Algal toxins do not enter the marine environment from an external source but are generated during blooms

of particular naturally occurring marine algal species. Such blooms have been referred to as toxic algal blooms, harmful algal blooms (HABs) and red tides. For example Gyrodiunium aureolum causes a red discolouration of the water (a red tide) and has been associated with shellfish and fish mortalities, particularly in marine fish farms. Chaetoceros, another alga, has spines which can physically clog and damage fish gills, leading to the death of cage-reared salmon and other species. Other algal species, such as Alexandrium and Dinophysis can cause poisoning through the food chain when shellfish ingest these algae (and their toxins) and are then subsequently consumed by fish, birds and potentially humans (Environment Agency 1998). The occurrence of blooms of these and other so-called toxic algae is perfectly natural but there are concerns that increases in the supply of essential nutrients (such as nitrogen, phosphorus) to the marine environment as a result of Man's activities may be contributing to the increased frequency and magnitude of these events. Algal toxins can give rise to a number of different poisoning syndromes: NSP - neurotoxic shellfish poisoning; PSP - paralytic shellfish poisoning; ASP - amnesic shellfish poisoning; DSP - diarrhoetic shellfish poisoning; All are caused by toxins synthesized by dinoflagellates, except for ASP, which is produced by diatoms of the genus Pseudonitzschia (WHOI 1995). Some species of microflagellates may also produce toxins, e.g. Chrysochromalina sp. A fifth human illness, ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP), is caused by benthic dinoflagellate toxins in coral reef communities. However, this does not represent a problem in UK waters. The principal concern about the effects of algal toxins in the environment has been the contamination of sea food for human consumption and consequently much of the research and monitoring is directed at protecting humans from these effects. There must also be concerns on the effects of these toxins on natural populations of consumers (fish, birds and marine mammals). Recorded levels in the marine environment Monitoring for the occurrence of toxic algae and their effects is carried out routinely by the Centre for the Environment, Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (CEFAS) on behalf of MAFF in England and Wales, by Fisheries Research Services in Aberdeen on behalf of SERAD in Scotland and by DANI in Northern Ireland. The results of this monitoring is reported annually (e.g. Howard and Kelly 1997 and MAFF 1998). Monitoring takes the form of the analysis of water samples for the presence and concentration of toxic algal species and the measurement of concentrations of algal toxins in samples of shellfish flesh. Standards for concentrations of algal toxins in shellfish flesh (so-called end product standards) have been set in The Food Safety (Fishery Products and Live Shellfish) Regulations 1998 as a requirement of the Shellfish (Hygiene) Directive. Breaches of these standards can result in the closure of a particular fishery for a period of time. It is very difficult with current knowledge to determine the likelihood of toxic algal bloom occurrence, since bloom occurrence appears to be only loosely linked to nutrient levels (if at all), although it has been suggested by a number of authors that changes in salinity can stimulate either the growth or decline of toxic