De Tai NCKH Thi Công Topdown

TI NGHIN CU KHOA HC
PHN I: M U 1. Tn ti So snh gi cc cng ngh thi cng tng hm bng phng php Topdown 2. L do chn ti Nh c tng hm c t lu trn th gii, n tr thnh ph bin v gn nh l mt thng l khi xy dng nh nhiu tng. chu u do c im nn t tng i tt, mc nc ngm thp, k thut xy dng tin tin v cng do nhu cu s dng nn hu nh nh nhiu tng no cng c tng hm, thm ch cc siu th ch c 2-3 tng nhng c ti 2-3 tng hm. Cng ngh ny cn c dng thi cng cc ga ngm di lng ng, ng cao tc ngm Paris. Vic xy dng tng hm trong nh nhiu tng l iu rt bnh thng n tr nn qua quen thuc mi khi thit k v thi cng v n gii quyt c cc vn pht sinh do nh nhiu tng t ra. chu ni chung c nhiu s nh nhiu tng c tng hm cha phi l nhiu, nhng mt s nc v vng lnh th nh Hng Kng, i Loan, Hn Quc... th s lng nh nhiu tng c tng hm chim t l kh cao, s lng tng hm trong cc nh t 1 n 4 tng hm. Vit Nam ta, nh nhiu tng c tng hm cng ch mi xut hin gn y ti nhng cng trnh lin doanh vi nc ngoi hoc cc cng trnh vn 100% vn nc ngoi. Ta c th k n mt s cng trnh c tng hm TP. H Ch Minh , H Ni v gn y xut hin Nng, nhng s tng hm mi mc t 1 - 2 tng hm.
INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1
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Di y l bng thng k v d v nh cao tng c tng hm Vit Nam v th gii. : S tng ni 7 56 75 14 20 27 19 17 22 S tng hm 4 3 3 3 4 4 3 3 2 2 su o(m) 23 12 16 13,6 14,7 16,2 16,2 12,5 11 11
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Cng trnh Th vin Anh Quc Commerce Bank Frankfruit Central Plaza - Hng Kng Chi Thong - i Loan Chung Wei Tai Pao - i Loan Trung tm sch - H Ni Vietcombank - H Ni Sun way Hotel - H Ni TTHC Nng
Qua bng th d trn ta thy cc cng trnh thng c thng k t 1 --> 4 tng hm, chiu su h o t 5m --> 10m. Tt nhin trong tng lai s c nhng nh c tng hm su hn hin nay do nhu cu v cng ngh xy dng pht trin c th thi cng c v bo m yu cu v cht lng. Tng hm trong cc nh cao tng s l vn quen thuc trong ngnh xy dng trn th gii k c cc nc ang pht trin, n s rt ph hp cho cc thnh ph tng lai c thit k hin i, m bo c yu cu v mi sinh, mi trng v p ng s thch ca con ngi nh l nh c vn treo, thnh ph thng thong 3 chiu hay nhng cn h c thit k theo dng "bit th" trong cc nh nhiu tng. Ta c th ni rng tng hm trong nh nhiu tng l mt nhu cu khch quan v n c nhng u vit ta phi tn dng. 3. S cn thit ca tng hm trong nh nhiu tng :
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TI NGHIN CU KHOA HC
a. Do nhu cu s dng : Ngay t lu cc nc cng nghip pht trin, nhu cu v nh ca tng nhanh, cc phng tin giao thng cng tng ng k cng vi mc sng kh cao ko theo mt lot cc hon ng dch v, trong khi din tch xy dng li hn hp v th vic ra i ca nh nhiu tng l hin nhin. Mt khi nh nhiu tng ra i, n i hi x hi phi p ng nhng nhu cu do bn thn n sinh ra. Ni mt cch khc i, chnh l nhu cu ca c dn sng trong cc khu nh . V th vic xy dng tng hm ra i v pht trin mnh nhm :

Lm kho cha hng ho phc v sinh hot ca c dn trong to nh. Lm tng phc v sinh hot cng cng nh b bi, ca hng, qun bar...
Lm gara t, xe my.
Lm tng k thut gii quyt cc vn iu ho khng kh, x l nc
thi, lp t my mc phc v giao thng (thang my), cp nhit...

Lm ni c tr tm thi khi c s c xy ra nh chin tranh. cc ngn hng, kho bc n cn l ni ct tr ti liu mt, tin bc, vng,
qu v cc ti sn c gi tr cao ca quc gia. * Vit Nam : Tnh hnh cng khng ngoi xu hng pht trin ca th gii, ch c iu l ta lun i sau vi thp nin so vi cc nc tin tin. Cho mi ti nhng nm chn mi ca th k trc cc to nh nhiu tng mi c xy dng ti TP. H Ch Minh v H Ni, i km theo n l cc tng hm c thit k, thi cng theo cc k thut tin tin nht. Ngy nay, nhu cu v xu th ca tng hm l qu r rng i vi nh nhiu tng. S ra i ca n hon ton nhm p ng nhu cu va nu trc. b. V mt nn mng :
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Ta thy nh nhiu tng thng c ti trng rt ln chn ct, n gy ra p lc rt ln ln nn v mng, v vy khi lm tng hm ta gim ti cho mng v mt lng t kh ln trn mng c ly i, hn na khi c tng hm th mng c a xung kh su, mng c th t vo nn t tt, cng ca nn tng ln (Khi ta cho t thi gian chu lc). Thm vo tng hm su nu nm di mc nc ngm, nc ngm s y ni cng trnh ln theo nh lut Acsimet nh th n s gim ti cho mng cng trnh v ng thi cng gim ln cho cng trnh. c. V mt kt cu : i vi nh nhiu tng khng c tng hm, su ngm vo t l nng (t 23m), n nh ca cng trnh khng cao do trng tm ca cng trnh trn cao. Khi nh c tng hm, trng tm ca cng trnh s c h thp lm tng tnh n nh tng th ca cng trnh. Hn na, tng, ct, dm sn ca tng s lm tng ngm ca cng trnh vo t, tng kh nng chu lc ngang nh gi, bo, lt ng t... d. V an ninh quc phng : Ti tr s cc c quan, cng s c tng hm th n s c s dng lm ni ct gi tin bc kim loi qu.... Cn nhng khu nh c th tng hm s l ni trnh bom n tt nht cho c dn mi khi xy ra chin tranh. 4. Mc ch nghin cu Hin nay c nhiu bin php thi cng tng hm cc cng ty xy dng p dng nhiu bin php thi cng khc nhau . Nhng cha c s so snh v cng ngh v chi ph xy dng khi p dng cc bin php thi cng vo tng cng trnh c th . Trong ti ny thc hin nhng cng vic sau:
-
S b a ra hai gii php thi , tng thi gian thi cng cho mt cng trnh So snh chi ph xy dng cho hai gii php thi cng .
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Tng hp a ra gii php thi cng c thi gian thi cng ngn v chi ph thp hn.
5. Phng php nghin cu - Nghin cu ti liu v a cht cng trnh Nng Center . - Tham kho thc t v phn tch iu kin cc cng trnh c thit k v thi cng Nng v cc khu vc khc. - a ra hai gii php thi cng c th ln tng tin thi cng - Tim hiu v gi cc trang thit b v vt t mi trong thi cng tng hm - Da vo cc kin thc hc tnh chi ph xy dng 4. Kt lun Vic so snh gii php thi cng v chi ph xy dng cho bin php thi cng tng hm l rt cn thit , gip cho doanh nghip c th rt ngn c thi gian thi cng v gim chi ph xy lp . V vy tng kh nng cnh tranh ca doanh nghip vi cc i th cnh tranh trong giai on u thu cng nh em li nhiu li nhun cho doanh nghip .
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PHN 2
NI DUNG CA TI
CHNG 1 TNG QUAN V CNG NGH THI CNG TNG HM
Vic thi cng tng hm lun i i vi vic thi cng t v tng hm nm di mt t. Ngy nay vi cng ngh thi cng t c rt nhiu tin b ch yu nh vo cc my mc thit b thi cng hin i v cc qu trnh thi cng hp l cho php thi cng c nhng cng trnh phc tp, nhng a hnh kh khn. tin cho vic so snh, ta c th h thng cc cng ngh thi cng chnh nh sau y :
a. o t
b. X nh y
H 1 nh
1. Phng php o t trc sau thi cng nh t di ln : y l phng php c in c p dng khi chiu su h o khng ln, thit b thi cng n gin. Ton b h o c o n su thit k ( su t mng), c th dng phng php o th cng hay o my ph thuc vo chiu su h o, tnh hnh a cht thu vn, vo chiu su h o, tnh hnh a cht thu vn, vo khi lng t cn o v n cn ph thuc vo thit b my mc, nhn lc ca cng trnh. Sau khi o xong, ngi ta cho tin hnh xy nh theo th t bnh thng t di ln trn, ngha l t mng ln mi. m bo cho h h o khng b st l trong qu trnh thi cng ngi ta dng cc bin php gi vch o theo cc phng php truyn thng ngha l ta c th o theo mi dc t
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nhin (Theo gc ca t). Hoc nu khi mt bng cht hp khng cho php m rng ta luy mi dc h o th ta c th dng c gi tng h o. u im Phng php ny thi cng n gin, chnh xc cao, hn na cc gii php kin trc v kt cu cho tng hm cng n gin v n ging phn trn mt t. Vic x l chng thm cho thnh tng hm v vic lp t h thng mng li k thut cng tng i thun tin d dng. Vic lm kh h mng cng n gin hn, ta c th dng bm ht nc t y mng i theo h thu nc c tnh ton sn. Nhc im Khi chiu su h o ln s rt kh thc hin, c bit khi lp t b mt yu. Khi h o khng dng h c th mt bng phi rng m taluy cho h o. Xt v mt an ton cho cc cng trnh ln cn hay cho nhng cng trnh xy chen th bin php ny khng kh thi, cn xt v chiu su h o khi qu ln nu dng bin php ny ta s phi c thnh nhiu t, nhiu bc v n nh cng nh an ton cho thi cng ta phi bn n. Qua thc t ta c th a ra cc phng n gi vch h o theo phng php thi cng c in nh : - o t theo dc t nhin, phng php ny ch p dng khi h o khng su, vi t dnh, gc ma st trong ln, mt bng thi cng rng ri m taluy mi dc h o v thit b thi cng cng nh cha t c o ln. - Dng vn c t thnh nhiu tng (Khng chng). H o c o thnh nhiu bc, m rng pha trn p dng cho trng hp khi vn c khng di chng mt ln hoc khi h o qu su, thi cng o t bng phng php th cng v khi c yu cu h o phi thng thong thi cng tng hm. - Dng vn c c chng hoc c neo, h o c o thng ng. Dng c c chng khi ct chng khng nh hng n thi cng tng hm, cn khi c s i hi thong ng trong h o thi cng tng hm ta phi dng neo, neo ny c neo trn mt t. Loi vn c c chng hoc neo dng khi p lc t ln.
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b. o c c khng chng t H : Chi s h u u o h : Chi s ngm ca c u u
a. o theo mi dc t t nhin
c. H thnh nhi t o o u ng c c ch khng chng n
e. Vn c givch c neo khi c thng thong cho h n o khi thi cng t h ng m
d. Vn c givch h o khng chng d ng khi cc ct chng khng nh hung n thi cng t h ng m
H 2 nh
Thit b thi cng o t : i vi cc loi h o ta va k trn, vic thi cng o t c th c tin hnh bng c gii hay th cng. Vi phng php thi cng c gii ta c th dng cc loi my o mt gu. C th l khi chiu su h o H 4m, ta dng my o gu nghch dung tch gu ph bin l 0,15m3 n 0,5m3 n c u im l ng trn o xung thp nn c th o nhng ni c nc v vic a vt liu ln t l d dng, nhanh gn. Khi nc ngm thp hn cao trnh my ng ta c th dng my o gu thun, n c th o c nhng h o kh su rt thch hp khi kt hp vi o v t ln xe vn chuyn i. Tuy nhin loi my ny yu cu ng i cho xe t vn chuyn phi di chuyn lin tc tn cng lm ng. Ngoi hai loi my chnh trn ngi ta cn c th s dng my o gu dy v my o gu ngom. Vi my o dy thch hp nht khi o mng su c nc, loi ny nng sut thp so vi my o gu
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thun v gu nghch. Vi my o gu ngom th s dng o nhng h o thng ng, n dng o trong lng ging, o h su c thnh cc vn c hay tng chn. N ch thch hp cho t ht yu hoc t ht ri. Khi o ch t rn ta phi lm ti t trc. Vi nhng cng trnh m khi lng o t khng ln, h o khng su (<500m3) ngi ta thin v o bng th cng. Dng c o l cc dng c c truyn nh cuc, xng, mai, cuc chim, ko ct t, chong, ba. vn chuyn t ngi ta dng quang gnh, xe ct kt mt bnh, xe ci tin, ng gong.... thi cng t nng sut cao ngi ta phi chn dng c thch hp ng thi cng phi tm cch gim kh khn cho thi cng nh tm cch gim kh khn cho thi cng cng nh lm tng hoc gim m ca nn t hoc lm kh mt bng.... Sau khi thi cng xong phn o t mng, ngi ta tin hnh thi cng nh theo cc phng php thng thng nh ta bit, ngha l thi cng mng nh sau tin hnh n phn thn nh. 2. Thi cng tng nh lm tng chn t. Cc phng php thi cng t truyn thng ch thch hp cho nhng tng hm c chiu su khng ln, mt bng thi cng rng ri v cch xa cc cng trnh c sn cn i vi nhng cng trnh xy chen nh thnh ph H Ni ,TP. H Ch Minh hay nh Nng gn y vi nhng nh nhiu tng c t 1 --> 3 tng hm tr ln th vic p dng cc phng php truyn thng l khng kh thi v km v hiu qu v kinh t, chnh v l ngi ta a ra mt trnh t thi cng nh sau : Trc khi thi cng o t ngi ta tin hnh thi cng phn tng bao ca tng hm trc sau tin hnh o t trong lng tng bao ny n y tng hm (y mng). Trng hp mng ca cng trnh l cc khoan nhi thi ngi ta cng tin hnh thi cng cc cng lc vi tng bao. Phn kt cu chnh ca tng hm cng nh ca cng trnh c thi cng t di ln trn, t mng n mi (Bottom-up). Ta c th gi y l phng php thi cng tng trong t. Phng php ny c u im rt ln l khng cn dng vn c gi vch h o. Trnh t thi cng cng trnh vn theo th t nh xa tc l xy t di xy ln. p dng c phng php ny th tng bao ca cng trnh phi c thit k bo m chu c ti trng do p lc t gy ra vi n ng thi n iu kin thi cng tng bao bng phng php "cc barret". Nhc im ca n l thi gian thi cng di v phi thi cng xong tng bao, cc (nu c) ri mi n o t v xy cng trnh. Nu trng hp tng bao
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khng t chu p lc th ta phi c bin php chng tng bng cc h chng hoc bng neo b tng. Trn hnh 3 trnh by 3 giai on thi cng theo phng php tng trong t t di ln : Giai on u (Hnh 3a) ta tin hnh thi cng tng trong t t di ln, giai on 2 (Hnh 3b) ta tin hnh o t trong lng tng bao v giai on 3 (Hnh 3c) ta tin hnh thi cng tng hm t di ln.
o t
a)
b)
c)
Cc phng php chng tng bao : Tng bao y c chiu su kh ln, chu p lc t cng kh ln nn cc phng php chng n gin mc II.1 khng p dng c, nu c th tin cy cng khng cao. V vy ta phi dng cc bin php chng tng bao nh sau :
a. Dng h o v ct chng vng gia cc tng i din (Hnh 4a). H dm ny
thng lm bng thp hnh gm cc x ngang, dm vng v ct chng x ngang t ln tng, tng chu p lc t (chu un). Dm vng l b phn chu lc chnh (chu nn) lm nhim v chng gi cc tng i din. Ct chng c nhim v gi cho dm vng n nh (gim chiu di tnh ton).
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H 4.a a1. Mbng hchng h o b hd ct nh t ng m
Ct chng b th ng p h nh
A D m T ng bao
a McA-A. Hgi chng 2. t t ng D m
Tha gi nh ng
Tha chng nh T ng ba o
Ct chng b th h ng p nh
Phng php ny c u im l n gin, d tnh ton, xung quanh rt tn vt liu lm x, dm, ct (c th thu hi 100%). Tuy nhin nhc im ca n l chim khng gian trong h o, khi thi cng, d b un vng gy kh khn cho qa trnh thi cng tng hm. Khi tng hm c thi cng xong th h chng ny s c d i v p lc ngang s chuyn vo khung nh (tng hm chu). Khi chiu ngang cng trnh ln th h chng tr nn phc tp v khong cch gia cc tng i din qu ln.
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TI NGHIN CU KHOA HC b. khc phc nhc im ca phng php trn ngi ta dng neo b tng gi
tng bao (Hnh 4b). Phng php ny c p dng khi ta cn khng gian thi cng trong lng h o. Vic t neo tu thuc vo lc cng m c th neo trn mt t hay neo ngm vo trong t. Trng hp neo ngm, khi o n u ngi ta khoan xuyn qua tng bao chn neo v c nh neo vo tng. Vi phng php ny tng gi vi ng lc trc nn hu nh l n nh hon ton. Khi tng hm c xy dng xong, tng c gi bi h kt cu tng hm, lc ny neo s c d i hoc li ty theo s tho thun ca ch u t vi cc cng trnh bn cnh. Nu tng bao h (khng lin kt vi kt cu tng hm) th cc neo s vn c gi nguyn v lm vic lu di, lc ny n cn c bo v cn thn.
t t nhin D neo y Mc n c ng m T h ng m x dng ang y
Neo y t ng hm
H 4b : Chng t ng bao bng hneo ng nh m

