Phuong Phap Ma Hoa DPCM-Nhom 1

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI
VIN S PHM K THUT

----------o0o----------
BO CO BI TP LN
X L D LIU A PHNG TIN
1 :K THUT M HA IU XUNG M
SAI PHN DPCM
Sinh vin thc hin : Nguyn Quc Phng
V Hong Lm
Nguyn Trung Hiu
Hong Th i
Chu Qunh Nga
Nguyn Vn Trng
ng Thu Hng
L Thanh Tr
Ging vin hng dn : GS.TS. Nguyn Th Hong Lan
Lp : SPKT Tin K53
H Ni thng 05/2012
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K thut iu xung m sai phn DPCM Nhm 1- S phm k thut
MC LC
I. GII THIU CHUNG............................................................................................... 4
1. Khi nim v k thut nn ...................................................................................... 4
1.1. Khi qut chung.................................................................................................. 4
1.2. M hnh nn video.............................................................................................. 4
1.3. D tha thng tin trong tn hiu video ................................................................ 5
II. K THUT M HA IU XUNG M SAI PHN (DPCM) TRONG NN
VIDEO ........................................................................................................................... 5
1. Cc phng php nn............................................................................................. 5
1.1. Nn khng mt thng tin..................................................................................... 5
1.2. Nn c mt thng tin........................................................................................... 6
1.3. Mt s m dng trong k thut nn.................................................................... 6
2. Tm hiu chung v phng php m ha DPCM.................................................. 6
2.1. Nguyn l ........................................................................................................... 6
2.2. Cc phng php m ha DPCM........................................................................ 9
3. M ha d on trong DPCM.............................................................................. 13
3.1. B d on sai s ............................................................................................ 13
3.2. K thut d on............................................................................................ 14
4. nh hng ca b d on n cht lng nn ................................................. 21
5. B lng t ha v nh hng ca b lng t ha n cht lng nn video 26
5.1. Lng t ha tuyn tnh.................................................................................... 27
5.2. Lng t ha phi tuyn..................................................................................... 31
5.3. Lng t ha sai s d on ............................................................................. 33
6. Phng php DPCM vi k thut b chuyn ng ............................................ 34
6.1. K thut b chuyn ng ................................................................................. 34
6.2. Cc kiu khung hnh ......................................................................................... 36
6.3. Cc k thut b chuyn ng ............................................................................ 36
7. Phng php DPCM vi k thut c lng chuyn ng ................................ 40
7.1. K thut c lng chuyn ng ...................................................................... 40
7.2. K thut DPCM v c lng chuyn ng trong nn video ............................. 41
7.3. Lng t ha thch nghi.................................................................................... 44
7.4. nh hng ca IntraFrame v InterFrame trong lng t ha........................... 45
TI LIU THAM KHO........................................................................................... 48
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PHN CNG NHIM V
1. Nguyn Quc Phng : Tm hiu chung v k thut DPCM
Tm hiu v sai s lng t
Sai s d on
nh hng ca n n t s nn v mt mt thng tin.
2. V Hong Lm : nh hng ca b d on n cht lng nn nh tnh
3. Nguyn Vn Trng: nh hng ca b d on n cht lng nn audio
3. Chu Qunh Nga: nh hng ca b d on n cht lng nn video
4. Nguyn Trung Hiu+L Thanh Tr : B lng t ha v nh hng ca b
lng t ha n cht lng nn video
5. Hong Th i: Phng php DPCM vi k thut b chuyn ng
6. ng Thu Hng : Phng php DPCM vi k thut nh gi chuyn ng
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I. GII THIU CHUNG
1. Khi nimv k thut nn
1.1. Khi qut chung
Trong tt c cc dng tn hiu th tn hiu truyn hnh chim di tn ln nht cho mt
knh thng tin.Tn hiu video s thnh phn (s ha 8 bit) c tc bit bng 216
Mbit/s.Di ph cn thit truyn tn hiu ny phi c b rng khng di (3/4) x 216 =
162 MHz.Trong studio, truyn tn hiu bng cp, gic ni cht lng cao v vi khong
cch ngn vic nn di tn ch mang tnh kinh t, vic truyn tn hiu c th thc hin m
khng cn nn.Song s rt kh khn, thm ch khng th thc hin c vic truyn tn
hiu video s qua v tinh vi rng di tn mt knh 27 MHz hoc qua h thng truyn
hnh qung b trn mt t vi tiu chun 7 8 MHz cho mt knh truyn hnh tiu
chun.Do vy, nn tn hiu video l cng on khng th thiu khc phc c nhng
kh khn trn.
