin theo trnh
t cc bc sau y:
Bc 1: Ri rc ha kt cu
+ Phn chia h kt cu thnh cc phn t c dng hnh hc n gin, ni vi nhau
bi cc im nt.
+ Tin hnh nh s theo h thng ch s phn t v h thng ch s tng th.
Bc 2: Chn hm xp x thch hp
+ Ty theo loi phn t m chn hm xp x thch hp
+ Ni suy hm xp x theo vect cc bc t do ca phn t { }
e
q
+ Tm ma trn hm dng [ ] N , ma trn tnh bin dng [ ] B , ma trn tnh ng sut [ ] S .
Bc 3: Thit lp ma trn cng phn t [ ]
e
K v vect ti phn t { }
e
P
+ Dng cc cng thc (1.14) v (1.15) xc nh [ ]
e
K v { }
e
P .
Bc 4: Ghp ni cc phn t
+ Tin hnh ghp ni ma trn cng tng th [ ] K v vect ti tng th { } P theo h
thng ma trn ch s [ ] b , cui cng i n h phng trnh: [ ]{ } { } P q K = .
+ p t iu kin bin ca bi ton, kt qu nhn c h phng trnh:
[ ]{ } { }
* * *
P q K =
y chnh l h thng phng trnh gii
Bc 5: Gii h phng trnh i s [ ]{ } { }
* * *
P q K =
Kt qu nhn c l vect chuyn v nt tng th { }
*
q
Bc 6: Tm ng sut, chuyn v v bin dng ca tt c cc phn t.
SAP2000
1.7. Cc th d tnh ton
1.7.1. Bi ton h thanh dn
Gii h dn phng cho sau y theo phng php phn t hu hn, cho bit cc
thanh ng v ngang c tit din F, cc thanh xin c mt ct ngang l F
2
2
, cc kch
thc hnh hc cho nh hnh H-1.6.

Hnh H-1.6 (a) S kt cu; (b) Ri rc ha kt cu, nh ch s bc t do
Thc hin lm cc bc nh sau:
Bc 1: Ri rc ha kt cu v nh s nt, nh s phn t. Mi mt dn c
xem l mt nt. Nt th i s c 2 bc t do l (2i-1) v 2i.

Thit lp ma trn ch s [ ]
) 6 (
) 5 (
) 4 (
) 3 (
) 2 (
) 1 (
8 7 6 5
4 3 8 7
4 3 6 5
4 3 2 1
2 1 8 7
2 1 6 5
b
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=

Ch rng, vic xc nh nt u v nt cui ca mi phn t l ty nhng phi
tng ng vi vic xc nh gc nghing ca mi phn t. tin cho vic tnh ton,
ta s tnh sn cc i lng ca cc phn t trong bng:
Phn t Nt i Nt j c
2
s
2
cs L F EF/L
(1) 3 1 0 1 0 0 a F EF/a
(2) 4 1 45
o
1/2 1/2 1/2
a 2 F
2
2

EF/2a
(3) 1 2 -90
o
0 1 0 a F EF/a
SAP2000
(4) 3 2 -45
o
1/2 -1/2
a 2 F
2
2

EF/2a
(5) 4 2 0 1 0 0 a F EF/a
(6) 3 4 -90
o
0 1 0 a F EF/a
Bc 2: Chn hm xp x v i tnh ton cc ma trn [ ] N , [ ] B , [ ] S .
i vi thanh chu bin dng dc trc, ta xc nh c hm dng:
[ ] [ ][ ] [ ] [ ] ) x ( N ) x ( N
L
x
L
x
1
L
1
L
1
0 1
x 1 A ) x ( P N
2 1
1
e
=
(
\
|
=
(
(
= =

Ma trn tnh bin dng s c xc nh:
[ ] [ ][ ]
(
=
(
\
|
= =
L
1
L
1
L
x
L
x
1
dx
d
N B
Ma trn tnh ni lc trong h ta tng th [ ] [ ][ ]
e e
T B EF ' S = , c th:
[ ] [ ] s c s c
L
EF
s c 0 0
0 0 s c
L
1
L
1
EF ' S
e
=
(
=
Ta c th thnh lp ma trn cng phn t v vect ti phn t t cc cng thc
(1.14) v (1.15).
[ ] [ ] [ ][ ] [ ]
(
=
(
= =

1 1
1 1
L
EF
Fdx 1 1
L
1
E
1
1
L
1
dV B D B K
L
0 V
T
e
e

{ } [ ] { }

(
(
(
(
\
|

= =
L
0
L
0
T
e
dx ) x ( p
L
x
L
x
1
dx ) x ( p N P
Ma trn cng phn t trong h ta tng th c xc nh:
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
(
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(
(
= =
2
2
2 2
2 2
e e
T
e e
s dx
cs c
s cs s
cs c cs c
L
EF
s c 0 0
0 0 s c
1 1
1 1
L
EF
s 0
c 0
0 s
0 c
T K T ' K (1.25)
Vi k hiu c = cos, s = sin, l gc hp bi trc phn t v trc x.
Ch rng, vic xc nh nt u v nt cui ca mi phn t phi tng ng vi
vic xc nh gc nghing ca mi phn t. tin cho vic tnh ton, ta s tnh sn
cc i lng ca cc phn t trong bng:
Phn t Nt 1 Nt 2 c
2
s
2
cs L F EF/L
(1) 3 1 0 1 0 0 a F EF/a
(2) 4 1 45
o
1/2 1/2 1/2
a 2 F
2
2

EF/2a
(3) 1 2 -90
o
0 1 0 a F EF/a
SAP2000
(4) 3 2 -45
o
1/2 -1/2
a 2 F
2
2

EF/2a
(5) 4 2 0 1 0 0 a F EF/a
(6) 3 4 -90
o
0 1 0 a F EF/a
Bc 3: Thit lp cc ma trn cng phn t v vect ti phn t
S dng cng thc (1.25) tnh ma trn cng phn t, tin lp ghp cc ma trn
ta ghi cc ch s ca phn t bn cnh.
[ ] [ ]
4
3
8
7
2
1
6
5
0 dx
0 1
0 0 0
0 1 0 1
a
EF
' K ' K
2 1 6 5
4 3 8 7
5 1
(
(
(
(

= =

[ ] [ ]
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1 dx
0 0
1 0 1
0 0 0 0
a
EF
' K ' K
4 3 2 1
8 7 6 5
6 3
(
(
(
(
= =

[ ]
2
1
8
7
1 dx
1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1 1
a 4
EF
' K
2 1 8 7
2
(
(
(
(

=

[ ]
4
3
6
5
1 dx
1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1 1
a 4
EF
' K
4 3 6 5
4
(
(
(
(

=

Nhn thy h dn ch c cc lc tp trung ti cc mt dn, khng c ti trng phn
b u trn phn t nn ta c:
{ } { } { } { } 0 ' P ... ' P ' P
6 2 1
= = = =
Vect cc lc nt:
{ } { }
T
4 4 3 3 n
V H V H 0 0 P 0 ' P
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
=

Cc lc H
3
, V
3
, H
4
, V
4
chnh l cc phn lc cha bit ti nt 3 v 4.
Bc 4: Thc hin lp ghp [ ]
e
' K v { }
e
' P theo ma trn ch s [ ] b , ta c:
Ma trn cng tng th v vect ti tng th:
[ ]
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
5
1 5 x
4 0 5
0 0 1 5
0 0 1 1 5
0 4 1 1 1 5
1 1 0 0 4 0 5
1 1 0 4 0 0 1 5
a 4
EF
' K
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=

{ }
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
V
H
V
H
0
0
P
0
' P
4
4
3
3
=

SAP2000
p t iu kin bin ti cc nt 3 v 4, ta c 0 q q q q
8 7 6 5
= = = = , ta c h
thng phng trnh gii bng cch xa i cc ct v hng 5, 6, 7, 8 ca ma trn
cng tng th, v xa i cc hng 5, 6, 7, 8 ca vect ti tng th, cui cng:
[ ]
4
3
2
1
5 x
1 5
4 0 5
0 0 1 5
a 4
EF
' K
4 3 2 1
*
(
(
(
(
=
; { }
4
3
2
1
' q
' q
' q
' q
q
4
3
2
1
*
= ; { }
4
3
2
1
0
0
P
0
' P
*
=
Bc 5: Gii h phng trnh [ ]{ } { }
* * *
P q K = , ta c:
{ }
=
25
5
30
6
EF 11
Pa
' q
' q
' q
' q
q
4
3
2
1
*
chnh l chuyn v ca cc mt dn (nt 1 v 2).
Cc vect chuyn v nt ca tng phn t nhn c t { } ' q theo h thng ch s:
{ }
=
30
6
0
0
EF 11
Pa
' q
' q
' q
' q
' q
2
1
6
5
1
; { }
=
30
6
0
0
EF 11
Pa
' q
' q
' q
' q
' q
2
1
8
7
2
; { }
=
25
5
30
6
EF 11
Pa
' q
' q
' q
' q
' q
4
3
2
1
3

{ }
=
25
5
0
0
EF 11
Pa
' q
' q
' q
' q
' q
4
3
6
5
4
; { }
=
25
5
0
0
EF 11
Pa
' q
' q
' q
' q
' q
4
3
8
7
5
; { }
=
0
0
0
0
EF 11
Pa
' q
' q
' q
' q
' q
8
7
6
5
6

Bc 6: Tnh lc dc trong cc thanh dn
Ni lc c tnh ton theo ma trn tnh ni lc [ ]
e
' S , c th:
[ ] { } [ ] P
11
6
30
6
0
0
EF 11
Pa
0 1 0 1
a
EF
' q ' S N
1 1 1
=
= =
[ ] { } P
11
2 6
30
6
0
0
EF 11
Pa
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
a 2
EF
' q ' S N
2 2 2
=
= =
[ ] { } [ ] P
11
5
25
5
30
6
EF 11
Pa
1 0 1 0
a
EF
' q ' S N
3 3 3
=
= =
SAP2000
[ ] { } P
11
2 5
25
5
0
0
EF 11
Pa
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
a 2
EF
' q ' S N
4 4 4
=
= =
[ ] { } [ ] P
11
5
25
5
0
0
EF 11
Pa
0 1 0 1
a
EF
' q ' S N
5 5 5
=
= =

[ ] { } [ ] 0
0
0
0
0
EF 11
Pa
1 0 1 0
a
EF
' q ' S N
6 6 6
=
= =
1.7.2. Bi ton h khung phng
Gii bi ton khung phng sau y theo FEM (hnh 1.7)

0
0
1
q'
q'
2
0
0 0
0
0
EJ=const
x'
y'
1
2
1
2 3
a
q
a

Hnh 1.7
Bc 1: Thc hin chia kt cu thnh 2 phn t bi cc nt 1, 2, 3. Thc hin nh
ch s cc bc t do. Thng thng i vi h khung phng, mi nt ca kt cu s c 3
bc t do gm: 2 chuyn v theo phng x v y, 1 chuyn v xoay trong mt phng xy.
Nh vy, h thng s c tt c 3 3 = 9 bc t do. Tuy nhin, i vi h khung ta ch
quan tm n chuyn v thng gc vi trc phn t v chuyn v xoay (phn t dm chu
un) v b qua thnh phn bin dng dc trc (tng t nh trong C hc kt cu, ngi
ta b qua nh hng ca lc dc v lc ct so vi nh hng ca mmen un khi tnh
chuyn v).
Nh vy, nt 1 v nt 2 ch cn 1 chuyn v xoay cha bit. Tt c cc chuyn v
thng ca cc nt u bng 0.
Ma trn ch s c thnh lp nh sau:
[ ]
) 2 (
) 1 (
0 0 0 2 0 0
2 0 0 1 0 0
b
(
=
Bc 2: Tm ma trn [ ] N , [ ] B , [ ] S .
T mc 1.2 ta c ma trn cc hm dng ca phn t dm chu un:
SAP2000
[ ] [ ][ ] [ ] [ ]
4 3 2 1
2 3 2 3
2 2
3 2 1
N N N N
L / 1 L / 2 L / 1 L / 2
L / 1 L / 3 L / 2 L / 3
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
x x x 1 A ) x ( P N =
(
(
(
(

= =

Trong :
3
3
2
2
1
L
x
2
L
x
3 1 N + = ;
2
3 2
2
L
x
L
x
2 x N + = ;
3
3
2
2
3
L
x
2
L
x
3 N = ;
2
3 2
4
L
x
L
x
N + =

Ma trn cng phn t c xc nh:
[ ] [ ] [ ][ ] [ ] [ ]
(
(
(
(
= = =

2
2 2
3
L F
T
V
T
e
L 4 dx
L 6 12
L 2 L 6 L 4
L 6 12 L 6 12
L
EJ
dx dF B B E dV B D B K
e

Khi xt trong h ta tng th, ta c ma trn cng phn t:
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

= =
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
e e
T
e e
L 4
Lc 6 c 12 dx
Ls 6 cs 12 s 12
L 2 Lc 6 Ls 6 L 4
Lc 6 c 12 cs 12 Lc 6 c 12
Ls 6 cs 12 s 12 Ls 6 cs 12 s 12
T K T ' K

Trong : c = cos, s = sin., [ ]
(
(
(
(
=
1 0 0 0 0 0
0 c s 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 c s
T
e

tin cho vic tnh ton, ta tnh trc cc s liu ca phn t trong bng:
Phn t Nt i Nt j c s c
2
s
2
cs EJ/L
3

(1) 1 2 90 0 1 0 1 0 EJ/a
3

(2) 2 3 0 1 0 1 0 0 EJ/a
3

Bc 3 : S dng cng thc tnh ton ma trn cng phn t
[ ]
2
0
0
1
0
0
a 4
0 0 dx
a 6 0 12
a 2 0 a 6 a 4
0 0 0 0 0
a 6 0 12 a 6 0 12
a
EJ
' K
2 0 0 1 0 0
2
2 2
3
1
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=

SAP2000
[ ]
0
0
0
2
0
0
a 4
a 6 12 dx
0 0 0
a 2 a 6 0 a 4
a 6 12 0 a 6 12
0 0 0 0 0 0
a
EJ
' K
0 0 0 2 0 0
2
2 2
3
2
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=

Lp ghp thnh ma trn cng tng th:
[ ]
(
=
(
+
=
8 dx
2 4
a
EJ
2
1
a 4 a 4 dx
a 2 a 4
a
EJ
K
2 1
2 2
2 2
3
*

xc nh nhanh vect ti phn t { }
e
' P , ta ch cn phn phi cc lc trn phn t
v nt, sau chiu ln phng trc x v y (h ta tng th). C th:
{ }
2
0
0
1
0
0
12
qa
0
2
qa
12
qa
0
2
qa
' P
2
2
1
= { }
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
' P
2
=
H cho khng c cc mmen tp trung ti nt 1 v 2, nn { } { } 0 P
n
= . Ch rng
ti cc nt 1 v 3 vn tn ti cc lc nt l cc phn lc ti cc lin kt. Tuy nhin cc
phn lc ny tng ng vi bc t do mang ch s 0 nn s khng xut hin trong { }
*
' P .
Thc hin lp ghp vect ti phn t, ta c:
{ }
)
`
=
1
1
12
qa
2
1
12
qa
12
qa
' P
2
2
2
*

Bc 4: Gii h thng phng trnh
[ ]{ } { }
)
`
=
)
`
=
1
1
12
qa
' q
' q
8 2
2 4
a
EJ
' P ' q ' K
2
2
1 * * *

)
`
=
)
`
3
5
EJ
qa
168
1
' q
' q
3
2
1

Kt qu chnh l chuyn v xoay ti nt 1 v nt 2.
Bc 5: Tnh ton ni lc
Xc nh mmen trong phn t. Ch n gc nghing ca mi phn t.
SAP2000
{ }
)
`

