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,NI DUNG MN HC Bao gm 2 phn Phn 1. H Qun tr CSDL FoxPro t s khi nim c bn c vi Fox ch ca s lnh Phn 2.

2. Lp trnh FoxPro u bi ton c vi Fox ch lp trnh Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy PHN 1. H QUN TR CSDL FOX Ch-ng I. MT S KHI NIM C BN ...................... 5 I. C S D LIU V H QUN TR C S D LIU ............................ 5 I.1. Tin hc qun l ...................................................................................... 5 I.2. C s d liu .......................................................................................... 6 I.3. H qun tr CSDL Visual FoxPro 9.0 ..................................................... 6 II. CC KHI NIM C BN TRONG FOXPRO ...................................... 9 II.1. Cc kiu d liu c bn ....................................................................... 9 II.2. Hng v bin ..................................................................................... 11 II.3. Hm .................................................................................................. 12 II.4. Biu thc .......................................................................................... 12 II.5. Php gn ........................................................................................... 13 II.6. Lnh ................................................................................................. 13 III. FILE D LIU ....................................................................................... 14 III.1. H s ................................................................................................ 14 III.2. Bn d liu 2 chiu ........................................................................... 14 III.3. File d liu........................................................................................ 15 - 2

Ch-ng II. THAO TC VI FILE D LIU ................. 16 I. TO FILE C S D LIU ..................................................................... 16 I.1. To file c s d liu ........................................................................... 16 I.2. M v ng file c s d liu ............................................................... 18 II. LM VIC VI CU TRC FILE C S D LIU ........................... 19 II.1. Xem v in cu trc ............................................................................ 19 II.2. Sa cu trc ...................................................................................... 20 II.3. Trng c lp v khng c lp ...................................................... 21 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguyn Hoi Anh III. CP NHT D LIU CHO FILE C S D LIU ............................. 21 III.1. nh v con tr bn ghi ..................................................................... 21 III.2. Thm bn ghi .................................................................................... 24 III.3. Phm vi v iu kin trong cu lnh thao tc bn ghi ........................ 26 III.4. Xem v in d liu ............................................................................. 27 III.5. Sa d liu trn bn ghi .................................................................... 31 III.6. Xo bn ghi trong file c s d liu .................................................. 34 III.7. Thay th ni dung ca trng d liu ................................................ 36 III.8. Lnh Browse ..................................................................................... 37 IV. SP XP V TM KIM D LIU....................................................... 40 IV.1. Sp xp vt l ................................................................................... 40 IV.2. Sp xp logic .................................................................................... 42 IV.3. Tm kim tun t .............................................................................. 46 IV.4. Tm kim trc tip ............................................................................ 47 V. TNH TON V THNG K D LIU ............................................... 47 V.1. t lc cc bn ghi ........................................................................... 47 V.2. t lc cc trng ............................................................................. 48 - 3

V.3. m s bn ghi (Count) .................................................................... 49 V.4. Cng theo ct cc biu thc s (Sum) ............................................... 49 V.5. Tnh trung bnh cng (Average) ........................................................ 50 V.6. Tnh tng b phn (Total) ................................................................. 50 V.7. Thng k tng hp (Calculate) .......................................................... 52 Ch-ng III. LM VIC VI NHIU FILE CSDL ......... 53 I. VNG LM VIC - B DANH CA VNG LM VIC ........................ 53 I.1. Vng lm vic ...................................................................................... 53 I.2. B danh ................................................................................................ 55 II. TO MT FILE CSDL T MT FILE CSDL C .......................... 56 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguyn Hoi Anh II.1. To cu trc ...................................................................................... 56 II.2. To cu trc v a ni dung sang .................................................... 56 II.3. Kt ni 2 file CSDL .......................................................................... 57 II.4. Lnh UPDATE ................................................................................. 58 III. LIN KT CC FILE CSDL .................................................................. 60 III.1. t vn ......................................................................................... 60 III.2. Lin kt 1 chnh - 1 ph (1 - 1).......................................................... 60 III.3. Lin kt 1 chnh - n ph (1 - n).......................................................... 62 III.4. Lin kt mc xch ............................................................................. 63 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy Ch-ng I. MT S KHI NIM C BN I. C S D LIU V H QUN TR C S D LIU I.1. Tin hc qun l - 5 - 4

Ni n tin hc ta khng th khng nhc n my tnh. My tnh l mt cng c tin hc nhng n khng th thay th cho con ngi. My tnh do con ngi ch to ra, v my tnh c th thc hin mt cng vic no , con ngi cn phi vit chng trnh cho n lm vic. Lc u my tnh sinh ra nhm mc ch gip con ngi gim nh cng vic tnh ton v tng tc tnh ton. Nhng hin nay vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca tin hc, n ang tng bc thm nhp vo rt nhiu lnh vc trong i sng x hi v my tnh khng ch n gin dng tnh ton m my tnh ch yu gip con ngi s dng thng tin, v ng dng ca tin hc nh my tnh ch yu 2 lnh vc c k thut: lin quan n tnh ton phc tp vi khi lng ln (chim 20%). V d. phn mm thng k, phn mm k ton, phn mm v qun s... n l x hi: tnh ton n gin nhng cc mi quan h li phc tp phi x l mt khi lng ln d liu (chim 80%). V d. phn mm qun l khch sn, qun l bn hng, qun l khu vui chi... Tin hc qun l l mt ngnh ng dng tin hc trong cng tc qun l. Bi ton qun l gm cc c trng sau l mt khi lng d liu kh ln, lun bin i v c cp nht thng xuyn. c cp nht thng c t chc theo nhng khun mu nht nh gi l cu trc d liu. Cc mu ny c thit k sao cho ph hp vi cc yu cu x l khc nhau. V d o Mu Ho n thu chi qun l ti chnh, o Mu phiu xut, nhp kho qun l hng trong kho, o Mu h s cn b qun l cn b... phn loi cc bi ton qun l theo tng lnh vc chung. V d o Qun l kho thnh phm ca cng ty bnh ko Hi H

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguyn Hoi Anh o Qun l kho thnh phm ca x nghip in c Thng Nht n l kho. o Qun l mua bn hng ti mt ca hng vn phng phm o Qun l mua bn hng ti mt quy sch n l bn hng. Bi v v mt nghip v chng c nhng im tng ng vi nhau. t qu x l thng tin trong bi ton qun l thng a ra theo dng mu biu. Khi qun l v x l thng tin phi m bo 4 mc tiu y t qun o mt - 6

V phi bo m cc thao tc c bn i vi h s i tng qun l o To lp (Create) o Cp nht: update, delete, change. o Sp xp (sort) o Tm kim (find, seek) o Lc (filter) o Tnh ton: cng (count), tng (sum), trung bnh (average)... o Bo co (report) I.2. C s d liu C s d liu l mt tp hp d liu ca mt t chc c lu tr trong my tnh, c nhiu ngi s dng v vic thc hin n c chi phi bng mt m hnh d liu.

Ch : Mt c s d liu khc mt ngn hng d liu v c s d liu l d liu c t chc c cu trc gip cho vic thc hin mt cch thun li, thao tc c bn thun tin. I.3. H qun tr CSDL Visual FoxPro 9.0 u tin ta ni n mi quan h gia Databate, Management, System. Hot ng qun l thng phi x l mt khi lng ln thng tin v thng yu cu phi nhanh, chnh xc nn i hi phi c tin hc ho. Tin hc Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy ho cng tc qun l l mt i ng hng, trong cng c chnh ca vic tin hc ho l cc phn mm hng vo cng tc qun l. Tc l nhng phn mm ny phi tr gip cho con ngi 4 mc tiu v 7 thao tc c bn nu. Nhng phn mm nh vy c gi l cc H qun tr C s d liu. C rt nhiu H qun tr c s d liu nh FoxPro, Access, Oracle, DB2... FoxPro = Fox Professional. Trong mn hc s gii thiu phin bn Visual FoxPro 9. Ci t FoxPro for Windows Chy file setup.exe v chn la ch ci t t y t tng thnh phn t ti thiu chy. Vo/ra FoxPro khi ng FoxPro di chuyn chut Start/Programs/Microsoft Visual FoxPro 9.0. Sau khi khi ng, mn hnh lm vic ca FoxPro xut hin. Khi thot khi FoxPro ta c 2 cch i ca s lnh dng lnh Quit. - 7

o n phm F10 o Chn bng chn File o Chn mc Exit Cng c th thc hin bng cch chn phm nng n Alt + F, n phm X. Hai ch lm vic trong Visual Fox Cng ging cc phin bn khc, Visual Fox cng lm vic hai ch : ch hi thoi (ca s lnh) v ch chng trnh (lp trnh). hi thoi: ngi dng g mt lnh vo ca s lnh, cui lnh n Enter, my thc hin lnh, kt qu lnh a ra mn hnh chnh, FoxPro li sn sng ch lnh tip. Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguyn Hoi Anh chng trnh, ta cn to mt file vn bn gm cc lnh ca FoxPro, sau chy file ny. S dng h thng bn chn n phm F10. t sng n bng chn cn thit v n phm Enter. Khi mt bng chn dc xut hin pha di bng chn va chn t sng n mc cn chn v n phm Enter. u phn la chn no cn c ngha l cn la chn mc trong, ta tip tc s dng cc phm mi tn di chuyn n mc cn chn v n Enter. Son tho vn bn trong FoxPro M mt file vn bn mi hoc gi mt file c bng lnh MODIFY COMMAND ng dn \ tn file - 8

V d: MODIFY COMMAND C:\My document\hocsinh.txt Sau khi son tho xong, ghi vn bn vo a v ng ca s son tho, hy n Ctrl + W Cc phm dch chuyn con tr n phm mi tn ch con tr ln/xung mt trang mn hnh v u/cui dng. v u/cui vn bn. Thay i ch chn/ dng phm Insert nh du khi vn bn nhy nt tri chut v ko, khi vn bn c mu xanh. Dnh du ton b vn bn Ctrl+A. Hu nh du khi: nhy nt tri chut. Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy Cc thao tc chnh khi son tho xo khi v ghi vo vng m sao chp khi vo vng m chp khi t vng m vo ch con tr. i. tm kim v thay th dy k t in : Ctrl + G khng thay v tm kim tip thay v tm kim tip t c. t lp cc c tnh mn hnh son tho. II. CC KHI NIM C BN TRONG FOXPRO II.1. Cc kiu d liu c bn Trong FOXPRO c 8 kiu d liu c bn: u k t Character (C): Cha cc k t thuc bng m ASCII c rng - 9

ti a 254 k t, phn bit ch hoa v thng. u s Numeric (N): Cha d liu kiu s nguyn v s thc. (Bao gm C c s t 0 - 9, du dng (+), du m (-) v du chm thp phn). C rng 20 k t s. u Float (F): Cha d liu kiu s thc vi du phy ng. V d: 1 = 123.45) u Date (D): Cha d liu dng ngy thng vi rng c nh l 8. Dng ngm nh l MM/DD/YY. C th chuyn sang DD/MM/YY bng lnh Set Date French. u Logic (L): Nhn hai gi tr True (T) hoc False (F) c rng c nh l 1. u Memo (M): Cha cc khi vn bn ln c rng khng qu 64.000 k t. u Picture (P) v General (G): Cha hnh nh, m thanh v bng tnh. Cc php ton cho cc kiu d liu hc (dng cho kiu N, F) theo th t u tin Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy Lu tha: ** hoc ^ (khng giao hon) VD: 3 5 = 3**5 (3^5); 10 100 = 100**(1/10). Nhn, chia: * (giao hon), / (khng giao hon). - 10 12.34500000E+01 (=12.34500000 x 10

Cng, tr: + (giao hon), - (khng giao hon) Cc ton hng c kiu N s cho ra kt qu kiu N. i k t (cng mc u tin) Php cng: ghp 2 chui thnh 1 chui (ghp nguyn vn). Php tr: ghp 2 chui thnh mt chui nhng chuyn tt c nhng du cch cui chui 1 v cui chui kt qu. VD. a = thanh pho ; b = Ha noi ? a + b = thanh pho Ha noi ? len(a+b ? a b = thanh phoHa noi ? len(ai kiu ngy (cng mc u tin) Php cng: <ngy> + <s D N D ng 45 ngy na Php tr: <ngy> - <s nguyn> D N D >