Ta thy c hai trng hp neo v chng u thi cng song song vi cng vic o t. o n u t neo hay t ct chng ti . Phng php ny tng bao hu nh khng chuyn v p lc t tc dng ln tng l p lc tnh. So snh gia hai phng php ta c th kt lun phng php dng ct dm chng h o d thc hin song n s gy nhiu cn tr cho thi cng trnh tng hm, ch cn nhng s sut nh c th xy ra s c ng tic. Vi phng php dng neo ngm m bo mt mt bng thi cng rng ri, thong ng song n i hi phi c thit k tnh ton neo v phi c thit b thi cng neo nh bm b tng, neo ng lc trc... phng php ny cho gi thnh kh cao ch nn p dng nhng cng trnh thc s cn thit n h neo ny.
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3. Phng php gia c nn trc khi thi cng h o : Khi cng trnh c thi cng nhng vng t ct, vic o t s gp kh khn v ct s l. Ngoi nhng bin php chng thnh h o nh nu trn ta cng c th p dng phng php gia c nn h o trc khi o t. N thch hp cho cng trnh co mt bng thi cng rng v chiu su h o khng ln. Ni dung ca phng php ny l trc khi thi cng o t ngi ta dng khoan v bm cao p pht va xi mng vo nn t xung quanh h o. Khi va xi mng rn chc s lm cho nn t c cng tng ln c th l tng h s dnh C v gc ma st trong ca nn t. Vi bin php gia c ny h o c th o thng ng hoc nghing theo gc kh nh.
B xi mng ct m B xi mng ct m
V XM-ct a c b xung m o
H 6 : Gia c h tr c khi mng nh o o
u im ca phng php ny l thi cng n gin, gi thnh thp, to mt bng thi cng thong khng b vng bi h chng. Nhc im

Kh xc nh chnh xc cc thng s ca nn sau khi gia c. tin tng thp. i hi phi c mt bng xung quanh rng gia c vung c nguy c
trt.
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4. Phng php thi cng t trn xung (Top-down) : phn trn chng ta trnh by phng php thi cng tng chn bng phng php "Bottom-up" ngha l thi cng t di ln theo cc phng php truyn thng. Trong phng php ny gi cho tng chn n nh khng b bin dng ngi ta s dng h ct dm chng hoc dng neo ngm. C hai phng php u bc l mt nhc im rt ln l chi ph cho cng tc chng v neo kh cao, ko di thi cng v i hi cc thit b tin tin. khc phc n, ngi ta a ra phng php thi cng t trn xung (Top-down). Bn cht ca phng php ny l : Bc 1 : Thi cng tng trong t v cc khoan nhi trc. Ct ca tng hm cng c thi cng cng cc nhi n ct mt nn. Bc 2 : Ngi ta tin hnh sn tng trt ngang trn mt t t nhin. Tng trt c t ln tng trong t v ct topdown. Ngi ta li dng lun cc l cu thang my, thang b, ging tri lm ca o t v vn chuyn t ln ng thi cng l ca thi cng tip cc tng di. Ngoi ra n cn l ca tham gia thng gi, chiu sng cho vic thi cng o t... Khi b tng t cng yu cu, ngi ta tin hnh o t qua cc l cu thang ging tri cho n ct ca sn tng th nht (1C) th dng li sau li tip tc t ct thp b tng sn tng 1C. Cng trong lc t mt sn tng trt ngi ta tin hnh thi cng phn thn ngha l t di ln. Khi thi cng n sn tng di cng ngi ta tin hnh b tng y nh lin vi u cc to thnh sn phm di cng, c cng l phn bn ca mng nh. Bn ny cn ng vai tr chng thm v chu lc y ni ca lc cimt. C hai phng php thi cng sn tng hm : Dng h ct chng hm thi cng (t ln cc nhi) h dm v sn tng hm. Dng ct chng tm (thng dng trong thc t l thp hnh ch I c gia cng t vo cc nhi, sau khi thi cng ct xong th d b.
Mi phng n trn u bc l nhng u im v nhc im ca n, p dng c phi tnh ton mt cch cht ch v khng nhng n lin quan n thi cng m c gii php kt cu na.
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u im ca phng php Top-down : Tin thi cng nhanh, qua thc t mt s cng trnh cho thy c th thi cng phn thn cng trnh ch mt 30 ngy, trong khi vi gii php chng quen thuc mi tng hm (k c o t, chng h dm tm, thi cng phn b tng) mt khong 45 n 60 ngy, vi nh 3 tng hm th thi gian thi cng t 3 --> 6 thng. Khng phi chi ph cho h thng chng ph. Chng vch t c gii quyt trit v dng tng v h kt cu cng trnh c bn v n nh cao. Khng tn h thng gio chng, cppha cho kt cu dm sn v sn thi cng trn mt t. Nhc im ca phng php Top-down : Kt cu ct tng hm phc tp. Lin kt gia dm sn v ct tng kh thi cng. Thi cng t trong khng gian kn kh thc hin c gii ho. Thi cng trong tng hm kn nh hng n sc kho ngi lao ng. Phi lp t h thng thng gi v chiu sng nhn to 5. Phng php thi cng semi Topdown : Bn cht ca phng php ny l : Bc 1 : Thi cng tng trong t v cc khoan nhi trc. Ct ca tng hm cng c thi cng cng cc nhi n ct mt nn. Bc 2 : Vi phng n ny ta tin hnh ch thi cng mt phn sn tng trt ngang trn mt t t nhin .Tng trt c t ln tng trong t v ct topdown. Vi phn sn c thi cng c tnh ton khi cng thi c th chu c p lc ngang ca t . Ngi ta li dng din tch phn sn cha thi cng lm ca o t v vn chuyn t ln ng thi cng l ca thi cng tip cc tng di. Ngoi ra n cn l ca tham gia thng gi, chiu sng cho vic thi cng o t... Khi b tng t cng yu cu, ngi ta tin hnh o t cho n ct ca sn tng th nht (1C) th dng li sau li tip tc t ct thp b tng mt phn sn nh tng trt. Khi thi cng n sn tng di cng ngi ta tin hnh b tng y nh lin vi u cc to thnh sn phm di cng, c cng l phn bn ca mng nh. Bn ny cn ng vai tr chng thm v chu lc y ni ca lc cimt. Sau ta thi cng vch tng hm v cc phn sn cn li theo trnh t thi cng t di ln theo cc phng php thi cng bnh thng
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Mi phng n trn u bc l nhng u im v nhc im ca n, p dng c phi tnh ton mt cch cht ch v khng nhng n lin quan n thi cng m c gii php kt cu na. u im ca phng php Semi Top-down : Tin thi cng nhanh, sau khi thi cng sn tng trn th ta khng phi mt qua nhiu thi gian ch b tng cng yu cu thi cng o t tng hm di v ta c th thi cng o t ti nhng v tr sn cha thi cng V khng gian thi cng rng ri hn phng php thi cng topdown n thun . Nh vy s gip ta d dng hn trong vn t chc thi cng hn iu ny rt quan trong trong vic rt ngn tin thi cng. Khng phi chi ph cho h thng chng ph. Chng vch t c gii quyt trit v dng tng v h kt cu cng trnh c bn v n nh cao. Khng tn h thng gio chng, cppha cho kt cu dm sn v sn thi cng trn mt t.
Nhc im ca phng php Semi Top-down : tng t nh phng php thi cng topdown.
Kt lun : Cng trnh Khu phc hp Nng Center l cng trnh c quy m ln c ch u t chia lm hai gi thu thi cng phn ngm v phn thn ring . Trong ti ny ta ch thc hin gi thu th nht l thi cng phn ngm : - Din tch sn tng hm 24994 - Quy m 4 tng hm - Chiu su o t 15,7 m Vi nhng phn tch trn v cng ngh thi cng tng hm th ta chn phng n thi cng tng hm theo phng php topdown hoc phng php semi topdown . la chn phng n hp l ta s t chc thi cng cho cng trnh theo hai phng n la chn phng n thi cng c thi gian thi cng ngn hn . v tnh chi ph xy dng cho hai phng n thi cng rt ra phng n c chi ph thp . Cui cng ta s kt hp hai yu t thi cng v kinh t chn phng n thi cng ti u cho cng trnh ny. CHNG 2 LP V LA CHN CC GII PHP K THUT - CNG NGH I. LA CHN GII PHP K THUT - CNG NGH TNG QUT 1. Cn c lp cc gii php k thut - cng ngh.
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- Da vo h s mi thu, p ng yu cu ca Ch u t vi cng trnh. - Da vo Lut u thu, cc ngh nh thng t vn bn hng dn lin qua, h quy chun, tiu chun xy dng Vit Nam, nc ngoi theo yu cu h s mi thu - H s thit k k thut, tin lng mi thu do bn mi thu cung cp. - Cn c vo a im xy dng, thc t mi mt ti khu vc thi cng, ln cn. - Cn c vo nng lc thc t ca nh thu . - Cn c vo chin lc cnh tranh ca nh thu . - Cn c vo hp ng kinh t c k kt gia Nh thu v Ch u t. 2. La chn gii php k thut - cng ngh tng qut : Cng trnh Nng Center l cng trnh dn dng cp I, phn ngm c quy m 4 tng hm .. Tng chiu su o t 15,7m , din tch mt bng xy dng l 5367,3m2, tng din tch sn 24994.2m2. Cc khoan nhi b tng ct thp , tng barret chn t bng b tng ct thp, chng thm bng ph gia hng Sika. Ngoi ra cng trnh cn c trang b cc h thng thit b k thut nh: thang my, h thng iu ha khng kh, h thng cp my tnh, cp in thoi, cp truyn hnh, h thng bo chy t ng, h thng cp in, cp thot nc, h thng phng chy, cha chy Cng trnh c xy dng nm v tr trung tm thnh ph, ba mt cng trnh tip gip vi ba tuyn ng ,mt mt gip vi nh dn. Cng trnh cn nm trn mt nn phc tp, c mc nc ngm cao . y l vn quan trng m chng ta phi quan tm trong vic la chn gii php cng ngh - k thut v t chc thi cng phi ph hp. Cng trnh c yu cu thc hin ng thi hn l 1000 ngy nh trong hp ng m bo c s dng cng nh kinh doanh ca ch u t. Do vy p ng yu cu ca ch u t th cng ngh thi cng c nh thu s dng thi cng cng trnh phi ph hp vi yu cu k thut c ra trong h s thit k. Cc loi my mc s dng trong thi cng cng trnh phi l nhng loi my hin i, c kh nng p ng vic thi cng phc tp ca cng trnh v c cng sut cao nhm m bo cht lng cng trnh. Qua vic phn tch nh gi tng qut v c im a cht khu t xy dng, v tr, quy m v c tnh s dng cng trnh cng nh kt hp iu kin thc t cng ty s a ra bin php v hng thi cng tng qut ca mt s cng tc chnh khi thi cng phn ngm cng trnh nh sau:
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2.1. cng tc trc t , o t , bin php chng thm: 2.1.1. cng tc trc t : - T chc nhn bn giao tim mc t Ban qun l cng trnh, C quan thit k, T vn gim st, vic bn giao ny phi lp thnh bin bn c ch k xc nhn ca cc bn lin quan. T c s tim mc bn giao t chc trin khai cc cng vic trc c k tip v lm c s nghim thu lu di trong qu trnh thi cng (lp bin php gi tim mc m bo thun li cho vic kim tra v s dng mc chun). Ngoi ra cn c cc cc chun xc nh trc nh v cng trnh. - B tr cn b trc a l 2 k s v 2 k thut vin c kinh nghim thi cng cc cng trnh tng t. - Vic chuyn tim ct c xc nh bng my kinh v, my thu bnh, my ton c in t, h thng dy cng, qu di, niv. - V tr cc tim ct v cc cao trnh khc c xc nh bng 2 my kinh v, 2 my thu bnh, 2 my ton c in t, h thng dy cng v qu di. - Tim ct cng trnh lun lun c kim tra trong sut qu trnh thi cng da trn cc mc c nh trn cng trnh v cc v tr ngoi cng trnh m bo kch thc v v tr theo thit k. - Trc khi thi cng cc cng vic phn sau phi c bn v hon cng cc phn vic lm trc nhm kp thi a ra cc gii php k thut khc phc nhng sai st c th c v phng nga cc sai st tip theo. Trn c s lp cc bn v hon cng phc v cho cng tc nghim thu thanh ton v bn giao cng trnh. Tt c cc dung sai v chnh xc cn tun th theo cc yu cu c qui nh trong cc tiu chun hin hnh c lin quan (TCVN 5724 - 1993, TCVN 5574 - 1991, TCVN 4453 - 1995) v cc quy nh v dung sai trong h s mi thu. 2.1.2. cng tc o t : - Thi gian thi cng: Thi cng vo ban m sau 20h ti, o t n u, vn chuyn t ht n . - o t gn tng khu. Khng o bng my ti cc v tr st mp tng vy, phn ny o th cng.
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- Cng tc o t tin hnh song song vi bin php top-down, chi tit xem bin php thi cng top-down v bn v. 2.1.3. Bin php h mc nc ngm , thot nc mt: S dng h thng rnh, h ga, my bm v ng kim lc h mc nc ngm v thot nc b mt. H thng ging lc ng knh nh b tr st nhau theo ng thng trn ton b mt bng. Nhng ging lc nh ni lin vi my bm chung. + Thit b Gm mt b kim lc, mt ng ht tp trung trong nc ni ng kim lc vi my bm. - My bm dng vi thit b kim lc h nng l my bm ly tm c chiu cao ht nc ln (8-9 m ct nc). - Kim lc l nhiu ng thp c ng knh nh di ti 10m gm 3 phn: on ng trn, on lc v on cui. - ng ht tp trung nc gm nhiu on ng thp lp rp vi nhau. Nhng ng ny c u t ni vi on ng thu nc. + Nguyn l hot ng - H kim lc thng ng sao cho u kim lc ng v tr thit k. - Dng ba g nh cho kim cm phn u vo t. Ming ng ht nc ni vi my bm cao p. - Cho bm nc vo trong kim lc, di p sut ln nc c nn vo trong kim lc, y van vnh khuyn ng li v nn van hnh cu xung, nc theo cc l rng nhn phun ra ngoi. Vi p sut ln, cc tia nc phun ra lm xi l t u kim lc, ko theo t, bn chy ln mt t. Do b xi u kim, t b no ra v cun i. Di sc nn do trng lng bn thn, kim lc t t chm xung su cn h. Khi ngng bm, nc ngm v t xung quanh chn cht kim lc. - Hot ng ca kim lc: ng ht nc ni vi h thng ng gom nc v ni vi bm ht. Khi bm ht nc ln, nc ngm ngm qua h thng lc vo y van vnh khuyn m ra, trn vo ng c ht ln. ng thi do p sut nc ngm, van cu ng li gi khng cho bn ct vo trong khu lc. 2.1.4. Bin php chng thm:
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Cng tc chng thm cho cc cu kin b tng c chng ti c bit lu trong sut qu trnh thi cng. a. Chng thm y tng hm : + Vt liu - SIKAPROOF-MEMBRANE: Mng mng chng thm n hi cao (khong 1,5kg/m2 cho 3 lp). - SIKA LATEX: Cht kt ni v ph gia chng thm cho va (khong 0,8lits cho 1 lp va dy khong 20mm). + Chun b - B mt b tng phi c lm phng, nhn. - Lm bo ho b mt bng nc sch (Khng ng nc). + Phng php thi cng - Qut 1 lp lt SIKAPROOF-MEMBRANE c pha long vi 20-50% nc bng bn chi hoc phun ln b mt cn chng thm (mt s dng 0,2-0,3 kg/m2). - i lp lt kh hn(t 1-2h) mi qut tip 3 lp chng thm SIKAPROOFMEMBRANE (khng pha nc vi mt s dng 0,6 kg/m2). - Lng 1 lp va SIKA LATEX dy 30mm lm lp bo v. b. Chng thm thnh tng hm : + Vt liu - SIKA LATEX + nc + xi mng (t l 1:1:4 theo khi lng) lm lp kt ni. - SIKA LATEX/nc (1/3 th tch) v xi mng/ct (1/3 khi lng) lm lp va trt. +Chun b - B mt b tng thnh tng hm phi c lm phng, nhn v bo ho nc. + Phng php thi cng - Qut 1 lp kt ni SIKA LATEX chng thm ln b mt b tng, i lp kt ni kh hn(t 1-2h) mi trt lp va SIKA LATEX.
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- Trt lp va SIKA LATEX (khong 40lt/m3 va) dy 30mm lm lp bo v. 2.2. Cng tc ct thp : 2.2.1. Cc c im thi cng chung cho tt c cc cu kin : - Thp trc khi dng phi c th nghim ko th vt liu xc nh cng thc t. Th nghim ny phi c s cng nhn ca gim st k thut v phi c cn b gim st k thut ng mi c s dng. Bin bn nghim thu cng tc ct thp ngoi ni dung nh: s lng, chiu di, ng knh v v tr t cn phi km theo chng ch mu th. - Ct thp c gia cng sn theo thit k ti xng, xp theo tng loai ng knh v b nh du vn chuyn ti v tr thi cng bng cu. Khi vn chuyn ct thp trong cng trng, nh thu s b tr cn b hng dn cng nhn cch bo v thp khi bin dng, h hi. Thp lun c bo qun cch mt t ti thiu 45cm. Thp c xp thnh l theo ng knh v c bng k hiu d nhn bit bng mt thng, d s dng. - Ti chn thit b nh cu thp s t bng bo s thanh ng vi chiu di v ng knh thanh thp cho php trong mt ln vn chuyn cng nhn bit v b buc ng qui cch. - Hn ni ct thp v cc chi tit t sn bng que hn E42 hoc loi c cng tng ng. - Ct thp phi v sinh sch trc khi a vo lp dng. - Buc cc con k c sn bng XM vi khong cch 300 - 500mm m bo chiu dy lp b tng bo v theo thit k.. - Ct thp ai ca cc cu kin phi c buc hoc hn vo ct thp ch chu lc. Tng loi ct ai phi o ct, un th kim tra li kch thc chnh xc, m bo chiu dy lp b tng bo v trc khi sn xut hng lot.. Khi hn, buc, mt phng ct ai phi vung gc vi trc dc ca ct thp. - Ct thp ch nh ra ngoi phm vi b tng phi c c nh bng thanh ngang trnh rung ng lm lch v tr thp ch. Khng b cong thp ch mi v tr. 2.2.2 Thi cng ct thp mng :
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- Trc khi lm thp mng cn kim tra cc trc nh v mng theo cc chiu ngang, dc v nh du bng sn ln b tng lt. - Gia cng ct thp mng ti xng v sau vn chuyn n cng trng bng xe chuyn dng, ct thp sau khi gia cng c b thnh b v nh s cng nhn d nhn bit v tr lp dng. - Trong qu trnh lp dng ct thp mng, phi c bit ch n thp neo ca u cc. Phi m bo chiu di neo ca thp ny. Nu khng phi hn ni. 2.2.3 Thi cng ct thp ct - Trc khi lm thp ct cn kim tra cc trc nh v ct theo cc chiu ngang, dc v nh du bng sn ln tng hoc sn. - Ct thp ct c ni buc. Khi ni buc ct thp Khng c trng qu 30% mi buc trn cng mt mt ct v phi c kim tra nghim thu trc khi thi cng phn tip theo. - Thi cng lp dng ct thp ct c th s dng th cng, kt hp vi cu dng treo thp trong khi c nh, buc v c nh ct i. Trc khi lp t ct thp cn phi dng cc thit b trc c nh v sn tim, mc , vch xung nn b tng. Sau khi c nh bng buc, iu chnh ct thp ch cho ng kch thc theo thit k ri mi buc ct ai. Sau khi lp t ct thp cho tng cu kin ct nh thu s li s dng thit b trc c kim tra li v tr, tim ct, mp ct trc khi nghim thu. - Trong khi thi cng lp dng ct thp ct phi s dng gio lm sn thao tc. Chn gio phi c neo vo sn. Sn thao tc phi chc chn, phi c lan can an ton cng nhn c ch ng v ta vng chc trong khi thi cng. - Buc cc du thp ch lin kt gia ct v tng theo thit k. - Ct thp ct l ct thp theo phng ng, hn na chiu cao ca thanh thp l ln nn trong qua trnh thi cng lp dng ct thp ct cn c bin php c nh ct thp theo phng ng. C th trong trng hp ny nh thu s s dng h thng cy chng thp n vng chng theo hai phng. 2.2.4 Thi cng ct thp dm : - Thi cng ct thp dm: v c chiu di v kch thc dm ln: khi lng thp cho mt dm rt ln chnh v vy khng th t hp ct thp dm di t ri cu ln ng v tr c m phi t hp thp trn sn v trn ng v tr.
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- Cu thp ln ng v tr thi cng. S dng h sn cng gia cng nh hnh k thp chnh ca dm, sau lng ct ai c gia cng sn vo, nh v tm mt vi v tr chnh ca ct ai ri tin hnh buc ct thp ai vo ct thp ch. - Khi hon thnh khung chnh ca ct thp dm mi tin hnh buc con k. Vic buc con k b tng phi tho mn chiu dy lp b tng bo v nu trn v phi m ba chiu dy lp b tng bo v l u . Con k phi oc buc cng v khng dch chuyn. - Sau khi hon thnh khung thp dm, dng con ln, kt hp vi cu dch chuyn ct thp dm vo ng v tr. Trong qu trnh dch chuyn c bit ch trnh va chm ct thp vo thnh cp pha. 2.2.5 Thi cng ct thp sn :
- Thi cng lp thp di sn: Vic lp dng lp thp di hon ton tun theo thit k
v theo TCVN 4453-95. - S dng con k b tng vi li <500x500mm m bo thp sn khng b x st xung sn cp pha. - Trong qu trnh thi cng buc thp, do si thp di khi vn chuyn c th lm x lch cc v tr ca ct thp hoc con k. Nh thu s t chc lp ct thp theo kiu cun chiu v theo tng hng. Trnh vic vn chuyn hoc i li ln trn v tr lp dng ct thp. - Khi thi cng lp thp trn, nh thu s c bit ch n con k to khong cch v mi lin kt gia hai lp ct thp. Theo ch dn k thut ca h s mi thu , ch u t yu cu s dng con k bng thp d12 a=1000. Nh thu s dng loi con k thp d12 nhng u c bc nha trnh b n mn, ph hu khi con k tip xc vi cp pha v sau ny l khng kh. - Trong khi thi cng lp thp trn, nh thu s phi hp cht ch vi cc nh thu thi cng in nc cng ngh t sn cc chi tit ngm trong b tng. 2.2.6 Thi cng ct thp tng lng thang my : - Ct thp tng v lng thang my l ct thp theo phng ng nn rt kh thi cng. Khi thi cng cn b tr tng nhm th t 5 n 7 ngi d phi hp . - Khi lp dng ct thp, trc tin c th lp dng s b tng khung vung trc (Kch thc tng c th ly bng chiu di thanh thp). (i vi lng thang my th
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c th dng h khung chnh ti cc gc ca lng thang my). Sau dng ct chng bng thp, chng tm h khung cng theo phng ng ri tip tc lp thp an. - Khi an thp theo li, dng cc thp d12 ct sn bng chiu dy bn tng buc neo gia hai li thp. Khong cch gia cc neo <=600mm. 2.3 Cng tc ct pha : 2.3.1 Cc nguyn tc chung khi thi cng ct pha : - Cp pha s dng: Cp pha thp nh hnh kt hp cp pha g. - H gio chng: S dng h gio thp PAL kt hp vi ct chng n bng thp d60. H ging gio l h thp ng d60 lin kt bng kho thp s 8. H x g: X g g, kt hp x g thp. X g g vi cc m un chun nh sau: 80x120, 60x120, 60x100. H x g thp s dng h dm Co rt PECSO hoc thp hnh. - Tt c cp pha, gio chng, x g u c phn loi, tp kt theo tng chng loi, xp ti cc v tr ring bit tin cho cng tc huy ng. Ngc li khi d cp pha cng phn loi v xp gn theo tng loi. Vn chuyn cp pha t v tr lu gi nh: kho h, n v tr c th cu c bng phng tin th s nh xe cng nng hoc l xe ci tin. Sau s dng cu bnh lp loi t 16 n 25 tn cu cp pha ti v tr lp t. Cp pha c t vo cc thng khung thp gii hn ti trng v trnh ri vi , m bo an ton lao ng. - Vn chuyn cp pha trn cng mt bng c th s dng xe ci tin. Trong qua trnh vn chuyn cp pha phi ht sc trnh lm va chm gy cong vnh. Trc khi lp dng cp pha cho bt c chi tit no, nh thu s thc hin cng tc trc c nh v v lm du. i vi cc chi tit st vo sn hoc cc chi tit c nh c th dng phng php lm mc du (bt mc...). i vi cc chi tit trn cao hoc gia khong khng phi lp t gio, ct chng nh du cc im chun. Sau khi ghp xong cp pha cho cc chi tit nh thu s dng thit b trc c d kim tra li tim, ct trc khi nghim thu. Cp pha nghim thu s c m bo tho mn: chnh xc v kch thc hnh hc. chnh xc ca cc chi tit t sn. bn vng ca nn, gio ct chng v vn khun. cng v kh nng chng bin dng ca ton h thng kn kht ca vn khun.
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- Khi lp dng cp pha cn tun th nguyn tc: Tt c cc vng chng u c ng thnh ming cng ( hnh tam gic) trnh bin dng. 2.3.2 Thi cng ct pha mng : - Mng c s dng ch yu bng cp pha thp nh hnh. Ti cc v tr c hnh dng phc tp c th s dng cp pha g. H vng chng cng l thp nh hnh... - Ti khu vc o su, do h mng su phi tin hnh cu cp pha xung h mng. Khng vt t trn cao xung, d gy cong vnh. 2.3.3 Thi cng ct pha ct : S dng cp pha nh hnh bng thp c cc ca b tng cao 1,5m. L ch c nh hnh d thao tc trong qu trnh thi cng. Gng cp pha bng thp xit bu lng m bo thng ng kn kht. Dng 2 my kinh v iu chnh cp pha ng cc tim trc ,theo phng thng ng. Nghim thu v sinh cp pha trc khi b tng. - V ct c kch thc ln nn ton b h chng l dng thp ng nh hnh m bo nguyn tc cp pha phi cng vng, kn kht. Khng thao tc lp dng h chng li da trn mt h thng khng cng vng c th gy bin dng, v d nh cp pha ca cc chi tit khc. - Lp cc h vng chng, tng , dn do v sn thao tc. 2.3.4 Thi cng ct pha dm : - S dng cp pha nh hnh bng thp c kt hp vi cp pha g. Gng cp pha bng g c 60x60. Tt c cc vng chng u c ng v lin kt vi nhau thnh ming cng. Dng 2 my kinh v iu chnh cp pha ng cc tim trc, theo phng thng ng. Nghim thu v sinh cp pha trc khi b tng. - Kch thc dm ln nn cng tc vng ngang cp pha thnh cp pha khng b cong vnh, h l ht sc quan trng. Nh thu s s dng cc thanh chng phnh ngang t cht trong b tng bng cc thp dt tit din 20x2 (mm). 2.3.5 Thi cng ct pha sn : - Cng tc lp dng cp pha sn phi c thc hin chnh xc ngay t khi lp dng h gio. Nh thu s tin hnh nghim thu ni b ngay sau khi lp dng h gio. gio phi m bo cng vng, cng nh m bo n nh. Ton b h gio PAL phi c ging xin v phi c neo vo sn tng di.
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Khi ghp cp pha cho sn cn ch la chn cc tm c m un tiu chun tho mn kch thc sn. Ch cc v tr c kch thc nh, hnh dng khc thng mi s dng cp pha g. - Khi ghp cp pha: S tin hnh ghp theo mt hng nht nh cho mt sn. - Khi pht hin sai lch ti mt im no vt qu sai s cho php cn tin hnh iu chnh. Nu l sai lch nh c th cho php iu chnh cc b: iu chnh x g, hoc iu chnh gio, ct chng ti im . Nu l sai lch ln phi diu chnh c khu vc theo phng php ng dn. Tc l thay i chiu cao h chng c khu vc tng t ri tin hnh kim tra. Nu cha c li tip tc iu chnh. 2.4. Cng tc b tng : 2.4.1 cc nguyn tc chung khi thi cng b tng : - Nh thu s ln k hoch b tng ti thiu trc 2 ngy trm trn kp ln k hoch vn chuyn cung cp ti cng trng. - Phng n cung cp b tng ca nh cung cp l s dng my bm b tng t hnh vn chuyn ti v tr . Thi gian vn chuyn n mt bng cng trng khng qu 10 pht. - Kim tra st v c mu b tng i vi mi mt m trn (150 m3) Mi mu th nghim bao gm bn khi lp phng KT 200. Khi mt th nghim sau thi gian l 7 ngy. Khi 2 th nghim sau thi gian l 14 ngy. Khi 3 v 4 th nghim sau thi gian 28 ngy. Nh thu s b tr mt phng lm vic cho cn b th nghim ly mu v mt b nc th nghim bo dng mu b tng. - b tng i vi ct, vch, thang .... b tng bng cu bnh lp. B tng c vo ben t 0,5 n 1m3 . Cu bnh lp cu ben b tng ti v tr cn v trt b tng qua ng vi voi. - Phi tin hnh nghim thu ct thp, vn khun trc khi b tng . - Trc khi b tng phi v sinh v ra sch sn bng nc hoc dng my nn kh. (Nh thu s b tr cng bt chng bi khi nh hng n mi trng sinh hot ca cc khu vc ln cn. Kim tra li cc con k, b tr ba ca b tng lin tc trnh hin tng ngh gia ca lm b tng khng lin khi. Trng hp tri nng v kh cn bo dng ngay khi b tng se mt trnh trng hp nt mt b tng. - Trc khi b tng cc cu kin cn bi du chng dnh b mt cp pha. - Khi thi cng b tng nh thu s theo di v ghi nht k cc ni dung sau:
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1. Thi gian bt u v kt thc b tng b phn kt cu. 2. Mc b tng, st. 3. Khi lng b tng theo phn on 4. Bin bn kim tra th nghim mu b tng. 5. Nhit ngoi tri trong thi gian BT 6. Nhit b tng khi . - Ch khi b tng t cng t 25 Kg/cm2 tr ln mi cho php ngi i li trn cc kt cu tin hnh cc cng vic tip theo. - Trong qu trnh b tng, lun b tr hai my kinh v khng ch kch thc ca cc chi tit. 2.4.2 Thi cng b tng ct : - B tng phi lin tc v m di theo cc lp <40cm chiu cao ri ca b tng khng cao qu 1,5m trnh s phn tng. m bo chiu cao b tng <1,5m, trong qu trnh ghp cp pha t ca ch b tng. - Thng xuyn kim tra theo di n nh ca cp pha nu c hin tng cn s l ngay. - Khi lp gio thi cng phi chia thnh hai tng sn thao tc, ng vi khi b tng qua ca b tng v khi trc tip pha trn cp pha. - Ly mu th nghim cho tng l ct theo ch dn ca k thut hin trng. Tin hnh bo dng b tng ct sau 2 gi v tho d cp pha sau 48 gi. 2.4.3 Thi cng b tng dm sn: - Trc khi b tng sn cn tin hnh kim tra tng th mt bng khng nh rng cp pha, gio, ct thp, thp v cc chi tit t sn, cc v tr ng ng, ng dy k thut khc c lp t chnh xc. - b tng sn bng my bm di ng. - Khi thi cng b tng sn tun th theo nguyn tc: thi cng b tng t xa v gn. Hng thi cng b tng sn xin xem Bn v thi cng b tng sn. - B tng sn c lin tc cho tng khi sn theo thit k. Khng b tr mch ngng thi cng. - Dng thc tm 2 m san gt b tng.
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- S dng my m, cng nh vic i li ca cng nhn trong qu trnh b tng phi m bo khng c thau i v tr ca cc chi tit t trc. - Khi m b tng phi cho u di ngp su vo b tng ti tiu n lp thp di. m ti thiu 3 ln trn 1 im. - Khi b tng xe mt (sau 4-5 h) tin hnh dng my xoa b mt b tng. Bn knh chng gia hai ln xoa ti thiu l 0,3D (D bn knh my xoa) 2.4.4 Thi cng b tng vch : - Thi cng vch lin tc khng mch ngng thi cng. - b tng bng cu bnh lp. - V chiu dy vch nh v chiu cao ln ln khi ghp cp pha phi cc ca b tng cao 1,5m khong cch ca b tng <=2m - Tin hnh m vch b tng bng m di. Chiu dy mi lp m <=40cm. Mi im m ti tiu 3 ln. 2.4.5 m b tng : - b tng n u san bng v m ngay n y, khng thnh ng cao, trnh hin tng cc ht to ca ct liu ri dn xung chn ng. Trong khi v m, nu thy ct liu to tp chung li mt ch th co ra v trn li cho u khng c dng va lp ph ln trn. Khng dng m san b tng. Khng b tng vo ch b tng cha c m cht. - B tng phi c m trong sut qu trnh , cn m k tt c cc gc ca vn khun c bit l khe dn v khe co. Phng php m * m chn ng trong (m di) m lun phi vung gc vi mt b tng, nu kt cu nm nghing th mi m nghing theo. Nu b tng lm nhiu lp, th m phi cm c 5-10 cm vo lp b tng trc. Chiu dy lp b tng m khng vt qu 3/4 chiu di ca m. Thi gian m phi ti thiu, t 15-60 s Khi m xong mt v tr, di chuyn sang v tr khc phi nh nhng, rt ln
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hoc tra m xung t t.