=
)
`
=
1
7
84
qa
3
0
0
5
0
0
EJ
qa
168
1
a 4 0 a 6 a 2 0 a 6
a 2 0 a 6 a 4 0 a 6
a
EJ
M
M
M
2 3
2 2
2 2
3
) 1 (
2
1
) 1 (

{ }
)
`

=
)
`
=
3
6
84
qa
0
0
0
3
0
0
EJ
qa
168
1
a 4 a 6 0 a 2 a 6 0
a 2 a 6 0 a 4 a 6 0
a
EJ
M
M
M
2 3
2 2
2 2
3
) 2 (
2
1
) 2 (

Biu mmen chnh xc phi c hiu chnh bng cch cng thm biu
mmen M
0
khi xem cc nt b gn cng (hnh H.1-8).
7
1
6
3
q

o

3
7
7
6

Hnh 1.8
SAP2000
2
Phn mm phn tch kt cu SAP2000

2.1. Gii thiu phn mm SAP2000
B phn mm SAP2000 c gio s Edward L. Wilson v cc cng s (i hc
California, Berkeley, M) nghin cu lp ra da trn cc phng php s v phng
php phn t hu hn trong c hc. Ban u, phn mm ny ch l cc chng trnh n
l, chy trn cc my tnh ln, phc v cho cng tc nghin cu l chnh.
Phin bn u tin ca chng trnh mang tn SAP (Structural Analysis Program)
ra i vo nm 1970. Cc phin bn k tip l SAP3, SAP-IV B phn mm mang tnh
thng mi u tin l SAP80 (SAP-VI), c pht trin bi cng ty Computer &
Structure Inc CSI.
SAP2000 (SAP-VII) l mt bc t ph ca h phn mm SAP. SAP2000 tch
hp cc chc nng phn tch v thit k kt cu thnh mt. Ngoi ra, SAP2000 cn
c b sung thm cc loi phn t mu v kh nng phn tch kt cu phi tuyn
(nonlinear). Ton b cc qu trnh t xy dng m hnh kt cu (pre-processing), thc
hin phn tch (processing) n biu din kt qu (post-processing) u c giao din
ha trc quan (visual graphics) d s dng. Do vy phn mm SAP2000 hin nay ang
c s dng rng ri trong nghin cu cng nh tnh ton thit k cng trnh.
2.2. Cc phin bn chnh ca SAP2000
SAP2000 V7.42 c cc phin bn sau:
+ Phin bn phi tuyn (Nonlinear Version) c kh nng phn tch cc bi ton tnh,
ng lc hc, phi tuyn, thit k kt cu b tng, kt cu thp vi bn loi phn t mu
khc nhau, s lng nt ca kt cu l khng gii hn.
+ Phin bn chun (Standard Version) ch gii quyt c cc bi ton c s lng
nt ti a khong 1500 nt, khng phn tch c bi ton phi tuyn.
+ Phin bn nng cao (Plus Version) c kh nng tng t nh bn Nonlinear,
nhng khng phn tch c bi ton phi tuyn.
+ Phin bn dng cho hc tp (Education Version) kh nng tng t nh bn phi
tuyn, nhng hn ch s nt ti a l 100 nt.
Vi phin bn SAP2000 V10 hin nay, c 03 phin bn:
+ Phin bn BASIC c cc tnh nng tng t nh cc phin bn trc nhng c
ci tin phng php gii h phng trnh i s tuyn tnh ca FEM gip chng trnh
chy nhanh hn, b sung thm cc phn t ch chu ko, phn t thanh cng ng sut
trc (post-tensioned tendon), phn t shell c chnh xc cao hn, kh nng phn tch
ng lc nhiu trng hp t hp trong cng mt ln chy
+ Phin bn PLUS tng t nh BASIC nhng c b sung kh nng phn tch v
cu, phn tch min tn s, ph thi gian, ti trng ng t
SAP2000
+ Phin bn ADVANCE b sung thm cc phn t phi tuyn, phn tch ph thi
gian phi tuyn bng phng php chng cht m hnh hoc tch phn trc tip, phn tch
bi ton n nh (buckling analysis)
2.3. Kh nng phn tch kt cu ca SAP2000
Trong SAP2000 V7.42 ngi dng c th m t nhiu loi ti trng khc nhau nh
lc tp trung, lc phn b u hoc hnh thang, ti trng do nhit , ti trng do ph gia
tc, ti trng iu ha v ti trng di ng
Cc loi bi ton kt cu m SAP2000 c th thc hin gm c:
+ Bi ton phn tch tnh (static analysis)
+ Bi ton tnh tn s dao ng ring v cc dng dao ng (modal analysis)
+ Bi ton tnh p ng c lc hc (response analysis) vi ti trng ngoi thay i
theo thi gian hay ph gia tc.
2.4. Ci t phn mm SAP2000 (7.42)
Phn mm SAP2000 chy trn h iu hnh WINDOWS 95/98/NT. Ngoi ra phin
bn Plus v Nonlinear c kh nng chy trn mng WINDOWS NT (v3.5) v
NETWARE theo m hnh Client/Server. ci t trn mng cn c thm cc driver cho
mng km theo phn mm.
Yu cu h thng:
+ H iu hnh WINDOWS 95/98/NT
+ B nh RAM ti thiu 12MB (nn c16MB)
+ a cng cn trng ti thiu 10MB (nn c 40MB)
+ B x l (CPU): ti thiu 486DX-4 (nn c Pentium 100)
+ Card ha: VGA hay SVGA
+ My in, my v.
Ngi dng ci t phn mm SAP2000 theo hng dn ca nh sn xut.
2.5. Cu trc ca SAP2000
Chng trnh c cu trc di dng file thc thi chng trnh (Sap2000.exe), n
s ln lt gi cc tp tin v hm ph tr (*.DLL) trong qu trnh thc hin.
File d liu ca SAP2000 c phn m rng l *.SDB v *.S2K. i vi file S2K,
ngi dng c th dng mt phn mm son tho hiu chnh.
Cc file kt qu bao gm *.EKO cha thng tin v d liu nhp vo, file .OUT cha
tt c cc kt qu c xut ra.
Cc tp tin dng .JOB lu d liu ca SAP2000 di dng nh phn.
Cc tp tin .DXF lu d liu m hnh kt cu dng ca AUTOCAD.
SAP2000 h tr mi trng lm vic tng t nh mt phn mm CAD. Ton b
qu trnh xy dng m hnh c thc hin bng cc i tng im, ng thng, tam
gic Sau khi cc i tng ny c gn cc c trng c l ring th chng tr thnh
cc phn t ca kt cu
1
.

1
i vi SAP90 tr v trc, ngi dng phi to ra cc loi nt, phn t sau ni chng li vi nhau thnh m
hnh kt cu. Vic lm ny gy tn km nhiu thi gian khai bo d liu nhp vo.
SAP2000
2.6. Trnh t phn tch kt cu bng SAP2000
Khi thc hin phn tch mt bi ton kt cu, ngi dng thng thc hin theo
trnh t cc bc sau y:

Xy dng m
hnh kt cu
nh ngha cc
nhm vt liu
Khai bo cc c trng hnh
hc v gn cho phn t
nh ngha cc trng hp ti
v gn ti trng cho phn t
nh ngha cc
t hp ti trng
Khai bo cc iu kin bin
Chn cc thng s
cho qu trnh gii
Thc hin gii bi ton
Xem biu din kt qu
v xut kt qu
Dng cc cng c xy dng
hnh hc hoc ly t th vin
kt cu mu (Templates)
Define Materials
Define Frame section
Define Shell section
Define Nllink properties
Define Static loadcase
Assign
Define Load combination
Assign Restraints
Analyze Set Options
Analyze Run
Display Show
Thit k kt cu
Design Steel/concrete
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Step 10
SAP2000
3
Phn tch kt cu vi SAP2000

3.1. Bi thc hnh s 1 - H dn
3.1.1. Cc quy c c bn
SAP2000 s dng ma trn cng ca phn t thanh chu lc tng qut (frame
element) cho cc kt cu dng thanh. i vi thanh dn, do ch c thnh phn lc dc
xut hin trong cc thanh v chu bin dng dc trc nn ta ch cn khai bo duy nht gi
tr din tch tit din ngang (cross section area), cc s liu khc ta s gn bng 0.
Cc ti trng tc dng ln thanh dn ch tc dng ti nt, do ta ch cn khai bo
cc ti tp trung:
Assign Joint static loads Forces
Ch , khi tnh ton vi SAP2000, h s ti
trng bn thn ca kt cu s mc nh l 1 v
chng trnh s t ng tnh ton gi tr ti trng bn
thn kt cu. iu ny dn n vic xut hin cc
mmen un v lc ct trong thanh dn. Thng
thng vi h dn, ngi ta b qua ti trng bn
thn, hoc quy i ti trng tng ng v cc mt
dn. loi b iu ny, chng ta c th thc hin
02 cch sau y:
Cch 1:
Gn cc s liu v trng lng ca kt cu bng 0:
Define Materials Add New Material
Cch 2:
Gn h s ti trng bn thn (Self Weight Multiplier)
bng 0:
Define Static load cases

SAP2000
Nh phn tch chng 1, phn t thanh dn phng l mt phn t 2 nt, chu
bin dng dc trc. Do vy, khi xt trong h ta tng th OXZ, mi nt ch c 02 bc
t do (Degree of Freedom DOF) l cc chuyn v thng UX v UZ theo 2 trc ta .
Nu l dn khng gian th mi nt s c 03 bc t do l UX, UY v UZ. Nh vy trc
khi tin hnh gii bi ton h dn ta phi kha cc bc t do khng cn thit.
Nu l dn phng trong mt phng OXZ, ta s nh du cc bc t do UX, UZ
Analyze Set Options

Nu l dn khng gian, ta s nh du cc bc t do UX, UY, UZ
Analyze Set Options

3.1.2. Cc bi tp thc hnh
Bi tp 1
P = 10KN, a = 5m, E = 2,1.10
4
KN/cm
2
.
Cc thanh ng v ngang c tit din l F
1
= 10cm
2
.
Cc thanh xin c tit din F
2
= 7,071 cm
2
.
H s Poisson = 0,3.

Trnh t thc hin:
Bc 1 : M t hnh hc
Chn h n v KN-cm, File > New Model From Template > [Vertical Truss]

Lu : Click [ ] mc Restraints nh hnh minh ha
SAP2000
Bc 2 : Khai bo c trng vt liu
Define > Materials > [ Add New Materials ]
- Material Name : THEP
- Mass per unit Volume : 0 KN
- Weight per unit Volume : 0 KN
- Modulus of Elasticity: 2.1.10
4
KN/cm
2
- Poissons Ratio : 0.3
- Coeff of Thermal Expansion : 0
Bc 3 : Khai bo c trng hnh hc
nh ngha c trng hnh hc cho phn
t thanh t menu ta chn: Define > Frame
Sections >
T hp danh sch th hai trong mc Click
to chn [Add General].
Tt c cc phn t trong kt cu c coi
nh l phn t thanh dn, do vy ch cn khai bo
gi tr din tch mt ct ngang ca tit din, cc
thng s cn li khai bo bng zero.
Section name : tn ca tit din, tn ny s
c thay i trong bng i thoi k tip, sau khi hon tt cc khai bo c trng
hnh hc.Click OK ng hp thoi v sa li tn c trng hnh hc, ng thi chn
vt liu l THEP.

Hai hnh trn minh ho cho khai bo loi tit din F1. Lp li qu trnh khai bo d liu
trn cho loi tit din F2 . Sau khi hon tt, bng i thoi nh ngha c trng hnh hc
s cho kt qu nh hnh sau:

SAP2000
Bc 4 : Gn c trng hnh hc vt liu cho phn t
- Chn cc thanh ng v ngang bng cch click chut vo tng thanh hay dng
mt ca s qut qua cc thanh, gn loi c trng hnh hc F1 cho cc phn t
ny. T menu ta chn : Assign > Frame > Sections > chn F1 > click phm
OK xc nhn.
- Lm tng t cho cc thanh xin.
Bc 5 : Gn ti trng tp trung ti nt
Chn nt cn gn ti tp trung, t menu
chn: Assign > Joint Static Loads > Forces
Force Global Z : -10
Bc 6 : Khai bo iu kin bin
Chn hai nt cn gn iu kin bin, t
menu chn Assign > Joint > Restrains > click
biu tng khp (nt th hai t tri sang)
hoc click vo 3 Translation 1,2 v 3.
Bc 7 :Thc hin gii
- Chn bc t do cho nt Analyze >
Set Options > Click vo 2 [v] UX

va [v] UZ nh hnh sau.
- Lu bi ton v thc hin gii (F5)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bi tp 2
P = 15KN, a = 3m, E = 2,1.10
4
KN/cm
2
.
Cc thanh ng c tit din l F
1
= 10cm
2
.
Cc thanh xin c tit din F
2
= 15 cm
2
.
Cc thanh ngang c tit din F
3
= 20cm
2
H s Poisson = 0,3.

Phn tch s b: kt cu i xng trc
vi nhau, do vy ta ch cn v mt na kt
cu sau ly i xng trc
SAP2000
Trnh t thc hin:
Bc 1 : M t hnh hc
- Chn h n v KN-cm, File > New Model > Cartesian
X Y Z
Number of Grid Spaces 4 0 2
Grid Spacing 300 - 300
- Chuyn v mt phng XZ.
- Chn phm Draw Frame Element
v cc phn t thanh .
- Do kt cu c tnh i xng, ta ch cn v
phn na kt cu , kt qu sau khi v :
- Chn tt c cc phn t mi v, t menu
Edit > Replicate > [Mirror]
Click [] YZ Plane ; X = 0
V thm phn t thanh trn cng c kt cu
hon chnh.
Bc 2 : Khai bo c trng vt liu v c trng
hnh hc
Khai bo c trng vt liu:
Define > Materials > [Add New Materials]
Material Name : THEP
Mass per unit Volume : 0 KN
Weight per unit Volume : 0 KN
Modulus of Elasticity : 2.1.10
4
KN/cm
2
Poissons Ratio : 0.3
Coeff of Thermal Expansion : 0
Khai bo c trng hnh hc:
Define > Frame Sections >
Lm tng t nh bi tp 1-1 c vt liu THEP v cc tit din F1, F2, F3.
SAP2000
Bc 3 : Gn c trng hnh hc vt liu
cho phn t (lm tng t bi tp 1)
Bc 4 : Gn ti trng tp trung ti nt (lm
tng t bi tp 1), di y minh ho gn ti
tp trung ti nt trn cng bn phi (chu lc
ngang theo phng X l 2P v lc hng
xung, ngc chiu trc Z l P).
Chn nt cn gn ti tp trung , t
menu chn
Assign > Joint Static Loads > Forces
Force Global X : 30
Force Global Z : -15
- Gn lin kt khp cho nt bn tri
(xem bi tp 1-1).
- Gn lin kt gi cho nt bn phi.
Chn nt cn gn iu kin bin, t
menu chn Assign > Joint >
Restrains > click biu tng khp
(nt th ba t tri sang) hoc
click vo Translation 3.
Bc 6 :Thc hin gii
- Chn bc t do cho nt Analyze >
Set Options > Click vo 2 [v] UX v [v]
UZ.
- Lu bi ton v thc hin gii (F5).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bi tp 3
Gii kt cu cn trc vi cc s liu sau: P = 100KN, a = 2m, E = 2,1.10
4
KN/cm
2
.
Cc thanh ng c tit din l F
1
= 50cm
2
, cc thanh xin c tit din F
2
= 60 cm
2
.
Cc thanh ngang c tit din F
3
= 70cm
2
, H s Poisson = 0,3.