VD. Date() <ngy 1> D D N ng kiu L cho ra kt qu kiu L. snh. Hai ton hng phi c cng kiu, kt qu php ton c kiu L, l T nu so snh ng, l F nu so snh sai. Lut so snh p dng cho cc kiu nh sau + Kiu C: so snh theo m ASCII Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software ng cch gia 2 ngy>

http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy + Kiu N, F: so snh theo gi tr i s + Kiu D: theo trc thi gian + Kiu L: gi tr .F. nh hn gi tr .T. Cc php ton = v == (so snh chnh xc) l nh nhau i vi kiu: N, D, L v khc nhau i vi kiu C. i vi = s .T. nu ni dung v phi l phn u ni dung v tri T i vi ==: ch ng nu 2 chui ging nhau hon ton. dng cho kiu C). Kt qu c II.2. Hng v bin Hng l i lng c gi tr khng thay i. ng kiu s: -12, 123.45, 0,12, 1.2E-6... ng k t: t trong cp du hoc hoc [ ]. VD Ha noi... ng logic c hai gi tr l .T. v .F., hoc .Y. v .N. ng kiu ngy: t trong cp du { }. VD {12/04/01}. Ngy rng k hiu l { } hoc { / / }. Bin l i lng c gi tr c th thay i. FoxPro chia bin thnh 3 loi n nh l cc bin trung gian c to ra khi chy chng trnh hay thc hin cc lnh trong khung ca s lnh. C th gii phng cc bin nh khi khng cn dng na. n trng l tn mt trng ca c s d liu. Bin trng tn ti trong khi c s d liu cha n c m. n h thng do FoxPro t to ra trong b nh ngay sau khi khi ng. Bin h thng c tn bt u bng du gch di. ng T nu bn tri l tp con ca bn phi. - 11

Hng v bin c lu tr ni dung trong b nh trong thng qua tn hng v tn bin c t theo quy tc: tn di ti a 10 k t, c th dng ch, ch s, du gch chn, nhng khng c bt u bng s v khng c du cch. Tn bin khng phn bit ch hoa v ch thng. Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguyn Hoi Anh Hng v bin trong FoxPro khng cn phi nh ngha kiu d liu trc m kiu d liu ca n s c xc nh khi n c gn ni dung. Kiu hng v bin tng ng vi cc kiu d liu c bn (khng xt kiu G). <tn hng/bin> = <gi tr> hoc store <gi tr> to <danh sch hng/bin> hoc tt c cc lnh trong FoxPro c phn ...to <danh sch bin>. II.3. Hm L cng c to gi tr cho cc i lng hay s dng trong gi tr thao tc. Hm c tn, i s hoc khng c i s. Tn hm t theo quy tc t tn file nu hm do ngi dng t vit, khng t tn trng vi tn hm th vin. Cc hm do FoxPro cung cp sn, khi s dng ch cn xc nh 4 ch ci u, cn cc hm do ngi dng t vit th phi c vit tn y . Mt hm (khng c i s hoc c i s th gi tr i s phi xc nh) ch tr li mt gi tr duy nht v c kiu xc nh l 1 trong 4 kiu C, N, D, L. Cnh tn hm bao gi cng phi c cp du (). Nu c i s th cc i s c vit trong cp du ngoc ny, nu nhiu i s th ngn cch nhau bi du phy. VD. Cc hm th vin li ngy gi h thng. li mt chui k t th hin gi hin ti. II.4. Biu thc - 12

Biu thc l t hp cc hng, bin, hm v cc php ton. VD. Biu thc n gin l tn 1 bin, 1 hng. Trong mt biu thc, cc php ton c thc hin theo th t u tin, php ton s hc v ghp xu thc hin trc, sau n cc php so snh, cui cng l php logic. Cc php ton cng mc u tin c thc hin t tri sang phi. Mun thay i th t u tin ta dng cp ngoc trn. Tuy nhin trong tp cc biu thc th FoxPro ch chp nhn cc biu thc hp l VD. DATE()/3 l biu thc khng hp l. (3<5) < (4>2) l biu thc hp l. Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguyn Hoi Anh II.5. Php gn C php <bin> = <biu thc> Lnh ny nhm khi to mt bin mi v gn gi tr ban u cho n. II.6. Lnh Lnh l mt thao tc yu cu FoxPro thc hin mt cng vic no do ngi s dng yu cu. C php chung vit lnh <Lnh> [Phm vi] [DS trng] [For <BT DK>] [To <tn file> / <Print>] Trong Lnh: L cc lnh bt k, phi vit ng c php, ch cn vit 4 k t u. Phm vi: Ch vng tc ng ca lnh. DS trng: Ch nhng trng c lit k trong dach sch mi c tc ng, gia cc trng cch nhau bi du phy. For <BT DK>: Ch nhng bn ghi tho mn biu thc iu kin mi c thc hin. To <Tn file>/<Print>: a kt qu ra file hoc my in. - 13

Ch : Nhng thnh phn vit trong < > l bt buc phi vit ra. Cn nhng thnh phn vit trong [ ] l ty chn. V d khi chn FOR th nht nh phi vit <iu kin> Cch dng lnh. nh bao gm t kho, cc tham s, cc phn tu chn khng phn bit ch hoa, ch thng. Khi vit lnh phi vit ng c php lnh. C php lnh l quy tc lnh. Khi vit sai c php s nhn c thng tin bo li Syntax error. ch chng trnh o Nu mi lnh c vit trn mt dng (ti a 3000 k t) th cui dng lnh khng vit bt c du no. o Nu mi lnh c vit trn nhiu dng th cui mi dng (tr dng cui cng) phi dng du ;. Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy ch hi thoi o Mi lnh c vit trn mt dng (c th vit trn nhiu dng, cui dng c du ;), khi nh s c thc hin. - 14

o Trong mt phin lm vic, cc lnh c lu tr ton b trong ca s lnh nn ta c th s dng li cc lnh ging hoc tng t cc lnh sp dng bng cch a con tr n lnh . Nu ging th thc hin, gn ging th sa cho ng ri thc hin. n dng cc lnh ca MS - DOS trong ca s lnh hay trong file chng trnh ta phi vit t kho RUN hoc ! ri n lnh bnh thng ca DOS.

V d. Run Dir *.* ! Dir /p kho lnh nu c nhiu hn 4 ch ci th ch cn vit 4 ch ci u. V d Disp stru t lnh bt buc phi c 1 ng t lnh, nu thiu chng trnh s thng bo li unrecognize command verb. III. FILE D LIU File d liu l i tng s dng chnh trong h qun tr CSDL vn bn. III.1. H s Xt mt tp cc i tng qun l, i tng ny c t tng ng vi mt vn bn lit k cc thng tin v i tng y. Mi vn bn nh vy c gi l mt h s. VD. L lch c nhn, h s v cc c quan, ho n bn hng, phiu im... III.2. Bn d liu 2 chiu Xt mt tp hp h s c cng bn cht v cu trc (h s ca cc i tng cng loi khi x l th cng), ngi ta thng lp cc bng bao gm cc ct hng. VD. Bng trch ngang l lch, bng im ca sinh vin, danh sch lp. Thng thng cc bng ny b hn ch bi kch thc giy. y ta a ra khi nim bng d liu 2 chiu t tng t duy trn nhng ch m rng thm l khng hn ch bi kch thc giy, bng d liu 2 chiu gm cc ct cc dng tng ng vi chiu dc v ngang. Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy hiu dc gm cc ct, mi ct ng vi 1 thng tin c trng m h s no cng c. Nh vy nu mi h s c nhiu thng tin c trng th bng phi c nhiu ct. u ngang gm cc dng, mi dng ng vi mt h s v ngc li - 15

mi h s ch ng vi mt dng. III.3. File d liu T khi nim bng d liu 2 chiu trn, lu tr c bng ny rong b nh ca my tnh in t, cc h QTCSDL cho php to lp v lu tr file c t chc mt cch c bit nhm th hin trn mn hnh hoc giy in hnh nh nh bn trn giy. ng thi gip ngi lm cng tc qun l thc hin c thun li cc thao tc c bn. File nh vy c gi l file d liu. Trong file d liu Mi ct trong bng gi l mt trng (field) v c t tng ng vi mt bin, bin ny c gi l bin trng. Mi dng c gi l mt bn ghi (record). Nh vy mi h s tng ng vi mt bn ghi trong file. File d liu c c trng bi 2 phm tr cu trc v ni dung. u trc l cc thng tin v cc trng gm: tn, kiu, rng, i vi kiu N c thm phn l thp phn. + Tn trng (name): t theo quy tc t tn bin. + Kiu trng (type): c 5 kiu C, N, D, L, M (M thc cht l kiu C nhng khng xc nh trc c rng) + rng (width) i vi mi file d liu cu trc ca n c to mt ln sau c th sa cha. Mun xo cu trc phi xo file d liu. i dung: l tp hp cc bn ghi. Lc u khi cu trc va c to th file cha c ni dung gi l file rng. i vi cc bn ghi ca file d liu c th thm, sa, xo gi chung l cp nht (update). C th xo ht tt c cc bng ghi v file tr nn rng. Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy - 16

Ch-ng II. THAO TC VI FILE D LIU I. TO FILE C S D LIU I.1. To file c s d liu Khi ta mun lu tr mt tp cc h s cng loi, mi h s c c trng bi mt s cc thng tin c trng nh nhau. V d, h s ca cc gio vin trong khoa, phiu im ca mi sinh vin trong mt hc k... Khi ta thit k cu trc file d liu tng ng gm i thng tin c trng c biu din l mt trng. V d, h s cc gio vin trong khoa c cc trng nh: h tn, ngy sinh, hc hm, hc v, mn dy... vo dng ca thng tin c trng m ta khai bo cc thuc tnh cho cc trng: tn trng, kiu d liu, rng v phn l (nu c). V d, ngaysinh c kiu D, hoten c kiu C... Vic thit k c ghi vo mt bng c cc ct STT, tn trng, kiu trng, rng, phn l thp phn, ghi ch (ghi tng minh tn trng, min gi tr...). Mi dng ca bng ny ng vi mt trng ca file c s d liu. Nu h s c n thng tin d liu c n trng trn n dng.

V d, xt tp cc h s l tp cc phiu im ca sinh vin bao gm cc thng tin c trng sau: M sinh vin, h tn, ngy sinh, gii tnh, im cc mn hc, im trung bnh, xp loi, hc bng, ghi ch. Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy STT Tn trng Kiu rng Phn l Gii thch 1. maSV C 7 M s sinh vin 2. hoten C 27 H v tn sinh vin 3. nsinh D 8 Ngy sinh 4. gtinh L 1 Gii tnh (Nam - T; Nu - F) - 17

5. thoc N 2 im tin hc [0,10] - 6 vht 6. tanh N 2 im ting anh[0,10] - 5 vht 7. triet N 2 Trit hc [0,10] - 5 vht 8. xlech N 2 X lch [0,10] - 2 vht - n hc 9. xkep N 2 X kp [0,10] - 2 vht - nam hc 10. dtb N 5 2 im trung bnh 11. xloai C 10 Xp loi hc lc 12. hbong N 6 Hc bng 13. gchu M 9 Qu trnh hc tp v rn luyn C 3 cch to file c s d liu Cch 1. To qua khung i thoi. G lnh c c php vo ca s lnh Create <T Trong <Tn file CSDL> l tn file c s d liu mun to. V d. To cu trc cho file DIEM.DBF

Sau khi thc hin lnh trn, trn mn hnh xut hin ca s cho chng ta nhp vo tn trng (name), kiu trng (type), rng (width), phn l (dec) ca cc trng trong cu trc file. Chng ta s dng cc phm n gia cc ct c chut: nhp thng tin cho cc trng. Ch . ng khng di qu 11 k t, khng cha du trng v bt u phi l ch ci. t file c s d liu, khng c dng hai trng c tn trng nhau. Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox

Gio vin: Nguy Sau khi khai bo xong cu trc file CSDL. ghi li cu trc ny v kt thc vic khai bo, ta c th tin hnh ba cch sau n nt OK n t hp phm Ctrl + W xung dng mi (cha khai bo d liu) v Sau khi thc hin mt trong ba thao tc trn, trn mn hnh xut hin mt hp thoi hi Input data records now ? - c nhp d liu cho cc bn ghi hay khng ? u tr li Yes mn hnh hin ln khung nhp liu v ta g d liu vo. p d liu cho trng c kiu M ta g CTRL + HOME sau nhp liu vo, nhp xong g CTRL + W. p ht d liu vo file CSDL ta g CTRL + W sau quyn iu khin c tr v ca s lnh. Cch 2. To file CSDL thng qua menu h thng. Bm chut vo File/New. Sau xut hin mt hp thoi gm cc radio botton, chn Database, n OK. Cch 3. To file khng thng qua ca s lnh v menu. Cch ny thng c dng trong ch chng trnh. C php Create table <Tn file CSDL> (<tn trng> <kiu>(< rng> [,<phn l >])...) VD. Create table Diem (masv C(7), hoten C(27), gtinh L, dtb N(5,2)) I.2. M v ng file c s d liu M v ng file ni chung tc l a file t b nh ngoi vo b nh trong x l. File c s d liu c to ra bng lnh Create th c trng thi m ngay. bo ton cc thng tin cho file CSDL khi khng dng na ta phi ng li bng lnh USE hoc CLOSE DATABASE. Nu qun khng ng, khi ta kt thc bng lnh quit th lnh ny s ng h.