Nn v c bn l mt qu trnh trong lng s liu (data) biu din lng thng tin
ca mt nh hoc nhiu nh c gim bt bng cch loi b nhng s liu d tha trong
tn hiu video.Cc chui nh truyn hnh c nhiu phn nh ging nhau.Vy tn hiu
truyn hnh c cha nhiu d liu d tha, ta c th b qua m khng lm mt thng tin
hnh nh. l cc phn xa dng, xa mnh, vng nh tnh hoc chuyn ng rt chm,
vng nh nn ging nhau, m cc phn t lin tip ging nhau hoc khc nhau rt
t.Thng th chuyn ng trong nh truyn hnh c th c d bo, do ch cn
truyn cc thng tin v chuyn ng.Cc phn t ln cn trong nh thng ging nhau,
do ch cn truyn cc thng tin bin i.Cc h thng nn s dng c tnh ny ca tn
hiu video v cc c trng ca mt ngi (l km nhy vi sai s trong hnh nh c
nhiu chi tit v cc phn t chuyn ng).Qu trnh sau nn nh l dn nh to li nh
gc hoc mt xp x nh gc.
1.2. M hnh nn video
H thng nn video gm ba thnh phn c bn :
Hnh 1. M hnh h thng nn video
tng u tin ca b m ha video, tn hiu video c trnh by di dng thun tin
nn c hiu qu nht.im ct yu l phi xc nh ci g c m ha.S biu din
c th cha nhiu mu thng tin m t tn hiu hn l chnh tn hiu, nhng hu ht
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cc thng tin quan trng ch tp trung trong mt phn nh ca s m t ny.Trong cch
biu din c hiu qu, ch c phn nh d liu l cn thit truyn cho vic ti to li tn
hiu video.
Hot ng th hai ca b m ha l lng t ha, gip ri rc ha thng tin c biu
din. truyn tn hiu video qua mt knh s, nhng thng tin biu din c lng t
ha thnh mt s hu hn cc mc.
Hot ng th ba l gn cc t m.Cc t m ny l mt chui bit dng biu din cc
mc lng t ha.Cc qu trnh s ngc li trong b gii m video.
Mi hot ng c gng loi b phn d tha trong tn hiu video v tn dng s gii hn
ca h thng nhn ca mt ngi.Nh b i cc phn t d tha, cc thng tin ging nhau
hoc c lin quan n nhau s khng c truyn i.Nhng thng tin b i m khng nh
hng n vic nhn, cng s khng c truyn i.
1.3. D tha thng tin trong tn hiu video
Nn s liu l qu trnh gim lng s liu cn thit biu din cng mt lng thng
tin cho trc.Cn phi phn bit gia s liu v thng tin.Thc t s liu v thng tin
khng ng ngha vi nhau.S liu (v do tn hiu) ch l phng tin dng truyn
ti thng tin.Cng mt lng thng tin cho trc c th biu din bng cc lng s liu
khc nhau.V d, nu hai ngi khc nhau dng s t khc nhau k cng mt cu
truyn, s c hai phin bn khc nhau ca cu truyn v mt c cha s liu khng ch
yu, n bao gm s liu hoc t khng cho thng tin thch hp ln xc nh bit. l
do n cha d tha s liu.
II. K THUT M HA IU XUNG M SAI PHN (DPCM) TRONG
NN VIDEO
1. Cc phng php nn
1.1. Nn khng mt thng tin
Nn khng mt thng tin cho php phc hi li ng tn hiu ban u sau khi gii
nn.y l mt qu trnh m ha c tnh thun nghch.H s nn ph thuc vo chi tit
nh c nn.H s nn ca phng php nn khng mt thng tin nh hn 2:1.Cc k
thut nn khng mt thng tin bao gm :
- M ha vi di (ca t m) thay i (VLC)
- M ha vi di (ca t m) ng (RLC)
- S dng khong xa dng v mnh
- Bin i cosin ri rc (DCT)
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1.2. Nn c mt thng tin
Nn c mt thng tin s dng hai hoc nhiu hn cc k thut x l nhm t c mt
s biu din m ha thun li tn hiu hnh nh.Nn c mt thng tin t c h s nn
cao hn so vi phng php nn khng mt thng tin, vo c 2:1 n 100:1.Sau khi nn,
mt s thng tin s b mt v cht lng nh b suy hao do qu trnh lm trn v loi b
gi tr trong phm vi khung hnh hay gia cc khung hnh.Suy hao cht lng nh s
khng trm trng khi k thut nn nm trong gii hn ca s cm nhn ca mt ngi.H
s nn c th thay i theo chi tit nh, v cho php to ra dng bit c tc khng i,
phc v cho cc ng dng lu tr v truyn dn.Tc dng s liu t c trong h
thng nn c mt thng tin ph thuc vo yu cu cht lng nh cn c. Bao gm :
- Ly mu con (subsampling)
- iu xung m vi sai (DPCM)
- Lng t ha v m ha VLC cc h s DCT
1.3. Mt s m dng trong k thut nn
- M RLC
- M Shannon-fano
- M Huffman
-
2. Tm hiu chung v phng php m ha DPCM
2.1. Nguyn l
iu xung m sai phn (DPCM Differentical Pulse Code Modulation) l phng php
nn d liu c mt mt thng tin. C s ca phng php ny da trn m ha d on,
thng c s dng i vi cc tn hiu ly mu c tng quan mnh (ngha l hai
mu gn nhau l kh tng t nhau), c quan h ln cn gia cc mu, nh tn hiu nh
video, tn hiu ting ni Nh vy s c nhiu li ch khi m ha s khc nhau gia cc
mu k cn thay cho m ha gi tr tuyt i ca mi mu.