SAP2000
Trnh t thc hin:
Bc 1 : M t hnh hc
- Chn h n v KN-m, File > New Model > Cartesian
X Y Z
Grid Spacing 2 - 2
- Thm ng li cao Z=5m
Draw > Edit Grid (shift F7)
[]: Direction Z; Z Location: 5 > Add
Grid Line
Ta c thm ng li Z cao 5 m.
Chn phm Draw Frame Element v
cc phn t thanh .
Kt qu sau khi v c nh hnh sau:

Bc 2: Khai bo v gn c trng vt liu
Bc 3: Gn gi tr ti trng
Bc 4: Gn iu kin bin
Bc 5: Thc hin gii
- Chn bc t do cho nt Analyze > Set Options > Click vo 2 [v] UX v [v]
UZ.

Hoc vien t thc hien
SAP2000
Bi tp 4
Phn tch h dn khng gian cu trc mng tinh th. H dn gm 4 vm n, mi vm c
17 khi chp t din c bn c kch thc 1,5 x 1,5x 1,5m nh hnh v bn di. Cao
trnh nh vm l 18m. Thanh cnh trn v di ca dn lm bng thp P1, cc thanh
xin thp P.75 (ly theo tiu chun trong tp tin Aisc.pro). Ti trng t ti cc nt cnh
trn ca h l 50kgf. (Ch : gc xoay lin tip gia 2 chp l 4.405196
0
)
Cho E = 2,1.10
8
KN/m
2
, v = 0,3.

Trnh t thc hien:
- To h li ta X, Y, Z .
- V hnh chp con ngay ti gc ta .
- nh ngha mt loi vt liu, v hai loi tit din hnh hc.
- Gn cc c trng hnh hc, vt liu v ti trng tc dng ln nh hnh chp.
- Di chuyn hnh chp n b tr nh vm.
- Nhn bn hnh chp n to ra mt na cnh cung, ly i xng phn va
to c c mt cm cung.
- Nhn bn mt vm thnh 4 vm.
- Gn iu kin bin, khai bo cc bc t do hin c.
- Thc hin gii.
Bc 1 : M t hnh hc
- Chn h n v KN-m.
- T Menu: File > New Model > Cartesian
X Y Z
Grid Spacing 0.75 0.75 1.5
1.5m
1.5m
P.75
P1
50kgf
Hnh chp c bn
SAP2000
Ve canh ben va canh ay Hnh chop c ban
- thun tin cho vic quan st v v hnh chp, gc nhn c thay i sao
cho ph hp:
View > Set 3D View, cc gi tr cc thng s nh sau:
Plan : 250; Elevation : 22; Aperture : 0
Bc 2 : V hnh chp
Hnh chp c v trc tip bng cc phn t thanh, nh ca n hng xung di v
t ti gc to . u tin mt cnh bn v mt cnh y c v trc, sau chng
c pht sinh thnh bn c c hnh chp nh sau:
- Chn tt c cc i tng [Select All]
- Chn Edit > Replicate > [Radial ]
+ Rotate about : Z axis
+ Increment data > Number: 3; Angle: 90
Bc 3 : nh ngha vt liu v hnh hc
- Khai bo c trng vt liu:
Material Name : THEP
Type of Material : Isotropic
Mass per unit Volume : 0 KN
8
KN/m
2
- Khai bo c trng hnh hc
Tt c cc phn t ca kt cu u c tit din hnh vnh khn, chng c s hiu
l P1 v P.75 (ly theo tiu chun AISC). D liu v tit din ngang ca tt c cc loi
thp nh hnh c lu trong cc file c phn m rng l .PRO, i km vi chng trnh
c cc file d liu tng ng vi tiu chun M AISC (AISC2.PRO), tiu chun Canada
CISC (CISC.PRO) v tiu chun chu u (EURO.PRO). Khi s dng loi thp nh hnh
c tit din thuc mt trong cc tiu chun trn th phi chn file d liu tng ng.
T Menu: Define > Frame Sections > [Click to] Import Pipe
Chn file AISC3.pro , file ny c cha trong th mc ci t chng trnh.
SAP2000

Chn loi tit din P.75 v sau chn loi vt liu THEP tng ng.
Sau khi chn mt loi tit din
chun t file c s d liu, chng trnh s
t ng ly tt c cc thng s ca tit din
, c ngha l tit din c tt c nhng
gi tr ca cc c trng hnh hc nh din
tch mt ct (A), din tch ct (A2, A3),
moment qun tnh (I2,I3) Xut pht t
yu cu ch cn xt n cng dc trc
cho thanh dn, do ch duy nht gi tr
din tch mt ct ngang (A) ca tit din l
cn thit. Do vy, cc c trng khc cn
c kh i, chng c gn gi tr bng
khng. thc hin iu ny chng trnh
SAP2000 h tr mt cng c c hit hu
ch cho php nhn h s vi tng c
trng hnh hc ca tit din, tng qut ta c
th biu din nh sau:
modified
Property i Property
Sec = a Sec
nhn h s cho cc c trng tit din, t
bng i thoi hnh trn, ta click vo phm
gn Cross section (axial)
Area = 1.0, cc thng s cn li cho bng
zero.
Vi cch lm tng t ta c c c trng
hnh hc ca loi thp ng s P1 vi cc c
trng hnh hc lin quan n un cng
un, ct, xon c loi b.
Bc 4 : Gn cc c trng hnh hc, ti trng
- Chn cch thanh xin (dng ng thng ct qua cc thanh ) t menu chn
Assign > Frames > Sections [Frame sections] > P.75 > OK
- Dng ca s chn cc thanh mt y ca hnh chp
SAP2000
Assign > Frames > Sections [Frame sections] > P1 > OK
- Chn cc nt mt y ca hnh chp (dng ca s)
Chn h n v kgf-m.
Gn ti trng tp trung ln cc nt
Assign > Joint Static Loads > Forces > [Force global Z]: -50.0
Tr li h n v trc kN-m.
Bc 5: Di chuyn hnh chp c bn n v tr nh
vm
Chn tt c cc nt phn t [Select all]
Edit > Move> [Delta Z]: 18
Bc 6: To mt vm cung
- Chn tt c nt - phn t, dng nt
Previous selection [PS] hoc nt [All].
Edit > Replicate > Radial >
Rotate about: Y Axis
Number: 8
Angle: 4.405196
0

- Phn bn tri ca mt cnh cung c th
c to bng nhiu cch khc nhau
chng hn nh ly i xng 8 hnh chp
bn phi qua mt phng YZ cch ny hi
phc tp hoc lp li bc pht sinh
hnh chp c bn vi gc xoay l -
4.4051960, trnh t thc hin theo cch
ly i xng nh sau:
Chn hnh chp c bn, click phm [PS] (previous
selection)
To v gn cho nhm CHOPCB
Assign > Group Name
Groups : CHOPCB > Add New Group
Chn tt c cc i tng [All], sau loi tr cc i
tng ca nhm CHOPCB: Select > Deselect > GroupsChn nhm CHOPCB > OK

SAP2000
Ly i xng Edit > Replicate > Mirror
Mirror About : XZ line
Ordinate Y =0
Sau khi ly i xng tng s hnh chp
to c l 17, phn cn li l v cc
thanh ni cc nh di hon thnh mt
cnh cung.
Phng ln hai hnh chp ngoi cng bn
tri, v ni hai nh chp v gn loi tit
din P1, sau chn phn t mi v,
pht sinh thm 15 phn t na c c
thanh ni tt c cc nh chp pha di.
Bc 7: Nhn bn 1 vm thnh 4 vm v
v cc thanh lin kt dc dn.
- Chn tt c mt vm cung [all]
Edit > Replicate > Linear >
Distance: 1.5
Number: 3
- V cc thanh lin kt dc dn.
- khung ca s bn phi chn mt
phng XY c cao bng vi to Z ca
nt nh chp ngoi cng.
View > Set 2D view > [Plane] > XY plane:
14.7011
- Phng ln mn hnh v v phn t
thanh i qua 4 nt pha bn tri ca h dn,
sau gn loi tit din P1 cho phn t mi
v. Chia i tng mi v thnh 3 on nh
bng lnh Edit > Divide Frames.
Divide into: 3
Last/First ratio: 1
SAP2000
Kt qu c nh hnh sau

- Chn 3 phn t mi chia ri pht sinh chng thm 16 ln c c ton b
thanh dc mt di ca dn, ch du ca gc xoay.
Rotate about: YAxis
Number: 8,
Angle: 4.405196
0

Bc 8: p t iu kin bin v thc hin gii
- Chn bn nt ti bn gc ca dn (mt phng XY@Z=14.7011)
Assign > Joint > Restraint > [x] Translation 1, 2 ,3
- Khai bo cc bc t do hin hu: Analyze > Set Analysis Options > Avaiable
DOFs > click vo Space Truss hoc nh du vo cc Ux, Uy, Uz xc
nhn ton b cc nt ca kt cu ch c 3 bc t do chuyn v thng, cc cn
li trng.

- Thc hin gii: Analyze > Run (F5)
SAP2000
Bi tp 5
Gii kt cu thp truyn hnh bng h dn thp vi cc s liu sau:
Cc thanh chng F
1
=20cm
2
, cc thanh ging F
2
= 6cm
2
. cc cao trnh 0m, 5m, 10m,
15m, 20m u b tr cc h ging ngang, cc mt bn u b tr h ging xin. Kch
thc v ti trng ti cc tng thp nh sau:
+ Chn (ct +0.0m) : a=5m
+ Tng 1 (ct +5m): a=4m, P=10KN
+ Tng 2 (ct +10m): a=3m, P=15KN
+ Tng 3 (ct +15m): a=2m, P=20KN
+ Tng 4 (ct +20m): a=1m, P=30KN

Trnh t thc hin:
Bc 1 : M t hnh hc
- Chn h n v KN-m, File > New Model > Cartesian
X Y Z
Grid Spacing 0.5 0.5 5
- Chn mt phng XY, s dng hai phm Up One Gridline v Down One Gridline
di chuyn n cc mt phng li (mt phng XY ti cc cao Z
khc nhau) v cc thanh ging ngang. Kt qu sau khi v cc thanh ging ngang
c 4 tng
+5m
+10m
+15m
+20m
+0.0m
P
P P
P
a
a
Mt bng tng 1-2-3-4
SAP2000
- Chn mt phng XY cao Z = 0, chn phm Draw Special Joint
to 4 nt chn nh hnh sau.
- V hai thanh chng v cc thanh ging
xin cho mt mt bn bt k nh hnh
sau:
- Khai bo c trng vt liu v hnh hc
(lm tng t nh cc bi tp trn).
- Gn c trng hnh hc cho cc phn t
va v.
- Chn hai thanh chng v cc thanh ging
xin (1 mt bn), pht sinh thm 3 mt
bn na c kt cu hon chnh.
Rotate about: ZAxis
Number: 3, Angle: 90
0

SAP2000

Bc 2: Gn gi tr ti trng
Bc 3: Gn iu kin bin
Bc 4: Thc hin gii
- Chn bc t do cho nt Analyze > Set Options > Click vo 3 [v] UX, [v] UY

v [x] UZ.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bi tp 6
Hy xy dng m hnh h kt cu thp tr, cc s
liu v vt liu tng t nh Bi tp 5.
Kch thc chn (+0.0m) : 10m10m
Tng 1 (+4m) : 8m8m
Tng 2 (+8m) : 6m6m
Tng 3 (+12m) : 4m4m
Tng 4 (+16m) : 2m2m
Tng 5, 6, 7 (+18, 20, 22m) : 2m2m

Hc vin t thc hin
SAP2000
3.2. Bi thc hnh s 2 - H khung
i vi h khung phng trong mt phng OXZ, mi nt s c 03 bc t do l 2
thnh phn chuyn v thng UX, UZ v thnh phn chuyn v xoay quanh trc Y l RY.
Vi h khung khng gian, cc nt c y 6 bc t do l UX, UY, UZ v RX, RY, RZ.
Ni lc trong phn t gm 6 thnh phn: lc dc, mmen xon, 2 mmen un v 2
lc ct. Ch rng, kt qu ni lc c xut ra c quy chiu trn h ta a
phng ca phn t.

Mi phn t thanh ca h khung c SAP2000 t ng gn mt h trc ta a
phng c k hiu bng cc ch s l 1, 2, 3. Khi hin th ch chn mu mc
nh, trc 1 c mu (red), trc 2 mu trng (white), trc 3 mu xanh (cyan).
Quy c h trc ta a phng nh sau:
(a) Theo phng php hng mc nh (Default Orientation): phng php ny
c chng trnh t ng gn cho phn t khi n mi c to ra. Trc 1 ca phn t
lun hng t nt i (nt ch nh trc) n nt j (nt ch nh sau) ca phn t. Cc trc
2 v trc 3 ca phn t c xc nh theo quan h ca trc 1 v trc Z ca h ta
tng th theo nguyn tc:
+ Trc 1 v 2 hp thnh mt phng thng ng song song vi trc Z, trc 2 lun
hng theo chiu dng ca trc Z.
+ Trc 3 to vi mt phng 1-2 thnh tam din thun (song song vi XY).
Trng hp trc 1 ca phn t hng thng ng (khi sin(1-Z)<10
-3
) th trc 2 s
nm ngang v hng theo trc X.
(b) Phng php gc ta phn t: phng php ny c s dng khi h ta
a phng do chng trnh to ra khng ng theo yu cu. Ta c th xoay h trc ta
a phng ca phn t theo mt gc c cho trc.
thc hin vic ny, ta chn phn t cn thay i h ta a phng v thc
hin thao tc:
SAP2000
Assign Frame Local Axes

Ch : vic xc nh h ta a phng ca phn t l rt quan trng trong vic
nhp cc d liu cho phn t m bo kt qu chnh xc.
SAP2000 cho php ngi dng nh ngha nhiu loi tit din hoc ly t th vin
tit din c sn. Ngoi ra SAP2000 c th nh ngha c loi tit din thay i theo cc
quy lut tuyn tnh (linear), bc hai (parabol) hay bc ba (cubic).
Define Frame section Add Nonprismatic

Khai bo ti trng tp trung v phn b u ln phn t (s ti trng tp trung 4):
Assign Frame static loads Points and uniform

SAP2000
Khai bo ti trng phn b hnh thang:
Assign Frame static loads Trapezoidal

3.2.2. Bi tp thc hnh
Bi tp 1: phn tch cc kt cu dm lin tc sau y:
Cho bit: q = 10 KN/m, M = 20KNm, m = 0.5KNm/m, P = 15 KN, a = 6m.
Dm b tng mc 200, tit din bxh = 25 x 40 cm, E
b
= 2,4.10
3
KN/cm
2
, = 0,2

.
(Khi tnh k n trng lng bn thn ca kt cu).

SAP2000
Trnh t thc hin:
Bc 1 : M t hnh hc
Chn h n v KN-m, File > New Model From Template > [Beam]

Lu : Click [v] mc Restraints nh hnh minh ha
Material Name : BT200
Mass per unit Volume : 0
Weight per unit Volume : 25
7
KN/m
2
nh ngha c trng hnh hc cho phn t thanh t menu ta chn:
Define > Frame Sections > [Add Rectangular]
Section name : D25X40
Material : BT200
Depth [t3] : 0.4
Width [t2] : 0.25

Bc 5 : Khai bo ti trng
nh ngha trng hp ti: Define > Static Load Cases. Chn trng hp ti
LOAD1 v h s trng lng bn thn bng1 (Self Weight Multiplier: 1).
SAP2000

Lu : khi h s ny bng 1 th trng lng bn thn ca kt cu s c tnh n.
- Khai bo ti trng phn b u: chn phn t ngoi cng bn tri (nhp 1).
Assign > Frame Static Loads > Point and Uniform
Direction : Global Z
Uniform Load : -10

- Khai bo ti tp trung v mmen tp trung
trn phn t: chng ta c 2 nhp (nhp 2 v
nhp 4).