blooms. Other factors that have been cited for the reported increased occurrence of harmful algal blooms include increased awareness and monitoring (especially in relation to the effects on aquaculture), climate change and the transport of toxic algal species in the ballast tanks of vessels. Toxic dinoflagellate species also overwinter by forming spores which settle on the sea bed. These germinate and provide the inoculum for bloom development in future years. Consequently, once a toxic bloom has occurred for the first time, there is an increased risk of toxic bloom development at the same site in future years. Dinoflagellate spores remain viable for a relatively long period of time (certainly several, and perhaps tens, of years). Fate and behaviour in the marine environment

Algal toxins are naturally occurring compounds that are released into the environment, either when algal cells are ingested by filter feeding animals, or when algal cells are broken down after a bloom crashes. The fate and behaviour of these toxins in the marine environment is not well known but they will undergo microbial biodegradation when released into the environment. Some dinoflagellate species of toxic algae form cysts that can accumulate in the sediment and act as an inoculum for a new population when conditions favour germination of the cysts. Effects on the marine environment Effects on marine organisms An exhaustive literature review on the effects of algal toxins to marine organisms has not been carried out for the purposes of this profile. The information provided in this section is taken from existing general information and selected references. The direct effects of blooms of toxic algae on marine organisms include: sub-lethal and lethal toxicity, especially to fish, birds and sea mammals; physical damage to fish gills. Toxic phytoplankton can be filtered from the water by shellfish, such as clams, mussels, oysters, or scallops, which then accumulate the algal toxins to levels which can be lethal to consumers, including humans (Shumway 1990, Ahmed 1991). Typically, the shellfish are only marginally affected, even though a single clam can sometimes contain sufficient toxin to kill a human. Fish and shellfish can also be subject to sub-lethal effects, including increased susceptibility to disease and reduced growth. Fish can be affected by algal toxins, either by direct uptake from the water column (planktivorous fish) or by bioaccumulation through the food chain (zooplankton and macroinvertebrates). In turn, these fish can then endanger whales, porpoises, seabirds, and other animals. In addition to toxin production, algae have also been implicated in fishkills by the following direct methods: Mechanical damage to gills by algal spines, notably the serrated spines of Chaetoceros spp. (e.g. Yang and Albright 1992). Irritation of gills resulting in over-production of mucilage within the gills leading to suffocation (WHOI 1995). Physical blocking of the secondary lamellae of fish gills (Jones and Rhodes 1994). Increased water viscosity due to the secretion of polysaccharides (e.g. Hallegraeff 1992). The principal indirect effects arise from changes in the oxygen balance of the water column associated with the presence of the bloom during its growth phase (supersaturation with oxygen during the day and oxygen depletion during the night) and the decay of the algal cells when the bloom has crashed (oxygen depletion of parts of the water column and possibly the sediments). Algae have been implicated in fishkills