-
Khong cch gia hai v tr m phi nh hn hai ln bn knh nh hng ca m, thng ly 1,5 ro. Khong cch t v tr m n vn khun l: 2d < l1 0,5 ro; khong cch gia v tr m cui cng n v tr s b tng tip theo l: l2 2 ro Trong : d - ng knh ca m di ro - bn knh nh hng ca m
* m mt (m bn) Chiu dy tc dng ca m mt l 3-35 cm, chiu dy ti u l 3-20 cm. Phi khng ch thi gian m cho tng loi kt cu v tng loi m Khong cch gia hai v tr m lin nhau phi c chng ln nhau mt khng 3-5 cm. Vic m s c tip tc cho n tn khi b tng khng cn co ngt, mt lp mng va xut hin trn b mt v khng cn thy bong bng kh na. My m rung s khng c s dng dch chuyn b tng v s c rt ra t t ngn nga khong rng. B tng sau khi v m th khng c i li trn hoc gy chn ng. B tng trc khi b ng rn cc b khng c s dng v phi di chuyn khi hin trng. b tng xong phi lm ro chn phng nga cc phng tin giao thng i vo. C n bo ban m. 2.4.6 Cng tc bo dng b tng : - Thi gian bo dng b tng ma h 14 ngy, ma ng l 7 ngy. - m bo qu trnh ng kt b tng khng b nt cn tin hnh bo dng b tng ngay sau khi 2h . - C th tin hnh bo dng b tng cho cc cu kin theo cc cch sau: + Khi b tng mi xong: Dng bao ti gai ti nc ph ln b mt cu kin nh: dm, sn vch. C sau 4-5h li ti nc 1 ln. + Khi b tng c 1 ngy: Dng my bm, phun nc trc tip vo cc kt cu. Mt ngy bm nc t 3 n 4 ln. 3 Phng n phn chia t, phn on trong t chc thi cng :
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Khi chia on v phn t thi cng, cn ch cc c im sau : - Khi btng ton khi do cc nguyn nhn v thi tit, kh hu, nhn cng, vt liu, k thut, t chc... khng th thi cng lin tc ton b kt cu cng trnh c m phi ngng nhiu v tr, nhng ch ngng c b tr nhng ni nht nh gi l mch ngng. Trong mi kt cu mch ngng phi c b tr nhng ni t quan trng nht nhng vn phi m bo chu lc tt v khng b ph hoi, dng chia on hay phn t phi ph hp vi c tnh chu lc ca kt cu (nh khe ln, khe nhit, tng nh, n nguyn v.v). Phi tun theo quy phm k thut, quy tc an ton, tnh nng my mc thit b thi cng. - Thun li cho vic t chc. - Trong iu kin cho php, nn chia on, phn t sao cho tiu hao lao ng thc hin cc on (hay t) tng t nhau. - Khng nn chia i tng thi cng thnh qu nhiu on, v theo din cng tc s b thu hp, ko theo lm gim s lng nhn cng, xe my, c th b tr trn mt bng, lm cho tc thi cng b chm li v lm ko di thi gian thc hin cc qu trnh. II. LA CHN GII PHP THI CNG CC KHOAN NHI V CC BARRET Thit k gii php thi cng l mt trong nhng ni dung quan trng nht ca thit k t chc thi cng, n quyt nh cht lng, thi gian, gi thnh cng trnh. Khi chn bin php thi cng cn lu : + S dng c gii ha ti a, nht l cc khu nng nhc, kt hp tt gia c gii v th cng, gia c gii b phn v c gii tng hp, gim pht sinh ngng vic, p dng phng php t chc lao ng tin tin. + Chn bin php thi cng sao cho s my v loi my phi huy ng l t nht nhm n gin bt cng tc qun l my v lao ng. + Km theo bin php thi cng phi c bin php an ton lao ng. + Ton b hot ng thi cng phi c thc hin sao cho khng gy tr ngi, h hng, tn tht cho cc cng trnh k thut h tng khu vc xy dng. Mi s c gy ra n v thi cng s t x l khng nh hng n tin thi cng. Thit k t chc thi cng nhm mc tiu l xc lp nhng d kin v mt gii php tng th, kh thi nhm bin k hoch u t v n thit k cng trnh tr thnh hin thc chuyn giao cho bn s dng ph hp yu cu v cht lng, tin thc
TI NGHIN CU KHOA HC
hin, v tit kim chi ph v an ton xy dng theo yu cu tng giai on t cng tc chun b n thc hin xy dng cng trnh. Thit k t chc thi cng cng trnh l bin php quan trng, khng th thiu v l phng tin qun l hot ng thi cng mt cch khoa hc. Thng qua thit k t chc thi cng, mt lot vn v cng ngh v t chc, kinh t v qun l sn xut s c th hin ph hp vi c im cng trnh v iu kin thi cng c th. * Qui trnh thi cng tng barret v cc khoan nhi nh sau: a. Nghin cu H s - Kim tra h s thi cng v thc t hin trng. - Nghin cu bin php v an ton, bo h khi thi cng. b. Cng tc chun b - Kim tra hin trng v h s thi cng. - Chun b mt bng thi cng. - Xy dng v thu kho bi. - Chun b cc iu kin v sinh v an ton. - T chc ln tri, vn phng cng trng. c. Thi cng tng Barret - o h cho barret u tin. - H lng ct thp cho barret th nht. - t giong chng thm v b tng cho barret th nht . - o h barret tip theo v tho b g lp giong chng thm . - H lng ct thp v,t giong chng thm v b tng cho barret tip theo. C tip tc nh vy cho n khi thi cng xong tng barret. d. Thi cng cc khoan nhi. - H ng vch . - Khoan to l. - No vt h khoan. - H lng ct thp . - H ng Tremie. - Thi ra. - b tng. - Rt ng vch. - Kim tra cht lng cc.
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1. THI CNG TNG BARRET 1.1. Qui trnh chnh xy dng tng Barrette Tng Barrette c chia thnh cc panels c ni vi nhau bng cc cnh ngn ca tit din, gia cc cnh ngn ca panels c giong chng thm. Trnh t thi cng tng Barrette bng phng php b tng ti ch c thc hin theo qui trnh sau: 1.1.1. Cng tc chun b Cng tc chun b h thng in, nc phc v thi cng - H thng in: Cung cp in cho thi cng bao gm cc loi tiu th: in chy my, in phc sn xut v in phc v sinh hot. Kim tra cng sut in la chn ng dy, ngun cung cp v cc thit b in. S dng h thng in trong khi thi cng phi m bo an ton cho ngi v thit b my mc bng cch c h tip a ng yu cu. Trong qu trnh s dng in li th vn phi b tr mt my pht in d phng vi cng sut tng ng m bo ngun in lin tc trong 24 gi. - Nc s dng trong thi cng phi l nc sch, khng c cht hu c, mui ha tan v cc hp cht gy hi khc. Lng nc dng cho sn xut, sinh hot v cu ha m bo cung ng y v lin tc 24 gi trong ngy. - Thot nc: B tr b s l nc thi v h thng rnh, ng thot nc trong cng trnh hp l. Trong qu trnh thi cng, cng nh v ma ma nc khng b ngp ng trong cng trnh, nhm m bo cho vic thi cng v v sinh mi trng xung quanh. - My mc v thit b thi cng: Thit b thi cng l c s vt cht k thut quan trng trong qu trnh thi cng, n nh hng trc tip n tin v cht lng cng trnh. Vic chn cc thit b my mc thi cng hp l l cn thit v ph hp vi yu cu thi cng ca tng cng trnh.
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Cng tc chun b cc thit b v vt t phc v thi cng: - Trm trn Bentonite v cc my khuy trn. - H thng rnh v ng ng thu hi Bentonite - My sng ct dng trong vic ti s dng Bentonite. - ng b tng (Tremie) - Bn thp chn b tng hoc tm vinyl chn b tng. - Ba tho vn thp. - ng siu m. - My bm t chm v ng ng khuy Bentonite. - Thc dy cp c bm mc chia mt v thc thp. - Giong chng thm (CWS) m bo cht lng v cc c tnh k thut cn thit theo yu cu thit k. Cng tc chun b vt t, vt liu: Tt c cc loi vt t, vt liu c a vo s dng cho cng trnh phi m bo ng chng loi theo yu cu ca thit k. - Vt liu thp: c a v cng trng xp trn cc gi k cao trn mt t, nh s chng loi v c che chn trnh h hng do thi tit. Thp phi c ngun gc sn xut ng vi yu cu thit k. Thp c th nghim phi c kt qu m bo cng v cc ch tiu c l tha mn tiu chun Vit Nam: TCVN 5574-1991 (Kt cu b tng ct thp) v TCVN 1651-1985 (Thp ct b tng).
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- Vt liu xi mng: Xi mng c bo qun trong kho, nn c k cao trnh m, c sp xp theo trnh t l sn xut. C giy chng nhn nhn mc v ph hp TCVN.2682-1992. - Vt liu : dng cho b tng m bo cng ph hp TCVN.1771-1986, khng ln vi tp cht, cc ht mm v phong ha trong khng c qu 5%, cc ht thoi dt khng c qu 30% v phi c ngun gc ca nh sn xut. - Vt liu ct: Ct dng trong b tng phi ph hp vi TCVN.1770-1986, ct c ng knh u v khng ln vi tp cht. - S dng Bentonite: Phi m bo cc c tnh sau: + T trng: 1,2 gam/ml. + nht: Marsh khong 3040 giy. + tch nc < 40cm3. + pH trong khong 710. + Hm lng ct 5%. Thit b kim tra ti hin trng: - Thit b trc c: My kinh v, my thy bnh. - Thit b kim tra h o: Thc o dy cp c bm mc chia mt v thc thp. - Thit b kim tra dung dch Bentonite: + Cn t trng BAROID v cn bn o t trng. + Phu tiu chun (c vi l chy ng knh 4,75mm cho dung dch Bentonite chy qua trong thi gian phi ln hn 35 giy) o nht Marsh. + Dng c lutriomtre, b sng ct o hm lng ct.
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+ Dng c lc p BAROID di p lc 0,7Mpa trong 30 pht o tch nc. + Giy pH o pH. Thit b kim tra b tng:
+ Phu tiu chun kim tra st. + Khun c mu: 151515 cm, theo tiu chun Vit Nam. + Khun c mu tr: (1530), theo tiu chun M. + Khun c mu tr: (1532), theo tiu chun Php. + My siu m ca hng PDI (M), Model: CHA + Phu tiu chun kim tra : <100m. + Chiu dy lp b tng kim tra: <3m. + in p: 100-240V xoay chiu hoc 12V mt chiu. + Tn s ly mu: 500kHz. + Sai s: 2s. + Chiu di u pht: 240mm. + Chiu di u thu: 195mm 1.1.2. Chun b mt bng thi cng - Lp tng mt bng thi cng: Phi th hin y cc ni dung cng vic trn c s tnh ton nhm phc v thi cng thun li nht. Trn tng mt bng phi th hin y s b tr cc cng trnh tm nh: ng thi cng, cc khu vc gia cng ti cng trng, h thng ng in, ng nc ng vch, ni b tr vt liu, h thng ng dn hoc mng thu hi dung dch Bentonite.
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Trong qu trnh thi cng, mt bng thi cng c thc hin theo ng phng n c duyt. Cng tc kim tra:
+ Kim tra trc khi thi cng: H thng in nc phc v cho thi cng v phc v sinh hot. + Kim tra v chy th my mc v cc thit b k thut. + Nghin cu thit k bn v k thut. + Hng thi cng cho tng dn v tng Barrette, trn c s tnh ton k tuyn i li ca cc phng tin thi cng nh my o t, xe vn chuyn t, xe vn chuyn b tng v cc loi phng tin khc, chun b phng tin xc v vn chuyn t t y h o, chun b ni t ph thi ca cng trnh. + Xc nh trnh t o thi cng cho ton cng trnh. + m bo yu cu giao thng trn cng trng khng b cn tr, m bo c tin v cht lng cng trnh. Chun b mt bng xy dng:Mt bng xy dng phi c b tr trn c s b tr my thi cng, kho vt liu, cu ra xe b tng v ng vn chuyn t ph thi cng nh vt liu cung cp cho cng trnh, phi b tr hp l. 1.1.3. Chun b h o Trc khi o ho phi tin hnh trc a cho ton b cng trnh, nh v ng dn, m bo yu cu o ng v tr v hng o thng gc. Cng tc nh du mc nh v ta , v cao phi c chun b k v phi lp bin bn nghim thu trc khi thi cng. o tng dn theo mt bng dc tuyn ho nh v theo thit k k thut, t vo tng dn mt khung c bng thp c ch to sn. Tng dn bng b tng ct
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thp hoc xy bng gch XM max 75 nh v hai bn vi chiu cao v chiu su m bo kch thc h o v thit b thi cng khng b nh hng trong qu trnh thi cng.
Phn chia tng phn ho o cho ph hp vi iu kin thc t mt bng v iu kin a cht ti hin trng vic thi cng c hiu qu nht, vic phn chia tng t thi cng c tin hnh ngay trn tng nh v.(bn v thi cng tng barret) 1.1.4. Thi cng barret u tin
1800
BE NGO I KHU A A N A O T
200
450
800
du d Bentonite ng ch
250
BE TRO KHU A A N NG O T
Bc 1: Dng gu o thch hp m bo c kch thc nh hnh sn, o mt phn h n chiu su thit k, c th o c h khi kch thc h o nh, o n u phi kp thi cung cp dung dch Bentonite n . Bc 2: o phn h bn cnh, cch phn h u mt di t. Bc 3: o nt phn cn li (o trong dung dch Bentonite) hon thnh mt panels u tin theo thit k. Bc 4: t giong chng thm CWS vo h o sn (c th s dng dng c c thit k ph hp) trong dung dch Bentonite, sau h lng thp vo h mng. Bc 5: b tng theo phng php va dng. Bc 6: Hon thnh b tng cho ton b panels th nht. o h cho panels tip theo v tho b gi lp giong chng thm.
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Bc 7: o mt phn h n su thit k. o cch panels u tin mt di t sau khi b tng ca panels trc lin kt c khong 12 gi. Bc 8: o tip n st panels s 1. Bc 9: G b g lp giong chng thm bng gu o khi cnh panels s 1, nhng giong chng thm CWS vn nm ti ch tip gip gia hai panen Bc 10: H lng ct thp xung h o cha y dung dch Bentonite. t b g lp cng vi giong chng thm vo v tr. Bc 11: b tng cho panels th hai bng phng php va dng nh panels s 1. Bc 12: Tip tc o h cho panels th ba pha bn kia ca panels s mt. Vic thc hin t b g lp cng vi giong chng thm v h lng ct thp, b tng cho panels th ba ging nh thc hin cho cc panels trc. Tip tc thi cng theo qui trnh thi cng nh vy hon thnh ton b bc tng trong t nh thit k. 1
2 3
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>3 m
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10
11
12
Hnh 1.3: Quy trnh thi cng tng Barrette