Gn ti tp trung cho nhp 2: chn nhp 2.
Assign > Frame Static Loads >
Point and Uniform

Gn ti tp trung v mmen tp trung cho
nhp 4:
Lu : mi ln gn chng ta ch c th
gn mt loi ti (lc tp trung hoc
mmen tp trung).
SAP2000
+ Gn lc tp trung cho nhp 4:chn nhp 4.
+ Gn mmen tp trung cho nhp 4:chn nhp 4

- Khai bo ti trng hnh thang cho nhp 3: chn nhp 3
Assign > Frame Static Loads > Trapezoidal

Bc 6 :Thc hin gii
- Chn bc t do cho nt Analyze > Set Options > Click vo 2 [v] UZ v [v]
RY.

Bi tap 1 - b:
Bai tap 1 - c:

Hoc vien t thc hien
SAP2000
Bi tp 2: Phn tch h khung phng
Khung b tng ct thp mc 200
E
b
= 2,4.10
3
KN/cm
2
, = 0,2

.
Dm tng 1 : 30 x 60 cm
Dm tng 2 n tng 5: 20 x 40 cm
Ct tng 1: 50 x 50 cm
Ct tng 2 n tng 4: 40x40cm
Ct tng 5: 30x30cm
(Khi tnh k n trng lng bn thn
ca kt cu).

Trnh t thc hin:
Bc 1 : M t hnh hc
Chn h n v KN-cm, File > New Model From Template > [Portal Frame]
Number of Stories Number of Bays Story Height Bay Width
5 3 5 6

Hiu chnh s hnh hc
- Thay i v tr ng li: Draw > Edit Grid (Shift F7)
Chn [x] Glue Joint to Grid Lines
Z Location To mi Thao tc
10 9 > [Move Grid Line]
20
25
17
20
>[Move Grid Line]
>[Move Grid Line]

X Location

To mi

Thao tc

6m 5m 4m
0.00 m
5.00 m
9.00 m
13.00 m
17.00 m
20.00 m
10 KN
10 KN
15 KN
15 KN
20 KN
5 KN/m
10 KN/m
10 KN/m
10 KN/m
20 KN/m
SAP2000

Trc khi hiu chnh Sau khi hiu chnh
- Xo bt cc phn t d.
Bc 2 : Khai bo c trng vt liu v tit din hnh hc
Bc 5 : Gn iu kin bin
Bc 6 : Thc hin gii
- Chn bc t do cho nt Analyze > Set Options > Click vo 3 [v] UX, [v] UZ
v [v] RY.
- Lu bai toan va thc hien giai (F5).

Hoc vien t thc hien
SAP2000
Bi tp 3: Phn tch khung b tng ct
thp nh cng nghip 1 tng c tit din
thay i. B tng mc 200, q = 10KN/m.
Ti mt ct 1-1: 3060cm
Ti mt ct 2-2: 30100cm
Ti mt ct 3-3: 3050cm

Trnh t thc hin:
Bc 1 : M t hnh hc
Chn h n v KN-m, File > New Model > Cartesian
X Y Z
Grid Spacing 9 - 14
Hiu chnh v v s hnh hc:
- Thay i v tr ng li: Draw > Edit Grid (Shift F7) hoc nhp p ln ng
li bt k.
14 10 > [Move grid line]
- Chn phm Draw Framel element v cc phn t thanh .
Lu : tt c cc phn t nn v t di ln trn.
Bc 2 : Khai bo c trng vt liu BT200

- nh ngha ba tit din ch nht ti u cc phn on.
Section Name D30x60 D30x100 D30x50
Material BT200 BT200 BT200
Depth [t3] 0.6 1 0.5
Width [t2] 0.3 0.3 0.3
SAP2000
Kt qu sau khi nh ngha

Sau khi khai bo cc tit din u-cui, lc ny trong danh sch tit din s xut hin
thm mc mi (Add Nonprismatic) cho php nh ngha loi tit din thay i.
- nh ngha tit din khng lng tr
Define > Frame Sections > Add NonPrismatic
Non prismatic Section Name: tn loi tit din
Start section, End section: tit din u v cui phn on
Length: chiu di mt phn on
Length type: kiu chiu di
Vaiable : chiu di tng i
Absolute: chiu di tuyt i
EI22, EI33 Variation: quy lut thay i cng cc cnh ca tit
din
Linear, parabolic, cubic: tuyn tnh, bc hai, bc ba.
Add: nh ngha tit din cho mt phn on
Instert: chn mt phn on mi vo trc mt phn on nh ngha
Modify: thay i, cp nht cc thng s
Delete: hy b mt phn on
Hnh sau m t nh ngha tit din COT, DAM cho phn t ct v dm, s thay i cc
m men qun tnh I22 l tuyn tnh, I33 l cubic.

SAP2000
Bc 4 :Gn c trng hnh hc cho tit
din (hc vin t thc hin).
kim tra xem kt qu gn c trng
hnh hc vo
View > Set Element > [v] Show
Extrusions

Kt qu nh hnh sau

Bc 5 : Khai bo ti trng.
Bc 7 : Thc hin gii
v [v] RY.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bi tp 4:
Phn tch h khung khng gian.
Khung b tng ct thp mc 200
E
b
= 2,4.10
3
KN/cm
2
, = 0,2

.
Dm tng 1 : 30 x 60 cm
Dm tng 2 n tng 4: 20 x 40 cm
Ct tng trt: 50 x 50 cm
Ct tng 1 n tng 2: 40x40cm
(Khi tnh k n trng lng bn thn
ca kt cu).
Ti trng phn b u:
Dm tng 1: 20 KN/m
Dm tng 2: 15 KN/m
Dm tng 3: 10 KN/m.
0.00 m
6.00 m
11.00 m
14.00 m
6m 6m 6m 8m
8m
8
m
SAP2000
Trnh t thc hin:
Bc 1 : M t hnh hc
Chn h n v KN-m, File > New Model From Template > [Space Frame]

Kt qu c nh hnh sau

Hiu chnh s hnh hc
- Thay i v tr ng li: Draw > Edit Grid
(Shift F7)
X Location To mi Thao tc
Chn mt phng 3D View l hin hnh, hiu chnh li
gc nhn nh sau:
View > Set 3D View

SAP2000
Kt qu c nh hnh sau
- Xo bt cc phn t d: c th xo trc tip cc phn t d trn mt phng 3-D
View hoc s dng nt a mt phng X-Y Plane v cc cao Z v
mt phng Y-Z Plane v cc to khc nhau theo ng li, sau xo cc
phn t d.
Kt qu c nh hnh sau

Bc 2 : Khai bo c trng vt liu v c trng hnh hc
Bc 3 : Gn c trng hnh hc cho phn t
- Dng cng c ng thng Set Intersection Line Select Mode ct qua cc
i tng chn nhanh cc phn t ct.
- Dng ca s Window hoc mt phng X-Y Plane chn nhanh cc phn t dm.
SAP2000
Bc 4 : Khai bo ti trng.
Bc 6 : Thc hin gii
- Chn bc t do cho nt Analyze > Set Options > Click vo 6 [v] UX, [v]
UY[v] UZ v [v] RX, [v] RY, [v] RZ hoc chn nhanh .
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bi tp 5: Phn tch h khung khng gian kt cu thp nc.
Khung b tng mc 300
E
b
= 2,9.10
3
KN/cm
2
, = 0,18.
Ct chng tit din 25x60cm.
Cc dm dai vng v ai cho kch
thc tit din l 20x40cm.
Ti trng phn b u ln ai vng
v ai cho nh ct :
Theo phng ng : 20KN/m
Theo phng ngang : 3 KN/m.
Hng dn: to ra cc h ta tr cc cao trnh
4m, 8m v 12m v dm ai.
S dng pht sinh Edit Replicate Radial
Ch :
+ Bn knh ai vng cao trnh 4m l 1.0833m

Phn tch s b:
- H c l loi kt cu phc tp, c 3 ct
khng ng phng hoc song song, ngoi ra
mt s dm dai v dm c dng hnh
trn. Ti trng ni chung khng phc tp.
- v cc ct chng ch cn thc hin cho
mt ct v xoay thnh 3 ct.
- Cc dm trn c v trong h to tr,
vi gc chn cung mt phn t dm l 15
o
.
4
m
4
m
4
m
3m
1.5m
Mat bang nh cot (+12.00m)
R
=
1
.2
5
m
Mat bang chan cot (+0.00m)
SAP2000
Trnh t thc hin
Bc 1: Xy dng s hnh hc h kt cu
- Chn h n v Ton-m.
- To h thng li File > New Model > Cartesian
X Y Z
Grid Spacing 0.5 - 4
- Chn mt phng quan st X-Z Plane.
- Hiu chnh to cc ng li: nhp p ln ng li thng ng bt k
X Location To mi Thao tc
0.5 0.75 > [Move Grid Line]
1.0 1.25 > [Move Grid Line]
-0.5; -1.0 > [Delete Grid Line]
- V thanh chng xin v thanh dm cho .
- Chia phn t ct thnh 3 on v phn t dm
ngang thnh 4 on.
Minh ho chia phn t ct thng 3 on: chn
phn t ct
T menu Edit > Divide Frames

Bc 2: nh ngha c trng vt liu v c trng hnh hc
- nh ngha c trng vt liu BT300 v hnh hc C25x60, D20x40.
- Gn c trng hnh hc cho cc phn t ct v dm.
Bc 3: Hon thin s hnh hc kt cu
Chn tt c phn t Edit > Replicate > [Radial]
Rotate about: Z Axist
Angle: 120; number: 2
SAP2000
To cc dm ai
- Thm vo h to tr mi
Option > Set Coordinate System > [Add System] > [Cylindrical]
System Name: CSYS1
Grid spaces Grid spacing
Along Radius 1 1.0833
Along Theta 24 15
Along Z 0 1
[Advanced]> [Translation] Z : 4

+ Chn h to CSYS1 lm h to hin hnh v thit lp mt trong hai
ca s mn hnh ch mt phng rt (Z=0)

SAP2000
- Chn cng c v nhanh phn t thanh dm [Quick Draw Frame Element], nhp
vo mt cung bt k.
- Nhn bn phn t va v c c ton b vnh ai cao trnh 4.0m.
T menu: Edit > Replicate > [Radial]

- Gn c trng hnh hc D20X40 cho dm ai va
to
- Vi cch lm tng t ta c th v c vnh ai
ng knh 0.9167m cao trnh 8.0m v hai vnh
ai ng knh 1.5m, 3.0m cao trnh 12m. Sau v
xong nn gn c trng hnh hc cho phn t lin
sau .
Bc 4: Kim tra mt phng qun tnh ca tit din cho
cc phn t.
- i vi phn t dm th rt n gin do h trc
ta mc nh cho phn t nm ngang ph hp vi mt
phng qun tnh ca tit din khai bo, cho nn khng
cn phi thay i.
- i vi hai ct chng nm ngoi mt phng X, Z
nu chng trnh khng t ng xoay h tr to a
phng th ta phi quay mt gc ph hp, c th nh sau:
+ Ct c to y dng quay mt gc +60o
+ Ct c to y m quay mt gc -600.
- Trong trng hp c th ny, do hai ct nm
ngoi mt phng XZ c to ta t ct nm trong mt
Trc khi pht sinh phn t
Sau khi pht sinh phn t

SAP2000
phng XZ, m h to mc nh ca n ph hp. Do vy khi pht sinh, chng trnh
thc hin lun vic quay h trc to cho phn t mi. Kt qu l ta khng cn thay
i h to a phng ca bt k phn t no.

Bc 5: Gn ti trng tc dng
- Chn tt c cc phn t dm ti mt phng cao trnh 12 m.
- Gn ti phn b u theo phng ng :20 KN/m; theo phng ngang : 3 KN/m.
Bc 6: Gn iu kin bin
Bc 7 : Thc hin gii
- Chn bc t do cho nt Analyze > Set Options > Click vo 6 [v] UX, [v]
UY[v] UZ v [v] RX, [v] RY, [v] RZ hoc chn nhanh .

2
3 Hng
mc nh
3 (Hng khai bo)
2 (Hng khai bo)
Gc quay =-60
o

Hnh chiu phi cnh ton kt cu
SAP2000
3.3. Bi thc hnh s 3 - Kt cu tm v
Trong SAP2000 s dng phn t v tng qut m t cho cc kt cu c dng tm
chu un (plate) hay tm chu lc mng (membrane). Phn t v ca SAP2000 c hai loi
phn t mu l cc t gic 4 nt hoc tam gic 3 nt. Phn t v c xem nh phng
tuyt i v c m hnh ha bi mt phng trung bnh ca n.

Ch : khi khai bo phn t v cho kt cu, m bo kt qu tnh ton c tt,
ta cn phi m bo cc yu cu sau y:
+ Cc gc bn trong ca phn t v phi nh hn 180
0
, gc tt nht l 90
0
. i vi
phn t tam gic khong t 45
0
n 135
0
.
+ T s gia cc cnh ca phn t v khng nn qu ln.
SAP2000 s dng loi phn t c hm xp x chuyn v khng tng thch (non-
conforming displacement function). Khi tnh ton, chng trnh s t ng thm vo cc
hm xp x gc xoay cho cc nt ny. Sau khi tnh ma trn cng, cc thnh phn
tng ng vi bc t do ca cc nt thm vo s b kh i. iu ny cho php nng cao
chnh xc ca phn t v kh c hin tng shear-locking trong phn t.
Phn t v tng qut c y 6 bc t do. Tuy nhin, i vi tng loi phn t v
c s dng, ta cn khng ch cc bc t do khng cn thit, c th:
+ i vi phn t v chu un (plate): ta cn khng ch 2 thnh phn chuyn v
thng v mt thnh phn chuyn v xoay trong mt phng phn t.
+ i vi phn t v chu lc mng (membrane): ta cn khng ch cc chuyn v
vung gc vi mt phng v chuyn v xoay ngoi mt phng phn t.
3.3.2. Khai bo cc loi ti trng
Ti trng bn thn:
Ta c th khai bo h s ti trng bn thn ca kt cu l 1 chng trnh t ng
tnh ton. Ch rng, vic khai bo ny s p dng cho tt c cc phn t trong kt cu.
i vi phn t tm, ti trng bn thn s phn b u ln mt phng phn t theo hng
(-Z), gi tr bng trng lng ring nhn vi b dy tm.
Trng hp ngi dng ch mun khai bo ti trng bn thn cho mt s phn t
no trong kt cu, ta phi dng chc nng khai bo nh sau:

SAP2000
Assign Shell static loads Gravity

Ti trng phn b u (uniform load):
Loi ti trng ny phn b u ln mt trung bnh ca phn t, c th ch nh theo
cc phng khc nhau:
Assign Shell static loads Uniform

Ti trng p lc b mt (Surface pressure load)
Ti trng b mt c th khai bo tc dng ln bt k mt no (trong 6 mt) ca phn
t v, hng ca lc lun vung gc vi mt phng m n tc dng. Ch rng, trong
phin bn 7.42, chng ta ch c th khai bo trc tip bng ha ti b mt tc dng
ln mt 5 v 6 ca phn t. Mun khai bo cc b mt khc, phi hiu chnh trc tip
vo tp tin d liu ca SAP2000.
Assign Shell static loads Pressure

SAP2000
Ngoi ra ta c th khai bo mt mt phng ti trng tc dng ln phn t v bng
cch s dng Joint Pattern. Vic ny rt tin li khi khai bo mt phng p lc nh ca
p lc nc ln thnh b, p lc t ln tng chn
Joint Pattern l tp hp cc nt m mi nt s c gn cc gi tr P
i
, gi tr ca
cc nt ny c xc nh bng hm sau:
D z . C y . B x . A P
i i i
i
+ + + = (biu din mt phng ti trng).
Trong A, B, C, D l cc h s c ch nh trc. x
i
, y
i
, z
i
l ta im nt.
Khai bo Joint Pattern
Define Joint Pattern

Chn cc nt to thnh mt Pattern v thc hin:
Assign Joint Pattern

V d: p lc nc cao 3m l hm tuyn tnh theo phng Z nn ta khai bo:
D z . C P
i
+ = , A = B = 0, C = -10, D = 30 (KN/m
2
).
3.3.3. Kt qu ni lc
Quy c v du ca cc thnh phn ni lc v ng sut nh hnh sau:

SAP2000
Bi tp 1: phn tch kt cu tm trn chu un vi bin
ngm theo chu vi tm.
Tm c ng knh D = 4m
Ti trng phn b u q = 20KN/m
2
.
Ti trng tp trung chnh gia tm P = 30KN
Vt liu bng b tng mc 250 c:
Modun n hi E = 2.65.10
3
KN/cm
2
.
H s Poisson =0.2

Trnh t thc hin:
- M t hnh hc ca tm bng vic s dng h to tr.
- Khai bo cc c trng vt liu v chiu dy tm.
- Khai bo ti trng tc dng ln tm.
- M t iu kin bin trng hp ngm.
- Thc hin gii.
Bc 1 : M t hnh hc ca tm bng vic s dng h to tr
- Chn h n v KN-m
- To li: t menu File > New model > Cylindrical
- Chn phm Quick Draw Rectangular Shell
Element v nhanh phn t tam gic nh hnh
v, sau chia phn t nh hn.

