TRNG I HC TI NGUYN V MI TRNG H NI KHOA MI TRNG

02

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Li m u I. Tng quan I.1 Tng quan v ting n I.1.1 Khi nim I.1.2Tc hi I.1.3 I.1.4 Hin trng
I.2 Cc ng c qun l mi trng I.2.1 Cng c lut php chnh sch I.2.2 Cng c kinh t I.2.4 Cng c ph tr

II. Phng php thc hin II.1 Phng php thu thp ti liu II.2 Phng php iu tra phng vn III. Cc cng c qun l ting n III.1 Cng c lut php chnh sch III.2 Cng c kinh t III.3 Cng c ph tr
Kt lun kin ngh Ti liu tham kho

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Khng gian sng c ngha v cng to ln vi con ngi. Trong qu trnh pht trin KT- XH, bn cnh vic t c nhiu thnh tu to ln, phi ci thin cht lng cuc sng. Vit Nam cng cn nhiu hn ch cn khc phc, trong c vn mi trng. Vn mi trng hay c nhc ti: nhim mi trng khng kh, t, nct ai bit ti nhim ting n - Mt vn ang gy rt nhiu bc xc trong d lun.

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I. TNG QUAN
I.1 Tng quan v ting n I.1.1 Khi nim:

Ting n l tp hp nhng m thanh tp lon vi cc tn s v cng m thanh rt khc nhau v gy cm gic kh chu cho ngi nghe.

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I.1.2 Tc hi ca nhim ting n nh hng ti sc khe ca con ngi: nh hng trc tip ti thnh gic, gy ri lon gic ng, gy bnh lng tai, ic ngh nghip, gy ra chng nhc u dai dng, ri lon sinh l Lc ny con ngi cm thy cu knh,gim tr nh,run mi mt v phn x xng khp gim.

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nh

hng n nng sut v hiu qu lm vic: + Nu lm vic trong mi trng ting n nng sut lao ng s gim 20% - 40%. + Mt cng trnh nghin cu ca M cho thy: khi mc n trong phng lm vic l 100dB con ngi s sai st nhiu gp 2 ln vi ni mc n 70dB. Ting n nh hng ti trao i thng tin: thng tin thng b ting n gy nhiu khin cho vic tip nhn thng tin s kh khn hn, chnh xc ca thng tin khng cao.

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I.1.3 Ngun gy nhim ting n: Ting n giao thng: + Ting n do giao thng hng khng: Ting n do my bay phn lc sinh ra gy kh chu cho dn c gn khu vc sn bay. + Ting n giao thng ng st: Ting n pht ra t ng c v cc b phn ca u my. Ting n xy dng Ting n cng nghip & sn xut Ting n trong sinh hot

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I.1.4 HIN TRNG

Theo t chc y t th gii(WHO), trong 3 thp nin tr li y, nn nhim ting n ngy cng nh hng ti cht lng sng ca con ngi, nht l ti cc nc ang pht trin. Ti TP HCM: t nhng nm 2009, n tng ln rt nhiu ln, nhu cu dng xe hi cn ang tng ln na do vy s nhim ting n s cn tng n mc kh kim sot. Ti H Ni: trong vng 2-3 nm trong cng iu kin v thi gian th trung bnh mc n tng 4-5dB. Nh vy, mc n giao thng hin nay H Ni l kh ln.

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I.2 CC CNG C QUN L MI TRNG

I.2.1 Cng c php l:
Lut quc t v bo v mi trng: L tng th nguyn tc, quy phm quc t iu chnh mi quan h gia cc quc gia v cc t chc quc t trong vic ngn chn, loi tr thit hi do cc ngun khc nhau gy ra cho mi trng thin nhin ngoi phm vi ti phn quc gia. Cng c quc t v mi trng: l vn bn ghi r nhng vic cn tun theo v nhng iu b cm thi hnh lin quan n vn mi trng do nhiu nc cng cam kt thc hin nhm to ra ting ni chung, s thng nht v hot ng v s hp tc gia cc thnh vin. Lut bo v mi trng Vit Nam: + Lut bo v mi trng Vit Nam nm 1993: quc hi thng qua ngy 27/12/1993 gm 7 chng, 55 iu. + Lut bo v mi trng Vit Nam nm 2005:quc hi thng qua ngy 29/11/2005 gm 15 chng, 136 iu.