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Ch . USE ch ng file CSDL ang hin hnh. CLOSE DATABASE ng tt c cc file CSDL ang c m. Lnh m file d liu. C php USE IN <tn file CSDL Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy Nu qun tn file ta dng lnh dir xem tn cc file DBF hoc lnh USE ? cho php chn. bit 1 file c m ta dng lnh SET. II. LM VIC VI CU TRC FILE C S D LIU II.1. Xem v in cu trc Sau khi to xong mt file CSDL theo mt cu trc nht nh, khi ta mun xem li cu trc ca file . Ta c th thc hin lnh DISPLAY hoc LIST c c php nh sau DISPLAY STRUCTURE [To Printer | To file <Tn file>] LIST STRUCTURE [To Printer | To file <Tn file>] [To Printer | To file <Tn file>] :c s dng nu ta mun kt xut thng tin cu trc ra my in (vi iu khon To Printer) hoc ra file c tn <Tn file> (vi iu khon To file <Tn file>). V d. Xem cu trc ca file CSDL Diem ta thc hin nh sau USE diem DISPLAY STRUCTURE (LIST STRUCTURE) Khi trn mn hnh hin th thng tin v cu trc nh sau Structure for database: D:\MY DOCUMENTS\VISUAL FOXPRO PROJECTS\DIEM.DBF Number of data records : 20 Date of last update : 11/25/01 - 19

Memo file block size : 64 Field Field Name 1 masv 2 hoten 3 nsinh 4 gtinh 5 thoc 5 tanh 6 triet 7 xlech 8 xkep 9 dtb 10 xloai 11 hbong 12 gchu ** Total ** Ch . Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy n xem cu trc ca mt file CSDL th iu u tin l file CSDL ny phi ang m. khc nhau gia LIST v DISPLAY: Khi thc hin lnh trn, nu thng tin v cu trc khng hin th ht trong mt trang - nu dng DISPLAY th FoxPro s hin th thng tin theo tng trang mn hnh. Mi khi xem xong mt trang mn hnh ta phi bm phm bt k xem tip trang sau. Nu dng LIST th FoxPro s cun tri thng tin trn mn hnh m khng dng li. - 20 Type Width 7 27 8 1 2 2 2 2 2 5 10 6 10 85 2 Dec Index

Character Character Date Logical Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Character Numeric Memo

II.2. Sa cu trc Trong mt s trng hp khi to c mt file CSDL, ta li mun thay i cu trc ca n. lm vic ny u tin hy m file CSDL v thc hin lnh sau MODIFY STRUCTURE V d. Thay i cu trc ca file diem.dbf ta thc hin nh sau USE diem MODIFY STRUCTURE Khi mt mn hnh giao din hin ln cu trc ca cc bn ghi. Chng ta c th thm, xo, thay i cu trc ca cc trng ny. Cc thao tc trn hp hi thoi ny tng t nh khi ta tao file CSDL. Cc kh nng sa i vi mt trng c ta c th sa cc c trng ca n v c th xo n. Xo 1 trng - a con tr n dng ng vi trng v n Ctrl + D hoc n nt delete. i vi mt trng cha c ta c th thm vo o Thm vo cui: a con tr n cui ri thm bnh thng. o Thm vo gia 2 trng c: a con tr n trng m tng lai n nm di trng c thm v n Ctrl + I hoc n nt insert. i th t cc trng: a con tr n trng cn thay i v tr n t hp phm Ctrl + PgUp v Ctrl + PgDn. Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy Sau khi thay i cu trc xong, ta n OK, khi ny xut hin hp thoi hi Make structure changes permanent ?. Ta n yes khng inh c thay i cu trc ca file. - 21

Ch . Khi sa cu trc 1 file d liu c ni dung vn gi gn d liu l rt quan tr c khi sa ta nn lu ni dung file d liu sang ch khc.

Nu file d liu c trng memo th ta lu thm file .FDT. Ngoi ra khi ta sa th FoxPro lu 2 file c

II.3. Trng c lp v khng c lp Trng c lp l nhng trng m ni dung ca n khng suy ra c t ni dung cc trng khc. Trng khng c lp l nhng trng m ni dung ca n suy ra t cc trng khc. V d. Trong file DIEM.DBF, cc trng t Trng 9, 10, 11 l trng ph thuc. V phng din l thuyt, ta khng cn lu bt c mt trng khng c lp no (v n c th suy ra t cc trng c lp). Nhng trong thc t i gian chy lu hn. dng d liu hn. Ch . Khi to cu trc ta chn kiu, rng cc trng sao cho ti u nht, khng qu rng, khng qu hp lu trong nhng trng hp tng qut. III. CP NHT D LIU CHO FILE C S D LIU III.1. nh v con tr bn ghi a. S hiu bn ghi Khi d liu c nhp vo file th FoxPro t ng nh s th t vo bn ghi theo thi gian thc bt u t 1. S th t y c gi l s hiu ca bn ghi. Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox n km b nh hn nhng s n gin trong vic s l i vi d liu s phc tp ng c lp.

Gio vin: Nguy b. Bn ghi hin ti Chng ta bit rng khi m mt file CSDL no th cc bn ghi ca file CSDL ny s c np vo b nh. Ti mt thi im FoxPro ch lm vic vi 1 bn ghi tc l ni dung bn ghi y c a vo b nh trong thng qua cc bin trng. Nh vy nu file CSDL c n trng th trong b nh ch c n bin trng v ni dung ca n bin trng chnh l ni dung cc trng ca bn ghi c a vo x l. Bn ghi no m ni dung ca n nm trong b nh trong thng qua cc bin trng th c gi l bn ghi hin ti. C 2 vn cn gii quyt no a mt bn ghi no y thnh bn ghi hin ti i mt thi im lm th no bit bn ghi s hiu bao nhiu l bn ghi hin ti. C 1 c ch c bit gip ngi dng xc nh c bn ghi no c l bn ghi hin ti gi l c ch con tr bn ghi. Hm RECNO() tr li gi tr l 1 s, l s hiu ca bn ghi hin ti. Ch . Khi thao tc vi d liu (c bit l khi vit chng trnh) ta cn phi lun xc nh c con tr bn ghi nm v tr no trong file. Khi mi m con tr bn ghi ch vo bn ghi s c. Dch chuyn con tr bn ghi m u file - im cui file im u file l im m ti hm bof() tr li gi tr ng, ngc li tr li gi tr sai, im ny nm trc bn ghi s 1 v c s hiu bn ghi bng 1. im cui file l im m ti hm eof() tr li gi tr ng, ngc li n ghi hin ti mc nh l bn ghi u tin.

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tr li gi tr sai, im ny nm di bn ghi cui cng v s hiu ln hn s hiu bn ghi cui cng mt n v.

ch chuyn tuyt i C php GO <n> hoc GOTO <n> Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguyn Hoi Anh Trong <n> l s t nhin ch s th t ca bn ghi cn chuyn n. Lnh ny dng di chuyn con tr bn ghi n mt bn ghi <n> xc nh trong file CSDL hin hnh. Ta gi y l dch chuyn tuyt i bi v trc lnh ny con tr nm u khng quan trng. V d. USE diem b = RECNO() - 23

GO 3 a = RECNO()

Ch . ch chuyn con tr bn ghi qu phm vi ca file CSDL, trn mn hnh s thng bo li Record is out of range. Do cn lu khi thc hin lnh GO l khng c ln hn s bn ghi ca file CSDL. xc nh c c bao nhiu bn ghi trong file CSDL ta c th s dng hm RECCOUNT(). dch chuyn n bn ghi u tin trong file CSDL ta thc hin lnh GO TOP. dch chuyn n bn ghi cui cng trong file CSDL ta thc hin lnh GO BOTTOM.

ch chuyn tng i C php SKIP <k> Trong <k> l s nguyn khc 0. a con tr bn ghi ti k bn ghi khng k bn ghi hin ti v pha u file nu k m, v pha cui file nu k dng. Ta gi y l dch chuyn tng i bi v khi thc hin lnh th v tr con tr u trc l rt quan trng. V d. go 15 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy skip -3 12 skip 4 - 24

Ch . skip ~ skip 1 III.2. Thm bn ghi 1. Thm bn ghi vo cui file CSDL b sung cc bn ghi vo cui file CSDL ang m ta dng lnh APPEND vi mt s dng sau a. APPEND Khi thc hin lnh ny mn hnh s hin th mt bn ghi trng cho ta nhp d liu cho cc trng trong bn ghi ny. V d. thm bn ghi vo cho file DIEM.DBF ta thc hin cc lnh sau use diem APPEND Tip theo mt mn hnh nhp liu s hin ra ta c th vo d liu cho bn

gih va c thm, qu trnh vo d liu ging nh khi vo d liu cho cc bn ghi phn trn. b. APPEND BLANK Khi thc hin lnh ny chng trnh khng yu cu ta nhpk vo d liu cho bn ghi c ni thm m chng trnh s t ng thm mt bn ghi trng vo file CSDL hin thi. Ch . Bn ghi trng l bn ghi c trng s bng 0, trng k t l cc du cch, trng logic l .F., trng ngy l { / / } V d. thm bn ghi vo cho file DIEM.DBF ta thc hin cc lnh sau use diem APPEND c. APPEND FROM C php. APPEND FROM <file b sung> [Fields <tn trng>] [FOR <btL>] Lnh ny b sung cc bn ghi ca <file b sung> vo file CSDL hin thi. Hai file ny phi c cu trc ging nhau, <file b sung> phi trng thi ng. Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy ng hp c t kho [Fields <tn trng>] th ch nhng trng c lit k trong danh sch <tn trng> mi c chp ra. u c t kho [FOR <btL>] c ngha l khng phi tt c cc bn ghi trong file ngun c chp sang m ch nhng bn ghi tho mn biu thc logic <btL> mi c ni thm vo file CSDL hin thi. V d. Ta c 3 file CSDL diem.dbf, diem1.dbf, diem2.dbf. D ghp ba file CSDL lm mt ta thc hin cc lnh sau use diem append from diem1 - 25

append from diem2 for dtb = 8.0 Ngoi ra ta c th chn thc hin lnh ny trn menu bng cch chn menu Database, sau chn mc Append from... 2. Chn thm bn ghi vo file CSDL Dng chn thm mt bn ghi vo bt c v tr no trong file CSDL. Tuy nhin trc khi thc hin lnh ny ta phi dch chuyn con tr bn ghi n ni mun chn. C php INSERT [Before] [BLANK] Lnh INSERT dng chn vo pha sau bn ghi hin ti mt bn ghi mi u c t kho [Before] th bn ghi mi s c chn ti v tr ca bn ghi hin ti. u c t kho [BLANK] th mt bn ghi trng s c chn vo. Khi mt bn ghi c chn ti mt v tr no th k t tt c cc bn ghi c trong file CSDL c s th t c tng ln 1 (li v pha sau mt v tr). Khi thc hin lnh ny FoxPro cng hin th mt mn hnh nhp liu yu cu ta nhp d liu cho bn ghi mi c chn. V d. Thc hin chn mt bn ghi mi vo v tr th 4 v mt bn ghi trng vo v tr u tin trong file CSDL diem.dbf use diem go 3 insert go 1 insert before blank use diem go 4 insert before go 1 insert before blank