-
Chn phn t mi v, t menu Edit > Mesh Shell

SAP2000
Ch : Trong qu trnh chia nh li nu phn t c chia nh khng theo mun th ta
dng chc nng UNDO hu b thao tc sau lm li.
- Nhn bn s phn t c c li cho mt tm trn: chn tt c phn t,
t menu Edit > Replicate > Radial
Kt qu ta c li phn t cho ton b tm bn

Bc 2 : Khai bo c trng hnh hc v vt liu
7
KN/m
2
Poissons : 0.2
Define > Shell Sections > [ Add New Section]
Section name : TAM
Material : BT250
Thickness > Membrance : 0.1
Thickness > Bending : 0.1
Type : [x] Plate

SAP2000
Gn c trng vt liu v hnh hc cho tt c cc phn t ca tm.
- Chn tt c cc phn t
- Assign > Shell > Sections > TAM
Gn ti trng phn b u: chn tt c cc phn t
Assign > Shell Static Loads > Uniform
Load : -20 KN/m
2

Direction: Global Z
Gn ti trng tp trung : chn nt ti tm
Assign > Joint Static Loads > Forces
Gi tr ti trng : -30 KN
Hng ca lc tc dng: Global Z

Ch : trong bi ton ny c tnh n trng lng bn thn ca tm.
- Chn tt c cc nt trn bin, Assign > Joint > Restraint
- Dng Fast Restraints : chn ngm
Ch : gn iu kin bin c nhanh, nn thc hin bc ny trong qu trnh m t
hnh hc (bc 1) trc khi nhn bn s phn t.
Bc 5 : Thc hin gii
- Chn bc t do cho nt Analyze > Set Options > [ XY plane]

SAP2000
Bi tp 2: Phn tch kt cu b nc c kch
thc 3x3x2m. Mc nc cao 1.8m t y
b. Thnh b dy 0.1m, y b dy 0.15m. Vt
liu b tng mc 250 c cc s liu nh bi tp 1.
B nc xem nh lin kt ngm ti chn thnh
b.
Hng dn: nh ngha p lc nc, dng
cch gn ti trng p lc ln phn t shell thng
qua Joint Pattern.

Phn tch s b: Bn mt ca kt cu i xng trc vi nhau, do vy ta ch cn v mt
mt v pht sinh thnh 3 mt cn li. Mt y cn li d dng v c.
Trnh t thc hin:
Bc 1 : M t hnh hc
Chn h n v KN-m, to h li t menu File > New Model > Cartesian
Chn mt phng XZ (y=-1.5m), dng Quick Draw Rectangular Shell Element v hai phn
t tm.
Khai bo c trng vt liu v hnh hc
- Khai bo vt liu : tng t bi tp 3-1
- Khai bo c trng hnh hc (c hai loi)
Define > Shell Sections > [ Add New Section ]
Loi Section 1 Loi Section 2
Section Name THANH DAY
Material BT250 BT250
Thickness > Membrance
Thickness > Bending
0.1
0.1
0.15
0.15
SAP2000
Type () Shell , [ ] Thick
Plate
() Shell , [ ] Thick
Plate
Gn loi c trng hnh hc THANH cho
hai phn t mi v
Pht sinh to 4 thnh b, chn tt c cc
phn t
Edit > Replicate > [Radial]
Chn tt c cc phn t thnh b, chia mi
phn t thnh 5x5 phn t con
(Edit > Mesh Shell)
v gn cho nhm THANH
(Assign > Group Name > [Group: THANH
> Add new group name ] )

V mt y
- Chn mt phng quan st XY (Z=0).
- Dng cng c v nhanh v 4 phn t y.
- Gn c trng hnh hc DAY cho 4 phn t ny.
- Chn cc phn t y chia mi phn t thnh 5x5 phn t con.
- Gn tt c cc nt v phn t bn y cho nhm DAY.
Kt qu hnh dng ca b nh sau:

SAP2000
Nhn thy rng mc nc trong b cao 1.8 m khng trng vi v tr nt ti cao trnh
. Do vy ta s chia dy phn t trn cng quanh thnh b thnh 2 lp c chiu dy
0.2m. Cch lm nh sau:
- Chn gc nhn cho ca s khng gian View > Set 3D View
Plane : 270 ; Elevation : 0 ; Aperture : 0

- Dng cng c ng thng ct qua cc i tng chn cc phn t.
- Chia nh li Edit > Mesh shell > Mesh into 1 by 2
nh ngha nhm Pattern: Define > Joint pattern
Pattern : APLUC > [ Add new pattern ]
Khai bo Pattern
- Chn nhm THANH: Select > Select > Groups > THANH
- Trong ca s mt phng XY (Z=2) Select > Deselect > Pointer/Window.
Chn tt c cc nt trong mt phng ny loi chng ra khi danh sch cc
i tng c chn.
Gn gi tr cho Pattern APLUC: Assgin > Joint Pattern

C th kim tra li gi tr ca Pattern khai bo Display > Show Pattern > [APLUC]

SAP2000
Gn gi tr ti trng cho thnh v y
- Chn nhm DAY, gn ti phn b Assign > Shell Static Loads > Uniform

- Chn nhm THANH, Assign > Shell Static Loads > Pressure

thy rng, tt c cc phn t u c trc php tuyn hng ra ngoi b, do vy ti
p lc thu tnh s c chiu cng vi chiu trc 3 (mang du dng).
Bc 3 : p t iu kin bin ngm cho bn gc
Bc 4: Thc hin gii
- Chn bc t do cho nt Analyze > Set Options > [Space Frame].

SAP2000
Bi tp 3: Phn tch kt cu thp nc hnh tr trn xoay dng cc phn t shell. Vt liu
b tng mc 250 c cc s liu nh bi tp 1. Xem nh chn ct ngm ti mt t. B
chu p lc nc thy tnh cao trnh l +14.7m v p lc gi ln mt thnh l
1,2KN/m
2
. Kch thc hnh hc ca thp
nc nh sau:
Chn thp hnh ng D = 1m, dy 0.15m,
cao 12m.
y b trn D = 1m, dy 0.3m ( ct
+12.0m)
y nn ct dy 0.2m (t ct +12.0m n
ct 12.6m)
Thnh b hnh tr D = 3m, dy 0.15m, cao
2.1m (t ct +12.6m n ct +14.7m)
Np nn ct dy 0.1m, cao 0.3m (t ct
+14.7m n +15.0m)
C np b hnh tr D = 0.5m, dy 0.1m,
cao 0.2m (t ct +15.0m n +15.2m)

Phn tch s b:
Kt cu thp trn xoay i xng trc v c 5 phn on. Trong c 3 on l hnh tr
v hai on l nn ct. m t hnh hc ca kt cu, cc on hnh tr s c ly t
th vin ca chng trnh, hai on cn li s c v rp ni vi cc on ban u.
thun tin, theo hng chu vi ca ton kt cu s c chia thnh 24 gc, sau khi to
c hnh hc th cng on gn c trng hnh hc cng c thc hin tip theo.
Trnh t thc hin:
Bc 1 : M hnh ho kt cu
Chn h n v KN-m
V chn thp File > New Model From Template > [Cylinder]

Khai bo cc thng s c trng hnh hc v vt liu cho ton kt cu, i vi vt liu ta
c mt loi BT250 v hnh hc c nm loi gm COT, DAYBE, DAYNON, THANH
V NAP.
- Khai bo vt liu: tng t bi tp 3-1
0.15
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
1
2
m

0
.
6
m

2
.
1
m

0
.
3
m

0
.
2
m

0.15
D = 1.0m
D = 3.0m
D = 0.5m
SAP2000
- Khai bo c trng hnh hc: (c nm loi)
Define > Shell Sections > [ Add New Section ]
Loi 1 Loi 2 Loi 3 Loi 4 Loi 5
Section name COT DAYBE DAYNON THANH NAP
Material BT250 BT250 BT250 BT250 BT250
Thickness > Membrance
Thickness > Bending
0.15
0.15
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.15
0.15
0.1
0.1
Type () Shell
[ ]Thick Plate
() Shell
[ ]Thick Plate
() Shell
[ ]Thick Plate
() Shell
[ ]Thick Plate
() Shell
[ ] Thick Plate
Chn tt c phn t v gn cho nhm COT ng thi gn c trng hnh hc cho chng.
V hnh tr thn thp: Edit > Add To New Model From Template > [Cylinder]
Number of Circumferential Spaces 24
Number of height space 7
Cylinder height 2.1
Radius 1.5
Restraint [ ], Gridline [x]
Advance > Translation Z 12.6

Chn tt c phn t ca phn tr va to gn cho nhm THANH
v gn c trng hnh hc cho nhm. Sau khi to thm phn tr thnh b, chng trnh s
t ng thm vo mt h to tr mi l CSYS1 v thit lp cho n h to hin
hnh. d quan st, trn mn hnh nn hai ca s, mt quan st ch khng gian
v mt quan st mt phng.
V phn y b (phn y nm trn nh ct):
- Chn h to hin hnh Option > Set Coordinate System > GLOBAL
- Trong mt phng rt (Z=12m), v phn t tam gic v chia n ra thnh 2 phn
theo hng bn knh.
- Pht sinh 2 phn t va chia c y b : Edit > Replicate > [Radial]
Rotation about : Z axist
Angle : 15 ; Number : 23
- Chn tt c cc phn t trong mt phng gn cho nhm DAYBE v c trng
hnh hc cho nhm.
V phn y nn ct:
- Trong ca s khng gian, thit lp cc gii hn quan st v gc nhn sao cho
ch thy c hai ng bin: mt ng bin di ca phn thnh bn trn v
mt ng bin ca y b trn nh ct.
SAP2000
- View > Set Limit
Set X Axis Limits Set Y Axis Limits Set Z Axis Limits
Min 0 0 12
Max 1.5 1.5 12.6

- View > Set 3D View
Plan Elevation Aperture
270 90 0
Kt qu nh sau:

- V phn t v i qua 4 nt nh hnh trn
- Chia phn t ny thnh 4 phn theo hng bn knh. Pht sinh 4 phn t va
chia c ton b phn y nn, sau chn ton b cc phn t y nn
v gn cho nhm DAYNON (lm tng t nh phn DAYBE).
- Phn kt cu thp va c to nh sau

SAP2000
Phan ket cau va c tao
V phn np nn ct v c np: tng t phn trc
mun v c phn np nn ct th phn c np hnh tr
nn c v trc ri sau thay i gc nhn v gii hn
khng gian quan st v phn np. Trong qu trnh v
th ng thi gn lun c trng hnh hc cho b phn kt
cu.
Ch : Sau khi m hnh ho xong kt cu chn li h to
hin hnh l GLOBAL.
Bc 2 : M t ti trng tc dng ln kt cu
- nh ngha Pattern: Define > Joint Pattern
Pattern : APLUC > [ Add New Pattern
]

- Khai bo Pattern
Chn nhm THANH v DAYNON.
Gn gi tr cho Joint Pattern :
Assgin > Joint Pattern
Pattern Name : APLUC; C = -10; D = 147

i vi mt y xin, p lc nc tc dng theo phng thng ng, do vy khi dng ti
trng Pattern khai bo ta phi chiu ln phng vung gc b mt y nn, h s cos
= 0.86, thnh phn ti trng nm trong mt phng y c b qua.
SAP2000
Gn gi tr ti trng:
- p lc thng ng do khi lng nc tc dng ln y b, chn nhm
DAYBE.
Load : -27 KN/m
2

Direction : global Z
- Gn ti trng cho y nn, chn nhm DAYNON
Assign > Shell Static Loads > Pressure
By Joint Pattern : APLUC
Multiplier : -0.86
Lu : ti trng p lc thu tnh cng chiu vi trc 3 phn t, do nn hin th
chiu trc 3 phn t trc khi khai bo p lc thu tnh m bo gn chnh xc
h s Multiplier.
- Gn ti trng cho thnh b, chn nhm THANH
Assign > Shell Static Loads > Pressure
By Joint Pattern : APLUC
Multiplier : 1
- Gn ti trng gi: gii hn khng gian quan st View > Set Limit
Set X Axis Limits Set Y Axis Limits Set Z Axis Limits
Min -1.5 0 0
Max 0 1.5 15.2

n gin p lc gi c coi l phn b u v ch tc dng vo mt na b mt ca
kt cu. Chn tt c cc phn t trong mt phng gii hn khng gian quan st
` Select > Deselect > Groups > [ DAYBE ]
Load : 1.2 KN/m
2

Direction : global X
Bc 3 : p t iu kin bin ngm ti chn ct, khai bo bc t do v thc hin gii.
Chon goc nhn quan sat
SAP2000
3.4. Bi thc hnh s 4 - Kt cu c lin kt n hi
SAP2000 cung cp cc lin kt n hi c m hnh ha bng cc l xo t ti cc
im nt. Lin kt n hi c s dng rng ri trong cc kt cu dm lin tc trn nn
n hi (mng bng), tm trn nn n hi (mng b), tnh ton cc Vic xc nh cc
h s n hi l rt quan trng, nh hng n kt qu tnh ton.
Trong SAP2000, khai bo c cc nt c lin kt n hi ta chn cc nt cn
khai bo v thc hin:
Assign Joint Springs

Ch : n v ca cng l xo l [lc/n v di] hoc [lc/gc xoay n v].
Ngoi ra ta c th nhp trc tip cc s hng ca ma trn cng ca lin kt bng
cch chn mc Advanced trong ca s trn (cch ny rt t dng):

Khi gii quyt cc bi ton thuc lnh vc nn n hi, vic xc nh h s nn
thng dng theo m hnh nn Winkler (m hnh nn 1 thng s) v tnh n gin v ph
hp vi mt s loi t thng dng. Tuy nhin m bo kt qu tnh chnh xc, ngi
s dng cn tham kho thm cc m hnh nn khc.
cng chuyn v thng
theo phng trc 1
cng chuyn v xoay
theo phng trc 2
SAP2000
Gio trnh ny gii thiu cch tnh cng ca lo xo theo h s nn c xc nh
theo cng thc Hansen. Bng h s nn ca mt s loi t thng dng:
Stt Loi t H s nn (KN/m
3
)
1 t ct xp 4800-16000
2 t ct cht va 9600-80000
3 t ct cht 6400-12800
4 t st pha ct cht va 32000-80000
5 t bn pha ct cht va 24000-48000
Cng thc xc nh cng ca l xo dm trn nn n hi, cc, tng c:
s s lx
l . b . k k =
Trong : k
lx
: cng l xo theo phng vung gc vi dm.
k
s
: h s nn
l
s
: khong cch gia cc l xo.
i vi trng hp tm trn nn n hi, cng l xo c xc nh:

eff s i
A . k k =
Trong A
eff
l din tch cc phn t trong vng nh hng ca n.
Bi tp 1: Phn tch bi ton dm (mng bng) c tit din 30x80cm, bng b tng mc
250 t trn nn n hi nh hnh v, h s nn 60000 kN/m
3
, a=6m.