by the following indirect methods: Asphyxiation caused by oxygen depletion (e.g. Brooker et al 1977). This can occur as a result of the oxygen demand generated by a senescent bloom, or at night due to extreme diurnal fluctuations in dissolved oxygen levels which may occur during algal blooms. Gas bubble trauma from extreme oxygen supersaturation (Renfro 1963). Bioaccumulation Many algal toxins readily bioaccumulate in marine animals and significantly biomagnify through food chains posing a hazard to consumers at higher trophic levels (fish, birds and sea mammals). Potential effects on interest features of European marine sites Potential effects include: bioaccumulation and sub-lethal and lethal toxicity of a range of algal toxins to consumers at higher trophic levels (fish, birds and sea mammals). A precautionary approach to determining the scale of possible impacts of algal toxins should be adopted if the presence of toxic algal species or algal toxins is detected in a European marine site ; adverse physical effects on fish because of the presence of harmful algal blooms; hazards to all marine organisms resulting from changes to the oxygen balance of the water column, and potentially the sediments, both during and after a harmful algal bloom.

c t to khng nhp vo mi trng bin t mt ngun bn ngoi nhng c to ra trong qu trnh n hoa ca ring t nhin xy ra cc loi to bin. N nh vy c gi l n hoa ca to c hi n hoa ca to c hi (HABs) v thy triu . V d Gyrodiunium aureolum gy ra mt s i mu ca nc (thy triu ) v c kt hp vi tm, cua, s, hn, c cht, c bit l trong cc trang tri nui c bin. Chaetoceros, mt loi to, c gai m th cht c th lm tc nghn v gy thit hi mang c, dn n ci cht ca lng nui c hi v cc loi khc. Cc loi to khc, chng hn nh Alexandrium v Dinophysis c th gy ng c thng qua chui thc n tm, cua, s, hn n cc loi to (v c t ca chng) v ri sau tiu th c, chim v kh nng con ngi (C quan mi trng 1998). S n hoa ca to nhng c hi c gi l l hon ton t nhin nhng c mi quan tm m lm tng s cung cp cht dinh dng thit yu (nh pht pho, nit) cho mi trng bin l kt qu hot ng ca Man c th c ng gp. tng tn sut v cng ca nhng s kin ny. c t to c th lm pht sinh mt s cc hi chng ng c khc nhau: NSP - c thn kinh ng vt c v ng c; PSP - tm, cua, s, hn ng c bi lit; ASP - tm, cua, s, hn ng c mt tr nh; DSP - diarrhoetic tm, cua, s, hn ng c; Tt c u c gy ra bi cc c t tng hp ca cc loi to, tr ASP, c sn xut bi to ct Pseudonitzschia chi (WHOI 1995). Mt s loi ca microflagellates cng c th sn xut c t, v d nh Chrysochromalina sp. Mt ngi bnh th nm, B xung ng c c (CFP) c gy ra bi cc c t to sinh vt y trong cng ng rn san h. Tuy nhin, iu ny khng i din cho mt vn vng bin Anh. Cc mi quan tm ch yu v cc tc ng ca c t to trong mi trng nhim ca bin thc phm cho tiu dng ca con ngi v kt qu nhiu nghin cu v gim st c ch o bo v con ngi t nhng hiu ng ny. Cng phi l mi quan tm v nh hng ca cc c t trn qun th t nhin ca ngi tiu dng (c, chim v cc loi ng vt c v sng bin). Ghi nhn mc trong mi trng bin Gim st cho s xut hin ca to c hi v cc hiu ng ca h c thc hin thng xuyn ca Trung tm Mi trng, Thy sn v Thy sn Khoa hc (CEFAS) thay mt cho MAFF Anh v x Wales, bi Dch v Nghin cu Thu sn Aberdeen trn thay mt cho SERAD Scotland v bi Dani Bc Ireland. Kt qu gim st ny c bo co hng nm (v d nh Howard Kelly 1997 v MAFF 1998). Gim st c hnh dng ca phn tch mu nc cho s hin din v nng ca cc loi to c hi v o lng nng c t to trong cc mu tht tm, cua, s, hn. Cc tiu chun v nng to c t trong tht ng vt c v (ci gi l tiu chun sn phm cui cng) c thit lp trong an ton thc phm (sn phm thy sn v ng vt c v sng) Quy nh nm 1998 nh l mt yu cu