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy III.3. Phm vi v iu kin trong cu lnh thao tc bn ghi Khi thao tc vi cc bn ghi khng phi lc no ta cng tc ng ln ton b cc bn ghi c trong file. V vy trong cc cu lnh thao tc vi bn ghi ngi ta thng a vo khi nim phm vi v iu kin nhm yu cu cu lnh ch tc ng ln mt min lin tc hoc ri rc cc bn ghi. a. Phm vi Trong mt cu lnh thao tc vi bn ghi c 4 loi phm vi c quy nh u cu lnh c t kho ny th lnh s lm vic vi ton b cc bn ghi trong file tho mn theo iu kin lc hin thi v v tr con tr bn ghi lc u khng quan trng. Thc hin xong con tr bn ghi s nm cui file. u lnh c t kho ny lnh s lm vic vi cc bn ghi t bn ghi hin ti n bn ghi cui cng. Thc hin xong con tr bn ghi nm cui file. i n l s t nhin: Nu lnh c t kho ny lnh s lm vic vi bn ghi c s hiu n. Trc con tr bn ghi u khng quan trng. Sau khi thc hin xong con tr bn ghi lun . i k l s t nhin: Nu lnh c t kho ny th lnh s lm vic vi k bn ghi tnh t bn ghi hin ti v cui file. Ch . Khi m file, bn ghi hin ti l bn ghi u tin. Khi x l file n bn ghi no th bn ghi l bn ghi hin ti. tin cho ngi dng, nu mt cu lnh khng vit phn phm vi th c ngm nh l tc ng ln tt c cc bn ghi hoc l ch tc ng ln bn ghi hin ti. V vy khi trnh by c php mt cu lnh thao tc vi cc bn ghi bao gi ngi ta cng phi ni r phm vi ngm nh ca cu lnh ny. - 26

b. iu kin Nu nh phm vi yu cu cu lnh tc ng ln mt min lin tc cc bn ghi th iu kin c th yu cu tc ng n mt min ri rc cc bn ghi. Trong cc cu lnh thao tc vi cc bn ghi thng c phn iu kin bao gm hoc FOR <btL> hoc WHILE <btL> hoc c hai. Trong trng hp c c hai th u tin cho WHILE trc. Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguyn Hoi Anh ngha. Cc cu lnh ch c hiu lc n cc bn ghi tho mn iu kin xc nh bi <btL> (khi <btL> nhn gi tr .T.). Nu cu lnh khng c phn iu kin th cc bn ghi trong phm vi cu lnh c tc ng. Nu c iu kin th cc bn ghi trong phm vi no m <btL> ng th mi c tc ng. S khc nhau gia for v while: khi thc hin lnh nu c for <btL> th cu lnh tc ng ln cc bn ghi c <btL> l True, lt qua cc bn ghi c <btL> l False. Nu c while <btL> th cu lnh tc ng ln cc bn ghi c <btL> l True, nhng s dng li ngay sau khi gp bn ghi u tin c <btL> l False. III.4. Xem v in d liu a. Lnh ?, ?? ? | ?? <bthc> [AT <bt N>] [FONT <btC1> [, <btN>] [STYLE <btC2>]] Khi thc hin lnh ny FoxPro s in ra mn hnh <bthc> (c th l 1 hay nhiu biu thc), cc <bthc> c th l biu thc s, logic, gi tr mt hm, gi tr cc trng ca file CSDL hin thi. Cc biu thc trong danh sch c th khc loi, phng ch in ra theo phng ch ca mn hnh chnh. AT <btN> ch nh bt u in t ct no. Nu c t kho [FONT <btC1> [, <btN>] [STYLE <btC2>]] c th in theo - 27

cc phng ch v c ch khc nhau vi mn hnh chnh. Trong <btC1> l tn phng ch, <btN> l c phng ch, <btC2> l kiu ch. Gi tr ca <btC2> c th l B - in m, I - in nghing, U - in gch chn. V d. a = 10 b = 25

? a at 12 font '.VnTime',20 style 'BU' ? Chuong trinh quan ly diem AT 20 ? date() use diem ? hoten Lnh ?, ?? cho php in lin tc trn mn hnh hoc trn trang giy (nu SET PRINTER c bt), khng cho php trnh by mn hnh theo mun. S khc nhau gia ? v ??. Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy nh ?... lm nhim v: a con tr xung dng mi, in cc biu thc, in xong con tr cui gi tr ca biu thc sau cng. Nu ch c lnh ? th c tc dng a con tr xung u dng tip theo. nh ??... lm nhim v: khng a con tr xung dng, in cc biu thc ngay ti v tr con tr, in xong con tr cui gi tr ca biu thc sau cng. b. Lnh SAY @ <dng, ct> SAY <bthc> [FONT <btC1> [, <btN1>] [STYLE <btC2>]]] [COLOR SCHEME <btN2>] - 28

Khi thc hin lnh ny FoxPro s in ra mn hnh <bthc> (c th l 1 hay nhiu biu thc) trn <dng, ct> nh, cc <bthc> c th l biu thc s, logic, gi tr mt hm, gi tr cc trng ca file CSDL hin thi. Cc biu thc trong danh sch c th khc loi, phng ch in ra theo phng ch ca mn hnh chnh. Tng t lnh ?|?? t kho [FONT <btC1> [, <btN>] [STYLE <btC2>]] dng nh dng phng ch v c ch in ra. T kho [COLOR SCHEME <btN2>] dng nh dng mu ca <bthc> a ra (Nhn gi tr t V d. a = 10 b = 25

@ 5,7 SAY a font '.VnTime',20 style 'I' color scheme 16 in mt bc nh ln mn hnh ta dng lnh @ <dng, c [SIZE btN1, btN2] [CENTER] [ISOMETRIC] [STRETCH] nh s hin pha di v bn phi to (dng, ct). Nu khng c t kho [SIZE btN1, btN2] th nh hin theo ng kch thc gc ca n, nu c nhm xc nh vng hin th ca nh, <btN1> l s hng ca vng, <btN2> l s ct ca vng, nu nh rng hn vng th s b ct bt. Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy T kho [CENTER] dng cn nh vo chnh gia vng xc nh bi SIZE, t kho [ISOMETRIC] nh co gin va vng xc nh bi SIZE nhng vn gi nguyn t l ngang dc, t kho [STRETCH] co gin nh theo chiu - 29 ng dn\tn tp

ngang dc cho nh va khch vi vng xc nh bi SIZE (nh c th b mo). V d. clear @1,2 say 'F:\games\compaq.bmp' bitmap c. Lnh DISPLAY, LIST C php DISPLAY|LIST [[Fields] <danh sch trng>] [<phm vi>] [FOR <btL1>] [WHILE <btL2>] [OFF][To PRINT] [To file <tn file>] Lnh trn s lit k cc bn ghi ca tp CSDL hin ti ln mn hnh, mi bn ghi l mt dng, mi trng l mt ct (tn ct l tn trng). u trng di hn chiu rng mn hnh th b ngt xung dng di. u s dng di hn mt trang mn hnh: i vi lnh LIST th mn hnh s tri, i vi lnh DISPLAY cho php xem tng trang mn hnh. ng>]: ch hin tr nhng trng lit k trong <danh sch trng>. Trong iu khon ny c th b qua t kho [Fiels] m ch cn lit k tn trng cch nhau bi du ,. Ring i vi trng Memo ch khi tn trng c lit k trong <Danh sch trng> th ni dung ca n mi c hin th. V d. a ra h tn, ngy sinh, im trung bnh, xp loi ca cc sinh vin trong file CSDL DIEM.DBF

display field hoten,nsinh,dtb,xloai

m vi>] : xc nh phm vi cc bn ghi c lit k, nu khng c <phm vi> th coi nh l ALL. V d. a ra tt c cc bn ghi ca file CSDL DIEM.DBF

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy a ra bn ghi th n - gi s ta mun a ra bn ghi th 5 - 30

a ra n bn ghi lin tc - gi s ta a cc bn ghi t 2 n 4

a ra cc bn ghi t bn ghi th n n ht file-gi s t bn ghi th 3

nhng bn ghi tho mn <btL1> mi c lit k (xem xt t bn ghi u n bn ghi cui). V d. a ra cc bn ghi ca file CSDL DIEM.DBF c h tn l Nguyn th Thanh.

a ra cc bn ghi ca file CSDL DIEM.DBF c im trung bnh nh hn 5.

a ra cc bn ghi ca file CSDL DIEM.DBF l sinh vin nam.

a ra cc bn ghi ca file CSDL DIEM.DBF m c ngy sinh l 13/10/78.

display all for a ra cc bn ghi ca file CSDL DIEM.DBF m sinh nm 1975

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy a ra cc bn ghi ca file CSDL DIEM.DBF m sinh thng 10 - 31

dis a ra cc bn ghi ca file CSDL DIEM.DBF m sinh ngy 12

t pht t mt bn ghi tho mn <btL2> vic lit k

s dng khi ln u tin gp phi bn ghi khng tho mn <btL2>. n s hiu bn ghi ct u khi lit k. t qu ra my in. t qu ra file vn bn. III.5. Sa d liu trn bn ghi sa i thng tin ca mt file CSDL, u tin hy m file CSDL ti vng lm vic hin thi, sau thc hin lnh EDIT a cc bn ghi ra mn hnh sa cha. C php EDIT | CHANGE [Fields <danh sch trng>] [<phm vi>] [FOR <btL1>] [WHILE <btL2>] [Freeze <tn trng>] [LEdit] [REdit] [LPartition] [NoAppend] [NoDelete] [NoEdit] [Partition <btN>] [Title <btC>] Khi thc hin lnh EDIT, trn mn hnh s hin th ca s son tho EDIT. Ca s ny cha ni dung ca cc bn ghi m chng ta nhp, trong c mt bn ghi hin ti c ni bt trn mu nn khc v c mt con tr y ngi dng c th dch chuyn n v tr d liu cn sa i. Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy Ca s EDIT ny chnh l mt ca s m FoxPro to ra, tiu mc nh ca n chnh l tn file CSDL. Trn ca s ch hin th ni dung ca 2 bn ghi, - 32

xem ni dung ca cc bn ghi khc ta phi cun ca s ln trn hoc xung di, hoc m rng ca s. Mt s cc thao tc chnh trong ca s EDIT. ch chuyn con tr: khi mun sa i d liu ca mt trng trong mt bn ghi no thao tc u tin l phi dch chuyn con tr n bn ghi (n trng) m ta cn sa. ch chuyn con tr theo tng v tr hng, ct. o <PgUp>, <PgDn>: dch chuyn con tr n bn ghi trc / sau. o <TAB>, <SHIFT> + <TAB> : dch chuyn con tr n trng trc hoc sau. n tho d liu: ging nh son tho thng thng. t d liu : o Ct d liu thay i ra file v ng ca s EDIT: <CTRL> + <W> hoc <CTRL> + <END>. o ng ca s EDIT m khng ct nhng d liu thay i: <ESC> hoc <CTRL> + <Q> o thm bn ghi mi cui file: n <CTRL> + <N>, lc con tr chuyn n bn ghi mi cha c d liu, ta c th vo d liu cho bn ghi ny. u xo mt bn ghi : n <CTRL> + <T>, lc trc tn cc trng ca bn ghi c du . ng>]: ch hin tr nhng trng lit k trong <danh sch trng> c th sa cha. V d. a ra h tn, ngy sinh, im trung bnh, xp loi ca cc sinh vin trong file CSDL DIEM.DBF sa cha

m vi>] : chn phm vi thao tc trn mt s bn ghi nht nh, nu khng c <phm vi> th coi nh l ALL. Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy LE <btL2>] : c ngha tng t nh trong lnh DISPLAY | LIST, nhng thay bi vic hin th, y dng son tho ni dung cc bn ghi. ng>] : ch cho php sa i d liu trong mt trng ch ra bi <tn trng>, con d liu trong cc trng khc ch c th hin th m khng cho sa i. V d. a ra h tn, ngy sinh, im tin hc, im trung bnh, xp loi ca cc sinh vin trong file CSDL DIEM.DBF nhng ch cho php sa i trn trng im tin hc. use - 33

t tiu khc cho ca s EDIT (mc nh l tn file CSDL m ta m ra sa). V d. Chng ta mun tiu ca s trn l Thay doi diem tin hoc thay bi diem chng ta thc hin lnh sau

hin th thng tin bng lnh EDIT m khng cho sa i. o bn ghi mi bng lnh EDIT. Lc ny nu ta n <CTRL> + <N> s khng c tc dng. u xo bn ghi bng lnh EDIT. Lc

ny nu ta n <CTRL> + <T> s khng c tc dng. 2 ca s EDIT mt lc theo chiu ngang trang mn hnh, l ca s bn tri (Left) v ca s bn phi (Right). Trong <btN> ch ra rng ct ca ca s bn tri. V d.