Ghi ch: 1. o mt phn h mng; 2. o phn h mng bn cnh; 3. o phn cn li hon thin h o; 4. H lng ct thp v t giong chng thm; 5. b tng theo phng php va dng; 6. b tng xong; 7. o mt h cch panels th nht mt khong t; 8. o hon chnh h cho panels th hai; 9. Tho b gh lp giong; 10. H lng ct thp v t giong chng thm cho panels th hai; 11. b tng cho panels th hai; 12. xong b tng cho panels th hai, ri o h cho panels th ba.
1.1.5. Chn my thi cng tng barret a.Chn my thi cng o t My o ho dng gu thy lc Cu to gu: Thn gu thp cng c trng lng ln, ming gu c ng m bng h thng xilanh thy lc, cc ng ng dn du t my c s cp cho h thng thy lc v gu c treo trn cp.
>3 m
>3 m
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m gu ngo m y o
m asago
2 5
gu t hy l c o
dhg 2500x600
5
5 4 6 3
10 9
12 1 11
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
10 11 12
Nguyn l o ho: a gu n v tr o ho, iu chnh p lc du m ming gu, h gu n mt t bm du ng ming gu, gu ngom t v nc bn tro ra t l ca ming gu: sau cun dy cp, ko gu a ti v tr t. S dng loi gu thy lc hp l, t c cng nh hn (5Mpa). b.Chn my t vn chuyn t Nh thu s b tr xe vn chuyn t d n v tr cch cng trnh L=10km. Chn loi t Chn xe Hyundai ti trng 12 tn
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Vn tc trung bnh ca xe l vtb=30km/h, thi gian t ti bi v dng trnh xe trn ng ly bng td+t0 = 2 + 5 = 7(pht) + Thi gian xe hot ng c lp: tx= 2.10/vtb+td+t0= 2.5.60/30+7=54 (pht) + Mt gu c trng ti = 1. (1,1/1,15). 1,864 = 1,782(tn) + S gu y thng xe n=
12 = 6,73 (gu). Chn 7 gu. 1.782
+ Thi gian t y 1 chuyn xe: tb = n. t ck = 7.22/60 = 2,57(pht) + Chu k lm vic ca xe: tckx= tb+tx= 2,57+54 = 56,57(pht) Vy s chuyn xe trn mt ca l:
nch = t ca .k tgx t ckx
d
7.60.0,75 = 5,57 chuyn ly 6 chuyn 56,57
Dung tch thng xe Vxe = 7. 1.(1,1/1,15) = 6,69(m3) Khi lng t ch c trong 1 ca: Pxe = 6 . 6,69= 40,14 (m3)
Vi n nguyn ln nht di 4,65 m , rng 0,8 m , su 30 m c khi lng o t 111,6m3 Vy s xe cn thit ch t i trong ,mt ngy n= P = = 2,78(xe ) 40,14 xe
Vx 111,6
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Chn n = 3(xe) c. chn t vn chuyn b tng Khi lng btng 1 n nguyn :V=111,6 m3, do ta chn t vn chuyn m hiu: SB 92B c cc thng s k thut sau: c trng SB-92B -Dung tch thng trn 6m3 KAMaZ-5511 -t c s KAMAZ-5511 -Dung tch thng nc 0,75m3 -cng sut ng c 40KW -Tc quay thng trn (9-14,5) pht - cao t tr n b tng sb-92b (tl 1/100) vt liu vo 3,5m -Thi gian btng ra 10 pht -Trng lng xe (c 21,85 tn btng) -Vn tc trung bnh 30 Km/h
Ph b t ng u - t cs : KAMAZ-5511 -Dung t t h ng t r n : 6 m ch 3. -Dung t t h ng n c : 0,75 m ch 3. -Tc quay t h ng t r n : 9-14,5 vng/pht. -Thi gian b t ng r a : 10 pht . -Vn t c t r ung b : 30 km nh /h.
Tc btng: 0,6m3/pht Do thi gian xong btng 1 xe : t=6/0,6=10 pht. Vy m bo btng lin tc, ta dng 8 ln xe i cch nhau 5-10 pht. Vi iu kin gim ti a chi ph thu v vn hnh my, tn dng trit nng sut ca my trn cng trng v ph hp vi kh nng cung ng ng chng loi my mc ca nh thu v th trng
d. Chn my trn v my bm bentonite Lng dung dch bentonite cho 1 cc 1.2m l 46.24 m3 ( 1250 kG bentonite). Chn my trn Bentonite KMP(A)_PM1800_9 nng sut 20m3/h c cng sut 11KW + Chn my bm m bo cung cp Vbentonite b cho lng t b o Khi lng t cn o trong mt ngy 111,6 m3 nn nng sut ca my bm phi >= 111,6 /7=15,94 m3 Chn 1 my c nng sut 10m3/h vi cng sut in 10KW/my + Chn my bm thu li dung dch bentonite Vbt: =0,6 m3/pht = 36m3/h 2 .THI CNG CC KHOAN NHI 2.1. Cng tc chun b 2.1.1. nh v cng trnh y l mt cng tc ht sc quan trng v cng trnh phi xc nh v tr ca cc trc, tim ca ton cng trng v v tr chnh xc ca cc giao im, ca cc trc trn c s v h s thit k ta xc nh v tr tim ct ca tng cc. Sai s theo ISO 7976 1: 1989 (E): o bng my kinh v v thc o thp, chiu di cn o 20 30 m l 15 mm. 2.1.2. Gic mng Tin hnh ng thi vi qu trnh nh v cng trnh. Xc nh chnh xc giao im ca cc trc. Tin hnh tng t xc nh giao im ca cc trc v a cc
TI NGHIN CU KHOA HC
trc ra ngoi phm vi thi cng mng. Tin hnh c nh cc mc bng ct b tng chn su xung t. 2.1.3. Xc nh tim cc V tr tim cc tng tr s c xc nh trn c s to ca cc v h mc thit k c giao bng h my trc c. V tr tim cc s c kim tra li ngay sau khi h xong ng vch v m bo s sai s cho php v s lch tim.
Tim cc My kinh v 2
Cc g dn mc
Cn c vo cc trc xc nh khi khi gic vung ta tin hnh nh v cc tim cc bng phng php hnh hc n gin. Ch : Mc gi rt c th b tht lc nn nh du gi vo cc cng trnh ln cn nu c th. 2.1.4. Kim tra cng tc chun b Kim tra v tr h khoan, thit b phc v thi cng, kh nng lm vic ca my mc, h thng cung cp nc, in, thot nc, nguyn vt liu 2.2.Thi cng cc nhi 2.2.1. H ng vch Casine a. Tc dng ca ng vch Gi cho phn vch khoan trn khng b sp lt. Ngn khng cho lp t trn chiu vo h khoan. ng thp dy 15 mm, c ng knh trong 1,2 m;1,4m;1,5m Chiu di ng l 6 m.
My kinh v 1
b. Cu to ca ng vch
Sau khi nh xong v tr ca cc thng qua ng vch, qu trnh h mang ng vch c thc hin nh thit b rung ICE 416. Khi h ng vch u tin, thi gian rung n su 6 m u tin l 10 pht, qu trnh rung s nh hng n khu vc ln cn.
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khc phc hin tng trn trc khi h ng vch ta dng my o thu lc o sn mt h ti v tr h cc (Vi chiu su t 1m 3m) vi mc ch bc b lp t mt gim thi gian rung. Sau khi thc hin cng on trn th thi gian rung xung cn 2 3 pht. Sau lp t tr li mt bng h khoan. Trong qu trnh h ng vch, vic kim tra thng ng ca n c thc hin lin tc bng cch iu chnh v tr ca ba rung thng qua cu, ng vch c cm xung su, nh cch mt t 0,6 m. c. Rung h ng Casine T hai mc kim tra trc chnh cho ng Casine vo ng tim. Th phanh cho ng vch cm vo t sau phanh gi li. t hai qu ri vung gc vi nhau, ngm kim tra thng ng, cho ba rung ch nh, th phanh t t cho vch i xung, vch c th b nghing, x dch ngang. Dng cu li cho vch thng ng v i ht on dn hng 2,5 cm. Lc ny tng cho my hot ng ch nhanh, th chng cp Casine i xung vi tc ln nht. Vch c h xung khi nh cch mt t 0,6 m th dng li. Sau khi h ng hn thp chng tt ng v chng nghing theo TCVN 2737 95 th sai s ca hai ng tm theo hai phng l < 30 mm. Cc thng s ca my rung ICE 416: Ch Tc ng p sut vng s c (V/P) kp (Bar) Nh Mnh 1800 2150 2200 300 300 h p sut h p sut h Lc li trung (Bar) bi (Bar) tm 100 100 10 18 50 54
Ba rung h ng vch tm l ba rung thu lc bn qu lch tm, tng cp hai qu xoay ngc chiu nhau gim chn bng cao su. Ba do hng ICE ch to vi cc thng s k thut sau: My ICE 416. M men lch tm: Lc li tm ln nht: S qu lch tm: Tn s rung: 4 qu. 1680 800 vng/pht. 23 kg.m. 645 KN.
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Di: Rng: Cao:
Bin rung ln nht: Lc kp Cng xut my rung: Lu lng du cc i: p sut cc i: Trng lng on u rung: Kch thc ph b: 2310 mm. 480 mm. 2570 mm. 220 KW.
13,1 mm. 1000 KN. 188 KN. 340 l/pht. 350 Bar. 5950 kg.
Trm bm c dng Diesen: Tc : d. Cn trc
2200 vng/pht
bent onit e
Dng hai cn trc COBELCO 7045 Cc thng s k thut : + Ti trng nng max 44,85 T + Chiu cao nng max 50 m + Tm vi max 34 m + ng c Diezen 155cv + Trng lng 45,4 T + Kch thc bao 7,12 x 3,075 x 3,3 m + Chiu di cn chnh 48,77 m + Chiu di cn ph 15,25 m e. Thit b cp nc Gm hai my cng sut 5, 5 KW vi cng 1 m3/pht trong ch s dng mt my, cn my kia d phng. Lng nc ly t b cha nc t ti cng trnh. ng ng dn nc n my bm c ng knh 25, vi lng nc 0,08 m3/pht. Ngoi ra ra ng chng v ng dn b tng c ng ng cp nc ng knh 25. Xc
ng vch
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nh dung lng b lng: k n nhn t r r v lng ng th dung tch phi bng 1,5 th tch ca h khoan. f. Thit b in: Cc thit b in v in lng ghi bng sau: My hn in My trn Bentonit Bm nc M t in My nn kh Ba rung chn ng n pha 2.2.2. Khoan to l a. Khoan lng vch Casinc Qu trnh ny thc hin sau khi t ng vch tm. Khoan n su n su > 4m th bt u bm. Cn khoan c dng ng ten c th ko n su cn thit. Khoan trong h vi dung dch Bentonit. 2 my 5,5 KW 1 my 100 KW 7m3/pht 30 KW 3 KW Dng thi ra Dng ng ng gi thnh Chiu sng Dng cp nc x l bn, ra vt liu 2 my 10 KWA Dng hn rng thp ni thp
Bentonit l loi va st thin nhin, khi ho tan vo nc s to ra dung dch c tnh ng hng. Khi mt h o c y dung dch Bentonit, p lc ca nc ngm lm cho dung dch Bentonit c xu hng r r ra t xung quanh, nhng nh c cc ht st l lng trong nn qu trnh r r nhanh chng dng li, hnh thnh mt lp vch bao quanh h o. Di p lc thu tnh ca Bentonit trong h khoan m thnh h c gi n nh. Do thnh h khoan khng b st l, m bo cho qu trnh thi cng. Khi khoan qua chiu su ca vch chng tm, vic gi thnh h khoan nh vo dung dch va st Bentonit, phi tun th cht ch k thut khoan m bo mc ti thiu kh nng sp thnh vch h khoan. Quy trnh khoan c th chia thnh cc thao tc sau: H mi khoan
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Khi h mi khoan chm y h khoan th cho my quay. Trong qu trnh khoan c th nng h cn khoan vi ln gim bt ma st vi thnh h khoan v to iu kin cho t c y gu. Trong qu trnh khoan cn iu chnh h thng xi lanh cn khoan lun v tr ng thng.
6
b. Chn my khoan Cn c vo a cht , ng knh h khoan , chiu su khoan ta chn my khoan KH-125 . Thng s k thut ca my khoan KH-125: + Chiu di cn 22 m + Chiu su khoan max 55m + M men khoan max 49 KNm + Lc nng gu max 123,6 KN + Tc di chuyn 1,8 Km/h + Trng lng cng tc 47 T + p lc ln t 0,68 KG/cm2 u im : 1 3 10 4 12 8 7
KH-100
5 2
11
Nng sut cao nh c b quay tnh m khoan cc nhi kh-100 y nng cao ( m men quay ln ) - p lc ln nn t nh - Chiu su khoan va vi chiu su cc cn khoan - Ph tng v b g lp d tm trn th trng c. Tin hnh khoan
Chi di gi 19m u Chi s khoan m 43 m u u ax Mom khoan m 49 KNm en ax Lc n gu m 123.6 KN ng ax
Tc di chuy 18 Km n /h Tr ng l ng cng t c 36,8 T p l c l n 0,077 (MPA) t
Khong cch gia hai cc l > 3d = 4,5m, khoan trc ba l kim tra. Yu cu i vi hai l khoan cnh nhau. Hai h khoan cnh nhau phi khoan cch nhau 1 3 ngy khi nh hng n b tng cc. Bn knh nh hng ca h khoan l 6m. Khoan h sau phi cch h khoan trc l 3d = 4,5m v 6m.
d. Chn mi khoan
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V tng di cng l ct ht th ln cui si nn ta chn hai mi khoan. Dng mi khoan ISHIKAWA . e. Bentonit Va st Bentonit phi c cung cp vo h khoan lin tc ngay t khi bt u khoan c khong 0,5m. f. Yu cu i vi dung dch va st Bentonit Dung trng: 1,05 1,15 nht ln nht trn 32-40 giy. Khng c hm lng ct. tch nc nh hn 30 cm3. dy lp vch do nh hn 3mm.
Dung dich Bentonit c ly ln theo t, a v b cha thu hi. Khi t y gu th rt cn khoan ln vi tc hn ch 0,5m/giy trnh hiu ng Piton gy sp thnh h. Khi t n su thit k dng 30 pht, h thc dy o su h khoan vi mc ch kim tra chiu dy lp mn khoan di y h khoan. g. Cu to thc dy: u dy buc mt qu thp nng 1kg. Dy c lm bng cht liu bn nhanh kh t thm nc, vch c chia n n v cm, nh u r rng. ng ng knh d = 1,2m;1,4m;1,5m ng chiu su thit k: nghing h khoan (1%). S vn hnh my khoan v th t cc khoan theo trnh t s nh du trn mt bng thi cng. (Xem bn v).
h. H khoan t tiu chun: -
i. Rt cn khoan - Khi t np y gu khoan th t t rt cn khoan ln vi tc khong 0,5m/s. Khng c rt cn khoan qu nhanh v nh vy s to hin tng pitton trong lng h khoan. iu ny cn ht sc trnh nu khng n s gy sp h khoan.
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- t ly ln c vo ng ni qui nh. Cn b tr phng tin vn chuyn n ni qui nh, khng c ba bi trn cng trng. Nc theo t ly t h khoan c thu v b lng tm qua h thng rnh tm kch thc 0,5m x 0,3 m. - Cc cng on trn c thc hin lp i lp li nhiu ln cho n khi t su thit k. - Khi t chiu su thit k v c s ng ca k s gim st khoan cho kt thc l khoan th dng gu vt chuyn dng vt lng cn theo tiu chun ca h s mi thu. Chn t vn chuyn t Nh thu s b tr xe vn chuyn t d n v tr cch cng trnh L=10km. Chn loi t Chn xe Hyundai ti trng 12 tn Vn tc trung bnh ca xe l vtb=30km/h, thi gian t ti bi v dng trnh xe trn ng ly bng td+t0 = 2 + 5 = 7(pht) + Thi gian xe hot ng c lp: tx= 2.L/vtb+td+t0= 2.10.60/30+7=54 (pht) + Mt gu c trng ti = 0,5. (1,1/1,15). 1,864 = 0,891(tn) + S gu y thng xe n=
12 = 13,4 (gu). Chn 13 gu. 0,891
T T 12T
+ Thi gian t y 1 chuyn xe: tb = n. t ck = 13.22/60 = 4,76(pht) + Chu k lm vic ca xe: tckx= tb+tx= 4,76+54 = 58,76(pht) Vy s chuyn xe trn mt ca l:
d
7.60.0,75 = 5,36 chuyn ly 5 chuyn 58,76
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Dung tch thng xe Vxe = 13. 0,5.(1,1/1,15) = 6,21(m3) Khi lng t ch c trong 1 ca: Pxe = 5 . 6,21= 31 (m3) Mt ngy ta dng hai t my thi cng , mi t thi cng mt cc mt ngy Suy ra khi lng t khoan trong mt ngy : 2x32x3.14x0.752 = 113,04 m3 Vy s xe cn thit ch t i trong ,mt ngy n= P = xe
Vx 113,04 = 3,64(xe ) 31
Chn n = 4(xe) 2.2.3. No vt h khoan a. Phng php x l cn lng Vic x l cn lng chia lm 2 bc: - Bc 1: khi khoan xong 20 n 30 pht ch bn lng dng cn x l cn lng sau a bn t cn lng ln, gu vt th xung quay v nhc ln nh nhng trnh khu ng. - Bc 2: Trc khi th ct thp v trc khi b tng dng ng dn kh D50mm t trong lng ng bm ht thi kh nn xung h khoan vi cng sut 10m3/pht, p sut p = 7 at. Bm ht bn v cn lng ln a ra h thi. Khi ht cn lng dung dch bentonite s c b sung thm. b. Kim tra chiu su v chiu rng h khoan Kim tra chiu su l khoan Vic kim tra chiu su l khoan cn c vo theo di chiu su ca cn khoan. Sau khi khoan xong khong 30' i bn lng kim tra li chiu su bng ri ch nng 0,5 kg i km theo my khoan. Sau khi ht cn lng trc khi b tng kim tra li chiu su l khoan mt ln na.
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Chiu su khoan s phi c tnh thm chiu su tng hm v s tin hnh khoan t v tr ct t hin trng Kim tra chiu rng l khoan Vic kim tra rng l khoan c xc nh bng thit b o sng siu m kim tra vch l v tnh ton khi lng b tng cho mi l khoan. Kim tra Caster di y cc 5m Dng phng php thng thng: Khoan ly mu, n knh khong 100mm xc nh cu to v Caster. 2.2.4. H lng thp: a. Gia cng lng thp - Ct thp ch c dng theo ng yu cu k thut ca h s. C chng ch ca th nghim m bo cht lng trc khi gia cng. - Vic gia cng ct thp c tin hnh ti xng v m bo ng kch thc, hnh dng, chng loi theo yu cu k thut. - Thp ch ni vi nhau bng lin kt hn (bng hn in) - Vic lin kt gia ct ch v ct ai dng gi buc thp cch nhau 2m theo chiu dc c nh v chnh xc ct ch. Thp ai (sau khi un) c lng th cng, dn c ly theo yu cu ca thit k. - Ngoi vic tun th gia cng ct thp theo thit k phi b tr thm ng siu m thp v thp nh v ng siu m bng thp 16 hn. - Ni ng siu m bng ng mng sng di 150 -200 mm, hn ngoi m bo kn nc. - nh v lp bo v ca b tng ct thp chng ti s c cc hnh vnh khn bng b tng c kch thc D = 25 cm; d = 3 cm; dy 4 cm sau lng vo thanh thp nh v trt lng thp xung b. H lng thp: - Dng cn trc COBELCO 7045 cu nng lng ct thp ln theo phng thng ng ri t t h xung lng h khoan. Ct thp nm ng gia h
bent onit e
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TI NGHIN CU KHOA HC
khoan nh c 4 thanh thp ph 25 neo gi, 4 thanh thp ny c hn tm vo ng vch chng v c mu treo. - H tng on lng gia cng v nghim thu n khi u trn lng thp cch ming ng vch 120cm th dng li. Dng thp I 10 lun qua lng thp v gc hai u ng ln ming vch. Tip tc cu lp on lng tip theo nh lm vi on trc. iu chnh cc cy thp ch tip xc vi nhau v thc hin lin kt theo ch nh ca thit k. - Sau khi kim tra lin kt th rt thp lng thp ra v cn cu tip tc h lng thp xung theo phng thng ng. - Cng tc h lng thp c thc hin n khi su thit k. - Trong qu trnh h lng ct thp tuyt i trnh lng thp va vo thnh vch gy st l. - Cc mi hn ct thp cn m bo chc chn qu trnh h lng thp khng b tut mi hn gy x lch v lm l vch o. - trnh y ni ct thp khi thi cng B tng cn t 3 thanh st hnh ( thp ch I ) to thnh tam gic u hn vo ng vch km gi lng thp. 2.2.5. H ng Tremic: ng Tremic c tc dng thi ra h khoan v b tng sau ny, mi on ng di 3m c ni vi nhau bng cc ren vung. y ng cui cng hnh vt, ng knh ng l 254mm. Nh vy dng 16 on ng Tremic cho mi on, on trn cng lm le ra t vo tm thp k bc ngang qua ming vch casinc. 2.2.6. Thi ra: Sau khi t ct thp, kim tra chiu su h khoan v cn lng. Nu cn lng ln hn quy nh th phi tin hnh lm sch y cc bng phng php thi ra (c th nu lp lng cn xung y h khoan < 200mm th mi c php b tng). Vic thi ra c thc hin bng my nn kh v h thng b tng kt hp vi ng dn kh nn. Cng tc thi ra c tin hnh nh sau: - Trc tin lp gi tremie ln trn ng chng. Trn gi c lp hai ca c
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bn l cho php tho lp ng tremie c d dng ng thi ng trong qu trnh thi ra v b tng sau ny. - ng tremie c ng knh 25,4cm. Tng on ni vi nhau bng ren vung. Cc ng c chiu di 3m, tr mt s ng ph di 2m ; 1,5m ; 0,5m ph hp s thay i chiu su h khoan . - on mi c cu to ct vt hai bn lm ca trao i gia trong v ngoi ng. Cc on ny c sp xp dn v th xung h khoan sao cho mi on mi chm xung y. on trn c ni vi u thi kh. - Sau khi lp xong ng thi ra tin hnh lp phn trn ming. Phn ny c hai ca, mt ca c ni vi ng dn 150 thu hi dung dch Bentonite v my lc; mt ca th ng dn kh c ng knh 45 xung cch y h t 1 3,5 m. - Xong cng tc lp th tin hnh bm kh vi p sut 6 8kg/cm2 - Trong qu trnh thi ra phi lin tc cung cp dung dch Bentonite vo h khoan t trn ming sao cho mc nc trong h khoan l khng i. - Thi ra trong thi gian 20 30' th th thc kim tra li su. Nu su o c ph hp vi chiu su khoan th kt thc cng tc thi ra. 2.2.7. Cng tc b tng Sau khi kt thc thi ra khong 3 gi, kim tra li h khoan nu khng t cc yu cu trn th thi ra li, nu t th cng vic b tng bt u. a. Kim tra cht lng b tng Kim tra cng b tng: ly 9 mu hnh lp phng 15x15x15 cm b tng mi xe lu li kim tra cng . B tng vo khun mu cn phi m bo cc yu cu k thut v c bo dng trong iu kin tiu chun. Kim tra st ca b tng: sau khi quay c 8 10 vng, b tng c ly ra vo khun mu hnh nn ct t trn mt tm phng. m bng thanh thp 16 t 24 26 ln. Ko ng mu ln, o v tr cao nht ca mu so vi v tr b tng lc u trong ng ta xc nh c st ca b tng. st cho php ca b tng l: 18 1cm. Lm nt hm: Nt hm c tc dng lm cho b tng ri t t chng hin tng phn tng. Mt khc, nt hm lm vic nh mt piton y dung
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dnh trong ng ra ngoi y mn khoan mi cc to iu kin cho b tng chim ch. Nt hm thng c lm bng cao su cht do mn ca. b. b tng: Sau khi kim tra sch h khoan v vic t ct thp ta tin hnh b tng. Dng b tng thng phm, m bo ng cht lng v tiu th cng vic b tng cho cc khng b gin on khng qu 5 gi. Tuy nhin, trong qua trnh b tng ta s thng xuyn theo di lng b tng hao ph gii quyt kp thi. Khi xe vn chuyn b tng n cng trng phi ly b tng kim tra st v c mu th. Nu st khng bo m yu cu nh nu th khng c php . Bi v nu st qu nh th b tng khng linh ng tho mn cng ngh thi cng, nhng nu st qu ln th nh hng n cht lng b tng. Qu trnh b tng c tin hnh nh sau: Dng ng Tremic khi thi ra b tng, ta tho u ng thi ra v ht ng dn kh nn, lp phu b tng vo ng Tremic. Thu hi ng ng cp Bentonit v lp h thng bm thu hi Bentonit. Gn vo c phu nt hm. B tng c t xe chuyn dng vo my bm v bm ln phu. B tng y nt hm i tn y h. Nhc ng dn ln nt hm v b tng tho ra ngoi lp tc h ng dn xung on mi ng dn ngp vo phn b tng va mi tho ra. Tip tc bm b tng vo phu v c lin tc. B tng c a xung su trong lng khi b tng trc, qua ming ng trn ra xung quanh nng phn b tng lc u ln. B tng c lin tc ng thi ng dn cng cng c rt ln dn vi yu cu ng dn lun chm vo trong b tng khong 2-3m.
V vy b tng cn phi c linh ng ln phn b tng ri t phu xung c th gy ra p lc y c ct b tng ln trn. Nh vy, ch c mt lp b tng trn cng tip xc vi nc c
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y ln trn v ph b sau ny. Phn b tng cn li vn gi nguyn cht lng nh khi ch to. Trong qu trnh b tng, phn dung dch Bentonit trn ra ngoi (ra khi lng cc), nh c o bao m khng chy trn lan ta dng bm ht a v lc ct dng li. Trong qu trnh b tng, b tng s bm vo thnh phu, v ng , trnh hin tng tc ng thng thong ng c rt ln h xung nhiu ln nhng vn m bo ngp trong b tng. Cc ng b tng c nng dn v tho n, sau khi tho ri cn c ra sch ngay trnh b tng bm vo ng. Cc thao tc nng ng dn v tho ngn ng dn phi c thc hin nhun nhuyn rt ngn thi gian b tng cc. Cao b tng cui cng phi cao hn cao ct cc ti thiu l 1m m bo cht lng b tng u cc, sau ph b i. Chn my bm b tng Khi lng btng 1 n nguyn :V=113,04m3, do ta chn t vn chuyn m hiu: SB 92B c cc thng s k thut sau:
Ph b t ng u
c trng SB-92B KAMaZ-5511 -Dung tch thng trn 6m3 -t c s KAMAZ-5511 -Dung tch thng nc 0,75m3 -cng sut ng c 40KW -Tc quay thng trn (9-14,5) pht t tr n b tng sb-92b (tl 1/100) - cao vt liu vo 3,5m -Thi gian btng ra 10 pht -Trng lng xe (c 21,85 tn btng) Tc btng: 0,6m3/pht -Vn tc trung bnh 30 Km/h Do thi gian xong btng 1 xe : t=6/0,6=10 pht. Vy m bo btng lin tc, ta dng 8 ln xe i cch nhau 5-10 pht. Vi iu kin gim ti a chi ph thu v vn hnh my, tn dng trit nng sut ca my trn cng trng v ph hp vi kh nng cung ng ng chng loi my mc ca nh thu v th trng
- t cs : KAMAZ-5511 -Dung t t h ng t r n : 6 m ch 3. -Dung t t h ng n c : 0,75 m ch 3.
-Tc quay t h ng t r n : 9-14,5 vng/pht . -Thi gian b t ng r a : 10 pht . -Vn t c t r ung b : 30 km nh /h.
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2.2.8. Rt ng vch: - ng vch s c rt ln sau khi b tng xong hoc b tng ninh kt 40% khng nh hng n s ng kt ca b tng. - Trong qu trnh rt ng phi m bo ng chng c gi thng ng v ng trc vi cc. 3. MT S S C THNG GP V PHNG PHP X L Mt s s c thng xy ra trong thi cng cc nhi nh: st l thnh h khoan, ri cc thit b thi cng vo h khoan, khung ct thp b tri ln, khung v ct thp b cong vnh, nc vo trong ng b tng. 3.1. St l thnh h khoan. Vi phng php thi cng cc nhi bng phng php tun hon th thnh h khoan c gi n nh bi vic duy tr p lc dung dch trong l khoan. Nhng nguyn nhn dn n s st l thnh h khoan th c nhiu nh; Duy tr p lc ct nc khng . Mc nc ngm c p tng i cao. T trng v nng dung dch khng . Tc to l qu nhanh. Trong tng cui si c nc chy hoc khng c nc, trong h xut hin hin tng nc chy i mt. Cc lc chn ng cc mi trng xung quanh. Khi h ct thp v ng dn va vo thnh h ph v mng dung dch hoc thnh h.
Nh vy theo cc nguyn nhn k trn phng st l thnh h ta phi nm chc dc a cht, mc nc ngm, khi lp dng ng thp phi ch thng ng ca ng vch. Vi phng php thi cng phn tun hon, vic qun l dung dch phi c c bit ch trng. Tc to l phi m bo, gim bt cc lc chn ng xung quanh, qu trnh lp dng khung ct thp phi tht cn trng.
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3.2. Cc thit b thi cng ri vo h khoan. phng cc thit b thi cng nh cc chi tit kim loi, c bit l gu khoan ri vo trong l khoan m nguyn nhn l do gy cht hoc ph b lin kt th ta phi c bin php phng nga nh: Dng cp hoc xch phng h vo cn khoan. Th vn hnh phi thng xuyn kim tra cc thit b vn hnh.
Nu xy ra th bin php x l thng l dng gu ngom ly ln hoc dng cc mc ko ln. Trng hp cc dng c ny b t lp vi th trc phi dng bin php x l ra sch t ct lp trn, 3.3. Khung ct thp b tri ln. Trong mt s trng hp khi ang b tng pht hin lng thp b tri ln th bin php phng v x l nh sau: Phi gia cng khung ct thp phi tht chnh xc, c bit ch mi ni u gia hai on khung ct thp. Trong khi b tng phi c bit ch thng ng ca ng dn cng nh ca khung ct thp v kt cu khung ct thp phn trn c nhiu ct ch hn phn di nn trng lng ln hn. Hn na khung thp li di kh nng b nn cong vnh li cng ln. ng b tng ngp qu nhiu cng l mt nguyn nhn dn n vic lng thp tri ln.
3.4. Nc vo trong ng dn. Do qu trnh b tng trong ng dn phi nhc ln h xung nhiu ln lm cho u ni b r nc hoc nhn ng qu quy nh lm cho nc vo trong ng dn n vic b tng b phn ly, mt do, lm gim cht lng b tng. Bin php phng nga v x l l: Kim tra ton b ng dn trc khi b tng. Trong qu trnh b tng y ng phi ngp ng quy nh trong b tng, nhc ng ln xung ng quy nh. Khi pht hin c nc trong ng phi tht nhanh chng dng loi thit b ht nc ng knh nh ht ht nc trong ng ra ri mi tip tc b tng.
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4. BIN PHP QUN L NGHIM THU V KIM TRA CHT LNG 4.1. Cc phng php kim tra cht lng cc Kim tra gm cc bc : + Kim tra hnh chnh. + Kim tra cc khu cng tc ti hin trng. 4.1.1.Kim tra hnh chnh: - Kim tra cht lng cc dng c my mc th nghim, dng c o c.vv. Loi kim tra ny c th nm ngay trong n v sn xut, c th chuyn mn c t cch php nhn kim tra. - Kim tra cc loi vn bn ghi chp nh : Nht k cng trnh, bin bn nghim thu, cc vn bn lin quan ti cc vn k thut ca cng trnh. 4.1.2.Kim tra cht lng tng khu cng tc trong qu trnh thi cng a. c trng nh v h khoan - Kim tra v tr cc cn c vo h trc cng trnh v h trc gc. - Kim tra cao trnh mt h khoan . - Kim tra s lng ct thp, chiu di ni. - Kim tra cch t hp thnh, khung, lng, khong cch ai, khong cch thp chu lc. - Kim tra iu kin v sinh ca ct thp: nh r, bn t .. - Kim tra cc chi tit t sn: Vnh khuyn b tng cho lp bo v, mc st, ng quan st dng kim tra cht lng cc bng phng php siu m, phng x... b. Kim tra y h khoan - Chiu su h khoan c xc nh bng cch o su cn khoan t ti trong qu trnh khoan to l - Sau khi khoan su ti su thit k, lng 30 th tin hnh dng thc dy o xc nh chiu cao lp mn khoan lng ti y h . - Sau khi xc bng gu vt v thi ra ln u phi o li chiu su h khoan. - Sau khi h ct thp xong phi o li xc nh lp cn lng y h c. Kim tra b tng trc khi
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- Kim tra ti ni sn xut b tng: + Kim tra thnh phn cp phi b tng . + Kim tra nc trn b tng, cht lng ct liu ln, ct liu mn. + Kim tra xi mng. - Kim tra b tng trn + st khng vt qu st thit k. + Ct liu v mc phi tun theo tiu chun thit k. d. Kim tra ng v sn cng tc - Sn cng tc: + m bo chc chn . + Hai na vnh khuyn gi ng phi m bo - ng b tng: + Mi ni cc on ng phi chc chn . + Lng trong ng phi sch, nhn, trn, tit din trong ng phi trn u + ng phi c cch y l khoan t 20 30 cm. - Phu v nt: + Kim tra lin kt gia phu v ming ng . + Nt phi c cng u m bo s tip xc u vi thnh trong cc ng . + m bo chc nng nh mt phanh hm gi cho b tng cha y phu ri xung t t. e. Kim tra cht lng cc nhi b tng ct thp khi thi cng xong - Vic kim tra cht lng cc sau khi b tng nhm nh gi cht lng b tng cc ti hin trng, pht hin cc khuyt tt v s l cc cy cc b h hng (nu chi tit phn sau). f. Kim tra cc cng tc khc - Kim tra ngun in thi cng, kim tra vic lin lc cung ng b tng. - Kim tra nhn lc phc v b tng .
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- Kim tra cc phng tin khc phc s c nu xy ra trong qu trnh thi cng. g. Cng tc ghi chp trong qu trnh b tng - Trong sut thi gian thi cng, phi ghi chp thi gian bt u, thi gian kt thc v cc s c xy ra trong qu trnh thc hin cc khu cng tc sau: + Khoan m rng thnh phn t trn cng. + t ng chng. + Bm dung dch Bentonit. + Khoan t. + Khoan + Thi ra y h khoan + t lng thp + t ng b tng + b tng + Rt ng chng + Th tch b tng cho tng cc 4.2. H s l lch cc Trong cng ngh thi cng cc khoan nhi, cht lng cc ph thuc phn ln vo cng tc thi cng hin trng nn vic thc hin ghi chp v qun l h s thi cng cc l c bit cn thit. Sau mi cy cc phi c s xc nhn ca k thut bn A, T vn gim st v k thut bn B. H s l lch cc phi th hin ti thiu cc yu cu sau: - S hiu cc. - V tr cc, ct u cc, ct y cc. - Chiu di cc: Chiu di khoan , chiu di khoan t. - Thi tit khi thi cng. - Thi gian thi cng cc - B tng: (Thi gian b tng cc thc t, Khi lng b tng thc t, H s th nghim v kt qu nn mu BT)
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- Ct thp. - Bentonite: Loi dng v kt qu kim tra hin trng. - Cc s c v phng n s l. 5. CC BIN PHP AN TON THI CNG CC KHOAN NHI V CC BARRET Trc khi thi cng phi t chc hc tp cho nhng ngi tham gia thi cng nm vng: Quy trnh k thut v quy trnh an ton lao ng. Phi lm cho mi ngi hiu r an ton lao ng l mc tiu cao nht, c thc bo v mnh v mi ngi xung quanh. Trong qu trnh thi cng mi ngi u phi v tr ca mnh, tp trung t tng lm vic, iu khin my chnh xc. Cm nghim ngt vic b v tr ca mnh trong khi lm vic. Khi lm vic phi c y trang b bo h lao ng theo quy nh. Thng xuyn kim tra ti, cp , phanh, dng c thao tc cc loi my, cc h thng truyn lu c ng c nht thit phi c bao che cho kn m bo an ton. Cc vng nguy him trn cng trnh phi t bin bo hiu v c ngi canh gc. H thng dy in, cp in hin trng phi c b tr hp l, nghim chnh chp hnh cc quy nh v an ton in. Phi c cng nhn chuyn mn ph trch h thng in. cng trng ngoi trnh nhim ca i trng, t trng ch nh thm ngi lm cng tc m bo an ton lao ng. Mi ca lm vic trng ca phi chu trnh nhim ton b qu trnh cng vic. Khi i ca phi bn giao chi tit cho trng ca mi v c s bn giao k nhn y . Phi ghi y vo nh k thi cng cc khoan nhi. Lm vic ban m phi c y cc n chiu sng, ni tp trung lao ng v lao ng nng nhc phi c chiu sng bng n pha. 6. V SINH MI TRNG m bo v sinh mi trng trong qu trnh thi cng cc khoan nhi, tng Barrette, tng ngm th cc bin php v sinh mi trng sau c p dng: Lm hng ro kn quy quanh cng trng trnh bi bay ra ngoi phm vi thi cng ca cng trnh.
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Lm cu ra xe trc khi thi cng i tr: tt c cc phng tin trc khi ra khi cng trng c ra sch s. Cu ra xe c thit k c h thng b lng v trn khi nh hng n h thng thot nc thnh ph. Dng xe phun nc quanh phm vi cng trng trong trng hp xy ra bi bn. t thi trong qu trnh thi cng c vn chuyn i ngay trong ngy. Dung dch bn sau khi x l c vn chuyn i bng xe chuyn dng. III. CNG TC TH NGHIM KIM TRA CHT LNG CC NHI V CC BARRETTE 1. TH NGHIM NN TNH CC Cc quy trnh quy phm lin quan: TCXD 196-1997; 20TCVN 88-80; ASTM D 1143-81. 1.1. Phng php th nghim 1.1.1. Mc ch Th nghim n tnh cc m phng qu trnh lm vic ca cc di tc dng ca ti trng thng ng ca cng trnh, nhm nh gi kh nng mang ti ca cc thng qua mi quan h ln - ti trng thu c trong qu trnh th nghim. 1.1.2. Phng php th nghim Th nghim thc nghim theo phng php gia ti tnh tng cp ln cc theo phng dc trc. Trong th nghim nn tnh cc theo phng php gia ti tnh tng cp ln cc theo phng php dc trc, ti trng tc dng ln u cc theo tng cp tng dn cho ti khi t ti ti th nghim ln nht theo yu cu thit k v c to ra bng kch thu lc vi dn i trng hoc h neo lm im ta phn lc. H dn i trng hoc neo phi ln c th chu c cc gi tr ti trng th nghim tc dng ln u cc mt cch an ton. Thng thng, trng lng dn i trng hoc tng lc nh ca h neo phi 1,1 1,2 ln ti trng ln nht d kin tc dng ln u cc. Cc s o ln ca u cc phi c c ghi trong cc khong thi gian hp l cho tng cp ti tc dng. Cc cp ti sau ch c p dng khi ln u cc ti cp p lc trc l n nh hoc c
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xem l n nh. ln u cc c o bng cc ng h chnh xc ti 0,01mm v phi c t trn h gi n nh khng thay i v tr trong qu trnh th nghim. 1.1.3. Thit b th nghim Thit b th nghim bao gm cc thit b to p, dng c o chuyn v v dn cht ti. a. Thit b to p Gm cc kch v my bm thu lc. Kch v my bm thu lc c ni vi thnh h to p. Tng cng sut ca kch hoc h kch v my bm thu lc dng to p trn u cc thng phi bng 2 ln ti th nghim ln nht. Khi s dng h gm nhiu kch, cc thnh phn phi cng loi v ng nht. b. Dng c o chuyn v Dng c o chuyn v l cc ng h o c cc chuyn v t nht ti 50mm vi chnh xc ti 0,01mm. S lng ng h o chuyn v phi va c th theo di c ton cnh ln ca u cc v c t hai bn i xng qua tm trn u cc. Gi t ng h c c nh trn hai thnh m bo khng thay i v tr trong sut qu trnh th nghim. c. Dn cht ti Dn cht ti l h cc dn thp c sp xp to nn mt b mt phng cn xng trn cc th nghim. Cc dm thp ny c t cn bng trn hai gi ta song song cch u cc th nghim khong cch t nht 2m so vi tm cc. Trn mt phng ca cc dm l cc khi i trng b tng. Trng lng hu ch ca ton b dn cht ti trn u cc t nht phi bng 1,1 ln cp ti d nh gia ti ln im ta tip nhn ti trng c t trn m chnh. Dm chnh l im ta trc tip nhn ti trng do kch to ra truyn ln h i trng v phn lc li u cc. Tu theo gi tr ti trng th nghim ln nht, s lng v kch thc cc dm chnh v m ph c th khc min l m bo an ton v phng din sc bn vt liu. Hai gi ta cho hai u dn cht ti phi c din tch y ln phn phi u ti trng v p lc tc ng ln t di y gi ta phi nh trnh lc nghing, lc nhiu, ln tri nh hng n kt qu o do thanh ng h b chuyn v v khng m bo iu kin an ton cho th nghim. Trong trng hp cn thit, t nn di y gi ta phi c gia cng chng ln, v d m ct hoc i khi cn thit bng cc... 1.1.4. Quy trnh th nghim
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Quy trnh th nghim quy nh qu trnh gim ti v o ln. * Ti th nghim ln nht: Ti th nghim ln nht c Thit k quy nh, thng gp 1,5-2 ln ti thit k cho cc lm vic v ti 3-3,5 ln cho cc th ti ph hoi. * Quy trnh tng gim ti: Ti trng tc dng ln u cc theo tng cp tng ng vi % ti trng thit k. Cc cp ti sau ch c p dng khi ln u cc c xem l n nh cp ti trc. Th nghim c th tin hnh theo mt, hai hoc nhiu chu k tu theo thit k. V d thng thng cho th nghim ti ti trng n 200% ti thit k nh sau, i vi cc khoan nhi: Chu k 1: - Gia ti: 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% - Gim ti: 100% 75% 50% 25% 0% Chu k 2: - Gia ti: 0% 50% 100% 125% 150% 175% 200% - Gim ti: 200% 150% 100% 50% 0% Cp ti trng thng bng nhau v c gi tr trong khong 10 - 30% ti trng thit k. * Quy trnh o c: ln ca u cc phi c c ghi ngay trc v sau khi tc dng ti trng v sau trong khong thi gian hp l c th theo ri ton b qu trnh ln u cc theo thi giam cho n khi n nh ln. Cc cp ti sau ch c gia thm khi ln u cc ti cp ti trc c xem l n nh, thng l khng qu 0,25mm/1 gi hoc 0,1mm/gi nhng thi gian di nht cho mi cp ti khng qu 2 gi. Bng sau cho v d v quy trnh th nghim. Quy trnh th nghim cc ph hoi (ti 300%TTK) Ti trng (% TK) 25 50 75 100 Thi gian gi ti Khong thi gian c, ghi s liu, ph. ngn nht, ph. 60 0-5-10-30-45-60 60 Nt 60 Nt 60 Nt
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60 Nt 60 Nt 60 Nt 360 0-5-10-20-30-45-60-...-360 60 0-5-10-20-30-45-60 60 Nt 60 Nt 60 Nt 60 Nt 60 Nt 360 0-5-10-20-30-45-60-...-360 30 0-5-10-20-30-45-60 30 Nt 30 Nt 30 Nt 30 Nt 60 0-5-10-20-30-45-60 Trc khi lp t thit b v th nghim, u cc phi c v sinh v gia cng bn, phng v b mt cc phi m bo nm ngang bng thc nivo. Pha trn b mt cc phi t tm m thp dy (c 10 cm) m bo phn phi lc ng u trn khp b mt cc. * Quy nh v ph hoi cc: Cc ang th nghim c xem l hng, b ph hoi khi quan st thy mt trong cc du hiu sau: - Vt liu hng b ph hoi - u cc b ln tng tin v p lc trn u cc khng th t hoc gi n nh - ln u cc t ti gi tr do thit k quy nh, v d, i vi cc khoan nhi, cc s c xem nh l hng khi ti ti trng th nghim bng 200% ti thit k, ln u cc vt qu v tr s 2% ng knh cc v ln d khi gim ti bng 0 vt qu 8mm. 1.5. Bo co kt qu Kt qu th nghim c thnh lp bo co gm gm hai phn thuyt minh v ph lc. Thuyt minh cho cc thng tin v cc th nghim, cc kt lun, kin ngh v s dng sc mnh ti ca cc. Ph lc cho chi tit ton b kt qu o v cc th quan h.
125 150 175 200 225 250 260 270 280 290 300 250 200 150 100 50 0
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- th ti trng - ln - th ln - Thi gian - th ti trng - ln - Thi gian 2. PHNG PHP SIU M 2.1. Nguyn l thit b Phng php siu m xc nh tnh ton khi ca cc da trn c im ca qu trnh truyn sng siu m trong vt liu b tng. Sng siu m truyn t u pht qua vt liu cc n u thu. c tnh ca vt liu nh hng n tn hiu thu c trn my o. Trong th nghim siu m, hai u thu, pht sng siu m c thi xung y ca ng t sn trong lng cc trc khi b tng (hai u o phi lun cng cao ). C u thu v pht c ko ln vi mt vn tc t trc ph hp vi chiu di cc v kh nng ca my o. Trong qu trnh u o nh chuyn ln nh tn hiu c hin th trn mn hnh v c ghi li thnh file di dng s v c lu gi trong thit b o. 2.2. Tnh nng k thut B thit b siu m gm cc b phn chnh sau: * My o: L mt my tnh t hp vi phn iu khin thit b chc nng iu khin qu trnh o, lu gi s liu. * B phn o chiu di: o chiu di kim tra, kim sot tc ko u o * Cun dy: Di ti 100m, mt u ni vi dy o, mt u ni vi 2 u o, truyn v nhn tn hiu gia my o v cc u o. * Du o: u pht pht ra xung siu m c tn s 60 - 100KHz Cc thit b siu m hin nay cho php o cc cc c ng knh ti 2,5m. Tn s ca tn hiu t 250MHz. Tn s o t 1 - 5cm/ln o. Tn s pht xung 12 - 20 Hz.
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Cp cp n cho i u o
o chi di siu u m Hi tht hi n n u o Ghi k qu t o
ng siu cha n c m y
Cu ki mng BTCT n
u pht
u thu
Nguyn l siu cc o m
2.3. Quy trnh th nghim Trc khi tin hnh th nghim o siu m kim tra cht lng cc ti hin trng nh thu chuyn cho n v th nghim cc ti liu lin quan nh s lng cc th nghim, mt bng cc th nghim v cc s liu tng cc th nghim, c bit l cc s liu v cao ca ng siu m v ca cc. Nh thu to iu kin thun li cho n v th nghim tip cn hin trng v thc hin th nghim. Nh thu c trch nhim mi cc n v lin quan nh t vn, ch u t chng kin th nghim. Qu trnh th nghim siu m c th nh sau: + nh s cc ng siu m trn mt t (cc c th su bn di) theo mt quy tc. o khong cch gia cc ng siu m. Trc khi o phi khng nh cc ng siu m cha y nc v khng b tc. + a cc u o vo bn trong ng v th xung tn y. Cn chnh 2 u o ti v tr b tng tt cho tn hiu thu c l chun nht. + Qu trnh o bt u ng thi khi ko hai du o t y ng siu m ln v kt thc khi hai u o ln n nh. Trong khi ko u o ln phi lin tc cp nc vo cc ng siu m. S liu o c lu gi li trong my o. Nu nghi ng c khuyt tt trong qu trinh o c lp li vi cc thang o khc nhau. Lp li qu trnh o cho cc
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cp ng siu m (mt ct siu m) khc. Th nghim cho mt cc kt thc khi o siu m cho tt c cc mt ct hon tt. Kt qu th nghim s c n v th nghim nh gi s b ti hin trng phn tch trong phng v lp bo co chnh thc. 2.4. Kt qu th nghim Tn hiu siu m nhn c trn mn hnh my o. Mi v tr chiu su siu m cho mt tn hiu siu m nht nh. Thng thng b tng tt cho tn hiu siu m c bin cao ng u, b tng xu cho tn hiu yu. Ti mi su my o thu nhn mt tn hiu v tp hp cc tn hiu theo chiu su cho hnh nh ph siu m hc. Hnh nh ph siu m cc ch cho php nh gi nh tnh cht lng b tng cc. cc thit b siu m hin nay u phi c phn mm x l s liu a ra cc thng s c th hn l thi gian v vn tc truyn song m trong vt liu cc. Vn tc truyn sng trong khong 3000 - 5000m/s biu hin b tng tt v ng u. Ti cc v tr c suy gim 20% vn tc truyn sng v vn tc truyn sng gim di 3000m/s biu hin rng b tng khuyt tt. III. THI CNG TNG HM 1. Thit b phc v thi cng: - Phc v cng tc o t phn ngm gm: my o t loi nh (my con cua), my san t loi nh, my lu nn loi nh, cc cng c o t th cng, my khoan - Phc v cng tc vn chuyn: mt cn trc thp v mt cn trc COBELCO 7045 phc v chuyn t, vt liu, thng cha t, xe ch t t . - Phc v cng tc khc: hai my bm, hai thang thp t ti hai li ln xung, h thng n chiu sng, in chiu sng di tng hm, khoan, my hn... - Phc v cng tc thi cng b tng: trm bm b tng, xe ch b tng thng phm, cc thit b phc v cng tc thi cng b tng khc. - Ngoi ra tu thc t thi cng cn c cc cng c chuyn dng khc. 1.2. Vt liu: a. B tng: Do yu cu thi cng gn nh lin tc, do nu ch b tng tng trn cng mi tho vn khun v o t thi cng tip phn di th thi gian thi cng ko di. m bo tin nn chn b tng cho cc cu kin t tng 1 xung tng hm l b tng c ph gia tng trng cng nhanh c th cho b tng t cng chu lc sau t ngy (theo thit k cng trnh ny l 7 ngy). b. Vt liu khc:
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- Khi thi cng phn ngm c th gp cc mch nc ngm c p nn ngoi vic b tr cc trm bm thot nc cn chun b cc phng n vt liu cn thit kp thi dp tt mch nc. - Cc cht chng thm nh va Sika hoc nh tng Laticote hoc sn Insultec. 2. TRNH T THI CNG TOP - DOWN CHO PHN NGM CNG TRNH i vi cng trnh ny, trnh t thi cng c lm theo cc bc sau: 2.1 PHNG N 1 2.2.1. Giai on 1: Thi cng cc ct chng tm bng ng thp nhi b tng Cng on ny c thc hin nh sau: - Phng n chng theo phng ng l dng cc ct chng tm bng ng thp nhi b tng , cc ct ny nhng c nh , sau ny khi thi cng cc ct th cc ct chng tm ny s nm trong cc ct c nh .cc ct ny di 17,5 m.Vic thi cng ct tm ny cng c tin hnh trong qu trnh thi cng cc khoan nhi . Vic a ng thp xung v tr trong lng cc khoan nhi c thc hin trc khi b tng tc l sau khi a ct thp cc xung v tr thit k
D1
T T NHIN
D2
D1= NG K TRO NG NG THP NH D1= NG K TRO NG NG THP NH
NG THP C T V O C C KHO A N NH I
M C B T NG
2600MM
C T THP C C KHO A N NH I
C C KHO A N NH I
- Ct c cm su vo cc khoan nhi 2.6m ,n phi c k chung quanh ng ng nm ng tm , khng b x dch trong khi thi cng b tng cc . u trn ca ng c treo vo gi t trn mt t . Vic b tng cc vn c tin hnh theo qui trnh bnh thng , ch c iu khi cng tc b tng cc hon thnh ta ch cho b tng se mt sau mi b tng ct , lm nh vy s khng b tro ra khe h gia thnh h khoan v ng thp . lin kt ct tm vi dm sn tng hm , ta c th sn mt s ng nha xuyn qua ng thp vi mc ch l lun ct thp dm qua ct
D= NG K C C KHO A N NH I NH
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- Nu khng dng gii php ny th vic lun ct thp dm vo ct c thc hin bng khoan b tng . Ta dng khoan khoan trc tip qua ct theo s lng yu cu ca ct thp dm . - Ct tm sau khi thi cng ch cn nh ln trn mt t 0,4 m . Cn trc phc v thi cng loi ct ny dng lun cu COBELCO 7045 phc v thi cng khoan nhi.
1
7100
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102300 9650
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m b n g nh v c t to pd o w n t
2.2.2. GIAI ON 2: THI CNG TNG HM -1 . Giai on ny gm cc bc sau y: a. Thi cng o t : Ct sn tng hm 1 nm su -4.5m chiu dy sn 0,15m nn ta cn bc t n ct -4,75m giai on ny tng lm vic dng cng xon , nhng ta thy rng phn cng xon l rt nh so vi chiu su 30 m ca tng vy . Nn chuyn v ca tng vy l rt nh
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Mi lung o rng 6m. My o i theo phng dc nh, li phn t st tng o bng th cng. t o c ln xe BEN t vn chuyn ra khi cng trng. Khi lng t cn o: V=ho Fho=3,15x(84,85x55,5+(53,9+41,55)x9,65/2+(41,55+22,2)x6,2/2)) +1270,8 =17848,2 m3 Khi lng o t th cng ly bng 10% khi lng o t ,nn: - Khi lng o t bng my l : 16063,38 m3 - Khi lng o t bng th cng l : 1784,8 m3 - nh mc o v vn chuyn t bng th cng : 0.45 cng /m3 Suy ra s cng cn o l : 0,45x 1784,8=803,16 cng - Dung my o gu nghch EO- 3322B1 vi cc thng s sau thc hin cng tc o t. + Dung tch gu: q = 0.5m + Bn knh o: R = 7,5m + Chiu cao t: H = 4,8m + Trng lng my: Q = 14,5 T + B rng my: b = 2.7 m + Chiu su o t ln nht: Ho = 4,2m + Thi gian 1 chu k tck = 17 s - Cng sut my o:
N=q Kd N ck K tg ( m 3 / h) Kt
Trong :
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+ K = 1.2: h s y gu ph thuc vo loi t + Kt = 1.1: h s ti ca t + Nck = 3600/Tck + Tck = tck Kvt Kquay = 20 1.1 1 = 18,7 s + tck = 17 khi gc quay 90o + Kvt = 1.1 khi t ln thng + Kq = 1 khi gc quay l 90o Nck = 3600/18,7 = 192,5 (m3/h) Ktg = 0.8: h s s dng thi gian. Vy:
N =q Kd 1 .2 N ck K tg = 0.5 192 ,5 0.8 = 84 ( m3 / h) Kt 1.1
S ca my phc v cng tc o t thi cng tng ngm -1: n = 16063,8/(84 8) = 23,9 (ca). chn 24 ca my Chn hai my o my o EO-2621A, mi ngy lm 1 ca . Vy ta o t tng hm 1 trong vng 12 ngy. Suy ra khi lng o t trong mt ngy l : 16063/12=1338,5m3 Chn t vn chuyn t T T 20T Nh thu s b tr xe vn chuyn t d n v tr cch cng trnh L=10km. Chn loi t ti trng 20 tn Vn tc trung bnh ca xe l vtb=30km/h, thi gian t ti bi v dng trnh xe trn ng ly bng t d+t0 = 2 + 5 = 7(pht) + Thi gian xe hot ng c lp: tx= 2.L/vtb+td+t0= 2.5.60/30+7=54 (pht) + Mt gu c trng ti = 0,5. (1,1/1,15). 1,864 = 0,891(tn) + S gu y thng xe n=
20 = 22,4 (gu). Chn 22 gu. 0,891
+ Thi gian t y 1 chuyn xe:
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d tb = n. t ck = 13.22/60 = 4,76(pht)
+ Chu k lm vic ca xe: tckx= tb+tx= 4,76+54 = 58,76(pht) Vy s chuyn xe trn mt ca l:

7.60.0,75 = 5 chuyn 58,76
Dung tch thng xe Vxe = 22. 0,5.(1,1/1,15) = 10,5(m3) Khi lng t ch c trong 1 ca: Pxe = 5 . 10,5= 52,5 (m3) Vy s xe cn thit ch t i trong ,mt ngy n= P = xe
Vx 1338,5 = 25,4(xe ) 52,5
Chn n = 25(xe)
b. Thi cng b tng dm sn tng hm 2 trc (ct -3.00m) Sau khi m ln v h nn n cao yu cu, ngi ta tin hnh khot l khun dm sau dng va xi mng mc thp lng mt lp ln mt nn to mt bng thi cng ct thp v b tng. Lp xi mng nn ny ng vai tr nh cppha sn v cppha dm, cn lu l khi h ct nn v to khun phi tnh n c lp va ny sao cho cao ca lp va chnh l cao trnh y sn, dm cn chiu rng khun chnh l chiu rng dm. Sau khi lp b tng nn ny t cng ta tin hnh t ct thp cho sn v dm. Vic t ct thp ging nh cho mi sn bnh thng ch c khc l vn khun sn v dm chnh l cc lp b tng lt ny. Trc khi b tng ta nn qut mt lp du luyn ln mt nn sau ny d cppha c d dng, mt di ca sn c mn, khng b dnh lp va lt. B tng c trong tng phn khu nh my bm t hnh vn chuyn b tng n v tr . My y va qua mt h thng ng cao su chuyn dng. S dng cc loi m di ,m mt m b tng . + Tng din tch sn tng hm 1 : 4946,8 m2 + Din tch sn thi cng trc : 3974,1 m2
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+ Din tch sn cn li : 972,7 m2 + Khi lng BT dm tng 1:941,07 m3 + Khi lng BT dm thi cng trc :696,79m3 + Khi lng BT cn li :244,28m3
Chn my bm b tng Da cng thi cng b tng sn , thi gian thi cng b tng dm sn (trc) 20 ngy .Suy ra cng d thi cng b tng Ibt=1683,09/10=168,3 m3 /ngy Chn my bm b tng SB-284A nng sut 50m3/h Chn my m b tng - Chn m di I-21A c nng sut 6m3/h Nng sut ca ca my m l: 6.7.0,75 = 31,5(m3/ca)
=> S my ca my m cn dng l: 168,3/31,5 = 5,32 (ca) Chn 5 my
2.2.3. GIAI ON 3: THI CNG TNG HM - 2 . a. Thi cng o t Sau khi sn dm tng ngm 1 cng , h thng ny s lm vic nh mt h ging chng ngang tng barret . Ct sn tng hm 2 nm su ct 6,2m. Ta o t t cos -3,15 n cos -6,35m ri bc t ti cc v tr dm .
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Khi o t giai on ny cn ch rng, su ny xe Ben khng xung di hm c, m ta phi dng cn trc thp v mt cn trc COBELCO cu nhng thng t t ln xe Ben sn trn mt t.Ta o t theo phng php o moi kt hp gia my o t thiu nhi v o th cng. Mi thng t ch c kch thc 2x2x1 suy ra th tch thng 4m3 Do iu kin thiu nh sng nn phi b tr thm h thng chiu sng trn trn tng mt phc v vic o t c tt . Vi chiu su lp t l 3,2 m buc phi chia lm hai t o : t u dy 2m m bo cho cng nhn thi cng trong t th thoi mi .Lp sau dy 1,2m . Khi lng t cn o: V=ho Fho=3,2x(84,85x55,5+(53,9+41,55)x9,65/2+(41,55+22,2)x6,2/2)) -3,14*0.225^2*3.15*43+1270,8 =17153,6 m3 Khi lng o t th cng ly bng 10% khi lng o t ,nn: Trong : o bng my : 90%x17153,6 =15438,2m3 o th cng : 10%x17153,6 =1715,36m3 - nh mc o v vn chuyn t bng th cng : 0.45 cng /m3 Suy ra s cng cn o l : 0,45x 2574,1=771,9 cng - Dung my o gu nghch EO-2621A vi cc thng s sau thc hin cng tc o t. + Dung tch gu: q = 0.25m
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+ Bn knh o: R = 5m + Chiu cao t: H = 2.2m + Trng lng my: Q = 5.1T + B rng my: b = 2.1 m + Chiu su o t ln nht: Ho = 3.5m + Thi gian 1 chu k tck = 20 s - Cng sut my o:
Trong : + K = 1.2: h s y gu ph thuc vo loi t + Kt = 1.1: h s ti ca t + Nck = 3600/Tck + Tck = tck Kvt Kquay = 20 1.1 1 = 22 s + tck = 20 khi gc quay 90o + Kvt = 1.1 khi t ln thng + Kq = 1 khi gc quay l 90o Nck = 3600/22 = 163.63 (m3/h) Ktg = 0.8: h s s dng thi gian. Vy:
N =q Kd 1 .2 N ck K tg = 0.25 163 .63 0.8 = 35 .7( m3 / h) Kt 1.1
S ca my phc v cng tc o t thi cng tng ngm 2: n = 15438,2/(35,7 8) = 54 (ca). chn 54 ca my Chn 2 my o lm vic ngy 2 ca . Vy thi gian thi cng o t tng hm 2 54/4=13.5 ngy Khi lng t o trong mt ngy l: 15438 / 13,5 = 1143 m3/ngy Chn t vn chuyn t Nh thu s b tr xe vn chuyn t d n v tr cch cng trnh L=10km. Chn loi t ti trng 20 tn Vn tc trung bnh ca xe l vtb=30km/h, thi gian t ti bi v dng trnh xe trn ng ly bng td+t0 = 2 + 5 = 7(pht) + Thi gian xe hot ng c lp: tx= 2.L/vtb+td+t0= 2.5.60/30+7=54 (pht)
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+ Mt thng t ch c trng ti = 4. (1,1/1,15). 1,864 = 7,13(tn) + S thng t ch lm y mt thng xe n=

