S GD & T Hu Giang

GV MVP

2008

cng n tp gii ton sinh hc trn my tnh Vn 1: Phn bo nguyn nhim

1. c im ca phn bo nguyn nhim: 2. Cc cng thc c bn: S t bo con c to ra: 2k S t bo con mi c to thm: 2k -1 Tng s NST n c trong cc t bo con c to ra 2n. 2k Tng s NST n mi tng ng mi trng phi cung cp: 2n. (2k -1) Tng s NST n mi hon ton mi trng phi cung cp: 2n. (2k -2) S ln NST nhn i k Tng s tm ng trong cc t bo con c to ra 2n. 2k Tng s tm ng trong cc t bo con c to thm 2n. (2k -1) Tng s t bo con hin din qua cc t phn bo: 2k+1 - 1

Dng1: Xc nh s t bo v s ln nguyn phn: Bi 1: Rui gim c b NST 2n = 8. Quan st t bo sinh dc s khai ca mt rui gim c v mt rui gim ci ang phn bo ngi ta nhn thy : S NST kp loi Y rui gim c ang tp trung mt phng xch o bng 1/16 s NST n cc loi khi ang phn ly v cc cc t bo rui gim ci. Tng s NST n v kp cc loi 2 c th ni trn ti thi im quan st l 768. a. Xc nh s t bo ti mi thi im quan st? b. Nu cc t bo ni trn u c to ra t mt t bo sinh dc s khai th s ln nguyn phn ca mi t bo sinh dc s khai ban u l bao nhiu. Bi 2: u H Lan 2n = 14. Xt 4 t bo sinh dng A, B, C, D ang phn bo, ngi ta nhn thy s t bo con tham gia vo t phn bo cui cng ca cc t bo ln lt phn chia theo t l 1: 2: 4: 8 Tng s cromatit m c trn mt phng xch o ca tt c cc t bo con trong t phn bo cui cng l 3360 . Hy xc nh. a. S ln phn bo ca mi t bo A, B, C, D b. S t bo con mi c to thm t mi t bo A, B, C, D? c. Tng s t bo hin din qua cc t phn bo ca 4 t bo cho? Bi 3: Xt hai nhm t bo sinh dng ca loi A phn bo. Nhm 1 : cc t bo u phn bo vi s t bng nhau v bng s t bo ban u ca nhm vi tng s t bo con c to ra l 64. Nhm 2: Cc t bo u phn bo vi s t bng nhau v s t bo con tham gia t phn bo cui cng gp 3 ln s NST n cng mt ngun gc ang phn ly v mt cc trong mt t bo. a. Xc nh s t bo ban u v s ln phn bo mi nhm? Bit b NST ca loi A l 2n = 16 v s t bo tham gia t phn bo cui cng ca nhm 2 nhiu hn s t bo ca nhm mt . b. Tng s t bo con c to thm trong t phn bo cui cng ca hai nhm?

S GD & T Hu Giang Dng 2: Xc nh b NST 2n v s NST mi trng cung cp.

GV MVP

2008

Bi 4: Theo di s phn bo ca 3 hp t A, B, C ngi ta nhn thy. Hp t A nguyn phn lin tip mt s ln, to mt s t bo con bng s NST n trong b NST lng bi ca loi. Qu trnh phn bo ca hp t A, mi trng ni bo phi cung cp 48 NST n mi hon ton. Hp t B nguyn phn to mt s t bo con bng s Cromatit quan st c trn mt phng xch o ca cc t bo con c to ra t hp t A ang tham gia t phn bo cui cng. Hp t C nguyn phn to ra s t bo con bng 25% s t bo con do hp t B to ra. Tng s NST n trong cc t bo sinh ra t hp t C nhiu hn s NST n trong cc t bo sinh ra t hp t B l 224. S lng NST n c ngun gc t b trong cc t bo sinh ra t hp t C nhiu hn s lng NST n c ngun gc t m trong mt t bo con sinh ra t hp t B l 31. a. Xc nh b NST lng bi ca mi hp t? T kt lun 3 hp t cho thuc cng mt loi hay khc loi. b. Tnh s NST n mi trng ni bo phi cung cp cho mi hp t phn bo? c. S thoi dy t v sc xut hin trong t phn bo cui cng ca 3 hp t? Bi 5: Xt 3 t bo sinh dng A, B, C thuc cng mt loi. T bo A nguyn phn mt s ln cho s t bo con bng 1/3 s NST n trong b NST 2n ca loi. Qu trnh nguyn phn ca t bo A mi trng ni bo cung cp nguyn liu di truyn tng ng vi 168 NST n. T bo B v C tri qua nguyn phn vi tng s NST n trong cc t bo con c to ra khi kt thc t phn bo cui cng l 576. a. Xc nh b NST lng bi ca loi. b. S ln phn bo ca mi t bo A, B, C. c. S NST n mi hon ton mi trng phi cung cp cho t bo A phn bo? Dng 3: Xc nh thi gian v tc phn bo. Bi 6: la b NST 2n = 24. Theo di s phn bo ca 1 t bo sinh dng trong 24 gi ngi ta nhn thy thi gian ngh gia cc t phn bo nhiu hn thi gian tin hnh phn bo l 24 gi. Qu trnh phn bo ni trn mi trng t bo phi cung cp1488 NST n mi hon ton. Thi gian cn thit cho k trc, k gia, k sau, k cui trong mt chu k phn bo tng ng vi t l 1: 3: 2: 4 a. Xc nh thi gian cn thit cho mi chu k ? b. thi im 9 gi 32 pht ; m23 gi 38 pht ( tnh t lc t bo bt u phn bo ln th nht): -T bo ang phn bo t th my? Thuc k no? - c im hnh thi ca NST mi thi im ni trn? Bi 7: Hp t A, B thuc hai loi khc nhau phn bo vi s ln khng bng nhau trong cng mt thi gian. Tng s NST n huy ng ca mi trng cho c hai hp t phn bo l 1624. Trong s NST n cung cp cho hp t B nhiu hn s NST n cung cp cho hp t A l 1400. Tng s NST n trong cc t bo con sinh ra t hp t A nhiu hn s NST n cung cp cho chnh qu trnh phn bo ca hp t A l 16. S NST n trong mt t bo con sinh sinh ra t hp t B nhiu hn s NST n trong mt t bo con sinh ra t hp t A l 8. a. Xc nh b NST lng bi ca mi hp t. b. So snh tc phn bo ca 2 hp t? c. Nu hp t B tin hnh s t phn bo ni trn trong khong thi gian 30 gi v thi gian cn thit cho t phn bo cui cng l 6 gi th thi gian cn thit cho t phn bo u tin l bao nhiu? Bit rng tc phn bo ca hp t B l gim dn u.