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy 2 ca s EDIT mc nh ca s khi lnh EDIT bt u thc hin l ca s bn phi. Trong trng hp ta mun thay i khi bt u lnh EDIT ta thm vo iu khon ny. Thao tc chuyn i gia 2 ca s l <Ctrl> + <H>. V d. - 34

hin th thng tin trn ca s EDIT di dng chiu ngang mn hnh (mi bn ghi l mt dng). III.6. Xo bn ghi trong file c s d liu II.III.6.1 . nh du xo (xo logic) nh du xo cc bn ghi trong file CSDL ta s dng lnh DELETE c c php nh sau DELETE [<phm vi>] [FOR <btL1>] [WHILE <btL2>] Nu khng c iu khon no i km th lnh ch nh du xo bn ghi hin ti. Mt bn ghi b nh du xo th hm delete() s tr li gi tr l .T. V d. Ch xem nhng bn ghi no cha b nh du xo list for not delete() set delete on / off (on: b qua bn ghi b nh du xo) Cc iu khon c ngha tng t nh trong cc lnh khc.

Ch . Cc bn ghi b xo bi lnh DELETE y ch b xo v mt logic, thc ra v mt vt l nhng bn ghi ny vn tn ti trn a, nhng b nh du xo, chnh v vy nu s dng nhng lnh xem ni dung file CSDL nh EDIT,... th chng ta vn thy nhng bn ghi ny, nhng u tn cc trng b nh du. Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy Nu cc bn ghi b nh du xo bng lnh DELETE m cha b xo v mt vt l, ta c th khi phc li nhng bn ghi ny bng cch thc hin lnh RECALL RECALL [<phm vi>] [FOR <btL1>] [WHILE <btL2>] Phm vi ngm nh l bn ghi hin ti. V d. Xo bn ghi ca nhng sinh vin c im trung bnh di 5 trong file CSDL diem.dbf. - 35

Khi phc bn ghi ca nhng sinh vin c im trung bnh ln hn 4 trong file CSDL diem.dbf.

II.III.6.2 . Xo vt l xo b hon ton cc bn ghi ra khi a v mt vt l ta s dng lnh PACK c c php nh sau PACK [MEMO] [DBF] Xo hn nhng bn ghi b nh du xo, sau lnh ny cc bn ghi khng khi phc li c. u khng c iu khon no i km th lnh PACK c tc dng vi tt c cc bn ghi b nh du xo. tc dng ln trng MEMO ca cc bn ghi b nh

du xo. tc dng trn cc trng khc ngoi trng MEMO. Vic thc hin lnh PACK nh sau c gi nguyn trn a nhng c i tn thnh *.bak (*.tbk) lu phng h. o ra cc file *.dbf (*.fpt) c cu trc nh file ban u. ng bn ghi khng b nh du xo sang file mi, sau nhn thng bo s lng bn ghi c copy sang. Ngoi ra FoxPro cn cung cp lnh ZAP xo ton b ni dung ca file CSDL k c cc bn ghi c b nh du xo hay khng b nh du xo. Ch . Cn thn khi s dng lnh ZAP, v lnh ny s xo tt c cc bn ghi trong file CSDL hin ti v khng c cch no khi phc li. Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy - 36

pack III.7. Thay th ni dung ca trng d liu gn ni dung cho mt bin nh ta c th dng php gn <tn bin> = <gi tr> hay dng lnh store <gi tr> to <danh sch bin>. Nhng cc cch ny ch c s dng cho bin nh. i vi bin trng gn gi tr cho n ngoi vic nhp ra ta cn c th dng lnh REPLACE c c php nh sau. REPLACE <tn trng 1> WITH <biu thc 1> [ADDITIVE] [, <tn trng 2> WITH <biu thc 2> [ADDITIVE]]... [<phm vi>] [FOR <btL1>] [WHILE <btL2>]

Phm vi ngm nh ca lnh l bn ghi hin ti, kiu biu thc phi ph hp vi kiu trng. ng 1> WITH <biu thc 1> : tn trng cn thay th m gi tr ca <biu thc 1> s c gn cho n. i thm d liu vo mt trng c kiu MEMO. Cc iu khon khc c ngha tng t nh trong cc lnh khc. V d. Tnh im trung bnh, xp loi hc lc v phn hc bng cho file CSDL diem.dbf vi gi tr mi trng c lp l y .

replace all dtb with (tin*6 + anh*4 + triet*3 + iif(gtinh,xkep,xlech)*2)/(6+4+3+2) Trng xloai c tnh theo quy tc sau t

i t sc replace all xloai with xuat sac for dtb>=9 replace all xloai with gioi for dtb>=8 and dtb<9 replace all xloai with kha for dtb>=7 and dtb<8 replace all xloai with TB for dtb>=5 and dtb<7 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy replace all xloai with khong dat for dtb<5 Trng hbong c tnh theo quy tc sau: xut sc 200000, gii 150000, kh 100000 cn li bng 0. replace all hbong with 200000 for xloai = xuat sac - 37

replace all hbong with 150000 for xloai = gioi replace all hbong with 100000 for xloai = kha replace all hbong with 0 for xloai = TB or xloai = khong dat Ch . Khi gi tr ca mt biu thc s di hn gi tr ca trng kiu s cn thay th th FoxPro s thc hin nh sau u tin trc khi thay th, gi tr thay th c lm trn, nh vy mt phn thp phn s c ct i. u di sau khi lm trn vn ln qu, th s biu din s di dng khoa hc. u vn cha ch ct gi th ton b trng s c thay th bi cc du * III.8. Lnh Browse Lnh Browse l mt lnh rt mnh ca FoxPro, dng nhp thm, nh du xo, khi phc, xem v sa d liu. C php ca lnh nh sau BROWSE <phm vi> [FIELDS <ds trng>] [FOR <btL>] [FONT <btC1>, <btN1> STYLE <btC2>] [TITLE <btC3>] [WIDTH <btN2>] [LPARTITION] [PARTITION <btN3>] [LEDIT] [REDIT] [LOCK <btN4>] [FREEZE <tn trng>] [NOEDIT | NOMODIFY] [NOAPPEND] [NODELETE] Khi thc hin lnh BROWSE, trn mn hnh xut hin ca s BROWSE cha ni dung ca cc bn ghi, mi bn ghi chim mt dng mn hnh, tn trng ngm nh l tn ct. Lnh BROWSE dng tin li c trong ch hi thoi ln trong chng trnh. ca s BROWSE chim ton mn hnh, n Ctrl + F10. Cc thao tc chnh trong ca s BROWSE tng t trong ca s EDIT. ch chuyn con tr:

n hp sng ln xung tng dng. o <PgUp>, <PgDn>: di chuyn hp sng tng trang mn hnh. Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguyn Hoi Anh o <TAB> (chiu tin), <SHIFT> + <TAB> (chiu li) : di chuyn gia cc trng. n tho d liu: ging nh son tho thng thng. t d liu : o Ct d liu thay i ra file v ng ca s EDIT: <CTRL> + <W> hoc <CTRL> + <END>. o ng ca s EDIT m khng ct nhng d liu thay i: <ESC> hoc <CTRL> + <Q> o thm bn ghi mi cui file: n <CTRL> + <N>, lc con tr chuyn n bn ghi mi cha c d liu, ta c th vo d liu cho bn ghi ny. u xo mt bn ghi : n <CTRL> + <T>, lc trc tn cc trng ca bn ghi c du . ng>]: Hn ch ch cc trng c trong danh sch mi hin ln mn hnh, cc trng vit cch nhau bi du phy. i vi mt trng c th dng tham s R, V, F, E, P, B, H, W, N. Ring i vi trng tnh ton ch dng tham s H v P. Mc tiu chnh ca tham s l gip ngi dng to giao din r rng, bo m cc rng buc ca d liu. Gii thch cc tham s trng> : R - (read only) d liu ch hin ln mn hnh khng cho sa. V d - 38

ng> : V = btL1 [:F] [:E = btC1] - (veify) kim tra gi tr nhp vo khi sa i hay thm mi cho trng ny c tho mn <btL1> hay khng. m tra gi tr trng ngay c khi n khng thay i. l <btC1> thay v Ivalid Data (ngm nh) V d. browse fields masv,hoten, thoc:V=between(thoc,0,10):F:E=Du lieu sai browse fields masv,hoten,nsinh:V=nsinh<date() :F:E=Du lieu nhap sai Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguyn Hoi Anh ng> : N: cho php th hin rng ca trng trn mn hnh theo N ct. V d. browse fields masv :7,hoten :27,dtb :5 ng> : P = <chui khun dng> - chui khun dng quy nh dng d liu nhp vo. ! : cc d liu kiu k t s chuyn thnh ch hoa 9 : nhn gi tr dng s v du (-), dng (+) cho d liu kiu N, gi tr ch s cho kiu C A : ch cho nhp ch ci # : ch cho nhp gi tr l s, k t trng hoc +, . : v tr du chm thp phn , : v tr du phy ngn, triu, t L : ch cho nhp gi tr logic (T, F, Y, N) N : ch cho php nh vo d liu dng k t v dng s X : nhn bt k k t no - 39

Y : ch cho php nhn Y y N n V d. m sinh vin ch nhn 2 k t u l ch, 5 k t sau l s, h tn l ch hoa browse fields mv:p=AA99999,hoten:p=@! ng> :B = <cn di>, <cn trn>: quy nh cn di v cn trn cho gi tr ca trng. Hai biu thc ny phi cng kiu (s, k t, ngy). V d. browse fields hoten:R,nsinh:R, thoc:p=##:b=0,10 ng> :H = <btC> (heading): thay i tiu mc nh ca tn trng thnh tiu <btC>. V d. browse fields hoten:h=padc(Ho va ten,27) pad<c/l/r>(<btC>, n, [<k t m>]) : n vo <btC> cho rng n k t (nu c), mc nh l du cch. n 2 bn n bn tri n bn phi ng> :W=<btL> (when): chi cho truy nhp vo trng khi <btL> ng. V d. Nhp im x lch v x kp Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy browse fields hoten:R,nsinh:R, xkep:W=gtinh,xlech:W=not gtinh Ch . :F v :E ch dng vi :B v :V. :E s a ra thng bo li theo ngi dng, mc nh - 40

thng bo li ny bng ting anh. V d. browse fields hoten:R,nsinh:R, thoc:p=##:b=0,10:e=diem tu 0 den 10 L1>]: ch hin th cc bn ghi tho mn <btL1>. V d. a ra danh sch nhng sinh vin c im trung bnh di 4. browse fields hoten,nsinh,dtb for dtb<4 nh tn phng ch <btC1>, kch c <btN1> v khun dng <btC2> cho mn hnh browse, c bit l khi s dng ting vit. V d. browse font .VnTime, 13 style BI cho ca s BROWSE thay v l tiu ngm nh. nh chiu rng ti a hin th mt trng trn mn hnh l <btN2>. V d nu dng WIDTH 15 th khi nhp d liu cho trng rng qu 15 k t, cc k t bn tri ca trng s li dn ta nhp. hai khu vc ca lnh BROWSE u hin dng BROWSE (mc nh). Nu mun khu vc tri hin th dng EDIT th dng LEDIT, nu mun khu vc phi hin th dng EDIT th dng REDIT. c hin cun ngang th <btN4> trng u tin khng b khut tri. <btN4> l s t nhin. Cc tham s khc c ngha nh trong lnh EDIT. IV. SP XP V TM KIM D LIU IV.1. Sp xp vt l Sp xp vt l l cng vic t file gc tin hnh sp xp bn ghi theo mt tiu chun no . Cc bn ghi sau khi sp xp c ghi li trn a trong mt file d liu mi theo trt t sp xp. Nh vy sau khi sp xp, trong file d liu mi s lng cc bn ghi l khng thay i (nu khng c iu kin hn ch). iu kin