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Chin lc v chnh sch mi trng

+ Chnh sch mi trng: l tng th cc quan im, cc bin php, cc th thut nhm thc hin cc mc tiu BVMT v pht trin bn vng ca quc gia, ca ngnh kinh t hoc mt cng ty. +Chin lc mi trng: l tng th cc quan im, bin php nhm c th ha chnh sch mi trng trn c s cc ngun lc nht nh t cc mc tiu do chnh sch mi trng t ra. K hoch ha cng tc mi trng: l vic nh ra nhng chui hnh dng c sp xp treo th t u tin nhm thc hin mc tiu BVMT

Quy chun, tiu chun trong QLMT

+Tiu chun MT l nhng chun mc, gii hn cho php ca cc thng s v cht lng MT xung quanh v hm lng cc cht nim c trong cht thi c Nh nc quy nh lm cn c bo v v QLMT. - TCVN 5937 2005 quy nh v nng ti a cho php ca mt s cht c hi trong khng kh xung quanh. - TCVN 5940 2005 quy nh tiu chun kh thi cng nghip i vi cc cht hu c

Thanh tra bo v mi trng

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I.2.2 Cng c kinh t Thu ti nguyn: l loi thu c bit thc hin iu tit thu nhp v hot ng khai thc, s dng ti nguyn ca t nc. Thu mi trng: l khon thu ca Ngn sch Nh nc nhm iu tit cc hot ng c nh hng ti mi trng v kim sot nhim mi trng. Ph mi trng: l khon thu ca Ngn sch dnh cho hot ng BVMT x l cht gy nhim v khc phc tc ng i vi MT. L ph mi trng: l khon thu mang tnh cht bt buc i vi cc t chc, c nhn phi np khi c hng mt dch v mang tnh qun l hnh chnh Nh nc v MT.

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H thng k qu v hon tr [KQHT]

+ Vi doanh nghip: KQHT l loi cng c kinh t p dng yu cu

cc doanh nghip sn xut trc khi u t phi t cc ngn hng mt khon tin no m bo cho vic thc hin y ngha v v cng tc BVMT. Trong qu trnh thc hin, nu doanh nghip thc hin ng cam kt, ch ng khc phc khng xy ra nhim th s tin k qu s c hon tr cho doanh nghip. Nu doanh nghip khng thc hin ng cam kt, gy nhim MT th s tin t cc s c dung cho cng tc khc phc nhim. + Vi ngi tiu dng: Nhng ngi tiu dng c yu cu t cc mt s tin nht nh cho c s ti ch hoc x l cc loi vt liu c hi. Trong trng hp ngi tiu dng thc hin ng cam kt thu gom tr li cho c s ti ch th s tin t cc c hon tr li. Ngc li, s tin trn s c chuyn vo qu MT.

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Cta nhim: l giy php c quyn x thi do Nh nc cng nhn cho php doanh nghip c x thi ra MT mt lng nht nh cht thi gy nhim v c th mua bn c. C ch pht trin sch (CDM): l mt c ch ti chnh k thut c tc ng gim thiu lng pht thi cc kh nh knh (CO2, HFC, CH4, N2O, SF6, PFCs ) c xut trn c s Ngh nh th Kyoto. Tr cp mi trng: l s gip v mt ti chnh cho hot ng BVMT di cc hnh thc: cp pht khng hon li kinh ph t Ngn sch, khuyn khch v thu, cho vay vn li sut thp i vi hot ng BVMT

D n mi trng u tin ti Vit Nam theo c ch pht trin sch (CDM)