20 = 2,8 (thng). Chn 3 thng. 7,13
+ Thi gian t y 1 chuyn xe: tb = n. t ck = 13.22/60 = 4,76(pht) + Thi gian cu t t tng hm ln mt t 5 pht + Chu k lm vic ca xe: tckx= tb+tx= 4,76+5+54 = 63,76(pht) Vy s chuyn xe trn mt ca l:
d
7.60.0,75 = 4,93 chuyn chn 5 chuyn 63,76
Dung tch thng xe Vxe = 3. 4.(1,1/1,15) = 11,4(m3) Khi lng t ch c trong 1 ca: Pxe = 5 . 11,4= 57 (m3) Vy s xe cn thit ch t i trong ,mt ngy n= P = xe
Vx 1143 = 20,05(xe ) 57
Chn n = 20(xe)
b.Thi cng dm sn tng hm 3 trc - Bin php thi cng vn khun ging nh tng 1 - Ta dng cn trc chuyn vn khun ,ct thp xung tng hm 2.
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- Thc hin lin kt ct thp dm sn vi ng thp nhi b tng (ct tm) v tng barret c thi cng trc . - B tr cc ng ng dn b tng sao cho li dng cc l trng sn v cc khong h ca tng barret m vn m bo ng ng khng b chuyn hng t ngt dm n tt ng b tng . - H thng chiu sng phi c b tr n tn ni m bo nh sng cho qu trnh thi cng
+ Tng din tch sn tng hm 1 : 4946,8 m2 + Din tch sn thi cng trc : 3974,1 m2 + Din tch sn cn li : 972,7 m2 + Khi lng BT dm tng 1:941,07 m3 + Khi lng BT dm thi cng trc :696,79m3 + Khi lng BT cn li :244,28m3 Chn my bm b tng Da cng thi cng b tng sn , thi gian thi cng b tng dm sn (trc) 20 ngy .Suy ra cng d thi cng b tng Ibt=1683,09/10=168,3 m3 /ngy Chn my bm b tng SB-284A nng sut 50m3/h Chn my m b tng - Chn m di I-21A c nng sut 6m3/h Nng sut ca ca my m l: 6.7.0,75 = 31,5(m3/ca) => S my ca my m cn dng l: 168,3/31,5 = 5,32 (ca) Chn 5 my
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2.2.4. GIAI ON 4: THI CNG TNG HM 3 a. Thi cng o t Ct sn tng hm 3 nm su ct9.35m. Ta tin hnh o t t cos -6.35m n cos -9.55m ri bc t cc v tr dm .Sau khi dm sn tng hm 1,2 cng thi ta mi tin hnh o . Chuyn v ca tng barret nh . Phng php o t tng t tng hm 2.
Khi lng t cn o: V=ho Fho=3,2x(84,85x55,5+(53,9+41,55)x9,65/2+(41,55+22,2)x6,2/2)) -3,14*0.225^2*3.15*43+1270,8 =17153,6 m3 Khi lng o t th cng ly bng 10% khi lng o t ,nn: Trong : o bng my : 90%x17153,6 =15438,2m3 o th cng : 10%x17153,6 =1715,36m3 - nh mc o v vn chuyn t bng th cng : 0.45 cng /m3 Suy ra s cng cn o l : 0,45x 2574,1=771,9 cng
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- Dung my o gu nghch EO-2621A vi cc thng s sau thc hin cng tc o t. + Dung tch gu: q = 0.25m + Bn knh o: R = 5m + Chiu cao t: H = 2.2m + Trng lng my: Q = 5.1T + B rng my: b = 2.1 m + Chiu su o t ln nht: Ho = 3.5m + Thi gian 1 chu k tck = 20 s - Cng sut my o:
N =q Kd 1 .2 N ck K tg = 0.25 163 .63 0.8 = 35 .7(m3 / h) Kt 1.1
S ca my phc v cng tc o t thi cng tng ngm 2: n = 15438,2/(35,7 8) = 54 (ca). chn 54 ca my Chn 2 my o lm vic ngy 2 ca . Vy thi gian thi cng o t tng hm 2 54/4=13.5 ngy Khi lng t o trong mt ngy l: 15438 / 13,5 = 1143 m3/ngy Chn t vn chuyn t Nh thu s b tr xe vn chuyn t d n v tr cch cng trnh L=10km. Chn loi t ti trng 20 tn Vn tc trung bnh ca xe l vtb=30km/h, thi gian t ti bi v dng trnh xe trn ng ly bng td+t0 = 2 + 5 = 7(pht)
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+ Thi gian xe hot ng c lp: tx= 2.L/vtb+td+t0= 2.5.60/30+7=54 (pht) + Mt thng t ch c trng ti = 4. (1,1/1,15). 1,864 = 7,13(tn) + S thng t ch lm y mt thng xe n=
20 = 2,8 (thng). Chn 3 thng. 7,13
+ Thi gian t y 1 chuyn xe: tb = n. t ck = 13.22/60 = 4,76(pht) + Thi gian cu t t tng hm ln mt t 5 pht + Chu k lm vic ca xe: tckx= tb+tx= 4,76+5+54 = 63,76(pht) Vy s chuyn xe trn mt ca l:
d
7.60.0,75 = 4,93 chuyn chn 5 chuyn 63,76
Vx 1143 = 20,05(xe ) 57
Chn n = 20(xe)
b. Thi cng dm sn tng hm 4 trc Tin hnh cng tng t tng hm 2.
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+ Tng din tch sn tng hm 1 : 4946,8 m2 + Din tch sn thi cng trc : 3974,1 m2 + Din tch sn cn li : 972,7 m2 + Khi lng BT dm tng 1:941,07 m3 + Khi lng BT dm thi cng trc :696,79m3 + Khi lng BT cn li :244,28m3 Chn my bm b tng Da cng thi cng b tng sn , thi gian thi cng b tng dm sn (trc) 20 ngy .Suy ra cng d thi cng b tng Ibt=1683,09/10=168,3 m3 /ngy Chn my bm b tng SB-284A nng sut 50m3/h Chn my m b tng - Chn m di I-21A c nng sut 6m3/h Nng sut ca ca my m l: 6.7.0,75 = 31,5(m3/ca) => S my ca my m cn dng l: 168,3/31,5 = 5,32 (ca) Chn 5 my 2.2.5 GIAI ON 5: THI CNG TNG HM 4 , I MNG a. Thi cng o t Sau khi b tng dm sn tng hm 1,2,3 cng th chuyn v ca tng barret nh ta bt u o t tng hm 4. Tin hnh o t t ct -9.55 m n ct -15.7 m .Phng php o tng t nh cc tng hm trn.
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Khi lng t cn o: V=ho Fho=3,2x(84,85x55,5+(53,9+41,55)x9,65/2+(41,55+22,2)x6,2/2)) -3,14*0.225^2*3.15*43+1270,8 =31384,7 m3 Khi lng o t th cng ly bng 10% khi lng o t ,nn: Trong : o bng my : 90%x25741.4=28246,3m3 o th cng : 10%x25741.4=3138,4 m3 - Dung my o gu nghch E vi cc thng s sau thc hin cng tc o t. + Dung tch gu: q = 0.25m + Bn knh o: R = 5m + Chiu cao t: H = 2.2m + Trng lng my: Q = 5.1T + B rng my: b = 2.1 m + Chiu su o t ln nht: Ho = 3.5m + Thi gian 1 chu k tck = 20 s - Cng sut my o:
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N=q
Kd N ck K tg ( m 3 / h) Kt
N =q Kd 1 .2 N ck K tg = 0.25 163 .63 0.8 = 35 .7( m3 / h) Kt 1.1
S ca my phc v cng tc o t thi cng tng ngm 2: n = 28246,3/(35,7 8) = 98,9 (ca). chn 99 ca my Chn 2 my o lm vic ngy 2 ca . Vy thi gian thi cng o t tng hng 4 99/4=24,75 ngy ,chn 25 ngy Khi lng t o trong mt ngy l: 28246 / 25 = 1129,8 m3/ngy Chn t vn chuyn t Nh thu s b tr xe vn chuyn t d n v tr cch cng trnh L=10km. Chn loi t ti trng 20 tn Vn tc trung bnh ca xe l vtb=30km/h, thi gian t ti bi v dng trnh xe trn ng ly bng td+t0 = 2 + 5 = 7(pht) + Thi gian xe hot ng c lp: tx= 2.L/vtb+td+t0= 2.5.60/30+7=54 (pht) + Mt thng t ch c trng ti = 4. (1,1/1,15). 1,864 = 7,13(tn) + S thng t ch lm y mt thng xe n=
20 = 2,8 (thng). Chn 3 thng. 7,13
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+ Thi gian t y 1 chuyn xe:

d tb = n. t ck = 13.22/60 = 4,76(pht)
+ Thi gian cu t t tng hm ln mt t 5 pht + Chu k lm vic ca xe: tckx= tb+tx= 4,76+5+54 = 63,76(pht) Vy s chuyn xe trn mt ca l:
7.60.0,75 = 4,93 chuyn chn 5 chuyn 63,76
Vx 1129,8 = 129,8(xe ) 57
Chn n = 20(xe)
b.Thi cng i mng , nn tng hm 4 Gm cc bc nh sau: - Truyn ct xung tng ngm th t. - Ph b 1 m u cc, v sinh ct thp ch u cc v ng thp nhi b tng (ct thi cng topdown) - Chng thm i cc bng mt s phng php: pht va b tng , bi tum hoc thu tinh lng. - b tng lt i cc . - t ct thp i mng v lin kt vi thp cc , t ct thp ch ct v vch. - b tng i cc. - Thi cng chng thm cho nn tng hm. Cng vic trc c chuyn li trc chnh tng hm l ht sc quan trng cn phi c b phn trc c thc hin ng vi sai s trong gii hn cho php. Mun vy phi
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bt buc s dng cc loi my hin i nh: my o thu chun NI.030 ca c, my NA 824 ca Thu S hoc my c chnh xc tng ng (my chiu ng lade). Vic ph u cc v v sinh ct thp phi c thc hin nhanh , m bo yu cu: sch, k, m bo tnh lin kt ca b tng vi ct thp v tnh lin tc gia cc phn. Ngay sau phi t chc ngay vic chng thm i v b tng lt trnh qu lu trong mi trng m, xm thc c th gy kh khn cho vic thi cng v chng thm. + B tng lt mng : 305,19m3 + B tng i mng : 5221,5 m3 + B tng dm mng :70.38 m3 + B tng nn tng hm 4 :1311,04 m3
Chn my bm b tng Da cng thi cng b tng sn , thi gian thi cng b tng i mng 32 ngy .Suy ra cng d thi cng b tng Ibt=5221,5/23=277 m3 /ngy Chn my bm b tng SB-284A nng sut 50m3/h Chn my trn b tng cho cng tc b tng lt Cng thi cng b tng lt mng 305/7=43,5m3/ngy - S dng S tay chn my thi cng xy dng, chn my trn b tng SB-16V vi dung tch thng trn 500 lt. Nng sut ca my trn b tng: N = Vsx.Kxl.Nck.Ktg
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Vsx : Dung tch sn ut ca thng trn. Vsx= 0,6.Vhh= 0,6.0,5= 0,3(m3) Kxl: H s xut kiu Kxl= 0,7 Nck=: S m trn thc hin trong mt gi. Nck=
3600 t ck
Trong :tck= t vo + ttrn + t ra= 15 + 45 + 15 = 75(giy) = 48(m trn/h) Ktg=0,75
=> Nck= 75
3600
Ktg : H s s dng thi gian
=> N = 0,3.0,7.48.0,75 = 7,56(m3/h) = 60,48(m3/ca) > Ibt = 43,5(m3/ca). Chn my m b tng - Chn m di I-21A c nng sut 6m3/h Nng sut ca ca my m l: 6.7.0,75 = 31,5(m3/ca)
S my ca my m cn dng l: 5221,5/31,5 = 7,2 (ca) Chn 7 my
- Chn my m mt U7 nng sut 5m3/h Nng sut ca ca my m l : 5.7.0.75=26,25 (m3/ca) S my m mt : 45/26,25=1,7 ,chn 2 my
2.2.6. GIAI ON 6: THI CNG CT ,VCH T TNG HM 4 LN TNG HM 3 V PHN SN CN LI CA TNG HM 4 - Thc hin lin kt ct thp ct ,li vi ct thp ch t i mng . - Vn chuyn vn khun ct thp xung tng hm 4 bng cn trc . - Thi cng ct thp vn khun bnh thng nh thi cng phn thn .
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+ Khi lng BT ct : 132,9 m3 + Khi lng BT li : 421,68 m3 + Din tch sn cn li :972,7 m2 + Khi lng BT phn dm cn li ca tng hm 3: 244,35 m3 Chn my bm b tng v my m: chn loi my nh thi cng dm sn trc v khi lng thi cng nh hn. 2.2.7. GIAI ON 7: THI CNG CT,VCH T TNG HM 3 LN TNG HM 2 V PHN SN CN LI CA TNG HM 3 + Khi lng BT ct : 132,9 m3 + Khi lng BT li : 421,68 m3 + Din tch sn cn li :972,7 m2 + Khi lng BT phn dm cn li ca tng hm 2: 244,35 m3 Chn my bm b tng v my m: chn loi my nh thi cng dm sn trc v khi lng thi cng nh hn.
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2.2.8. GIAI ON 8: THI CNG CT , VCH T TNG HM 2 LN TNG HM 1 V PHN SN CN LI CA TNG HM 2 - Khi lng BT ct : 132,9 m3 - Khi lng BT li : 421,68 m3 - Khi lng BT phn sn cn li ca tng hm 1 :295,67 m3 - Khi lng BT phn dm cn li ca tng hm : 244,54 m3 Chn my bm b tng v my m: chn loi my nh thi cng dm sn trc v khi lng thi cng nh hn.
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2.2.9. GIAI ON 9 : THI CNG CT , VCH T TNG HM 1 LN TNG TRT V SN TNG HM 1 + Trnh t thi cng chi tit : - Lp dng vn khun ct ,vch tng hm 1 - t ct thp ct ,vch tng hm 1 - b tng ct ,vch tng hm 1 - Tho vn khun ct vch - Lp dng vn khun dm ,sn - t ct thp dm,sn - b tng dm sn + Khi lng : - B tng ct : 199,39 m3
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- B tng vch : 593 m3 - B tng dm : 885.38 m3 - B tng sn : 514,56 m3 Chn my bm b tng Da cng thi cng b tng sn , thi gian thi cng b tng dm sn tng trt ngy .Suy ra cng d thi cng b tng Ibt=4097,6/20=204,8m3 /ngy Chn my bm b tng SB-284A nng sut 50m3/h Chn my m b tng - Chn m di I-21A c nng sut 6m3/h Nng sut ca ca my m l: 6.7.0,75 = 31,5(m3/ca) S my ca my m cn dng l: 204,8/31,5 = 6.5 (ca) Chn 6 my
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TI NGHIN CU KHOA HC