Vn 2 Phn bo gim nhim

2

S GD & T Hu Giang

GV MVP

2008

I.Tm tt kin thc c bn 1. c im ca phn bo gim nhim: 2. Cc cng thc c bn : S t bo con c to ra : 4 S giao t n c to ra : + 1 t bo sinh dc c to ra 4 giao t c (n) + 1 t bo sinh dc ci to ra 1 giao t ci (n) v ba th nh hng (n) S loi giao t khc nhau v ngun gc NST : +Trng hp khng xy ra trao i cho: 2n ( n l s cp NST ng dng) +Trng hp xy ra trao i cho: *Trao i cho n : 2n+m (m l s cp NST ng dng xy ra trao i cho n, m<n ) *Trao i cho kp : 2n.3m (m l s cp NST ng dng xy ra trao i cho kp, m<n ) T l mi loi giao t khc nhau v ngun gc NST +Trng hp khng xy ra trao i cho: 1/2n (n l s cp NST ng dng) +Trng hp xy ra trao i cho: *Trao i cho n : 1/2n+m (m l s cp NST ng dng xy ra trao i cho n, m<n ) *Trao i cho kp : 2n.3m (m l s cp NST ng dng xy ra trao i cho kp, m<n ) S loi giao t mang k NST c ngun gc t b hay m :

S NST n mi tng ng mi trng phi cung cp 2n(2k-1) S cch sp xp c th c ca cc NST kp k gia 1 2n-1 S cch phn ly c th c ca cc NST kp k sau 1 2n-1 S kiu t hp c th c ca cc NST kp k cui 1 2n S kiu t hp c th c ca cc NST n k cui 2 2n

II Cc dng bi tp c bn Dng 1: Xc nh k hiu b NST qua cc k phn bo gim nhim Bi 8: Rui gim c c b NST 2n = 8 c k hiu nh sau: AaBbDdXY. Xt qu trnh phn bo gim nhim ca mt t bo sinh tinh (Diu kin khng xy ra trao i cho). a) Xc nh: -S kiu sp xp c th c ca cc NST kp k gia 1? -S kiu phn ly c th c ca cc NST kp k sau 1? -S kiu t hp c th c ca cc NST kp k cui 1? -S kiu t hp c th c ca cc NST n k cui 2? b) K hiu c th c ca b NST cc thi im sau: -K gia 1 -K sau 1 -K cui 1 -K cui 2 Bi 9: Cc t bo sinh trng ca loi A c k hiu b NST l AaBbDd nu trong qu trnh gim phn c xy ra trao i cho n cc cp NST ng dng Aa hy xc nh: a) S cch sp xp ca NST kp v k hiu ca b NST theo tng cch sp xp k gia? b) S kiu t hp NST n v k hiu ca b NST trong cc t bo con k cui 2. Dng 2: Xc nh s loi giao t v t l mi loi giao t Bi 10: Mt t bo sinh dc c b NST k hiu l AaBbDd 3