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Qu mi trng: l mt ngn hng thng mi trong hot ng BVMT, c thnh lp t ngun ng gp (Ngn sch nh nc, cc t chc c nhn trong v ngoi nc, s vin tr ca quc t) nhm mc tiu h tr ti chnh cho cc hot ng qun l v BVMT. Nhn sinh thi: l danh hiu c chng nhn bi c quan c thm quyn cho sn phm khng gy nhim hay t c tc ng tiu cc ti MT trong sut vng i ca sn phm ( sn xut lu thng phn phi s dng tiu hy). Bi thng thit hi v mi trng +Cc thit hi mi trng bao gm - Suy gim chc nng cc thnh phn ca mi trng ( cnh quan, khng kh, nc, t) - c s vt cht v sc khe con ngi - Cc tit hi ko theo khc: vn ha, thm m,

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I.2.3 Cng c k thut

Phn tch s c MT - Phn tch s c MT bao gm: xc nh cc s c MT c kh nng xy ra, xc inh tn sut xy ra s c MT (trong mc an ton) v c lng tht hi nu s c MT xy ra. Quan trc MT: l qu trnh theo di mt cch c h thng, thng xuyn v MT nhm cung cp thng tin phc v cho nh gi hin trng din bin cht lng MT. nh gi MT nh gi hin trng MT + Ni dung ng gi: - nh gi hin trng cht lng MT ( t, nc, khng kh) - nh gi hin trng ti nguyn ( tr lng, cht lng, hin trng khai thc v s dng) - Cc nguyn nhn gy nhim v suy thoi MT

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nh gi tc ng MT: l vic phn tch, d bo cc tc ng n MT ca cc d n u t c th a ra cc bin php bo v MT khi trin khai d n . nh gi mi trng chin lc: l vic phn tch, d bo cc tc ng ti MT ca d n chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch pht trin kinh t x hi trc khi ph duyt nhm m bo pht trin bn vng. nh gi vng i sn phm (LCA): l quy trnh phn tch cc tc ng ton din ti MT ca sn phm bt u t qu trnh sn xut - lu thng - phn phi - s dng - tiu hy. Quy hoch mi trng: l vic xc nh chc nng MT cho cc phm vi lnh th khc nhau, hi ha vi s pht trin KT- XH nhm lm MT khng b suy thoi, nhim v ngy cng ci thin hn theo i sng KT- XH

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Kim ton mi trng: l cng c QLMT bao gm vic ghi chp c h thng, chu k; nh gi mt cch khch quan i vi cng tc qun l, s vn hnh cc thit b, c s vt cht vi mc ch qun l, kim sot cc hot ng v nh gi s tun th ca cc doanh nghip i vi chnh sch v tiu chun ca Nh nc v MT. K ton ti nguyn: l mt cng c QLMT vi mc ch nh gi v c lng cc tn tht ti nguyn ca mt quc gia, mt khu vc b gy ra bi cc hot ng pht trin ca con ngi.

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I.2.4 Cng c ph tr

M hnh ha MT: l qu trnh xy dng hay tm hiu mt i tng t c ch hot ng ca n (bn cht bn trong, quy lut hot ng ca i tng) . Truyn thng MT: l mt qu trnh tng tc x hi 2 chiu nhm gip nhng ngi lin quan hiu c cc vn MT then cht, mi quan h ph thuc ln nhau ca chng v cch tc ng vo cc vn c lin quan mt cch thch hp gii quyt cc vn MT Gio dc mi trng Khi nim: Gio dc mi trng gip con ngi hiu bit v gii t nhin v sng ha thun vi t nhin.

H THNG THNG TIN A L (GIS) GIS L MT NG DNG CNG NGH TIN HC NHM M T TH GII THC M LOI NGI ANG SNG, TM HIU, KHAI THC.