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy sp xp vt l thc hin l dung lng a cn trng phi ln hn t nht 3 ln file d liu cn sp xp. C php SORT TO <tn file d liu mi> ON <trng 1> [/A] [/C] [/D] [, <trng 2> [/A] [/C] [/D]...] [phm vi] [FOR <btL1>] [WHILE <btL2>] [FIELDS <danh sch trng>] Sp xp cc bn ghi theo cc trng c ch nh sau ON v ghi ra <tn file d liu mi> (cc trng u u tin xp trc). Cc ch tiu sp xp p xp theo th t tng dn (ngm nh). p xp theo th t gim dn. i vi kiu C - sp xp khng phn bit ch hoa ch thng. u c 2 ch tiu cng mt trng ta c th vit /AC, /DC. V d. Sp xp hoten, cng hoten theo ngy sinh t tui trn sort to theoho on hoten/C, nsinh m vi] : ch cc bn ghi nm trong <phm vi> mi tham gia sp xp. u kin hn ch cc bn ghi tham gia sp xp. ng>] : Ch c cc trng c ch nh trong <danh sch trng> mi c ghi vo file d liu mi. V d. To mt file mi c sp xp theo th t gim dn ca dtb, trong ch c nhng ngi t 5.0 tr ln v cc trng gm masv, hoten, nsinh, dtb. sort to diemdat on dtb/D all for dtb>5 masv,hoten,nsinh,dtb - 41

Ch . nh SORT ch dng kho sp xp l mt trng, khng dng mt kho l biu thc tng qut, tc l kho c cha bin nh v hm. t qu sau khi lnh thc hin trng thi ng, mun xem li phi m ra. Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy Nhn xt c im: tn b nh v mi tiu chun sp xp sinh ra mt file, nu cp nht thm d liu th phi sp xp li. m: nhn c 1 file c sp xp m cc thao tc trn file khng cn quan tm. IV.2. Sp xp logic Sp xp d liu ch c tin hnh trong b nh trong cn file d liu khng thay i. Vic sp xp do mt file khc iu khin gi l file ch s (Index). File ch s ny c cu trc c bit m ta khng nhn thy c nhng ta c th hnh dung n nh l mt file d liu ch c 2 trng 1. Lu tr gi tr ca vic sp xp 2. Lu tr s hiu cc bn ghi file d liu c cng gi tr vi gi tr kho sp xp. V d. Gi s c tp hssv.dbf gm cc bn ghi Record# hodem 1 2 3 4 5 ten nsinh 20/07/77 - 42

Nguyen Hoai Anh Pham Kim

Phuong 25/04/78

Nguyen Thanh Huyen 05/12/77 Nguyen Bich Ngoc Phan Quang Binh 05/12/78 27/10/79

Nu sp xp theo th t abc ca trng tn th tp ch s (v d l Csten.idx) s gm hai ct Gi tr kha Anh Binh Huyen Ngoc Phuong 1 5 3 4 2 Recno

Khi ta cn tm kim mt ngi c tn l Binh, my s tm ct th nht ca tp ch s n gi tr kho l Binh, dng sang ngang ta c tm c l bn ghi th 5 trong file d liu. u im ca file index l c kch thc nh dng tra cu hoc tm kim rt nhanh i vi file CSDL gc. II.IV.2.1 . To file Index C php Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy INDEX ON <biu thc kho sp xp> TO <tn file.IDX> [FOR <btL>] u thc kho sp xp> : l tn trng hay mt biu thc hp l trong FoxPro. Vic sp xp lun theo th t tng dn c n sp xp - 43

theo th t gim dn ta phi lp <biu thc kho sp xp> l nghch bin theo gi tr . o file ch s .IDX. To xong, file ch s c m, con tr bn ghi nm bn ghi c ch s kho thp nht. V d. Sp xp logic theo dtb theo chiu gim dn use diem

index on -dtb to iddiem display all masv,hoten,nsinh,dtb cc bn ghi tho mn biu thc logic mi c sp xp V d. Sp xp logic theo dtb theo chiu gim dn i vi cc sinh vin c im trung bnh t 5 tr ln use diem index on -dtb to iddiem for dtb > 5 display all masv,hoten,nsinh,dtb u mun sp xp theo nhiu ch tiu vi cc mc u tin khc nhau, ta i kho ny ra cng gi tr xu (bng hm dtoc()) ri ghp chng li theo th t u tin t tri sang phi thnh biu thc kho. V d. Sp xp logic theo hoten, cng hoten theo nsinh set date french use diem index on hoten + dtoc(nsinh) to idnsinh display all masv,hoten,nsinh,dtb V d. Sp xp logic theo gtinh, cng gtinh theo hoten, cng hoten theo nsinh set date french use diem index on iif(gtinh,A,B) + hoten + dtoc(nsinh) to idgtinh display all masv,hoten,nsinh,dtb s s iu khin sp xp d liu ngay khi n c to ra. Nu ta to ra nhiu file ch s cho cng 1 file d liu th file ch s c to ra cui cng s iu khin vic sp xp d liu trn file CSDL . Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy - 44

II.IV.2.2 . Thao tc vi file Index a. M file ch s C 2 cch m file ch s: m file CSDL ri sau m file ch s, m cc file ch s ng thi vi file CSDL. s file CSDL c m, m cc file ch s ta dng lnh SET INDEX TO <dsch file ch s> [ORDER <btN> | <tn file ch s ch>] Sau lnh ny tt c cc file ch s trong <dsch file ch s> u c m, nu khng c iu khon [ORDER <btN> | <tn file ch s ch>] th mc nh file ch s u tin trong <dsch file ch s> s l file ch s ch. o <dsch file ch s> : tn cc file ch s ca file CSDL cn m. o [ORDER <btN> | <tn file ch s ch>] : file ch s c th t l <btN> (hoc <tn file ch s ch>) trong <dsch file ch s> va m s l file ch s ch. o Nu dng iu khon ORDER 0 th cc file ch s c m khng c file no l file ch s ch. V d. M file ch s idhoten, idnsinh, iddiem, idgtinh ca file CSDL diem set date french use diem set index to idhoten,idnsinh,iddiem,idgtinh V d. M file ch s idhoten, idnsinh, iddiem, idgtinh ca file CSDL diem trong file idnsinh s l file ch s ch. set date french use diem set index to idhoten,idnsinh,iddiem,idgtinh order 2 hoc set index to idhoten,idnsinh,iddiem,idgtinh order idnsinh hoc set index to idnsinh,idhoten,iddiem,idgtinh file ch s ng thi vi vic m file CSDL

USE <tn file CSDL> INDEX TO <dsch file ch s> [ORDER <btN> | <tn file ch s ch>] Cc iu khon trong lnh ny ging nh vi cch 1. V d. M file ch s idhoten, idnsinh, iddiem, idgtinh ca file CSDL diem Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguyn Hoi Anh set date french use diem index to idhoten,idnsinh,iddiem,idgtinh b. Chuyn i file ch s ch Khi c nhiu file ch s ang hot ng ta c th thay i file ch s ch bng lnh SET ORDER TO <btN> | <tn file ch s> Sau lnh ny file ch s c th t l <btN> theo th t va m (hoc <tn file ch s> c trong cc file ch s va m) s l file ch s ch. c. ng file ch s ng tt c cc file ch s ang m i vi CSDL hin ang s dng ta dng lnh SET INDEX TO d. Ch s s b ng nu file CSDL ca n b ng. nh SET ORDER TO 0 s a file d liu v th t vt l ban u trong khi file ch s vn c m. Nn dng cch ny cp nht d liu. p nht file d liu th file ch s ch c cp nht khi n c m. p nht file d liu m qun cha m file ch s, ch s ho li cho file ch s ta c th thc hin theo 2 cch sau c hin li lnh sp xp. file ch s bng lnh bit, sau thc hin lnh - 45

REINDEX. Lnh ny cp nht tnh trng mi nht ca file CSDL u file ch s c m, ta xt cc trng hp sau u m ln lt tng file ch s th file ch s c m cui cng quyt nh vic sp xp cn cc file trc ng l

mt file ch s mi cng s bao hm vic ng cc file ch s m. u m ng thi danh sch file ch s th file ch s ng u trong danh sch quyt nh vic sp xp. Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy p: Thc hin sp xp logic trng hoten theo nguyn tc: sp xp theo tn, nu trng tn sp theo hodem. Vi gi thit trng hoten trong file CSDL c chun ho (cc ch ci u t vit hoa cn cc ch ci khc vit thng, mi t cch nhau bi 1 du cch). dng tr th n xut hin xu c1 trong xu c2. y n k t ca xu s k t k t th i. y n k t bn tri ca xu s. i - 46

vitri+1) -1) index on substr(allt(hoten), rat( ,allt(hoten))+1) + left(allt(hoten), rat( ,allt(hoten))-1) to idten IV.3. Tm kim tun t

Tm kim tun t l cng vic khi ta tm kim d liu theo mt iu kin no th vic tm kim s tin hnh duyt bn ghi t trn xung, con tr bn ghi s dng li bn ghi u tin m iu kin ng, nu khng c bn ghi no nh vy trong file th con tr bn ghi nm im cui file. C php LOCATE <phm vi> FOR <btL> Lnh ny nh v con tr bn ghi vo bn ghi u tin (theo th t trn xung) thuc <phm vi> tho mn <btL>. Nu khng c <phm vi> th lnh LOCATE s tm kim trn tt c cc bn ghi. Nu tm thy, hm FOUNT() c gi tr .T., hm RECNO() cho s hiu bn ghi va tm thy. xem ni dung ca bn ghi va tm thy ta dng lnh DISPLAY. Nu khng tm thy hm FOUND() cho gi tr .F., hm EOF() cho gi tr .T. tm tip cc bn ghi m <btL> ng ta s dng lnh CONTINUE. V d. Tm trong file diem.dbf ngi c m sinh vin l TN00036 use diem locate for TN00036 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguyn Hoi Anh display Nhn xt. m: cho php tm thy tt c cc bn ghi m iu kin ng. c im: tc chm. i cch tm kim ny d liu trong file khng cn c sp xp. IV.4. Tm kim trc tip Vic tm kim s c tin hnh nhanh hn nu ta sp xp d liu. tm kim trc tip d liu cn c sp xp logic v iu kin tm ch c thit lp trn kho sp xp. C php - 47

SEEK <gi tr ca kho sp xp> Lnh ny s nh v con tr bn ghi vo bn ghi u tin c gi tr kho trng vi gi tr ca <gi tr ca kho sp xp>. <gi tr ca kho sp xp> c th nhn cc kiu C, D, N, L Nu tm thy hm FOUND() cho gi tr .T. Nu khng tm thy hm FOUND() cho gi tr .F. Nhn xt. m: tc nhanh. c im: ch thy bn ghi u tin m gi tr kho trng vi <gi tr ca kho sp xp> trong bn ghi. i cch tm kim ny d liu trong file cn phi c sp xp. V. TNH TON V THNG K D LIU V.1. t lc cc bn ghi C php SET FILTER TO <btL> Lnh ny to mt lc trn CSDL ang m. Sau lnh ny ch c cc bn ghi tho mn <btL> mi c tham gia vo qu trnh x l. Ch . nh lc ny mt tc dng khi gp mt trong cc lnh sau Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy o Lnh t mt lc khc thay th. o Lnh hu t lc: SET FILTER TO o Lnh ng file CSDL: USE hi thoi sau khi lnh lc c thc hin n tc dng ln file d liu ngay. Trong ch chng trnh b lc khng tc ng ln file d liu ngay nu nh sau khng c lnh lin quan - 48

n con tr bn ghi. nh lc khng lm thay i con tr bn ghi lin sau , do ta thng phi iu chnh li con tr bn ghi bng lnh GO TOP. c s lm lin tc ho cc bn ghi, hay s dng trong chng trnh in. V d. t lc cho file CSDL diem ch x l trn cc bn ghi l sinh vin nam. use diem set filter to gtinh = .T. display all