ca Ch th ng vt c v (v sinh). Vi phm cc tiu chun ny c th dn n vic ng ca ca mt ngh c th cho mt khong thi gian. N l rt kh khn vi kin thc hin hnh xc nh kh nng xy ra n hoa ca to c hi, k t khi n hoa xy ra dng nh l ch lng lo lin quan n dinh dng (nu tt c), mc d n c xut bi mt s tc gi rng nhng thay i trong mn c th kch thch tng trng hay suy gim ca n hoa c hi. Cc yu t khc c trch dn cho s xut hin tng bo co ca n hoa ca to c hi bao gm nng cao nhn thc v gim st (c bit l lin quan n hiu qu nui trng thy sn), thay i kh hu v vn chuyn ca cc loi to c hi trong thng dn ca tu. Loi to c hi cng qua mua ng bng cch hnh thnh bo t gii quyt trn y bin. Nhng ny mm v cung cp cy cho pht trin n r trong nhng nm trong tng lai. Do , mt ln n hoa c hi xy ra ln u tin, c mt tng nguy c pht trin n hoa c hi cng mt trang web trong nhng nm trong tng lai. Bo t to vn cn kh thi cho mt thi gian tng i di ca thi gian (mt s chc chn, v c l hng chc nm). S phn v hnh vi trong mi trng bin c t to t nhin hp cht c thi vo mi trng, hoc khi cc t bo to c tiu ha bi cc ng vt n lc, hoc khi cc t bo to c ph v sau mt tai nn n. S phn v hnh vi ca cc c

t trong mi trng bin khng ni ting nhng h s tri qua phn hy sinh hc vi sinh vt khi thi vo mi trng. Mt s loi to ca u nang dng to c hi c th tch t trong trm tch v hnh ng nh cy cho mt dn s mi khi iu kin thun li ny mm ca cc u nang. Tc ng ln mi trng bin Tc dng trn cc sinh vt bin Mt ti liu nghin cu y v tc ng ca c t to sinh vt bin khng c thc hin cho cc mc ch ca h s ny. Cc thng tin c cung cp trong phn ny c ly t thng tin tng qut hin c v ti liu tham kho la chn. Cc tc ng trc tip ca n hoa ca to c hi trn cc sinh vt bin bao gm: ph gy cht ngi v c tnh gy cht ngi, c bit l c, chim v ng vt c v bin; thit hi vt cht mang c. Thc vt ph du c hi c th c lc t nc bi ng vt c v nh trai, s, hu, s ip, sau tch ly cc c t to n mc c th gy t vong cho ngi tiu dng, k c con ngi (Shumway nm 1990, Ahmed 1991). Thng thng, tm, cua, s, hn ch nh nh hng, thm ch mc d mt Ngao duy nht i khi c th cha c t git cht mt con ngi. C v tm, cua, s, hn cng c th phi chu tc dng ph gy cht ngi, bao gm tng tnh nhy cm vi bnh tt v tng trng gim. C c th b nh hng bi cc c t to, bng cch hp thu trc tip t ct nc (planktivorous c) hoc bng cch tch ly sinh hc thng qua chui thc phm (ng vt ph du v macroinvertebrates). i li, nhng con c ny sau c th gy nguy him cho c voi, c heo, chim bin, v cc ng vt khc. Ngoi ra sn xut cht c, to cng c lin quan n fishkills bng cc phng php trc tip sau y: C thit hi mang bi gai to, c bit l gai c rng ca ca Chaetoceros spp. (V d: Yang v Albright 1992). Kch thch mang kt qu trong sn xut cht nhy trong mang dn n nght th (WHOI 1995). Vt l ngn chn ca cc l mng trung mang c (Jones v Rhodes 1994). Tng nht nc do tit polysaccharides (v d nh Hallegraeff 1992). Cc tc ng gin tip ch yu pht sinh t nhng thay i trong cn bng oxy ca ct nc lin kt vi s hin din ca hoa trong giai on tng trng ca n (supersaturation vi oxy trong ngy v s suy gim oxy vo ban m) v phn r ca cc t bo to khi n b ri (oxy cn kit ca cc b phn ca ct nc v c th l trm tch). To c lin quan n fishkills bng cc phng php gin tip nh sau: Ngt th gy ra bi s suy gim oxy (v d nh Brooker et al 1977). iu ny c th xy ra nh l kt qu ca nhu cu oxy to ra bi mt n hoa gia, hoc vo ban m do bin ng ngy m cc k nng oxy ha tan c th xy ra trong qu trnh n hoa ca to. Chn thng bong bng kh t oxy cc supersaturation (Renfro 1963). Tch ly sinh hc Nhiu c t to d dng tch ly trong ng vt bin v ng k biomagnify thng qua chui thc n gy nguy him cho ngi tiu dng mc dinh dng cao hn (c, chim v ng vt c v bin). Tim nng tc ng vo cc tnh nng sut ca cc trang web hng hi chu u Tc ng tim nng bao gm: tch ly sinh hc v c tnh ph gy cht ngi v gy cht ngi ca mt lot cc c t to cho ngi tiu dng cc cp dinh dng cao hn (c, chim v ng vt c v bin). Mt cch tip cn phng nga xc nh quy m tc ng c th c c t to nn c thng qua nu s hin din ca loi to c hi hoc cc c t to c pht hin trong mt trang web hng hi chu u; hiu ng bt li v th cht c bi v s hin din ca to n hoa gy hi; nguy hi ti tt c cc sinh vt bin do thay i cn bng oxy ca ct nc, v c kh nng cc trm tch, trong v sau khi n hoa ca to c hi. c t trong thy sn