S GD & T Hu Giang

GV MVP

2008

a) Nu l t bo sinh tinh th thc t cho bao nhiu loi tinh trng ? Vit t hp nhim sc th ca cc loi tinh trng ? S lng mi loi tinh trng l bao nhiu? b) Nu l t bo sinh trng th trn thc t cho bao nhiu loi t bo trng ? Bao nhiu loi th nh hng? Vit t hp NST cc loi t bo trng v th nh hng ? S lng mi loi t bo trng v th nh hng l bao nhiu? c) Nu trong gim phn, mi NST u gi nguyn cu trc khng i th s lng loi tinh trng, s loi t bo trng t n t a l bao nhiu? t s loi t bo tinh trng , s loi t bo trng ti a cn ti thiu bao nhiu t bo sinh tinh, bao nhiu t bo sinh trng? Hng n: a) S loi tinh trng; T hp NST ca tinh trng ; s lng mi loi tinh trng -S loi tinh trng: 1 t bo sinh tinh k hiu b NST AaBbDd trn thc t ch ch cho 2 loi tinh trng v k gia I cc NST kp trong mt t bo ch c th sp xp theo mt trong cc cch sau: Cch 1: Cch 2 Cch 3 Cch 4 T hp NST trong hai loi tinh trng thu c trn thc t: +Vi cch sp xp 1 thu c 2 loi tinh trng ABD v abd +Vi cch sp xp 2 thu c 2 loi tinh trng ABd v abD +Vi cch sp xp 3 thu c 2 loi tinh trng AbD v aBd +Vi cch sp xp 4 thu c 2 loi tinh trng Abd v aBD S lng mi tinh trng u l 2 ; V mt t bo sinh tinh khi gim phn cho 4 tinh trng. b) S loi t bo trng , s loi th nh hng: 1 t bo sinh trng k hiu b NST AaBbDd trn thc t ch ch cho 1 loi t bo trng v 2 loi th nh hng v mt t bo trng khi gim phn ch cho 1 t bo trng v 3 th nh hng. Mt khc k gia I cc NST kp trong mt t bo ch c th sp xp theo mt trong cc cch sau: Cch 1: Cch 3 Cch 4 -T hp NST trong 1 loi t bo trng v 2 loi th nh hng thu c trn thc t : +Vi cch sp xp 1 thu c 1 loi t bo trng l ABD hoc abd v hai loi th nh hng ABD v abd. +Vi cch sp xp 2 thu c 1 loi t bo trng l ABd hoc abD v hai loi th nh hng ABd v abD. +Vi cch sp xp 3 thu c 1 loi t bo trng l AbD hoc aBd v hai loi th nh hng AbD v aBd. +Vi cch sp xp 4 thu c 1 loi t bo trng l Abd hoc aBD v hai loi th nh hng Abd v aBD. C) S loi tinh trng ti a ( K khng trao i cho) -Ta c 2n = 23 = 8 loi l l l l Cch 2

S GD & T Hu Giang

GV MVP

2008

-Mun t s lai tinh trng ti a ni trn cn ti thiu 4 t bo sinh tinh Mun t s loi t bo trng ti a ni trn cn ti thiu 8 t bo trng Bi 11: Mt c th ca mt loi sinh vt khi gim phn to giao t, ngi ta nhn thy s loi giao t cha 2 NST c ngun gc t m l 36. Bit rng trong gim phn NST gi nguyn cu trc khng i k c c th c v c th ci. a. Xc nh bi NST lng bi ca loi? b. Tnh t l cc loi giao t: -Loi giao t c 2 NST c ngun gc t b -Loi giao t c 5 NST c ngun g t m. Bi 12: mt loi ng vt mi NST n trong cp ng dng u c cu trc khc nhau. Nu khng xy ra trao i cho v t bi trong gim phn th s loi t bo trng thu c ti a l 524288. a. Xc nh b NST lng bi ca loi. b. T l mi loi t bo trng khc nhau v ngun gc NST? c. Nu trong gim phn xy ra trao i cho n 3 cp NST thng v 1 cp NST gii tnh th s loi t bo trng tng thm l bao nhiu? T l ca mi loi t bo trng khc nhau v ngun gc NST? Bai13: g b NST 2n = 28. Quan st 1 nhm t bo sinh tinh phn bo thi im cc NST kp xp thnh 2 hng trn mt phng xch o v mt nhm t bo sinh trng phn bo thi im cc NSTddown ang phn ly v 2 cc t bo ngi ta nhn thy tng s NST m c t 2 nhm l 4680 . Trong s NST n nhm t bo sinh trng nhiu gp 2 ln s NST kp nhm t bo sinh tinh. Xc nh a. Cc t bo sinh tinh v t bo sinh trng ang phn bo k no? S lng t bo thuc mi nhm? b. S tinh trng, s t bo trng, s th nh hng c to ra khi kt thc t phn bo? c. Tng s NST n mi tng ng mi trng ni bo phi cung cp cho c 2 nhm t bo phn bo? Vn 3: QU TRNH PHT TRIN CA T BO SINH DC- S TH TINH: I.Kin thc c bn: 1. Cc giai on pht trin ca t bo sinh dc -Giai on 1: +V tr: Xy ra ti vng sinh sn ca ng sinh dc +Ni dung: T bo sinh dc s khai nguyn phn k ln +Kt qu: 1TBSDSK (2n) ---- 2k TBSDSK (2n) -Giai on 2: +V tr: Xy ra ti vng sinh trng ca ng sinh dc +Ni dung: T bo sinh dc s khai tch ly cht dinh dng ln ln +Kt qu: 2k TBSDSK (2n) ---- 2k TBSDSK chn (2n) -Giai on 3: +V tr: Xy ra ti vng chin ca ng sinh dc +Ni dung: T bo sinh dc chn gim phn +Kt qu: 2k TBSDSK chn (2n) ---- 4 . 2k Giao t c (n) hoc 2k giao t ci (1n) + 3. 2k th nh hng (1n) 2. S th tinh : L qu trnh kt hp 1 giao t c (1n) vi mt giao t ci (1n) cho mt hp t (2n) 3. Cc cng thc c bn: -S ln NST t nhn i: K +1 ( K l s ln nguyn phn ca 1 TBSDSK vng sinh sn) Tng s NST n mi tng ng mi trng phi cung cp: 2n.(2k+1 -1) ( K l s ln nguyn phn ca 1 TBSDSK vng sinh sn) 5