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

Lm tng k thut gii quyt cc vn iu ho khng kh, x l nc

thi, lp t my mc phc v giao thng (thang my), cp nhit...

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

b. o c c khng chng t H : Chi s h u u o h : Chi s ngm ca c u u

c. H thnh nhi t o o u ng c c ch khng chng n

e. Vn c givch c neo khi c thng thong cho h n o khi thi cng t h ng m

d. Vn c givch h o khng chng d ng khi cc ct chng khng nh hung n thi cng t h ng m

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

H 4.a a1. Mbng hchng h o b hd ct nh t ng m

a McA-A. Hgi chng 2. t t ng D m

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

t t nhin D neo y Mc n c ng m T h ng m x dng ang y

H 4b : Chng t ng bao bng hneo ng nh m

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

H 6 : Gia c h tr c khi mng nh o o

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

hoc tra m xung t t.

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

Hnh 1.3: Quy trnh thi cng tng Barrette

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

7.60.0,75 = 5,57 chuyn ly 6 chuyn 56,57

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

Di: Rng: Cao:

Trm bm c dng Diesen: Tc : d. Cn trc

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

INH CNG HONG LP 04KX1

Tc di chuy 18 Km n /h Tr ng l ng cng t c 36,8 T p l c l n 0,077 (MPA) t