Hng dn: chia dm thnh 48 on c chiu di 0.5m.
Cc l xo bin c cng = 60000 x 0.3 x 0.25 = 4500 kN/m
Cc l xo trong nhp c cng = 60000 x 0.3 x 0.5 = 9000 kN/m.
Trnh t thc hin:
Bc 1 : M t hnh hc

SAP2000
Lu : Click [ ] mc Restraints nh hnh minh ha
- Khai bo c trng vt liu
Mass per unitt Volume : 0
7
KN/m
2
- Khai bo c trng hnh hc
Section Name Material Depth [t3] Width [t2]
D30x80 BT250 0.8 0.3
Bc 3 : Gn c trng hnh hc v khai bo ti trng tp trung cho phn t.
Bc 4 : Chia nh dm thnh mi on c chiu di 0.5m.
Chn [all], t menu Edit > Divide Frames
Divide into: 12
Last/First ratio: 1

Bc 5 : Gn cng l xo cho cc nt
- Chn tt c cc nt bn trong dm.

Cc nt bn trong dm
SAP2000
Assign > Joint > Spring
[Spring Stiffness in Local Direction] > Translation 3 : 9000

- Chn hai nt bin (hai nt u dm).
Bc 5 : Thc hin gii
RY.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bi tp 2: Phn tch kt cu tm trn nn n hi
(mng b), chu cc ti trng tp trung ti cc chn
ct l 300 kN.
Kch thc tm 10m10m, dy 0.5m, vt liu b
tng mc. H s nn 70000 kN/m
3
.
Hng dn: chia tm thnh 100 phn t c cnh
1m.
cng l xo gc = 70000 0.25 = 17500 kN/m
cng l xo bin = 70000 0.5 = 35000 kN/m
cng l xo gia = 70000 1 = 70000 kN/m.

SAP2000
Trnh t thc hin:
Bc 1 : M t hnh hc
X Y Z
Grid Spacing 10 10 -
Chn phm Quick Draw Rectangular Shell Element v nhanh phn t tm

Bc 2 : Khai bo c trng vt liu v c trng hnh hc.
Bc 3 : Gn c trng hnh hc cho phn t , sau chia tm thnh 100 phn t c
cnh 1m. Chn phn t tm
T menu, Edit > Mesh Shells

SAP2000
Bc 4 : Gn ti trng tp trung cho phn t
Bc 5 : Gn cng l xo cho cc nt
- Chn tt c cc nt bn trong tm.

- Chn tt c cc nt bin
- Chn 4 nt gc tm
Bc 5 : Thc hin gii
v [v] RY.

Cc nt
bn trong tm

Cc nt
bin

SAP2000
3.5. Bi thc hnh s 5 - T hp ti trng
3.5.1. Khi nim v t hp ti trng
Theo TCVN 2737-95 (tiu chun ti trng & tc ng), ti trng tc dng trn cng
trnh gm c cc ti trng thng xuyn v ti trng tm thi. Do tnh cht ca ti trng
tm thi tc dng khng ng nht v v tr v thi gian, do vy xy ra nhiu trng hp
ti (load case) khc nhau dn n kt qu ni lc trong kt cu cng khc nhau.
tm c ni lc nguy him nht ti mt v tr no trong kt cu, phng
php chnh xc l v ng nh hng ca ni lc ti v tr , sau tm v tr bt li
nht ca ti trng theo phng php ca C hc kt cu. SAP2000 hon ton c th thc
hin c vic ny, tuy nhin khi lng tnh ton i vi cc h siu tnh s rt ln v
tn nhiu thi gian (vic v ng nh hng bng SAP2000 s c cp trong mc
3.7 khi phn tch kt cu chu ti trng di ng).
Ngoi ra, SAP2000 cho php chng ta to ra nhiu trng hp ti khc nhau v t
hp cc trng hp ti tm ni lc nguy him nht. Cch lm ny ch l gn ng, tuy
nhin ngi s dng cn c nhiu kinh nghim nh ngha cc trng hp ti sao cho t
nht m vn tm c ni lc nguy him nht. Nu tham kho cc tiu chun ca nc
ngoi, chng ta c th thy s trng hp ti rt t so vi TCVN
2
.
T hp ti trng (load combination) l s kt hp cc trng hp ti trng c th
xy ra ng thi. Nu kt cu c phn tch trong min n hi, chng ta c th dng
nguyn l cng tc dng, th t hp ti trng cng chnh l t hp ni lc.
SAP2000 h tr 04 phng php t hp ti trng khc nhau:
Phng php cng tc dng (ADD): kt qu ni lc ca cc trng hp ti c
nhn vo h s t hp v c cng i s vi nhau. Kiu t hp ny c dng cho cc
trng hp ti trng tnh.
Phng php biu bao (ENVELOP): kt qu ni lc ti mt mt ct ca phn
t c ly theo gi tr ln nht (Max) v nh nht (Min) ca mt trong s tt c cc
trng hp ti trng nhn vi h s t hp tng ng. Kiu t hp ny p dng cho ti
trng tnh v ti trng di ng. Lu rng, phng php ny ch p dng cho cc phn t
thanh (frame element).
Phng php tr tuyt i (ABS): gi tr tuyt i ca cc kt qu phn tch tng
trng hp ti c cng li vi nhau, cc gi tr dng (+) v m (-) c t ng tnh.
Phng php bnh phng cc tiu (SRSS): gi tr t hp l cn bc hai ca tng
bnh phng cc trng hp ti. Loi t hp ny s cho hai gi tr dng v m i vi
mi phn on phn t hoc ti cc nt.
Lu : Trong bi ton kt cu, thng thng ta ch cn s dng 02 phng php
cng tc dng ADD v phng php biu bao ENVE t hp ti trng v v biu
bao ni lc cho kt cu.
3.5.2. Khai bo cc trng hp ti
SAP2000 lun nh ngha sn mt trng hp ti trng c tn l LOAD1, lun tnh
n trng lng bn thn ca kt cu.

2
Hin nay ang c nhiu nghin cu v vn t hp ti trng cho nh nhiu tng. Kt qu so snh cho thy, trong
nhiu trng hp, cch t hp ti trng theo TCVN qu rm r m vn khng cho kt qu ln hn cc t hp ca
cc tiu chun nc ngoi nh ACI (M), BS (Anh), BAEL (Php)
SAP2000
nh ngha mi mt trng hp ti, ta thc hin:
Define Define static loadcase\Add New Combo

Ta c th khai bo nhiu trng hp ti khc nhau. Ch , vic khai bo gi tr cho
Type ch l tng trng v khng nh hng n kt qu tnh ton. Type c th l
DEAD (ti trng tnh), LIVE (hot ti), WIND (ti gi), SNOW (ti trng tuyt),
QUAKE (ti trng ng t) v OTHER (cc ti trng khc).
3.5.3. T hp ti trng
Sau khi nh ngha cc trng hp ti, ta tin hnh t hp ti trng:
Define Load combination

Lu : khi t hp ti trng cho nh nhiu tng, ta nn to ra 1 trng hp ti ch
tnh ti trng bn thn ca kt cu v cc ti trng thng xuyn khc (lun xut hin
trong cc trng hp ti). Cc trng hp hot ti c to ra khng tnh ton ti trng
bn thn na (khai bo selfweight factor = 0). Khi tin hnh t hp nhiu trng hp ti,
cn lu khng c trng lp cc hot ti (tham kho thm cc gio trnh v t hp ti
trng). T hp cui cng s l bao ca tt c cc t hp trc v biu bao ni lc.
Tn t hp ti trng
Cch t hp
Tiu t hp
H s ca trng
hp ti
Cc trng hp ti
c trong t hp
SAP2000
Bi tp 1: v biu bao ni lc cho dm lin tc 4 nhp sau y:
Dm c tit din 20x40cm, b tng mc 200, mdun n hi E = 2,4.10
3
kN/cm
2
, h s
Poisson v = 0.3
Cc trng hp ti nh sau:
Cho G = 10 kN, P = 12 kN, khi tnh k n trng lng bn thn ca kt cu.

Thc hin t hp cc trng hp ti trng vi cu trc t hp sau y:
T hp 1 = 1 + 2
T hp 2 = 1 + 3
T hp 3 = 1 + 4
T hp 4 = 1 + 5
T hp 5 = 1 + 6
T hp 6 = ENVE (T hp 1, 2, 3, 4,5) (biu bao).

SAP2000
Trnh t thc hin:
Bc 1 : M t hnh hc

Lu : Click [v] mc Restraints nh hnh minh ha
Mass per unit Volume : 0
7
KN/m
2
nh ngha c trng hnh hc cho phn t thanh t menu ta chn:
Section name : D20X40
Material : BT200
Depth [t3] : 0.4
Width [t2] : 0.2
Khai bo cc trng hp ti
SAP2000, lun lun
nh ngha sn mt trng
hp ti trng LOAD1, trong
trng hp ti ny lun tnh
n trng lng bn thn ca
kt cu. Mc nh trng
lng bn thn ca kt cu
c xc nh theo chiu Z.
Cc trng hp ti nn
c hoch nh sn v khai
SAP2000
bo trc t hp ti trng. nh ngha cc trng hp ti, t menu: Define > Define
Static Loadcases
- Load: Tn trng hp ti trng, tn c th bao gm cc k t ch v s nhng
khng di qu 8 k t.
- Type: Loi ti trng, tu chn ny ch l hnh thc phn no ni ln tnh cht ca
trng hp ti, nu chng c ch nh hay khng u khng nh hng n kt
qu tnh ton, nhng trong chng trnh c h tr tnh nng thit kt cu kin. Cc
tnh ton thit k ph thuc vo cc tiu chun (code), trong ngi ta quy nh
phi xt n cc t hp ti trng no. Nu loi ti trng c ch nh th chng
trnh s t ng xc nh c cc t hp ti trng theo chun phc v cho
bc tnh ton thit k hay kim tra tit din.SAP2000 nh ngha sn cc loi ti
trng sau:
DEAD: Trng hp ti trng tnh
LIVE: Trng hp hot ti
WIND: Trng hp ti trng gi
SNOW: Trng hp ti trng tuyt
QUAKE: Trng hp ti trng ng t
OTHER: dng ch nh mt trng hp ti no khng thuc cc loi
trn chng hn nh ti trng bt n nh.
- Seft Weight Multiplier: H s nhn vi ti trng lng bn thn, nu h s ny
khc khng th trng hp ti s bao gm c ti trng do trng lng bn thn
ca kt cu.
Add New Load: To mt trng hp ti trng mi
Change Load: Thay i cc thng s ca trng hp ti c chn
Delete Load: Loi b trng hp ti c ch nh
Kt qu sau khi khai bo 6 trng hp ti.

T hp cc trng hp ti
Bc t hp ti trng, bt buc phi thc hin sau khi nh ngha cc trng hp
ti, nhng n cng c th khai bo trc khi cc d liu ti trng cho tng trng hp
c khai bo.
SAP2000
T menu Define > Load Combination > [Add New Combo]
Load combination name: Tn ca t hp ti trng
Load combination Type: Phng php t hp ti trng
Title: Dng m t t hp ti
Define Combination.
Case Name: Trng hp ti
Scale Factor: H s nhn cho trng hp ti.
Add: thm trng hp ti vo t hp hin hnh.
Modify: Cp nht thay i cc thng s.
Delete: Loi b trng hp ti ra khi t hp hin hnh.
[x] Use for Steel/Concrete Design: Dng t hp ti ang nh ngha tnh ton thit k
thp/ b tng
Minh ho khai bo Combo1 (T hp 1) v Combo6 (t hp 6). Cc Combo khc lm
tng t
- Khai bo Combo1:
Define > Load Combination > [Add New Combo]

- Khai bo Combo 6: (xem hnh trn)
Define > Load Combination > [Add New Combo]
Kt qu sau khi khai bo 6 trng hp t hp ti

SAP2000

Bc 6 : Gn ti trng cho tng trng hp ti
Minh ho gn ti trng cho TH1.
Gn ti trng TH1: chn cc phn t cn gn ti trng. Trng hp ny chn [all]
T menu Assign > Frame Static Loads > Point and Uniform

Kt qu nh hnh sau

Cc trng hp ti cn li , thc hin tng t
Bc 7 :Thc hin gii
- Chn bc t do cho nt Analyze > Set Options > Click vo 2 [x] UZ v [x] RY.
Bi tp 2: V biu bao ni lc ca h khung phng ca bi tp 2 mc 3.2.2. Cc
trng hp ti do ngi c t nh ngha. (hc vin t thc hin)
Bi tp 3: V biu bao ni lc cho h khung khng gian ca bi tp 3 mc 3.2.2.
Cc trng hp ti do ngi dng t nh ngha. (hc vin t thc hin)
Chn trng
hp ti cn gn
SAP2000
3.6. Bi thc hnh s 6 - Kt cu phc hp
3.6.1. H khung dn
H khung dn thng gp trong cc kt cu nh cng nghip, trong h khung
l b tng ct thp v h dn mi bng thp. SAP2000 hon ton c th m hnh ha
c s h khung dn lm vic ng thi ch bng cc phn t thanh. Ngi dng
ch cn khai bo mt s thng s v c trng hnh hc th c th phn bit c hai loi
phn t ny. Khi thc hin m t kt cu phc hp khung dn cn ch cc iu kin
sau y:
+ i vi cc nt thuc h dn s bc t do l 02 (i vi h phng) hay 03 (i vi
h khng gian) chnh l cc chuyn v thng. i vi cc nt thuc h khung ta khai bo
bc t do cho mi nt l 3 (i vi h phng) hay 6 (i vi h khng gian). i vi cc
nt lin kt gia khung v dn, do cc nt c s bc t do khng ging nhau nn phi
dng iu kin rng buc cc chuyn v nt (constraint) ni chng li. Vic ny chnh
l m bo iu kin lin tc v mt chuyn v ca kt cu.
+ Lu quan trng: Nu khai bo h s ti trng bn thn l 1 trong cc trng hp
ti, SAP2000 s p dng cho tt c cc phn t, trong c thanh dn. Do vy trong
thanh dn s xut hin mmen un, lc ct loi b iu ny cn thit phi khai bo
h s ti trng bn thn bng 0. Mun tnh ti trng bn thn cho phn t no ta s s
dng chc nng gn ti trng gravity load cho phn t .
Nu ngi s dng khng nm vng vic khai bo rng buc cc bc t do ca nt
th c th s dng chc nng gii phng ni lc. Chn phn t cn gii phng ni lc v
thc hin: Assign Frame Realease
Vic gii phng ni lc cn ch im u
(start) v im cui (end) ca phn t m
bo kt qu chnh xc.
3.6.2. H khung - tm v
H khung - tm v rt thng gp trong
thc t nh h khung - sn b tng ct thp ca
nh nhiu tng, cc b nc c gia c dm, kt
cu cu Vic gii quyt kt cu khung sn
lm vic ng thi theo h khng gian mi thc
s phn nh gn ng nht s lm vic ca kt
cu tht, c tnh n nh hng ng k ca tm
sn vo trong h khung
3
.
V mt m hnh kt cu khung sn, SAP2000 ch c th m hnh ha bng cc
mt phng cho h sn (shell element) v ng thng cho h khung (frame element), do
khng nhn thy c s tng quan v mt kch thc tht ca chng. m bo
kt qu tnh ton chnh xc, cn chia nh sn ng thi chia nh dm kt ni vi nhau
ti cc nt. Ch rng, phng php phn t hu hn yu cu cc phn t phi c kt
ni vi nhau thng qua cc nt
4
.