Trong vng bin Vit Nam c 1 loi mc tuc, 2 loi c ci, 3 loi cua ht, 1 loi sam, 22 loi c v 10 loi rn bin cha c t c kh nng gy cht ngi. 13 loi c nc cha c t (c nc u th chm trn (c Nc Thu) Lagocephalus sceleratus, c nc chut chm son Arothron nigropunctatus, c nc sao Takifugu niphobles, c nc chut vn bng Arothron hispidus, c nc chut chm sao Arothron stellatus, c nc vn Takifugu oblongus), c bng vn my, so, rn bin phn b rng t Vnh Bc B n Vnh Thi Lan. c ci, cua ht, mc m xanh ch thy xut hin vng bin min Trung v ng Nam B. Rn bin, mc m xanh, c ci... gy c qua ng tip xc da do ng chm, b cn, b chch... khi ln bin, tm bin. C nc, c hng, cua, mc m xanh, so, c ci... gy c qua ng thc n. C nc thng c c trng v gan, nhng c loi th c da v tht. Cua ht, mc m xanh, so c c t tt c cc b phn c th, tuyt i khng n cc loi thy sn ny. A. Cc c t thuc nhm cht c thn kinh: Cc c t ny tc ng trc tip n h thn kinh no b, h tim mch... a s l nhng cht c ny gy nguy him vi t l t vong cao trong thi gian tc ng rt nhanh vi liu thp. Bao gm cc loi: 1. Tetrodotoxin - c t c nc (Puffer Fish poisoning) C trong da, gan, c tht ca: c nc, bch tuc, mc m xanh do s k sinh ca mt s loi vi sinh vt. Ch s LD-50: 8-20 mg/kg lng s dng. Triu chng: au nhi trn mt v chn tay, th gp, t, nga mi v pha trong ming, yu, lit c honh v c ngc, h huyt p, v mch mu.. Thi gian xut hin triu chng: sau khi n 10-45 pht. C th gy t vong trong vng 30-60 pht. ng nhim c: n ung, ht phi, dnh vo da 2. NSP - c t thn kinh (Neurotoxin Shellfish Poisoning) Sinh ra bi trng roi y Gymnodinium breve, v trng roi khng Ptychodiscus trevis xut hin trong cc k thy triu do to Ptychodiscus breve sinh ra c t brevetoxin. Ch s LD-50: 180g.kg chut, 4ng.ml c. Triu chng: au nhi, rt, t cng mi v cc u ngn tay, mt iu ho, u oi, ni lm nhm. Him khi gy t vong cho ngi. Thi gian xut hin triu chng: 30 pht n 2 gi sau khi n. 3. ASP - c t gy mt tr nh (Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning) Cht c protein domoic acid sinh ra t to Chondiria armuta, to Digenea simplex, Pseudo nitzschia pungren f. multiseries. Ch s LD-50: 4 mg/kg chut Triu chng: t bun nn nh v nn ma, n mt thng bng, thn kinh trung ng b suy gim, gy nhm ln, chong, ngt c th bnh phc sau vi ngy. Nu nng cao c th ph hu t bo thn kinh tm thi hoc vnh vin gy mt tr nh, c th dn n t vong. Liu lng gy mt tr nh thp hn mc gy c. Mc tc dng ca vic n phi v thc cht thp hn (35-70 mg.kg). Thi gian xut hin triu chng: 30 pht n 6 gi sau khi n 4. PSP - c t gy lit c (Paralytic Shellfish poisoning). PSP lin quan n s n hoa ca to c ( >106 t bo/ lt), thng xut hin cng hin tng thy triu . To n hoa tu thuc vo nhit nc, nh sng, mn, cc cht dinh dng v nhng iu kin mi trng khc. Nhit nc phi > 5 8 C mi c hin tng n hoa. Nu nhit di 4 C, to tn ta di dng bo t. Vit Nam, hin tng Thy triu xy hng nm ra nhiu ni vo khong thng 3 n thng 8, nhiu nht l khu vc bin Bnh Thun. Hin tng n hoa cng xy ra trong cc h nc ngt v cc ao nui thy sn khi nc d tha cht dinh dng. Cht c sinh ra do cc to Gonyaulax catenella, G. tamarensis, Saxidomus giganteus, Mytilus californianeus cng sinh cc loi nhuyn th. c t c th sn sinh ring bit cc loi S.