Th hin nh hng cua ting n bng mau sc trn cc toa nha

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II.PHNG PHP THC HIN

II.1. Phng php thu thp ti liu - Thu thp v k tha cc thng tin lin quan ti ti + Thu thp ti liu iu kin t nhin (v tr, s liu nhim ting n) +Thu thp, phn tch s liu v hin trng v quy hoch pht trin kinh t x hi. + Thu thp thng tin v tnh hnh nhim ting n: t cc phng tin giao thng, trong xy dng, sinh hot, sn xut cng nghip. - Tin hnh iu tra thng tin: iu tra thng tin v nhng ni c tnh trng nhim ting n cao (cc khu th, thanh ph ln) - X l thng tin: nh gi tnh hnh qun l ting n Vit Nam - xut cc gii php c th nhm qun l v x l tnh trng nhim ting n Vit Nam.

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II.2. Phng php iu tra, phng vn iu tra s nh hng cua mc n n ngi dn

Ngun ting n S ngi tr li l b quy nhiu / 20 ngi nh 15 2 Ngoi tri 12 3 Ni lm vic 10 1

Xe c trn ng My bay

Tu ha
Xy dng Cc dng c gia nh

13 1

2
10 -

1
9 -

Ting n t lng ging

11

III.CC CNG C QUN L TING N

III.1. Cng c lut php chnh sch III.1.1. Lut bo v mi trng Vit Nam iu 40. BVMT trong hot ng xy dng 2. Thi cng cng trnh xy dng phi m bo khng pht tn bi, ting n, rung, nh sng vt qu tiu chun cho php

iu 41: BVMT trong hot ng GTVT Quy nh: t, m t v phng tin giao thng c gii khc c sn xut lp rp trong nc hoc nhp khu phi m bo cc tiu chun v kh thi, ting n v phi c c quan ng kim kim tra, xc nhn mi c a vo s dng.

iu 49. X l c s sx kinh doanh, dch v gy nhim mi trng 2. Buc di di c s n v tr xa khu dn c

Chng VIII. Qun l cht thi Mc 5: Qun l v kim sot bi, kh thi, ting n, rung, nh sng, bc x iu 85: Hn ch ting n, rung, nh sng, bc x T chc c nhn gy ting n, rung, nh sng, bc x vt qu tiu chun mi trng phi c trch nhim kim sot, x l t tiu chun mi trng. C s sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v trong khu vc dn c gy ting n vt qu tiu chun cho php phi thc hin bin php hn ch, gim thiu khng lm nh hng n sinh hot, sc khe cng ng dn c.

Tuyn ng c mt phng tin tham gia giao thng cao, cng trnh xy dng gy ting n, rung vt qu tiu chun cho php phi c bin php gim thiu, khc phc p ng tiu chun mi trng. Cm sn xut, nhp khu, vn chuyn, kinh doanh v s dng pho n

III.1.2. Cc tiu chun, quy chun III.1.2.1.Tiu chun v mc n ti a cho php i vi cc ngun n

BNG 1. GI TR MC N TI A CHO PHP (DBA) TCVN 5948:1999

Loi phng tin 1.Xe my 2 bnh Tc ln nht khng qu 30km/h Tc ln nht qu 30km/h 2. L3 (m t), L4 &L5 (Xe ba bnh): CC 80cm3 80 < CC 175cm3 CC> 175 cm3 Mc n ti a cho php Mc 1 70 73 75 77 80 Mc 2 70 73 75 77 80

3. t loi M1
4 . t loi M2 & M1: G2000kg 2000kg<G<3500kg 5 . t loi M2 v G>3500kg & M3 P<150 kW P 150 kW 6 . t loi N2 &N3: P<75 kW 75kW P <150kW P 150kW

77
78 79 80 83 81 83 84

74
76 77 78 80 77 78 80

Ch thch: P: cng sut c ch ln nht ca ng c CC:Dung tch lm vic ca xi lanh ng c G: Khi lng ton b cho php ln nht ca phng tin (G theo TCVN 6529:1999 (ISO 1776:1990) III.1.2.2. Tiu chun v mc n ti a cho php cc khu vc cng cng v dn c QCVN 26:2010/BTNMT
TT 1 2 Khu vc Khu vc c bit Khu vc thng thng T 6h n 21h 55 70 T 21h n 6h 45 55