3
Mt kt qu ng ghi nhn l khi phn tch kt cu khung sn lm vic ng thi, mmen un v lc ct trong
cc dm v ct gim t 15% n 30% so vi phn tch h khung thng thng.
4
Li chia nh sn m khng chia nh tng ng phn t dm sn rt thng gp i vi ngi s dng khng
hiu v phng php phn t hu hn.
SAP2000
3.6.3. H khung vch cng
i vi kt cu nh nhiu tng, ngi ta thng thit k kt cu theo h khung
vch cng (hay li cng) chu ti trng ngang (gi). Cc vch cng c SAP2000
m t bng phn t v tng qut (shell element)
5
. Nh
vy, vic m t cc li cng ca kt cu nh nhiu tng
lun thc hin c ch bng cc phn t shell. Tuy nhin,
do li cng c b tr nhiu v tr trn mt bng nn cn
phn tch kt cu khung vch theo s khng gian
m bo kt qu chnh xc.
M hnh sn tuyt i cng
Khi phn tch s khung sn hay khung vch
cng, mi nt ca cc phn t ny u c 6 bc t do nn
lun tha mn tnh lin tc ca chuyn v. Tuy cc m
hnh ny c chnh xc cao nhng s bc t do tng th
ca kt cu s tng ln ng k, nn thi gian gii quyt
bi ton cng tng ln.
Qua nghin cu tnh ton, ngi ta thy rng, di
tc dng ca ti trng ngang, cng ca h sn trong mt phng ca n l rt ln, bin
dng rt b so vi bin dng ngoi mt phng sn. Do vy ngi ta a ra m hnh sn
tuyt i cng tnh ton. Theo m hnh ny, tt c cc nt trong mt phng sn u c
chuyn v v gc xoay (trong mt phng sn) bng
nhau v sn l mt Rigid body. SAP2000 h tr khai
bo m hnh ny bng cch rng buc cho mt nhm
nt c chuyn v bng nhau nh m hnh Diaphragm
Constraint. Nu kt cu c nhiu sn hay cc mt
phng c cng rt ln th chng ta s khai bo
nhiu Diaphragm Constraint. Theo m hnh ny s
n s ca bi ton gim xung ng k v thi gian
gii quyt nhanh hn nhng vn m bo kt qu
chnh xc.
khai bo mt Diaphragm trong SAP2000,
chng ta chn tt c cc nt thuc mt phng cng
v thc hin: Assign Joint Constraint\Add Diaphragm

5
Trong SAP2000 khng c phn t dnh ring tnh ton vch cng. Ch c cc phn mm tnh kt cu chuyn
dng mi c loi phn t ny, chng hn nh ETABS
Tn Diaphragm
Xc nh h ta a
phng ca Diaphragm
Xa b mt rng
buc Diaphragm
Mi Diaphragm u c mt
h ta a phng xc
nh mt phng cng. Trc
th 3 ca h ta ny lun
vung gc vi mt phng
cng. Ngi dng ch cn
ch nh trc th 3 cho mi
Diaphragm.
SAP2000
Ni chung, khi phn tch kt cu phc hp c nhiu loi phn t khc nhau m s
bc t do ca cc nt (tng ng vi phn t ) khc nhau, m bo iu kin lin
tc ca chuyn v, ta cn thit phi khai bo cc rng buc gia cc chuyn v .
SAP2000 h tr khai bo rt nhiu kiu rng buc chuyn v ca cc nt ty theo
yu cu ca ngi s dng (Assign Joint Constraint), c th:
+ Rng buc chuyn v nt Restraints: khai bo cc chuyn v ca nt.
+ Rng buc Diaphragm: tt c cc chuyn v trong mt phng Diaphragm l bng
nhau (m hnh sn tuyt i cng).
+ Rng buc Body Constraint: m t mt khi hay mt phn ca kt cu l mt
khi cng (Rigid Body). Tt c cc thnh phn chuyn v tng ng ca cc nt trong
khi u bng nhau. Kiu rng buc ny thng dng trong khung - ging
+ Rng buc Plate Constraint: Tt c cc nt thuc kiu rng buc ny s to ra
cng mt chuyn v chng li bin dng un ngoi mt phng Plate. Kiu rng buc ny
ngc vi Diaphram, thng dng khi cn ni cc nt c bc t do khc nhau, chng hn
nh phn t dm - phn t khi (frame - sodid).
Ngoi cn c th nh ngha nhiu kiu rng buc khc nh Rod, Beam, Equal,
Local, Weld. Ngi s dng c th xem chi tit trong ti liu SAP2000-Analysis
References (version 10.0.1 - CSI).
Bi tp 1: V biu M v Q ca h dm ghp sau y. Tit din dm 20x35cm, b tng
mc 200. Khi tnh b qua trng lng bn thn ca kt cu.

Trnh t thc hin:
Bc 1 : M t hnh hc

SAP2000
Ngm
Gi di
ng
dong
Gi di
ng
dong
Kt qu c nh sau

Ni thanh 1 & 2 hon tt s hnh hc. Chn thanh 1 & 2:
T menu Edit > Join Frames

Bc 6 : Gn khp cho cc nt
- Tch nt: chn tt c cc nt cn gn khp

T menu, Edit > Disconnect . Sau khi thc
hin thao tc ny, mi nt c chn trc
b tch thnh 2 nt, c th Click chut phi
vo nt kim tra. Khi Click chut phi vo
nt cn gn khp ngoi cng bn tri, kt qu
c nh hnh bn.
- Gn khp cho nt:

Chn nt cn gn khp (lc ny l 2 nt) bng ca s nh hnh trn. T menu:
Assign > Joint > Constraints > [Add Equal]
SAP2000

- Lm tng t cho 2 khp cn li.
Bc 6 : Thc hin gii
RY.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bi tp 2: Phn tch kt
cu h khung dn. Thanh
dn l thp gc u cnh
L70x70x5 (F=6.86cm
2
).
H khung bng b tng ct
thp, mc 200, tit din ct
l 30x30cm, dm
20x40cm. Khi tnh ton b
qua ti trng bn thn ca
h dn, nhng vn tnh n
ti trng bn thn ca h
khung.

Trnh t thc hin:
Bc 1 : M t hnh hc
X Y Z
Grid Spacing 9 - 5
Hiu chnh v v s hnh hc:
- Thay i v tr ng li: Draw > Edit Grid (Shift F7) hoc nhp p ln ng
li bt k.
15kN/
3m x 3 = 9m 3m x 3 = 9m
+ 5. 0m
+ 0. 0m
+ 9.0m
+12.0m
20kN
20kN
30kN
20kN
20kN
10kN 8kN
SAP2000
- Chuyn v mt phng XZ.
- Chn phm Draw Frame Element v cc phn t thanh .
Kt qu sau khi v nh sau:

- Chia nh 2 thanh dn v 2 thanh dm trn cng thnh 3 phn bng nhau. T
menu: Edit > Divide Frames
Divide into: 3
Last/First ratio: 1
- V tip cc thanh cn thiu hon thin s hnh hc.

- c trng vt liu: gm 2 loi thp (THEP) v b tng mc 200 (BT200)
Thep Be tong

SAP2000
- c trng hnh hc:
Thanh dn: xem li 3.1 (h dn)
Dm v ct : hc vin t thc hin.
Bc 3 : Gn c trng hnh hc vt liu cho phn t.
Lu : khi khai bo c trng vt liu ca THEP, ta gn trng lng bng 0, do
ti trng bn thn ca h dn s khng c tnh n. chng trnh t ng tnh ti
trng bn thn ca h khung, ta khai bo h s nhn ti trng bn thn (Selfweight
multiplier) bng 1 hoc s dng chc nng tnh ti trng do trng lc (gravity load) cho
cc phn t h khung (trong trng hp khai bo h s nhn ti trng bn thn bng 0).
Bc 5 : M hnh ho s h kt cu dn v khung lm vic ng thi.
- Chn 3 nt ti v tr lin kt gia dn v khung nh hnh sau:

T menu, Edit > Disconnect
- Chn nt bn tri bng ca s (lm tng t bi 1, t menu
Assign > Joint > Constraints > [Add Equal]

- Lm tng t cho 2 nt cn li.
Bc 7 : Thc hin gii
v [v] RY.
SAP2000
Bi tp 3: Phn tch kt cu phc hp h khung-sn
theo s khng gian vi 2 trng hp sau y v
so snh kt qu:
Trng hp 1: Xem sn l tuyt i cng trong mt
phng ca n (rng buc Diaphragm).
Trng hp 2: Xt n s bin dng ca sn trong
mt phng ca n (sn mm).
Cc s liu: LxB = 4x4m, chiu cao tng H = 4m
Ct : 30x30cm, Dm : 20x40cm, Sn: dy 80cm
Vt liu l b tng mc 200.
Ti trng phn b u trn sn l 3kN/m
2
.
Ti trng gi quy i v ct (theo mt phng) l
3,2kN/m cho mt n gi v 2,4kN/m cho mt khut
gi.

Trnh t thc hin:
Trng hp 1:
Bc 1 : M t hnh hc
Chn h n v KN-m, File > New Model From Template > [Space Frame]

V hai phn t tm cho sn tng 1 v sn tng 2.
Bc 5 : Hon thin s kt cu.
- Chn tt c phn t sn (shell), t menu :
Edit > Mesh Shells
Mesh into : 5
By : 5
- Chn cc phn t dm , t menu:
Edit > Divide Frames
SAP2000
Divide into: 5
Last/First ratio: 1
Bc 6 : Khai bo m hnh sn tuyt i cng
- Chn tt c cc nt sn tng 1, t menu:
Joint > Assign > Constraints > [Add Diaphragm]

- Lm tng t cho sn tng hai.
Bc 7 : Thc hin gii
- Chn bc t do cho nt : khung khng gian.
Trng hp 2:
Lm tng t trng hp 1 nhng khng phi thc hin Bc 6.

SAP2000
3.7. Phn tch kt cu chu ti trng di ng
3.7.1. Gii thiu
Phn tch ni lc ca kt cu cu (Bridge Analysis) l mt tnh nng quan trng ca
SAP2000, gip cho phn mm ny c th so snh vi cc phn mm thit k cu chuyn
dng nh LEAP, LUCAS, SPACE GASS (chng trnh dng tnh cu M Thun)
SAP2000 c th phn tch p ng ca cng trnh cu di tc dng ca ti trng di ng
ca nhiu ln xe, on ngi i b hoc ti trng di ng ca cu trc trong nh cng
nghip
Tuy nhin, phin bn SAP000 7.42, kt cu thng tng v h tng ca cng trnh
cu ch c m hnh v tnh ton trn phn t thanh (frame element), v vy kh nng
phn tch cn nhiu hn ch. Cc loi phn t khc nh tm (shell), phn t khi (solid)
hay cc phn t phi tuyn (Nlink) c th c a vo m hnh tham gia vo
cng ca kt cu cu nhng s khng c SAP2000 phn tch khi chu ti trng di ng.
3.7.2. Cc khi nim c bn
Khi phn tch cng trnh cu, ngi s dng cn lm quen vi mt s cc khi nim
c bn sau y:
+ ng chy (roadway): c m t bng mt chui lin tc (hoc khng lin
tc) cc phn t thanh theo hng chy ca on ti trng.
+ Ln xe (lane): l v tr on ti trng di chuyn trn cc ng chy. SAP2000 s
xc nh ng nh hng ca ni lc, chuyn v khi t ti trng bng n v chy
dc theo ng chy ny.
+ Ti trng xe chy (vehicle): l mt b cc thng s xc nh tr s ti trng cc
trc xe, khong cch cc trc xe Ti trng xe c th ly t th vin to sn ca
SAP2000. Hu ht cc loi xe ny c ly theo tiu chun AASHTO (American
Association of Highway Transportation). Ngoi ra, ti trng xe chy cn c th m t
tng qut (general vehicle) theo cc tiu chun khc nhau, v d on xe H10, H30,
XB80 (theo TCVN).
+ Nhm xe (vehicle class): Theo TCVN, mi nhm xe thng ch c 1 loi xe nn
khng dng chc nng nhm cc ti trng xe li. Tuy nhin theo AASHTO, mi cp ti
trng thit k thng gm 2 dng ti trng xe l 1 dng xe ti (truck load) v 1 dng ti
trng phn b u tng ng (lane load). Mi dng c th gy ra ni lc hoc chuyn
v ln nht khc nhau. Khi SAP2000 s gp chung 02 dng ti ny vo mt nhm v
t ng chn 01 trong hai dng ti phn tch p ng ln nht.
+ Trng hp ti trng xe chy (moving loadcase): c th xem nh mt trng
hp ti nh bi ton phn tch tnh. Do vy c th thc hin t hp vi cc trng hp ti
trng khc. Mi trng hp ti trng xe chy c nh ngha bao gm:
Nhm xe chy
H s vt ti, gim ti
Cc ln xe chy
S ln xe ti a, ti thiu
Ti trng xe chy xt n c 2 chiu dc theo cc ln xe ca cu. Khi tnh ton
SAP2000 s t ng t xe vo cc v tr trn ln xe sao cho tm c p ng cc tr.
SAP2000
Khi thc hin phn tch bi ton cu, nn thc hin theo cc bc sau:
1. M hnh kt cu cu (ch yu bng phn t frame)
2. nh ngha cc ln xe (lane)
3. nh ngha cc hot ti xe (vehicle)
4. nh ngha cc nhm xe (vehicle class)
5. Ch nh cc p ng cn tnh ton (bridge response)
6. nh ngha cc trng hp hot ti xe chy (moving loadcase)
7. T hp ti trng (load combination)
3.7.3. M hnh kt cu cu (Bridge Structure Modeling)
M hnh kt cu khng gian (3D): bao gm cc mng dm dc, dm ngang, bn
mt cu, h thng m, tr hon chnh. Cch m hnh ny i hi cng tc nhp d liu
phc tp, bi ton tr nn cng knh v mt nhiu thi gian gii quyt cng nh truy cp
cc kt qu tnh ton rt kh khn.
M hnh thu gn: ton b
trc ngang ca cu c thay bng
phn t thanh c cng tng
ng v chuyn t bi ton 3D
thnh bi ton 2D. Khi ton b
cc phn t thanh thng ng s
i din cho m tr cu, cc phn
t thanh ngang i din cho ton
b h dm ch, dm ngang, bn mt cu. Sau khi phn tch bi ton 2D ny, cc p ng
tnh ton (ni lc, chuyn v) cn c phn phi li tnh cho tng cu kin bng h
s phn b ngang. Cch m hnh ny i hi vic tnh ton cc c trng hnh hc ca
mt ct ngang kh phc tp.
M hnh n gin: kt cu cu c m hnh ha bng mt h dm lin tc nhiu
nhp. S ny tnh ton tng i n gin.
3.7.4. nh ngha cc ln xe
Sau khi m hnh ha kt cu, nh ngha mt ln xe ta thc hin:
Define Moving loadcase Lanes\Add New Lane