giganteus hay M. californianeus. Vm, nghu, s v ip n cc to c ny s hp th c t trong thi gian di hay ngn tu thuc vo c im ca loi thy sn . Ch s LD-50: 10 g.kg (n phi); 2.0 g.kg (Ngi) Triu chng: cm gic au nhi, rt, t cng mi v cc u ngn tay, mt iu ho, u oi, ni lm nhm. Trng hp nghim trng c th dn n t vong do tnh trng t lit h hp. Thi gian xut hin triu chng: 30 pht n 2 gi sau khi n. B. Cc loi c t khc 1. DSP - c t gy tiu chy (Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning) L nhm gm nhiu c t, sinh ra do nhuyn th n phi to c Dinophysis spp, Aurocentum prorocentrumlima. Ch s LD-50: 192 g.kg (i.p.) chut. Triu chng: Ri lon ng rut (tiu chy, nn ma, au bng). C th bnh phc sau 3-4 ngy khng cn iu tr. Cha thy t vong. Thi gian xut hin triu chng: Sau 30 pht n vi gi sau khi n ng nhim c: ng ming (n ung). 2. Ciguatera (CFP ) - Ciguatera Fish Poisoning L loi c t gy c ph bin nht. C khong 400 loi c trn th gii c th gy nhim c. Liu lng gy c l 1 ppb. Ngun gc: ngun gy c l Gambierdiscus toxicus, mt loi to sng xung quanh nhng rn san h sng y, gn cht vi nhng to ln. c t tng ln khi nhng rn hay san h b xo trn. c t thng c tm thy trong rut, gan v m c ca nhng loi c n to c hay trong nhng loi c d n c n to. Gm 2 c t chnh l: Ciguatoxin v Maitotoxin Ch s LD-50: 0,1g.kg Maitotoxin, 0,4g.kg Ciguatoxin (chut) Triu chng: nn, tiu chy, nga, yu, mt ko di 2 3 ngy c khi n 1 nm. C th gy v mch mu, tt nghn thn kinh, t vong do t lit h hp. Thi gian xut hin triu chng: vi gi sau khi n TLTK: 1. FAO - Assessment and Management of Seafood Safety and Quality FAO Coporate docement reponsitory 2. R.E. Hester and R. M. Harrison Food Safety and Quality The Royal Society of Chemistry 2001 3. H. Alln Bremner Safety and Quality Issues in Fish Processing Woodhead Publishing limited 2002 To c sinh si gy nhim i dng ThienNhien.Net S sinh si ca nhng loi to c c tnh khng nhng gy nh hng xu n b mt i dng, gi y chng cn chuyn c nhng c t y xung tn y bin, ni chng tip tc tn ti hng tun sau . Chng nhng khng b phn r sm sau khi n hoa nh nhng gi thuyt trc y, mt nghin cu mi ca cc nh nghin cu M ch ra rng cht neutrotoxin trong to c th gy c cho nhng loi gip xc, cn axt domoic chm xung y bin c kh nng gy c cho nhng ng vt bin c v, chim v c con ngi. Claudia Benitez-Nelson, i hc Nam Carolina cho bit: Du hiu u tin v tc ng ca to thng thy nhng loi chim tm mnh trn b bin hoc hi cu, khi chng c nhng hnh ng khi hi, hung hng v co git nh ang say ru. Chng ta tng ngh rng khi hin tng mt i, nguy him s khng cn, nhng gi y chng vn li axt domoic nh mt mn qu lu nim. Nhm nghin cu ca Benitez-Nelson l nhng ngi u tin tm hiu v loi ho cht nm trong phn t ca to chm xung y bin cng nh trong cc mu bn ly t y i dng su n 800m. H