V d. t lc cho file CSDL diem ch x l trn cc bn ghi c dtb > 5 v thoc < 4. use diem set filter to (dtb > 5) and (thoc < 4) display all V.2. t lc cc trng Gi s c mt file CSDL ang m v ta lm vic vi tt c cc trng. Mun hn ch s trng lm vic ta dng lnh SET FIELDS TO <dsch trng> Tt c cc lnh thc hin sau lnh ny ch lm vic vi cc trng c trong <ds trng>. Sau khi t lc, ta c th tt hoc bt ch t lc cc trng nh lnh SET FIELDS OFF hay SET FIELDS ON Khi ng file CSDL th lc cng mt. Ch . Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox

Gio vin: Nguy nh SET FIELDS TO <dsch trng mi> s b sung thm trng mi vo danh sch trng ca lnh t lc trc. nh SET FIELDS TO ALL tr li trng thi s dng tt c cc trng. V d. use diem set fields to masv,hoten,nsinh,dtb display all V.3. m s bn ghi (Count) C php COUNT [<phm vi>] [FOR <btL1>] [WHILE <btL2>] [TO <tn bin>] Lnh ny m s bn ghi thuc <phm vi> tho mn iu kin ca <btL1> (hoc <btL2>). Phm vi ngm nh l ALL. Nu khng c phn to <tn bin> th gi tr tnh c s hin ra mn hnh. Nu c to <tn bin> gi tr tnh c s c gn cho <tn bin>. Nu <tn bin> cha c s sinh ra, nu c ri s in ln. Lnh COUNT s tr li s bn ghi c trong file (tng t lnh RECCOUNT) nhng trong trng hp ny ta nn dng hm RECCOUNT(). V d. Tnh % s hc sinh nam c trong lp. use diem count for gtinh to sonam ? sonam/reccount() * 100 V.4. Cng theo ct cc biu thc s (Sum) C php SUM [<phm vi>] [<danh sch biu thc s>] [FOR <btL1>] [WHILE <btL2>] [TO <danh sch bin nh>] Lnh ny tnh tng trn cc bn ghi thuc <phm vi> tho mn iu kin ca <btL1> (hoc <btL2>). Phm vi ngm nh l ALL.

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Nu khng c [<danh sch biu thc s>] th ton b trng s trong file s c cng. Nu khng c phn to <danh sch bin> th kt qu hin ra mn hnh ngc li gi tr kt qu c gn cho bin. Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy Gi i l s biu thc c cng j l s bin nh Nu i = j: gn tng ng i > j: gn n khi ht bin th dng. i < j: li c php. V d. Tnh im trung bnh cho mn hc thoc. use diem sum thoc to diem ? diem/reccount() V.5. Tnh trung bnh cng (Average) C php AVERAGE [<phm vi>] [<danh sch biu thc s>] [FOR <btL1>] [WHILE <btL2>] [TO <danh sch bin nh>] Lnh ny ly trung bnh cng trn cc bn ghi theo <danh sch biu thc s>. Phm vi ngm nh l ALL. C php ca lnh ny hon ton ging lnh SUM. Kt qu ca vic tnh trung bnh l h qu ca 2 php tnh trn. V d. Tnh trung bnh lng chnh ca n v 1. use luong average lchinh for donvi = 01 to tb count for donvi = 01 to so1 - 50

sum lchinh for donvi = 01 to tong1 ? tong1/so1 V d. Tnh trung bnh cho mn thoc. use diem average thoc to dtb V.6. Tnh tng b phn (Total) C php TOTAL TO <tn file kt qu> ON <kho b phn> [<phm vi>] [FIELDS <dsch trng kiu s>] [FOR <btL1>] [WHILE <btL2>] Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguyn Hoi Anh Lnh ny tnh tng cc trng kiu s ca cc bn ghi c <kho b phn> l nh nhau. V d tnh tng lng chnh ca tng n v, tnh tng s sinh vin ca tng lp,... Kt qu tnh c s a ra mt file mi trn a. File mi t ng sinh ra c u trc ca file mi tng t file CSDL gc (i vi trng khng phi kiu s th ging ht, i vi trng s th tn v kiu ging, rng t ng m rng). i dung: nu <kho b phn> file CSDL gc c n gi tr khc nhau th file ny c n bn ghi. Cn ni dung ca tng bn ghi s c lu nh sau o i vi trng khc s th lu ni dung bn ghi u tin n gp i vi d liu kho file gc. o i vi trng s th ghi tng n cng c theo b phn. t qu nhn c trng thi ng, mun dng th phi m. Nu c iu khon <phm vi> th ch c cc bn ghi nm trong phm vi mi - 51

c lnh TOTAL xt n. Nu c iu khon [FOR <btL1>] [WHILE <btL2>] th ch c cc bn ghi tho mn biu thc logic mi c lnh TOTAL xt n. Nu c iu khon [FIELDS <dsch trng kiu s>] th ch c cc trng kiu s c lit k trong danh sch trng mi c tnh tng v a ra tp kt qu cc trng s cn li ly gi tr ca bn ghi u tin trong <kho b phn>. Ch u d liu khng c sp xp theo kho b phn th lnh vn thc hin bnh thng nhng khng nhn c kt qu mong mun v lnh TOTAL c thc hin bng gii thut ngt cc bc. o tng ca gii thut ngt cc bc: gi s cn gii quyt bi ton c 2 cng vic A v B th ngi ta xy dng mt bin C v ni dung ca bin l tp hp cc gi tr no y. Cng vic A s c thc hin lp i lp li chng no gi tr ca bin C cha thay i, khi gi tr ca bin C thay i th ngng cng vic A lm cng vic B. Cng vic trn c lp li cho n khi duyt ht gi tr ca bin C. Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy o i vi bi ton tnh tng b phn th bin C l kho b phn, cng vic A l cng vic cng dn, cng vic B l ghi kt qu nhn c ca vic cng dn ln file mi. u trng tip nhn khng rng lu tr kt qu th trng ny s b trn s. V d. Tnh tng s sinh vin t im 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 trong mn thoc. use diem sort to sapxep on thoc for thoc > 4 - 52

use sapxep total to baocao on thoc use baocao display all V.7. Thng k tng hp (Calculate) Lnh CALCULATE l khi qut ca cc lnh COUNT, SUM, AVERAGE. Lnh ny cho php tnh nhiu gi tr khc nhau trong mt ln duyt CSDL. C php ca lnh ny ging nh lnh SUM. SUM [<phm vi>] [<danh sch biu thc s>] [FOR <btL1>] [WHILE <btL2>] [TO <danh sch bin nh>] Trong [<danh sch biu thc s>] l danh sch hm ly t hm mu sau CNT() : m s bn ghi SUM(<btN>): tnh tng theo <btN> AVG(<btN>): tnh trung bnh cng theo <btN> MAX(<bt>): tnh gi tr ln nht theo <bt> MIN(<bt>): tnh gi tr nh nht theo <bt> V d. Tnh tng s sinh vin b im di 5 trong tng mn hc v tnh im trung bnh cho tng mn hc. use diem calculate cnt(thoc),cnt(triet),cnt(tanh), cnt(xlech),cnt(xkep),avg(thoc),avg(triet), avg(tanh),avg(xlech),avg(xkep) to x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7,x8,x9,x10 ? x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7,x8,x9,x10 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy Ch-ng III. LM VIC VI NHIU FILE CSDL - 53

I. VNG LM VIC - B DANH CA VNG LM VIC I.1. Vng lm vic Vng lm vic l mt khu vc ca b nh m trong khu vc y ti mt thi im ta ch c th m c 1 file d liu. FoxPro for Windows cho php ngi dng m ng thi ti a 225 file CSDL vi iu kin ta phi ch nh nhng vng lm vic khc nhau cho mi file CSDL c m. Nu khng, khi ta m file th hai bng lnh USE th file th nht b ng li v chng cng nm trn mt vng. V d. Khi ta mun thao thc vi 2 file d liu diem.dbf v sinhvien.dbf, ta khng th dng lnh USE diem USE sinhvien V khi ta m file sinhvien th file diem s b ng bi v chng cng nm trn mt vng lm vic. Khi mi khi ng FoxPro ngm nh l vng 1, cc vng lm vic c nh s t ny c gi l s hiu ca vng. Cc vng lm vic cn

c FoxPro t t tn theo quy tc t ch ci t i vi 10 vng lm vic u tin v t

i vi 215 vng cn li. t s t ng vi 225 vng

t tn no c gi l b danh. s dng mt file m mt vng no ta phi chuyn n vng lm vic bng lnh SELECT c c php SELECT <s hiu vng>|<tn vng> V d. Ta m file diem.dbf ti vng 1, file sinhvien.dbf ti vng 2. lm vic vi file sinhvien.dbf ta thc hin lnh SELECT 2 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox

Gio vin: Nguy Khi m 1 file CSDL ti 1 vng xc nh c 2 cch n n vng lm vic , v m file bnh thng SELECT 2 USE sinhvien mt vng bt k, thc hin lnh USE <tn file> IN <s hiu vng>|<tn vng> USE sinhvien IN 2 USE diem IN 1 Cch dng ny thng bo cho FoxPro m 2 file CSDL hai vng khc nhau v chng lun trng thi sn sng lm vic. ng file CSDL ti mt vng no n n vng lm vic v ng bnh thng SELECT 1 USE mt vng bt k thc hin lnh USE IN <s hiu vng>|<tn vng> USE IN 2 USE IN 1 Lnh CLOSE DATABASE s ng tt c cc file CSDL c m cc vng lm vic v chuyn v vng ngm nh (vng 1). Ta c th s dng lnh CLOSE ALL ng cc file CSDL c m. Ch u mt file c m mt vng xc nh m mun m li n mt vng khc th sau lnh m file phi c t kho AGAIN (nu khng c t kho ny FoxPro s thng bo li file c dng). m li mt file nhiu vng, nhng file m li ch c xem ch khng c truy nhp.

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nhiu file, nu ta khng nh cc vng c file c m, c th dn n m file ny v ng nhm file c m. Lnh SELECT 0 cho php chuyn v vng c s hiu thp nht m cha c mt file no c m. a s th hin trng thi ca cc vng.

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy Kt lun Vic s dng cc vng lm vic khc nhau, lm tng tc thc hin cng vic, v khng phi m li file v rt thun tin khi cng vic i hi phi x l nhiu file c lin quan n nhau. Vic nh vng lm vi khng nht thit phi theo mt th t no. Khi m nhiu file CSDL trn cc vng khc nhau, cc lnh dch chuyn, nh v con tr bn ghi vng ny hon ton khng nh hng n con tr bn ghi vng khc tr khi chng lin kt vi nhau bi lnh SET RELATION. I.2. B danh Khi m 1 file CSDL trnh cho ngi dng phi nh file c m vng no. FoxPro cho php gn mt b danh (t theo quy tc t tn bin) theo quy nh u m file bng nhng lnh bit th tn file mc nh l b danh. u m file bng lnh USE <tn file CSDL> ALIAS <b danh>, <b danh> c chn s lm b danh cho vng. Khi mt vng c b danh m mun chuyn n vng ta dng lnh SELECT <b danh> Nhn xt i nhiu file d liu cc vng khc nhau ta cn nh lnh SELECT 0, SELECT <b danh> v khi nim b danh ni chung - 55

m khng cn bit file c m vng no. n trng lm vic ca file no ch tn ti trong vng lm vic ca file . V vy, khi ta mun truy cp n bin trng ca mt file CSDL c m vng khc, ta c 2 cch o Cch 1: Chuyn n vng c file cha bin trng , thc hin cc thao tc nh bnh thng. o Ti mt vng bt k ta s dng <b danh>.<tn trng> o V d. ta c th truy cp vo bin trng hoten ca file diem.dbf bng cch diem.hoten. Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguyn Hoi Anh II. TO MT FILE CSDL T MT FILE CSDL C II.1. To cu trc Cc bc thc hin file CSDL c dng lnh COPY STRUCTURE c c php COPY STRUCTURE TO <tn file mi> [fields <danh sch trng>] Lnh COPY STRUCTURE cho php ngi dng to mt file CSDL mi c cu trc ging file CSDL c sn. File CSDL mi c to trng thi ng hon ton cha c d liu, nu mun s dng ta phi dng cc lnh bit m. Nu c iu khon [fields <danh sch trng>] th ch cc trng c trong <danh sch trng> mi c copy. II.2. To cu trc v a ni dung sang Cc bc thc hin file CSDL c dng lnh COPY c c php COPY TO <tn file mi> [fields <danh sch trng>] - 56