S GD & T Hu Giang

GV MVP

2008

Hiu sut th tinh ca giao t : S giao t c th tinh x 100% Tng s giao t c sinh ra - S kiu t hp giao t khc nhau v ngun gc NST: 22n ( k khng xy ra trao i cho) - T l mi kiu t hp giao t khc nhau v ngun gc NST: 1/22n ( k khng xy ra TC) - S kiu t hp giao t mang x NSTc ngun gc t ng ni: - S kiu t hp giao t mang y NSTc ngun gc t b ngoi: - S kiu t hp giao t mang x NSTc ngun gc t ng ni v y NSTc ngun gc t b ngoi:

II CC DANG BI TP C BN: Dng 1: Xc nh s kiu t hp giao t - t l mi kiu t hp giao t Bi 14: ln b NST 2n = 38 Nu khng xy ra trao i cho th hy xc nh: a)S kiu t hp giao t khc nhau v ngun gc NST? b)T l mi kiu giao t khc nhau v ngun gc NST c)T l giao t cha -1 NST c ngun gc t b v 18 NST c ngun gc t m. -2 NST c ngun gc t b v 17 NST c ngun gc t m d)S kiu t hp giao t v t l mi kiu t hp giao t mang: -1 NST c ngun gc t ng ni v 18 NST c ngun gc t b ni -2 NST c ngun gc t ng ni v 17 NST c ngun gc t b ni Bi 15: Mt cc th ca mt loi sinh vt khi gim phn to giao t . Trong s giao t c sinh ra ngi ta nhn thy s loi giao t mang 2 NST c ngun gc t m l 6. Qu trnh gim phn din ra bnh thng, khng xy ra trao i cho. a)Xc nh b NST 2n ca loi v tn loi. b)Tnh t l loi giao t ni trn? c)S kiu cc th con v t l mi kiu cc th con sau: - Cha 2 NST c ngun gc t b ngoi. -Cha 3 NST c ngun gc t ng ni v 2 NST c ngun gc t b ngoi. Cho rng t l th tinh ca giao t c v caisddeefu l 100% . Ton b cc hp t u pht trin thnh c th con. Dng 2: Xc nh s lng giao t - t l th tinh ca giao t, s hp t hnh thnh. Bi 16: 1 loi ng vt c mt t bo sinh dc s khai c v mt t bo sinh dc s khai ci nguyn phn mt s t bng nhau. Ton b cc t bo con c to ra u bc vo vng chn gim phn cho 320 giao t c v ci. S NST n trong cc tinh trng nhiu hn trong cc t bo trng l 3648. Tng s NST n c ngun gc t b trong cc hp t c to thnh bi cc tinh trng v trng ni trn l 152. a)Xc nh s tinh trng v s t bo trng c to ra? b)S hp t c hnh thnh? c)Hiu sut th tinh trng v ca t bo trng? d)S NST n b hao ph trong qu trnh th tinh ni trn?

S GD & T Hu Giang

GV MVP

2008

Bi 17: mt loi ng vt , C th c thuc loi ng gao t , c th ci thuc loi d giao t. Qu trnh th tinh to ra mt s hp t vi tng s NST n l 2496. Trong 1/13 l NST gii tnh vi s NST X gp 3 ln s NST Y. a)Xc nh s c th c v s c th ci c hnh thnh t nhm hp t ni trn. Bit rng t l pht trin th hp t thnh c th c l 50% , t hp t thnh c th ci l 25%. b) c s giao t tha mn qu trnh th tinh to ra s hp t ni trn, mi trng t bo phi cung cp 31200 NST n cho qu trnh gim phn to tinh trng v 19968 NST n cho qu trnh gim phn to ra t bo trng. Tnh hiu sut th tinh ca tinh trng v ca trng ? c) Tnh s NST gii tnh b hao ph trong qu trnh hnh thnh nhm c yheer ni trn? Dng 3 : Xc nh s t bo sinh dc ban u S NST mi trng cung cp- Gii tnh ca c th Bi 18: Mt t bo sinh dc s khai qua cc giai on pht trin t vng sinh sn n vng chn i hi mi trng t bo cung cp 240 NST n. S NST n c trong mt giao t c to ra vng chn gp 2 ln s t bo tham gia t phn bo cui cng ti vng sinh sn. Tng s giao t c to ra bng 1/2048 tng s kiu t hp giao t c th c hnh thnh ca loi . a)Xc nh b NST lng bi 2n ca loi? b)S NST n mi trng t bo phi cung cp cho mi giai on pht trin ca t bo sinh dc cho l bao nhiu? c) C th cha t bo ni trn thuc gii tnh g? Bit rng qu trnh gim phn to giao t c v ci din ra bnh thng, khng c s trao i cho NST. Bi 19: Mt nhm t bo sinh dc s khai c cha 360 NST n phn bo ti vng sinh sn. Mi t bo u nguyn phn mt s ln bng s NST n c chung mt ngun gc trong mt t bo. Tt c cc t bo con c to ra u tr thnh t bo sinh tinh, gim phn cho cc tinh trng. Hiu sut th tinh ca cc tinh trng l 12,5% . S hp t c to ra c tng s NST n l 2880. Qu trnh gim phn c th ci to ra s t bo trng tham gia qu trnh th tinh to ra s hp t trn mi trng ni bo phi cung cp 5760 NST n. a)Xc nh b NST 2n ca loi? b)Xc nh s t bo sinh dc s khai c ban u v s t bo sinh tinh c)Hiu sut th tinh ca t bo tinh trng d)C bao nhiu t bo sinh dc s khai ban u to ra s t bo trng cung cp cho qu trnh th tinh? Bit cc t bo sinh dc s khai ci ban u c s ln nguyn phn bng nhau.