 tm thy mt lng ln cht c neurotoxin c nng cao gp 8 ln so vi gii hn cho php ca M trong loi gip xc. Nhm nghin cu cng so snh hm lng c ti a ca axt domoic c trong mu bn vi mu to trn b mt. Nhng pht hin ca h ch ra rng c t chm xung y bin ch trong 3 ngy, nhng li c th tn ti lu hn, t nht l vi tun. Nhm cng cho rng c t di chuyn nhanh xung y bin l do cc chm hoa to cht ng lot trn b mt bin kt li thnh nhng khi to nng hn, qu trnh cng ng thi bo v c t khi s phn r. Axt domoic rt d b phn hu bi nh sng mt tri, nhng khi chng kt thnh khi v b chn di bn th c t c th c bo v cho n khi nhng sinh vt y bin n vo. Theo Benitez-Nelson, domoic axt l loi axt amin giu dinh dng v l thc n ngon cho cn trng, loi vn khng b nh hng bi c tnh ca chng. Raphael Kudela, i hc Santa Cruz bang California, cho rng cn tm ra nhng mt xch cn thiu gii thch ti sao axt domoic cng xut hin cc sinh vt y nh cua, c bt. Lp sinh vt ny bao gm nhiu loi c tnh kinh t cao nhng li cha c kim nh v hm lng axt domoic. ng cng nhn xt rng nhng d kin c khm ph s thc y cc nghin cu tip theo nhm kim tra xem liu nhng loi sinh vt ny c nn c kim nh trong tng lai hay khng. Cho n nay, ch c loi gip xc sng gn mt nc l c kim nh. Theo Benitex Nelson, bc quan trng nht tip theo l vch ra mt k hoch chi tit hn tm hiu axt domoic c th bm xung quanh v bn trong c th ca sinh vt trong thi gian l bao lu v cn vi bao nhiu loi sinh vt khc na. V nh ng cho bit: iu ny r rng l ph bin v lan rng hn nhng g chng ta vn tng. c bit vn ny nh hng n nhiu khu vc, khng ch ring California. Quan trng hn, tt c nhng du hiu u cho thy mt s tng mnh ca to trong tng lai khi con ngi th cng ngy cng nhiu to xung i dng. http://d3.violet.vn/uploads/previews/561/2291915/preview.swf Nhm nghin cu ca Benitez-Nelson l nhng ngi u tin tm hiu v loi ho cht nm trong phn t ca to chm xung y bin cng nh trong cc mu bn ly t y i dng su n 800m. H tm thy mt lng ln cht c neurotoxin c nng cao gp 8 ln so vi gii hn cho php ca M trong loi gip xc. Nhm nghin cu cng so snh hm lng c ti a ca axt domoic c trong mu bn vi mu to trn b mt. Nhng pht hin ca h ch ra rng c t chm xung y bin ch trong 3 ngy, nhng li c th tn ti lu hn, t nht l vi tun. Nhm cng cho rng c t di chuyn nhanh xung y bin l do cc chm hoa to cht ng lot trn b mt bin kt li thnh nhng khi to nng hn, qu trnh cng ng thi bo v c t khi s phn r. Axt domoic rt d b phn hu bi nh sng mt tri, nhng khi chng kt thnh khi v b chn di bn th c t c th c bo v cho n khi nhng sinh vt y bin n vo. Mt s vi khun lam tit ra c t (Cyanotoxin) lm suy yu v gy cht cho cc sinh vt bt mi, n chng. V mt sinh l c t ca vi khun lam c chia thnh hai loi : c t thn kinh v c t gan. + c t thn kinh (Neurotoxins) : L cc alcoloid (thnh phn cha Nitrogen - c trng lng phn t thp) dn truyn xung t n ron thn kinh ny sang n ron khc v t n ron ti c ca ng vt v ngi. Du hiu b nhim c t nh : chong vng, lo o, co git c, th hn hn v co qup chn tay. Khi b nhim c t nng cao th h hp kh khn, c khi ngng th. c t thn kinh Anatoxin c tng hp nh cc loi vi khun lam thuc chi Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Osillatoria v Trichodesmium. + c t gan (Hepatotoxin) : L cht kim ch protein photphotases I v 2A, gy chy mu trong gan. Du hiu khi b nhim c t biu hin c th yu t, nn ma, tiu chy v rt run. c t gan gm c : Microcystin v Nodularin. Cc to si khi pht trin mnh s bm vo mang gy cho ng vt nui kh s dng oxy ho tan trong nc. Lm d mang v cc mm bnh c hi khc s tn cng lm ng vt nui b nhim bnh gy tng cao chi ph nui v lm gim nng sut.

Khi qun x thc vt ph du pht trin mnh lm nh hng n cht lng nc thu vc lm mt cn i s cn bng ng v qun x thc vt ni v ng vt ph du. Rt kh qun l cht lng nuc ao.