Nguyn tc ca m ha d on :
M ha s sai khc gia cc mu : mu d on theo thi im trc v mu hin ti.
Gi tr mu c gii m da trn s sai khc v gi tr d on thi im trc n.
Nh vy c th thy rng thay v truyn i ton b thng tin ca cc mu, ta ch truyn i
s sai lch gia cc mu. iu ny cho php t c hiu qu nn cao hn nhiu so vi
vic m ha v truyn i gi tr ca tng mu ring bit.
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S nguyn l DMCP
Hnh 2. S nguyn l DPCM
2.1.1. Ly mu (Sampling)
Ly mu chnh l qu trnh ri rc ho tn hiu tng t. y l bc chuyn tn hiu
mang thng tin dng lin tc thnh tn hiu mang thng tin ri rc, bng phng php ly
mu (Sampling). Sao cho tn hiu ri rc phi mang y thng tin ca tn hiu tng
t, ti to c thng tin mt cch trung thc u thu.
Qu trnh ly mu c pht biu nh sau:
Mt tn hiu X(t) lin tc theo thi gian c ph hn ch t (0Fmax)Hz, c hon ton
xc nh bi nhng gi tr X(k Dt) ca n ly cc khong thi gian t =1/2Fmax vi Fmax
l tn s cao nht ca ph lm X(t).
Nu gi T
1m
l chu k ly mu v F
1m
l tn s ly mu ta c: T
1m
= 1/2F
max
.
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Hnh 3. S minh ho qu trnh ly mu
u thu phc hi li c tn hiu ban u, ngi ta dng b lc. Tn hiu ri rc
khi qua b lc thng thp, vi tn s c bn ca tn hiu s cho ra tn hiu ban u. Qu
trnh phc hi c minh ho hnh 4
Hnh 4. S biu din minh ho s phc hi tn hiu lin tc.
2.1.2. Lng t ha (Quantization)
L thay th mt tn hiu tng t c ly mu bng tp hu hn ca cc mc bin
, tc l bin i tn hiu lin tc theo cc mc thnh tn hiu bin ri rc. u im
ca lng t ha tn hiu ly mu l gim c nh hng ca nhiu.
Cc mc tn hiu ri rc ny gi l mc lng t ho, khong cch gia hai mc lng t
ho gi l bc lng t ho.
Hnh 5. S m t lng t ho
2.1.3. B d on (Pridector)
Do tng quan gia cc mu tn hiu nh tn hiu ting ni, tn hiu video,... l kh
ln nn c th thc hin d on mt cch gn ng mt gi tr mu no t mt s
mu trc .
B d on c s dng tnh ton d on ra cc mu tn hiu theo mu ti thi im
trc (tn hiu tham chiu).
Trong qu trnh d on s c sai s d on(Pridection error). Cn phn bit gia sai s
d on v sai s lng t. Hai khi nim ny c bn cht khc nhau :
Sai s d on (prediction error) ch l s chnh lch gia gi tr d on v gi tr thc.
N khng lm tn tht thng tin dn n suy gim cht lng nh. Gi tr sai s ny
quyt nh tc bit gim i nhiu hay t, tc nh hng n hiu sut nn.
Sai s lng t (quantization error) l sai s c trng cho s tn tht d liu dn n lm
suy gim cht lng nh phc hi.
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2.1.4. B m ha
B m ha s m ha cc sai s d on thnh cc t m nh phn v c truyn i.
m ha tn hiu c th dng cc phng php :
M ha tuyn tnh
M ha phi tuyn
2.2. Cc phng php m ha DPCM
2.2.1. DPCM vng m (open-loop DPCM)
Hnh 6. Open-loop DPCM
\
gi q l sai s lng t ha, ta c
^
d [n] = d[n] + q[n]
M ha : d[n] = x[n] - x[n-1]
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10
Gii m :
^
x [n] =
^
d [n] +
^
x [n-1]
Ta thy
^
d [0] = d[0] + q[0];
^
d [1] = d[1] + q[1]
^
x [0] =
^
d [0] = d[0] + q[0]
^
x [1] =
^
d [1] +
^
x [0] = d[1] + q[1] + d[0] + q[0] = x[1] x[0] + q[1] + x[0] + q[0]
=>
^
x [1] = x[1] + q[1] + q[0]
....