S GD & T Hu Giang

GV MVP

2008

Chuyn 4: CU TRC ADN V C CH T NHN I ADN I. Tm tt kin thc c bn : 1. Cu trc ADN: 2. C ch t sao ADN 3. cc cng thc c bn -S nucleotit mi loi trong ADN: A=T ; G = X -S nucleotit mi loi trong tng mch n ADN A1 = T2 ===> A1 +A2 = T1 +T2 = A1 +T1 = A2 +T2 T1 = A2 G1 = X2 ===> G1+ X1 = G2+ X2= G1+ G2 = X1+ X2 X1 = G2 -T l phn trm mi loi nucleotit trong ADN A1% + A2% A% = T % = 2 G1% + G 2% G% = X % = 2 -Tng s cc loi nucleotit cc loi trong ADN N = A+T+G+X = 2A + 2G = 2T + 2G = 2A + 2X = 2T = 2X -Tng s chu k xon trong ADN N C= 20 -Chiu di ca ADN N L = x3,4 A 0 2 -Khi lng phn t ADN M = Nx300 DVC -S lin kt Hydro trong ADN H = 2A + 3G = 2A+ 3X .= N +G -Tng s lin kt ha tr gia ng v axit nucleic trong ADN K = 2N 2 -Tng s lin kt ha tr gi cc nucleic K = N -2 -S phn t ADN con c to ra 2n -S phn t ADN con c to thm: 2n 1 -S lng ADN con c to ra hon ton t nucleotit t do ca mi trng 2n 2 -T l s mch n ADN ban u so vi tng s mch n ADN trong cc phn t ADN 1 c to ra. ( ) n 2 -Tng s nucleotit cc loi mi trng phi cung cp cho ADN nhn i k ln Ntd = N ( 2k 1) Atd = T td = A ( 2k 1) G td = X td = G ( 2k 1) -Tng s nucleotit cc loi mi trng phi cung cp to ra ADN mi hon ton t nucleotit d do Atd = T td = A ( 2k 2) G td = X td = G ( 2k 2) -Tng s lin kt hydro b ph hy = H( 2k-1) -Tng s lin kt hydro c hnh thnh = H( 2k) 8

S GD & T Hu Giang II. Cc dng bi tp c bn:

GV MVP

2008

Bi 20: Mt gen c 120 chu k xon v t l gia hai loi nucleotit bng 2/3. Xc nh a) Tng s nucleotit c trong gen? b) Chiu di ca gen? c) S nucleotit mi loi c trong gen? Bi 21: Mt gen c tng s 2 loi nucleotit bng 40% v s lin kt hydro bng 3240. Xc nh: a) S nucleotit mi loi c trong gen? b) S chu k xon ca gen? c) S lin kt ha tr trn tng mch n v ca c hai mch ca gen? Bi 22: Mt on ADN c s lin kt ha tr gia cc nucleotit l 1789 v tng s hai loi nucleotit l 1800. a) Tnh tng s lin kt hidro ca ADN ? Bit rng H > N b) Phn t cha on ADN ni trn gm mt s on. Chiu di cc on theo th t tng n u. Trong on ADN cho l on c chiu di ngn nht. S chnh lch chiu di gia on ADN di nht v on ADN ngn nht l 510 A0. Khi lng phn t ca ADN l 2340. 103 DVC Xc nh s on ADN c trong phn t ADN ni trn? S chnh lch chiu di gia 2 on ADN lin tip l bao nhiu A0 ? Bi 23: Trn mt on ADN xt phn t ADN c 2 gen. Gen 1 c s nucleotit loi T nhiu gp 1,5 ln nuleotit loi khc , s lin kt hydro gia cc cp A-T l 900. Trn mch 1 ca gen c G = 10%, mch 2 c A = 20% Gen 2 c s lin kt hydro nhiu hn gen 2 l 2100 v hiu s gia G vi mt loi nucleotit khc l 10%. Trn mch 1 ca gen 2 c thng s gia nucleotit loi G vi nucleotit loi X l 1/5. Hiu s gia nuleotit loi A vi T l 150. a) Xc nh chiu di ca mi gen b) Tnh s lng v t l phn trm mi loi nucleotit trn tng mch n ca mi gen c) Tng s lin kt ha tr c trong on ADN Bi 24: Trong mt t bo c hai gen di bng nhau. Gen 1 tch s % gia A vi loi nucleotit khng b sung vi n bng 4% . Gen 2 c tch s % gia G vi nuleotit khng b suung vi n l 9%. Tng s lin kt hydro ca gen 1 nhiu hn gen 2 l 150. Nu xt ring mi mch gen ngi Trn mch 1 ca gen 2 c cc nucleotit A:T:G:X ln lt phn chia theo t l 1:3:2:4 a) Tnh chiu di ca gen bng micromet? b) Tinh s lin kt hydro ca mi gen? c) Tnh s nucleotit mi ;loi trn tng mch n ca mi gen ta nhn thy: Trn mch 1 ca gen 1 c %A . %T = 0,84% v G/X = 2/3

S GD & T Hu Giang geb lm ph v 21840 lin kt hydro. Xc nh: a) S ln t sao ca gen?