[FOR <btL1>] [WHILE <btL2>] Lnh COPY cho php ngi dng to mt file CSDL mi c cu trc ging file CSDL c sn v cc bn ghi ca file ny cng s c copy sang file mi. File CSDL mi c to trng thi ng, nu mun s dng ta phi dng cc lnh bit m file ny. Nu c iu khon [fields <danh sch trng>] th ch cc trng c trong <danh sch trng> mi c copy. Nu c iu khon [FOR <btL1>] [WHILE <btL2>] th ch cc bn ghi tho mn iu kin mi c copy sang file mi. V d. T file diem.dbf ly ra file CSDL gm trng masv, hoten, nsinh, dtb vi iu kin c nhng sinh vin t yu cu use diem Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy copy to dat fields masv,hoten,nsinh,dtb for dtb >=5 c nhng sinh vin c hc b mn no c im di 5) use diem copy to hocbong fields masv,hoten,nsinh,dtb for (dtb>=5) and (thoc>=5) and (tanh>=5) and (triet>=5) and iff(gtinh,xkep>=5,xlech>=5) c nhng sinh vin phi thi li mt mn no use diem copy to thi lai fields masv,hoten,nsinh,thoc,tanh,triet,xlech,xkep,dtb for (thoc<5) or (tanh<5) or (triet<5) c khng - 57

or iff(gtinh,xkep<5,xlech<5) Ch . Nu file c c sp xp logic th cc bn ghi file kt qu cng c ghi theo trng thi sp xp. II.3. Kt ni 2 file CSDL Gi s cng vic i hi phi cp nht 1 khi lng ln d liu trong thi gian ngn. C 2 cch gii quyt u h thng l mng my tnh th ch cn c mt file d liu my ch, cc nhn vin s nhp d liu t cc my khc. Nu dng my n th mi my phi c mt file cho tng nhn vin nhp nhng cui cng tin hnh kt ni cc file vo lm mt. Cc bc thc hin file CSDL ngun dng lnh APPEND FROM c c php APPEND FROM <tn file b sung> [fields <danh sch trng>] [FOR <btL>] Lnh ny s ni d liu t <file b sung> vo <file ngun>. Nu c iu khon [fields <danh sch trng>] th ch nhng trng nm trong <danh sch trng> mi c ni b sung. Nu khng c ch th ny th tt c cc trng cng c trong hai file (cng tn v cng kiu) s c chp t <file b sung> sang <file ngun> Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy Nu c iu khon [FOR <btL>] th ch nhng bn ghi <file b sung> tho mn <btL> mi c sao chp sang <file ngun>. Ch . nh ny khng dng t kho WHILE ng bn ghi no b nh du xo th s khng c chp sang - 58

<file ngun> nu lnh SET DELETE ON ang c hiu lc. Ngc li, nhng bn ghi ny vn c chp nh thng. u rng ca trng trong <file b sung> ln hn rng trng tng ng trong <file ngun>, th d liu nhn c <file ngun> s b ct bt i nu l d liu kiu k t hoc cha mt lot cc du * nu l d liu kiu s. sung> phi trng thi ng khi thc hin lnh ny. V d. Gi s d liu ch s in ca thng 11/2001 c lu trong file D200111 gm cc trng (makh C(5), tenkh C(40), csdau N(9), cssau N(9)). Gi s file ny c y s liu. Hy to file D200112 c d liu ca file trc n csdau ca file ny l n cssau ca thng trc. use D200111 copy to D200112 use D200112 replace all csdau with cssau replace all cssau with 0 browse freeze cssau II.4. Lnh UPDATE Trong trng hp cp nht ch sa i d liu cc trng ca bn ghi m khng thm bn ghi, ta c th lu tt c cc d liu cn cp nht vo mt file v dng lnh UPDATE. C php UPDATE ON <kho> FROM <file sa i> REPLACE <trng 1> WITH <bt1> [, <trng 2> WITH <bt2>]... [<RANDOM>] Trc khi dng lnh UPDATE, file ch (file cn sa i d liu) phi m trong vng lm vic hin thi v <file sa i> (mang d liu sa i) phi m Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software

http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy trong vng lm vic khc. <kho> sp xp phi l mt trng c trn c hai file v hai file ny phi c sp xp theo trng <kho>. Nu < file sa i> khng c sp xp theo <kho> th ta phi ch th thm t kho RANDOM. Ch . ng 1>... <trng n> ch l tn trng ca file ch (file cn sa i d liu) v khng dng lm tn trng ca <file sa i> u thc 1>... <biu thc n> c th l hng, bin hoc mt biu thc phc tp v phi cng kiu d liu vi <trng...> cp nht. <biu thc> thng cha mt tn trng hoc mt biu thc c cha tn trng ca <file sa i>. nh UPDATE khng c phm vi v iu kin. V d. Ta c file CSDL c tn l LUONG.DBF gm cc trng macb, luong, phucap, thuclinh. V file CSDL TTHUONG.DBF gm cc trng macb, sotien qun l tin thng tng ng vi cc bn ghi ca file LUONG.DBF (thng qua macb). Ta cn tnh s tin thc lnh ca tng cn b v a vp ct thuclinh theo cng thc: thc lnh = lng + ph cp + tin thng. Trong cp l gi tr trong file LUONG.DBF n thng l gi tr trong file THUONG.DBF select 0 use thuong alias capnhat index on macb to idthuong select 0 use luong index on macb to idluong update on macb from capnhat; - 59

replace thuclinh with luong + phucap + capnhat.sotien Hoc select 0 use thuong alias capnhat select 0 use luong index on macb to idluong update on macb from capnhat; replace thuclinh with luong + phucap + capnhat.sotien random Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy III. LIN KT CC FILE CSDL III.1. t vn V d. Ta c file CSDL HOSO.DBF (hoten C(27), tinh C(20)) Nguyn Vn An H ni Trn Thanh Bnh Hi phng Phm Thanh Hi Thi Bnh Trn Vit Thanh H Ni lu tr tn tnh ca 1 bn ghi, ta mt 20 byte. V khi tn tnh thay i th ta phi thay i trong tt c cc file d liu c lin quan. gii quyt t nht 2 bt li trn, ngi ta thng tch file ny thnh 2 file HOSO.DBF (hoten C(27), mtinh C(2)) Nguyn Vn An 01 Trn Thanh Bnh 03 Phm Thanh Hi 17 Trn Vit Thanh 01 - 60

MATINH.DBF (ma C(2), tentinh C(20)) 01 H ni 02 TP HCM ... 17 Thi bnh i vi file MATINH c ti a bng s tnh c trong c nc. Trong file HOSO c th tit kim c 18 byte cho mi bn ghi. xc nh c tng minh tn tnh ca tng bn ghi trong file HOSO phi xt mi quan h gia 2 file, vic xt tin hnh qua tng cng vic gi l lin kt. III.2. Lin kt 1 chnh - 1 ph (1 - 1) Xt 2 file CSDL, vic lin kt gia 2 file c thc hin bng 2 cch Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy 1. Lin kt thng qua s hiu bn ghi Thit lp nh x 1 - 1 gia 2 bn ghi c cng s hiu. Gi n l tng s bn ghi ca file 1, m l tng s bn ghi ca file th 2. Ta thy c 3 trng hp xy ra o m = n : lin kt y o n > m : nhng bn ghi di ra ca file 1 ng vi im cui ca file 2. o n < m : nhng bn ghi di ra ca file 2 khng t tng ng vi bn ghi no ca file 1. Ngi ta thng gi file 1 l chnh, file 2 l ph. tin hnh lin kt 2 file bng cch ny ta phi thc hin cc bc sau 2 file 2 vng khc nhau vng c file chnh c m ta thc hin lnh SET RELATION TO RECNO() INTO <b danh file ph> - 61

V d 1. Phng Qun l sinh vin lu tr sinh vin khoa CNTT trong file SVCNTT.DBF (masv, hoten, nsinh, quequan) - Phng gio v lu tr thng tin v im cui k ca cc sinh vin trong file DIEM.DBF (masv, thoc, triet, tanh, dtb). Gi s th t ca sinh vin 2 file l nh nhau. nhn c thng tin y v sinh vin ta phi tin hnh lin kt 2 file select 0 use diem select 0 use SVCNTT set relation to recno() into diem display all fields masv,hoten,nsinh,diem.dtb for dtb >= 5 Nhn xt. Vic tin hnh lin kt 2 file nhm mc ch lin kt con tr bn ghi hai vng khc nhau, tc l khi con tr bn ghi file chnh chuyn ng ko theo s chuyn ng ca con tr bn ghi file ph. V d 2. Ti mt ca hng kinh doanh vng bc, qun l gi vng trong 2 thng 7 v 8 ngi ta lu vo 2 file TH07.DBF v TH08.DBF (mi bn ghi l mt ngy). Hy a ra bng so snh gi vng ca tng ngy trong thng 7 v 8. select 0 use th07 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy select 0 use th08 set relation to recno() into th07 display all fields th07.ngay,th08.ngay,th07.gia,th08.gia 2. Lin kt nh s so snh gi tr ca 2 trng trong 2 file - 62

Tc l xc nh mt nh x gia 2 trng c dng so snh c gi l trng lin kt, hai trng ny phi ging nhau v kiu v rng, cn tn khng nht thit phi ging nhau. thc hin lin kt 2 file vi nhau cn c vo ng ngha ca bi ton ta chn mt file lm file chnh, file con li lm file ph ri thc hin 2 file 2 vng khc nhau p xp logic file ph trn trng lin kt ca n vng c file chnh c m ta thc hin lnh SET RELATION TO <tn trng lin kt file chnh> INTO <b danh file ph> V d. Thc hin bi ton lin kt file HOSO.DBF v file MATINH.DBF select 0 use matinh index on ma to idma select 0 use hoso set relation to mtinh into matinh Browse nomodify fields masv,hoten,matinh.ten Vi v d 1 trn, ta gii quyt c trong trng hp tng qut, nu thc hin lin kt thng qua trng masv. select 0 use diem index on masv to idmasv select 0 use SVCNTT set relation to masv into diem Browse nomodify fields masv,hoten,nsinh,diem.dtb for dtb >= 5

III.3. Lin kt 1 chnh - n ph (1 - n) y l n lin kt chnh ph, ch c 1 file chnh v n file ph. Ta phi thc hin n lnh lin kt 1 file chnh vi 1 file ph. Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy Ch t lnh SET RELATION th 2 tr i phi thm t kho ADDITIVE, nu khng thm t kho ny th cc lin kt trc s b hu b. V d. B sung vo file HOSO.DBF cc trng madt C(2), maut C(2) v 2 file MADTOC (ma C(2), ten C(13)) v MAUTIEN (ma C(2), loai C(20)). Tin hnh lin kt file HOSO vi 3 file m. HOSO mtinh madt maut matinh(ma) madtoc(ma) mautien(ma) select 0 use mautien index on ma to id1 select 0 use madtoc index on ma to id2 select 0 use matinh index on ma to id3 select 0 - 63

use hoso set relation to mtinh into matinh set relation to madt into madtoc additive set relation to maut into mautien additive Browse nomodify fields masv,hoten,matinh.ten,madtoc.ten,mautien.loai III.4. Lin kt mc xch Xt n file CSDL, lin kt mc xch l lin kt n - 1 lin kt chnh ph, trong 1 file l file chnh duy nht, 1 file l file ph duy nht, nhng file cn li va l chnh ca file ny va l ph ca file khc. Ch . T lnh SET RELATION th 2 tr i phi thm t kho ADDITIVE, nhng khng c lin kt mc xch thnh vng trn. V d. Bi ton ghp phch TSINH(sbd C(5), hoten C(27), nsinh D) PHACH(sbd C(5), ph C(5)) DMON(ph C(5), diem N(4.1)) select 0 use dmon Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.Bi ging H qun tr CSDL Fox Gio vin: Nguy index on ph to id1 select 0 use phach set relation to ph into dmon index on sbd to id2 select 0 use tsinh - 64

set relation to sbd into phach Browse nomodify fields hoten,sbd,nsinh,dmon.diem Trong thc t loi chng ta thng gp l t hp ca 3 loi lin kt trn. Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

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