Gii thch thut ng Khu vc c bit L nhng khu vc trong hng ro ca cc c s y t, th vin, nh tr, trng hc, nh th, nh, cha v cc khu vc c quy nh c bit khc. Khu vc thng thng Gm: khu chung c, cc nh ring l nm cch bit hoc lin k, khch sn, nh ngh, c quan hnh chnh.
III.1.2.3. Tiu chun mc n bn trong cng trnh Tiu chun TCXDVN 175 : 2005 Bng 2. Mc n ti a cho php trong cng trnh cng cng

Loi khng gian trong cng Thi gian trnh cng cng trong ngy*), h Cng trnh vn ho: Phng chiu phim, rp xic Nh bo tng, trin lm Th vin...
-

LT, dBA

50

Cng trnh gio dc: Phng ng trong trng mu gio, tiu hc bn tr Ging ng, lp hc, hi trng

6 22

35

50

Phng bnh nhn iu tr trong bnh vin Phng bc s, phng khm bnh Phng m, phng

22 6 -

35 45 45

Ghi ch: *) Cc phng khng ghi thi gian(-) p dng cho mi thi gian s dng phng

III.2. Cng c kinh t Ngh nh 117/2009/N-CP iu 12. Vi phm cc quy nh v ting n 1. Pht tin t 2.000.000 ng n 5.000.000 ng i vi hnh vi gy ting n vt tiu chun, quy chun k thut v ting n di 1,5 ln trong khong thi gian t 6 gi n 22 gi.

2. Pht tin t 30.000.000 ng n 50.000.000 ng i vi hnh vi gy ting n vt tiu chun, quy chun k thut v ting n t 1,5 ln tr ln trong khong thi gian t 6 gi n trc 22 gi.

3. Pht tin t 70.000.000 ng n 100.000.000 ng i vi hnh vi gy ting n vt tiu chun, quy chun k thut v ting n t 1,5 ln tr ln trong khong thi gian t 22 gi ngy hm trc n trc 6 gi ngy hm sau.

6. Hnh thc x pht b sung: Tc quyn s dng giy php, chng ch hnh ngh cho n khi thc hin xong cc bin php gim thiu ting n t tiu chun, quy chun k thut i vi cc trng hp vi phm quy nh ti khon 3 v khon 4 iu ny. 5. Bin php khc phc hu qu: Buc trong thi hn do ngi c thm quyn x pht n nh trong quyt nh x pht vi phm hnh chnh phi thc hin bin php gim thiu ting n t tiu chun, quy chun k thut i vi cc trng hp vi phm quy nh ti iu ny.

III.3. Cng c k thut qun l Thng t s: 28/2011/TT-BTNMT QUY NH QUY TRNH K THUT QUAN TRC MI TRNG KHNG KH XUNG QUANH V TING N Chng III : QUY TRNH K THUT QUAN TRC TING N iu 8. Mc tiu quan trc Xc nh mc n nh hng n sc kho cng ng theo cc tiu chun cho php hin hnh Cung cp thng tin gip cho vic lp k hoch kim sot ting n

nh gi din bin nhim n theo thi gian v khng gian; Cnh bo v nhim ting n iu 9. Thit k v thc hin chng trnh quan trc 1. a im quan trc ting n Khu vc cn c bit yn tnh: bnh vin, th vin, nh iu dng, nh tr, trng hc; Khu dn c, khch sn, nh , c quan hnh chnh; Khu vc thng mi, dch v; Khu vc sn xut nm xen k trong khu dn c.

La chn v tr im quan trc ting n theo tiu chun quc gia TCVN 5964:1995.

2. Thng s quan trc a) LAeq mc m tng ng; b) LAmax mc m tng ng cc i; c) LAN,T mc phn trm; d) Phn tch ting n cc di tn s 1 cta (ti cc khu cng nghip); ) Cng dng xe (i vi ting n giao thng).