GV MVP

2008

Bi 25 : Mt gen c s chu k xon l 120 v s lin kt hydro l 3120. Qu trnh t sao ca

b) S nuleotit mi loi m mi trng ni bo phi cung cp cho qu trnh t sao ca gen to ra cc gen con c cu to hon ton t nucleotit t do ca mi trng? c) S lin kt hydro c hnh thnh thm trong t phn bo cui cngca gen? Bi 26 : Gen 1 v gen 2 u c chiu di 0,2754 micromet . Gen 1 c thng s gia G vi mt loi nucleotit khc l 0,8. Gen 2 c hiu s gia G vi mt loi nuleotit khc l 630. Trong cng mt thiif gian hai gen ni trn t sao mt s t khng bng nhau v tng s nucleotit loi G ca cc gen con l 4320. a) Xc nh s ln t sao ca mi gen? b) Tng s nucleotit mi loi m mi trng ni bo phi cung cp cho mi gen hon tt qu trnh t sao ni trn? c) Tnh s lin kt hydro b ph hy trong qu trnh t sao ca 2 gen v s lin kt hydro c hnh thnh trong cc gen con c to ra khi kt thc qu trnh t sao ca 2 gen . Bi 27 : Mt gen cha 1725 lin kt hydro. Khi gen t sao mt ln , hai mch n ca gen tch ri nhau, ngi ta nhn thy trn mi mch n ch c 2 loi nucleotit. S nucleotit loi A ca mi trng n lin kt vi mch n 1 ca gen l 525. a) Tnh s nucleotit mi loi trn tng mch gen v trong c gen? b) Nu qu trnh t sao ca gen ni trn . Mi trng phi cung cp 1575 nucleotit loi G to ra cc gen con th: Gen t sao bao nhiu ln? S lin kt hydro v s lin kt ha tr trong cc gen con c to ra hon ton t nucleotit t do ca mi trng khi kt thc t phn bo cui cng l bao nhiu?

Chuyn 5 :Cu trc ARN, c ch sao m, c ch tng hp ARN -1 Tng s ribonucleotit cc loi
-2 Chiu da
m

trong m ARN:

= Am + Um +Gm + Xm = rN . 3.4 A0 = rN . 300DVC

ARN :

LmARN M mARN K = rN -1

-3 Khi lng phn t ARN: -4 Tng s lin kt ha tr trong ARN LK gia cc ribonucleotit

LK ha tr trong ton phn t ARN: K = 2rN -1 -5 Tng quan gia nuleotit ca gen v v ribonucleotit mARN: rN = -6 Tng quan gia Nu mi loi v ribonu mi loi A = T = Am + Um G = X = Gm + Xm 10 N 2

S GD & T Hu Giang

GV MVP

2008

Dng cu trc ARN

Bi 28: Mt phn t ARN c 4 loi ribonucleotit Am:Um:Gm:Xm phn chia theo t l 2:4:6:3 . Tng s lin kt ha tr D-P trong ARN ni trn bng 1499. Xc nh: a) Chiu di phn t mARN ? b) S riboN mi loi ca mARN c) S lng b ba m sao v s loi b ba m sao ti a c th cs trong phn t ARN Bi 29: Mt phn t mARN c 448 b ba m sao goiofm cc loi: AXA, XXA, AXX, XAX ln lt phn chia theo t l : 1: 3: 5: 7. a) Tnh s riboN mi loi ca ARN? b) Tnh s lin kt ha tr c hnh thnh gia cc riboN trn phn t ARN? Chiu di ARN? c) Phn t ARN ni trn c khn nng hnh thnh thm bao nhiu loi b ba m sao? Vit cc loi b ba m sao ? C ch tng hp ARN Bi 30: Mt gen c chiu di 0.408 micromet , c hiu s gia A vi mt loi nucleotit khc l 450. Mch 1 ca gen c T1 =10% s nucleotit ca mch, cn mch 2 ca gen c G2= X2 . Khi gen sao m, mi trng ni bo phaari cung cp 450 G a) Xc nh s nucleotit mi loi trn tng mch n ca gen? b) Cc nh mch mang m gc v s ln sao m ca gen? c) S riboN mi loi trong phn t mARN tng ng ? d) S riboN mi loi cn li mi trng ni bo phi cung cp cho gen hon tt qa trnh sao m? Bi 31: Trong qu trnh sao m ca mt gen mi trng ni bo phi cung cp 1440 rN loi X v 540 rN loi U. Mch 1 ca gen c G1 = 360, A1= 180. Mch 2 ca gen c G2= 288, A2=108. a) Xc nh mch gc v s ln sao m ca gen. c) Tnh s ribonucleotit mi loi ca phn t ARN ? d) C bao nhiu lin kt hydro b ph hy? Bao nhiu lin kt ha tr c hnh thnh tnh n khi gen kt thc t sao m cui cng. Bi 32: Hai gen trong mt t bo u di 0,408 micromet . Gen 1 c 15% Adenin, Hai gen nhn i mt ln cn mi trng cung cp thm 1320 Guanin. Phn t mARN 1 sinh ra t mooti trong 2 gen c 35% Uraxin v 15% Xitozin. Phn t mARN 2 sinh ra t gen cn li c 15% Uraxin v 35% Xitozin, hai gen ni trn u sao m v i hi mi trng ni bo cung cp 2040 Uraxin. a) S lng tng loi nucleotit ca gen? c) S lng tng loi riboN ca mi phn t mARN? d) S ln sao m ca mi gen? 11