M hnh cu dy vng
Tn ln xe
lch tm
S hiu phn t frame
to thnh ln xe
SAP2000
Ln xe c nh ngha bi mt chui cc phn t thanh. Khi thc hin chn phn
t thanh cho ln xe phi bt s hiu phn t thanh ln bng chc nng Set Element.
lch tm (Eccentricity) c tnh t trc ng chy n trc ca cc phn t
thanh hnh thnh ln xe. Do chng trnh ch phn tch c ti trng di ng trn cc
phn t thanh nn s lch tm tnh ton mmen xon dc trc phn t m bo
tnh ton gn ng hn so vi thc t. lch tm c xem l dng (+) nu tm
ng chy nm bn tri ln xe (theo hng xe chy) v ngc li.
Cc khi nim ng chy (roadway), ln xe (lane) v lch tm (eccentricity) ch
mang tnh cht m hnh, khng th hin trn mn hnh ha ca SAP2000, do vy rt
d nhm ln. Chng ta xt v d trn
hnh di y:
Hnh bn gm 03 ng chy
A, B v C, trong cc ng chy
c m t bi mt chui cc phn t
thanh, c th:
ng chy A (8, 7, 6)
ng chy B (11, 10, 9)
ng chy C (5, 4, 3, 2,1)
Hai ln xe c nh ngha bi
cc ng chy v lch tm tng
ng ca phn t so vi tm ng
chy, c th:
Lane 1: c m t bi 02
ng chy A v C bao gm cc
phn t thanh sp xp theo th t l
frame 8-7-6-5-4-3-2-1. Trong lch tm ca cc phn t 5-4-3 l +6 feet, phn t s
2 l +3 feet, cc phn t cn li c lch tm l 0.
Lane 2: c m t bi ng chy A v mt phn ng chy C, bao gm cc
phn t thanh l 11-10-9-5-4-3. lch tm ca phn t 5-4-3 l 6 feet, cn li bng 0.
3.7.5. nh ngha cc hot ti xe
SAP2000 cho php ngi dng nh ngha hot ti xe t th vin c sn (theo tiu
chun ca ASSHTO) hoc nh ngha mt hot ti xe tng qut bng cch nhp cc s
liu cho khong cch cc trc, ti trng
trc theo s tng qut (hnh bn).
Cc thng s chnh sau y phi c ch
nh khi nh ngha mt ti trng xe tng
qut:
+ (n-1) khong cch d gia hai trc
xe, vi 0 < dmin d dmax.
+ n ti trng trc xe
+ Vi TCVN th cc ph ti px v
(n+1) ti phn b w khng cn khai bo.

SAP2000
thc hin nh ngha ti trng xe tng qut, ta thc hin:
Define Moving Loadcase Vehicle\Add General Vehicle

V d: hnh trn m t on ti trng xe H30 gm 3 chic.
Vi ti trng XB80 ch gm 1chic, ta khai bo cc thng s sau:
First Axle 20.0
Uniform
Axle
Min Distance
Max Distance
0.00
20.0
1.20
1.20
0.00
20.0
1.20
1.20
0.00
20.0
1.20
1.20
Vi ti trng on ngi b hnh q = 300kg/m
2
, ta khai bo cc thng s sau:
+ Leading uniform load = 0.3 T/m (tnh cho 1m ngang cu)
+ Trailing uniform load = 0.3 T/m (tnh cho 1m ngang cu)
3.7.6. nh ngha nhm xe (vehicle class)
Thc hin: Define Moving Loadcase
Vehicle Classes\Add New Class
Theo TCVN, mi nhm xe ch gm 1 loi xe nn ta
s nh ngha 3 nhm:
+ Nhm DNC : ch gm on ngi
+ Nhm H30C: ch gm xe H30
+ Nhm XB80C: ch gm xe XB80

Tn ti trng xe
Ti phn b trc trc
Ti phn b trc sau
Ti tp trung trc trc
Ti tp trung v khong
cch gia cc trc xe
SAP2000
3.7.7. Ch nh cc p ng tnh ton
Khi thc hin gii bi ton chu ti di ng, s lng tnh ton theo ng nh
hng l rt nhiu. Do vy, hn cc tnh ton khng
cn thit SAP2000 cho php ngi dng gii hn cc
yu cu phn tch.
Define Moving loadcase Brigde Responses
Thc hin ch nh cc p ng cn tnh ton nh
chuyn v nt (Displacements), phn lc nt
(reaction), phn lc gi n hi (Spring forces), ni
lc phn t thanh (Frame forces). Phng php tnh c
th l chnh xc (Exact) hoc gn ng (Refinement
level).
Ch : chc nng Calculate corresponding
values for frame dng ch nh cc p ng cc tr
khi t ti, c s dng khi lm bi ton thit k. Nn
loi b chc nng ny gii nhanh bi ton.
3.7.8. Trng hp hot ti xe
Theo TCVN ch cn nh ngha 02 trng hp hot ti xe:
T hp 1: Ti trng H30 + on ngi
T hp 2: Ti trng XB80
Define Moving loadcase \ Add Load

Khai bo s liu cho 1 quy ti (Add new assign):
Assignment number: s hiu quy ti do chng trnh t ng nh s
Vehicle class: chn nhm xe ca quy ti
Scale factor: h s nhn ti trng = h s phn b ngang h s xung kch
Assignment lanes : ln xe t ti
Tn trng hp
ti xe chy
nh ngha cc quy
ti cho trng hp
ti xe chy
S ln xe & h
s ln xe
SAP2000
3.7.9. T hp ti trng
Sau khi thc hin nh ngha trng hp ti trng xe chy, trng hp ti ny c
th t hp vi cc trng hp ti trng khc nh tnh ti, hot ti tnh Cch thc hin
v phng php t hp ti trng c trnh by trng mc 3.5.
3.8. Bi tp thc hnh
Bi tp 1: V ng nh hng ca ni lc v chuyn v ca cc tit din trn dm n
gin c u tha cho trn hnh v. So snh vi li gii ca C hc kt cu.

Trnh t thc hin:
Bc 1 : M t hnh hc
Number of Spans 10
Span Length 1
Restraints [ ]
Bc 2 : Khai bo ng nh hng hay nh ngha ln xe
- Hin th s hiu ca phn t thanh: View > Set Elements > [Frames > Labels]

Kt qu c nh hnh sau

2m 6m 2m
SAP2000
- nh ngha ln xe: khi nh ngha ln xe chng trnh s xc nh ng nh
hng ca cc p ng (ni lc, chuyn v) khi t ti trng n v dc theo
tng ln xe ny.
T menu, Define > Moving Load Cases > Lane [Add New Lanes]

Khai bo d liu ln xe
Lane Name : Tn ln xe, khng nn t tn di qu 8 k t.
Frame : S hiu ca phn t thanh to thnh ln xe.
Eccentricity : lch tm ca phn t i vi tm ca ln xe.
Add : thm 1 phn t thanh vo cui lane
Insert : chn 1 phn t thanh vo gia lane.
Modify : sa i .
Delete : xo phn t thanh khi lane.
Ln xe c khai bo trong hnh sau, ton b cc phn t c lch tm bng zero.
Frame (s hiu phn t ) Eccentricity ( lch tm)
LANE1 T 1 -10 0

Bc 3 : Gn iu kin bin.
Bc 4 : Thc hin gii
- Chn bc t do cho nt Analyze >Set Options> Click vo 2 [v] UZ v [v] RY.
SAP2000
Hop oi thoai bieu dien ng
anh hng cua nut
Hop oi thoai bieu dien ng
anh hng noi lc
Biu din kt qu:
- ng nh hng chuyn v nt: Display > Show Influence Lines > Joints
Lane : Chn ln xe t ti trng di ng.
Joint ID : Chn nt xem ng nh hng.
Vector Type : Chn p ng cn xem ng nh hng.
Displacement : Chuyn v
Spring Force : Phn lc l xo
Reaction : Phn lc lin kt
Component : Chn cc thnh phn ca p ng.
Scaling : T l v
Table : xem chi tit gi tr ca ng nh hng

- ng nh hng ni lc: Display > Show Influence Lines > Frames
Lane : Chn ln xe t ti trng di ng
Frame ID : S hiu ca phn t thanh
Component : Chn cc thnh phn ni lc cn xem ng nh hng
Location : V tr mt ct ( xt theo hng di chuyn ca ti trng)
Table : Hin th s liu chi tit ca ng nh hng

SAP2000
Bi tp 2: Phn tch bi ton cu n gin chu ti trng di ng. Yu cu tnh ton ni
lc nguy him nht khi cho 02 on xe HS20-44 v HS20-44L chy ng thi trn hai
ln xe nm v hai pha ca tim ng chy, lch tm ca c hai ln xe l 1.83m (trch
v d trong SAP2000 A to Z Problems CSI, 2005).

Cc s liu nh sau:
Vt liu b tng c E = 3.5x10
7
KN/m
2
, = 25 KN/m
3
, = 0.2
Dm : F = 3.72m
2
, J = 3.46 m
4
, AS = 2.79 m
2
.
Ct : F = 3.25 m
2
, J = 4.33 m
4
, AS = 1.11 m
2
.

Trnh t thc hin:
Bc 1 : M t hnh hc
Chn h n v KN-cm, File > New Model From Template > [Portal Frame]
Number of Stories Number of Bays Story Height Bay Width
1 3 21.33 30.48

L
nhp
= 100 (30.48m) x 3 nhp
7
0

(
2
1
.
3
3
m
)

5
0

(
1
5
.
2
4
m
)

SAP2000
- Xo cc phn t d, kt qu c nh hnh sau

- Thay i v tr nt ca hnh trn, click chut phi vo nt, thay i cao Z
( 0 6.09 ) c c s kt cu yu cu.

- Chia cc phn t dm ngang thnh hai phn t mi.
6.09
SAP2000
Bc 2 : Khai bo v c trng vt liu hnh hc
- nh ngha c trng vt liu.
- nh ngha hai c trng hnh hc nh sau.
Define > Frame sections > [Add General]
Section Name DAM COT
Material BT BT
Cross-section (axial) area 3.72 3.25
Shear area in 2 direction (AS) 2.79 1.11
Momen of Inertia about 3 axis (J)
Cc gi tr cn li gn bng 0
3.46 4.33
- Gn c trng hnh hc cho cc phn t dm v ct.
Bc 3 : nh ngha ti trng di ng
Trong bi ton c hai ln xe chy c t tn l LANE1 v LANE2, gi s hng xe
chy t tri sang phi. Nh vy LANE1 s c lch tm l -1.83m v LANE2 s c
lch tm l 1.83m .
nh ngha ln xe
- Hin th s hiu ca phn t thanh: View > Set Elements > [Frames > Labels]

- T menu, Define > Moving Load Cases > Lane [Add New Lanes]
Frame (s hiu phn t ) Eccentricity ( lch tm)
LANE1 T 12 -17 -1.83
LANE2 T 12 -17 1.83
nh ngha loi xe tiu chun
- Define > Moving Load Cases >Vehicle > [Add Standard Vehicle]
Chn loi xe HSn-44
Scale Factor: 20

SAP2000
- Lm tng t i vi xe HSn20 -44L.
nh ngha nhm xe
Nhm xe gm c hai loi xe HSn441 v HSn442, vi h s nhn ti trng xe bng 1.0
Define > Moving Load Cases >Vehicle Class > [Add New Class]
Vehicle Class Name : DOANXE
Vehicle Name : HSn441 v HSn442
Scale Factor : 1.0

Ch nh cc p ng cn tnh ton
Define > Moving Load Cases >Bridge Reponse
Trong vng Type of Result : nh du tt c cc tr Spring Forces.
Chn phng php tnh chnh xc Exact.

nh ngha trng hp ti di ng
Trong bi ton ang xt ch c mt trng hp ti di ng, vi mt on xe
(DOANXE). Quy ti s gn on xe chy trn hai ln xe ca kt cu.
SAP2000
Define > Moving Load Cases > Moving Load Cases > [Add New Load]
Load Case Name: DIDONG
Multilane Scale Factor: H s ln xe
Number of Lane: 1
Scale Factor : 1.0
(B qua s nh hng ca nhiu ln xe, h s nhn bng 1)
[Add New Assign] > Moving Load Case Assignments
Assignment number : 1
Vehicle Class : DOANXE
Scale Factor : 1.0
Selected Lanes : LANE1, LANE2
( Chn LANE t danh sch cc ln xe [Select Lanes from > Add] )

Bc 4 : p t iu kin bin v thc hin gii
- Gn khp ti hai u cu v chn ct.
- Chn bc t do cho ton kt cu:
Analyze > Set Options > Available DOFs:
Ux, Uz, Ry.
- Thc hin gii (F5).

SAP2000

Bi tp 3
V biu bao mmen cho kt cu cu n gin ca bi tp 2 theo TCVN vi hai t hp
ti trng:

Trnh t thc hin:
Bc 1:
Bc 2:
Bc 3:
nh ngha ln xe
nh ngha ti trng xe
Define > Moving Load Cases >Vehicle > [Add General Vehicle]
- nh ngha ti trng on xe H30 gm 3 chic:

Vehicle Name : H30
Leading Uniform Load : 0.0
Trailing Uniform Load : 0.0
First Axle Load : 6.0
Lam giong nh BT 7-2
SAP2000
Uniform Axle Min Distance Max Distance Thao tc
0.0 12 1.6 1.6 Add
0.0 12 6 6 Add
0.0 6 10 10 Add
0.0 12 1.6 1.6 Add
0.0 12 6 6 Add
0.0 6 10 10 Add
0.0 12 1.6 1.6 Add
0.0 12 6 6 Add
Tt c cc tu chn khc chn theo mc nh ca chng trnh.
- nh ngha ti trng xe XB80 gm 1 chic:
Vehicle Name : XB80
Leading Uniform Load: 0.0
Trailing Uniform Load: 20

- nh ngha ti trng on ngi b hnh DN:
Khai bo ti trng on ngi, tnh trn b rng 1m ngang cu, lc phn b
q=0.3T/m.
First Axle 20.0
Uniform
Axle
Min Distance
Max Distance
0.00
20.0
1.20
1.20
0.00
20.0
1.20
1.20
0.00
20.0
1.20
1.20
SAP2000
Vehicle Name : DN
Leading Uniform Load : 0.3
Trailing Uniform Load : 0.3

nh ngha nhm xe
Define > Moving Load Cases >Vehicle Class > [Add New Class]
Theo TCVN, mi nhm xe ch gm mt loi xe nn ta s nh ngha 3 nhm:
Nhm DNC : ch gm on ngi
Nhm H30C: ch gm xe H30
Nhm XB80C: ch gm xe XB80
Ch nh cc p ng cn tnh ton
Define > Moving Load Cases >Bridge Reponse
Trong vng Type of Result : nh du tt c cc tr Spring Forces.
Chn phng php tnh chnh xc Exact.

nh ngha trng hp ti di ng
Theo yu cu bi ton, gm hai t hp nh sau:
Minh ho cho trng hp nh ngha t hp 1, hc vin t thc hin t hp 2.
Define > Moving Load Cases > Moving Load Cases > [Add New Load]
Load Case Name: TH1
Multilane Scale Factor: H s ln xe
Number of Lane: 1
Scale Factor : 1.0
(B qua s nh hng ca nhiu ln xe, h s nhn bng 1)
SAP2000
Vehicle Class : DNC
Scale Factor : 1.0
( Chn LANE t danh sch cc ln xe [Select Lanes from > Add] )
Vehicle Class : H30C
Scale Factor : 1.0
Bc 4 : p t iu kin bin v thc hin gii
- Gn khp ti hai u cu v chn ct.
- Chn bc t do cho ton kt cu:
Analyze > Set Options > Available DOFs: Ux, Uz, Ry.
- Thc hin gii (F5).

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