3. Thi gian v tn sut quan trc a) Tn sut quan trc: tu thuc vo yu cu ca c quan qun l chng trnh quan trc, kinh ph v mc ch ca chng trnh quan trc nhng ti thiu phi l 04 ln/nm. b) Thi gian quan trc Ti cc khu vc quy nh v ting n giao thng: o lin tc 12, 18 hoc 24 gi tu theo yu cu; Ti cc c s sn xut, phi tin hnh o trong gi lm vic 4. Thit b quan trc Theo TCVN 5964:1995

5. Phng php quan trc Theo tiu chun quc gia TCVN 5964:1995 v TCVN 5965:1995. 6. X l s liu v bo co a) X l s liu Kim tra s liu X l thng k Bnh lun v s liu b) Bo co kt qu

III.4. Cng c ph tr 1. Gic dc mi trng

Phn mm Ting n l mt trong b 10 phn mm Gio dc Bo v Mi trng v3.0 cho hc sinh Trung hc C s.

Phn mm c trin khai th nghim thnh cng ti nhiu trng trn a bn H ni, nng, Tp. H Ch Minh v nhiu a phng khc trong c nc t nm 2008 n nay.

DANH MC CC N, D N, NHIM V BO V MI TRNG T NM 2005 N NM 2010

Tn n, D n, nhim v Cn c (Q ca cp c thm quyn) 309/QBGTVT ngy 08/02/200 7; Ch nhim Tnh trng hon thnh + hoc ang tm dng ang trin khai Tm tt ni dung ti v kt qu nghin cu

Xy dng bn ting n v gii php gim thiu cho Cng HKQT Nng (g 1 v g2)

Ts. Nguyn Th Bch Ng Vin Khoa hc hng khng

Kho st thc trng ting n ti cng hng khng Nng; Xy dng ng ng tr ting n; Lp bn ting n y 2 ma gi ti CHKQT Nng; Xy dng bn d bo ting n v cc gii php tng th gim thiu ting n ti CHK QT Nng.

Xy dng bn ting n v gii php gim thiu cho Cng HKQT Ni Bi

3730/QBGTVT ngy 09/12/200 8

Ts. Nguyn Th Bch Ng - Vin Khoa hc hng khng

Kho st thc trng ting n ti cng hng khng Ni Bi; Xy dng ng ng tr ting n; Lp bn ting n y 2 ma gi ti CHKQT Ni Bi; Xy dng bn d bo ting n v cc gii php tng th gim thiu ting n ti CHK QT Ni Bi

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KT LUN- KIN NGH

Kt lun: nhim mi trng ang l mt vn quan tm trong ton x hi. Nhng do cha nhn thc c y tc hi ca ting n qu mc gy ra, nn vic phng nga v ngn chn nhm ting n cho ngi dn cha tht s ng mc Kin ngh:

Cc bin php qun l ting n: + Thc hin bin php k thut x l, gim thiu ting n t ngun pht sinh. + S dng cng c kinh t khuyn khch thc hin cc gii php k thut v tun th php lut v MT nhm gim nhim t ngun pht sinh, + Cc bin php gio dc nhm tng cng nhn thc v MT, nng cao thc t gic, khng gy nhim ting n. + Cm gy ting n trong m khuya.

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Cc bin php chng n: + Cn c hng cy xanh trong th. Cy xanh cng dy th chn m cng tt. + Xy dng cc khu nh c tng cch m v xa trc giao thng chnh ca thnh ph. + Trong nh my, x nghip sn xut, cn c bin php cch chn ng, ht chn ng gim nhim ting n. Hn ch ting n + T chc, c nhn, c s sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v gy ting n vt qu tiu chun cho php phi thc hin bin php hn ch, gim thiu khng lm nh hng ti sc khe ngi dn. + Tuyn ng c mt giao thng cao, cng trnh xy dng gy ting n vt qu tiu chun cho php phi c bin php gim thiu, khc phc.