S GD & T Hu Giang

GV MVP

2008

Chuyn 6: Cu trc protein, c ch gii m tng hp protein I Kin thc c bn II Cng thc c bn:
1. S axitamin trong phn t protein hon chnh 2. S lin kt pep tit trong phn t protein hon chnh 3. Chiu di phn t protein hon chnh 3. Khi lng phn t protein hon chnh 4. S axitamin mi trng phi cung cp cho qu trnh Gii m tng hp mt phn t protein n= N rN 1 = 1 2.3 3 n= N rN 2 = n = 2 2.3 3

p = n -1 L = n . 3A0 M = n . 110 dvC

5. Tng s axitamin mi trng phi cung cp cho qu trnh gii m tng hp protein ca cc riboxom (Sn) : U1 : S axitamin cung c cho riboxom th n Un : S axitamin cung c cho riboxom th 1 n : S riboxom iu kin : cc riboxom cch u nhau. 6. Thi gian tng hp xong mt phn t protein = thi gian riboxom trt ht chiu di ca mARN Vt : Vn tc trt ca riboxom iu kin : Tnh c thi gian trt qua b ba kt thc 7. Khong cch thi gian gia 2 riboxom lin tip: 8. Thi gian ca qu trnh tng hp protein 9. Thi gian gii m mt b ba 10. Vn tc gii m 11. Thi gian gii m Dng 1: Mi quan h gia m gc, m sao v i m: Bi 32: Mt phn t Protein hon chnh cha 299 lin kt peptit gm 5 loi axitamin : Valin:Lizin:L:Alaninin:Xistein ln lt phn chia theo t l 1:2:3:4:5. Cc phn t tARN tham gia gii m tng hp phn t protein c b ba i m mang axit amin tng ng nh sau: Valin: XAA Lizin: UUU Loxin: AAX Alanin: AGG Xistein: AXA . 12 t = L Vt T= LmARN Vt Sn = (U 1 + Un)n 2

T = t + t (n 1) dt = Vg= 10,2 Vt rN : 3 Vt = 10,2 t

t = dt . (rN :3)

S GD & T Hu Giang mARN? Gi s axitamin m u l Xistein.

GV MVP

2008

a) Tnh s ribonucleotit mi loi trong cc b ba m sao c gii m trn phn t b) Tnh s Nucleotit mi loi tren mch gc ca gen? Gi s m kt thc trn mARN l UUG. c) Khi gen ni trn t sao 2 ln v mi gen con sinh ra u sao m 3 ln th s nucleotit mi loi v s RiboN mi loi m mi trng ni no phi cung cp l bao nhiu Bi 33: Mt gen cu trc sao m to ra mt phn t mARN c 1506 n phn c sp xp thnh cc loi b ba m sao nh sau: AUG : m m u UAA: m kt thc. Cc loi b ba m sao cn li l: UAU ( m ha cho Tiroxin) UGG ( m ha cho Triptophan) GAA ( m ha cho axit glutamic) GXX ( m ha cho Alanin) Ln lt phn cia theo t l 1:2:3:4 a) Tnh s rNu mi loi trong phn t mARN v s Nu mi loi c trong gen? b) S rN mi loi trong cc b ba i m ca tARN n gii m m ln trn phn t mARN ? c) Nu gen ni trn iu khin qu trnh gii m tng hp 4 phn t protein, gi thit mi tARN tham gia gii m 2 ln th hy xc nh: S phn t tARN mi loi? S rNu mi loi trong cc b ba i m ca cc phn t tARN

Dng 2: Hot ng gii m ca mt riboxom: Bi 34: Mt gen sao m 3 ln i hi mi trng ni bo cung cp 441 Am 1359 Um. Tng s lin kt hydro b ph v trong qu trnh sao m l 3900. Cc phan t mARN ln lt c 1 riboxom n gii m . Thi gian gii m cho mt axitamin mt 0,2 giy. Thi gia tnh t lc riboxom bt u tip xc vi b ba m sao m u mARN th nht n khi riboxom trt qua b ba m sao kt thc ca riboxom cui cng l 5 pht 8 giy. a) Tnh vn tc trt ca riboxom b) Tnh thi gian gii m ca riboxom trn mt phn t mARN. K t khi axitamin m u c gii m. c) Xc inh ti gian chuyn tip ca riboxom gia 2 phn t mARN lin tip? Bit cc phn t mARN cch u nhau.

13

S GD & T Hu Giang 38 giy a) Tnh vn tc gii m ca riboxom?

GV MVP

2008

Bi 35: Mt phn t protein hon chnh cha 347 lin kt peptit c 1 riboxom gii m trong

b) Tnh thi gian riboxom trt qua ht chiu di phn t mARN? c) Tnh s axitamin m mi trng phi huy ng cho qua trnh gii m ca riboxom thi im 4,5 giy, 36,5 giy, 87,25 giy tnh t lc bt u gii m Dng 3 : Hot ng gii m ca nhiu riboxom Bi 36: Mt gen c khi lng phn t l 9.105 vC tin hnh sao m mt ln to ra phn t mARN c thnh phn cc loi rNu nh sau: 1Am = 2Um=3Gm=4Xm. Trn phn t mARN c 5 riboxom trt qua khng tr li , vn tc trt ca cc riboxom u bng nhau . mt thi im quan st ngi ta nhn thy : Riboxom th nht tng hp nhiu hn riboxom th hai l 12 axitamin v n lc c 90 lt phn t tARN vo cc riboxom tham gia qu trnh gii m. a) Tnh s lng v t l % mi loi Nu ca gen? b) Tnh vn tc trt ca riboxom v khong cch gia 2 riboxom lin tip khi trt trn mARN . Bit rng cc riboxom cch u nhau v thi gian gn 1 axitamin vo chui polypeptit l 0.5 giy. c) Tnh t thi im ni trn, mi riboxom cn mi trng cung cp bao nhiu axitamin hon tt qu trnh gii m ? Thi gian cn thit riboxom trt nt on mARN cn li l bao nhiu giy? Bi 37: Mt gen gii m cn mi trng ni bo chung cp 1840 axitamin . Phn t protein hon chnh do gen tng hp c s lin kt peptit 197 n 497. a) Tnh s lin rN mi loi trong phn t mARN tng ng ? Bit rng t l cc loi rNu mi trng ni bo cung cp cho qu trnh sao m ca gen l Am: Um: Gm: Xm =1:2:3:4 b) Tng s lin kt hydro b ph v khi gen sao m? c) Trn phn t mARN do gen tng hp, c mt s riboxom trc qua khng lp li. Gi s khong cch thi gian gia riboxom th nht v roboxom cui cng l 8.4 giy. Hy tnh: - S riboxom n gii m ? - Khong cch gia 2 riboxom lin tip? - Thi gian tip xc ca cc riboxom vi phn t mARN

Chuyn 7: Tnh s kiu gen khc nhau trong qun th giao phi:

14

S GD & T Hu Giang trong cc trng hp sau y: a) gen c hai alen khc nhau ? b) Gen c 3 alen? c) Gen c 4 alen? d) Gen c n alen?

GV MVP

2008

Bi 38: 1. Mt gen nm trn NST thng. Tnh s kiu gen khc nhau trong qun th giao phi

1.Mt gen trong qun th giao phi to ra 55 kiu gen khc nhau. Hi gen c bao nhiu alen khc nhau? Bi 38: 1. Mt gen nm trn NST gii tnh X. Tnh s kiu gen khc nhau trong qun th giao phi trong cc trng hp sau y: e) gen c hai alen khc nhau ? f) Gen c 3 alen? g) Gen c 4 alen? h) Gen c n alen? 1.Mt gen trong qun th giao phi to ra 55 kiu gen khc nhau. Hi gen c bao nhiu alen khc nhau? Cch gii: Mt gen c 2 alen khc nhau trn NST X th qun th c 5 kiu gen khc nhau Mt gen c 3 alen khc nhau trn NST X th qun th c 8 kiu gen khc nhau Cng thc : gi n l s alen khc nhau ca gen. Vi n nguyn dng S kiu gen khc nhau trong qun th :

Chuyn 8: Tnh s kiu gen ng hp d hp k cp gen trong qun th giao phi:

Bi 1: Trong mt qun th giao phi xt 2 cp gen, mi gen gm 1 alen tri v mt alen ln trn NST thng AaBb. 1. Tinh tng s kiu gen khc nhau trong qun th 2. Tnh s kiu gen ng hp v 0 cp gen, 1 cp gen, 2 cp gen trong qun th. Bit rng mi cp gen nm trn mt cp NST tng ng khc nhau. Bi 2: Trong mt qun th giao phi xt 3 cp gen, mi gen gm 1 alen tri v mt alen ln trn NST thng AaBbCc. 1. Tinh tng s kiu gen khc nhau trong qun th 2. Tnh s kiu gen ng hp v 0 cp gen, 1 cp gen, 2 cp gen, 3 cp gen trong qun th. Bit rng mi cp gen nm trn mt cp NST tng ng khc nhau. 15

S GD & T Hu Giang C th lp cng thc tng qut hay khng ?

GV MVP

2008

Xt n cp alen nm trn n cp NST tng ng khc nhau. Tnh s kiu gen ng hp K cp gen vi k <= n Trong mt qun th t phi c thnh phn kiu gen ban u l AaBbDdeeFFGg. Qua qu trnh t th phn nhiu th h (100 th h) Hi qun th cn li bao nhiu kiu gen khc nhau?

16