=>
^
x [n] = x[n] + _
=
n
i
i q
0
] [
Nh vy c th thy vi k thut Open-Loop DPCM, sau mi vng lp sai s lng t
ha q[i] li c cng thm vo (Quantization error Accumulation)
| _
=
n
i
i q
0
] [ | =
^
x [n] - x[n]
Tc l sai s lng t ha sau khi m ha s rt ln.
2.2.2. DPCM vng ng (closed-loop DPCM)
khc phc nhc im sai s d on ln ca phng php Open-loop DPCM, ta a
b lng t ha v lng t ha ngc vo trong vng lp.
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11
Hnh 7. Closed-loop DPCM
Vi cch b tr nh trong s ta c
M ha : d[n] = x[n] -
^
x [n-1]
Gii m :
^
x [n] =
^
d [n] +
^
x [n-1]
C th thy ngay rng :
^
x [0] =
^
d [0] = d[0] + q[0] = x[0] + q[0]
^
x [1] =
^
d [1] +
^
x [0] = d[1] + q[1] + x[0] + q[0] = x[1] -
^
x [0] + q[1] + x[0] + q[0]
=>
^
x [1] = x[1] + q[1]
....
=>
^
x [n] = x[n] + q[n] => q[n] =
^
x [n] - x[n]
Nh vy sai s lng t ha khng c s tch ly (accumulation) sau mi vng lp =>
gim c ng k sai s lng t ha.
Qu trnh gii m tng t nh phng php Open-loop DPCM
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12
2.2.3. DPCM dng b d on tuyn tnh (Linear Pridection)
C 2 phng php Open-loop DPCM v Closed-loop DPCM trn u c chung mt
cch tnh s sai khc. l tnh s sai khc ca mu hin ti ch da trn mu d on
ca tn hiu ng ngay trc n. Nu nh c th tnh s sai khc t tt c cc mu d
on trc mu hin ti th sai s lng t ha cn c gim xung na. Nh vy s t
c nn cao hn.
y chnh l tng ca phng php DPCM dng b d on tuyn tnh (Linear
Pridection).
Hnh 8. DPCM vi Linear Pridiction
S dng hm P(Z) c xc nh bng tng ca tt c cc mu d on tnh n thi
im ang xt. V s dng hm tuyn tnh nn P(Z) s c dng
p[n] ={
^
x [n] | ,
^
x [n-1],
^
x [n-2], ...,
^
x [n-N]} = _
=

N
i
i
i n x a
1
^
] [
M ha : d[n] = x[n] -
^
p [n]
Gii m :
^
x [n] =
^
d [n] +
^
p [n]
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13
3. M ha d on trong DPCM
3.1. B d on sai s
Hnh 9. DPCM vi B d on
Cng ngh DPCM thc hin loi b tnh c nh v cc thng tin d tha ca ngun tn
hiu bng mt b lc c bit c p ng u ra l hiu s gia mu u vo v gi tr d
on ca chnh n. Rt nhiu gi tr vi sai ny gn 0 nu cc im nh bin i ng u.
Cn vi nh c nhiu chi tit, gi tr sai s d on c th ln. Khi c th lng t ho
chng bng bc lng t cao hn do c im ca mt ngi khng nhy cm vi
nhng chi tit c tng phn cao, thay i nhanh. S gim tc bit y thu c
t qu trnh lng t ho v m ho.
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14
3.2. K thut d on
Nu trc tip lng t ho v m ho cc mu ca mt ngun nh vi y thng tin
d tha v quan h tng h gia cc im nh th hiu sut nn s rt thp do lng
thng tin ca ngun qu ln. Do vy trong cc cng ngh nn, cn loi b i tnh c nh
ca ngun tn hiu, tc thc hin gii tng h (deccorelation) gia cc mu im ln
cn nhau.
Trong cng ngh nn iu xung m vi sai DPCM, qu trnh gii tng h c thc
hin bng mt b lc c p ng u ra l hiu s gia cc mu im lin tip u vo v
mt gi tr d on ca mu im to c da trn gi tr cc mu ln cn theo mt
qui lut nht nh.
3.2.1. Sai s d on (Prediction error)
B to d on c nhim v to ra gi tr im tip theo t gi tr cc im truyn ti
trc c lu tr. Qu trnh to d on cng tt th s sai khc gia gi tr thc ca
mu hin hnh v tr d on cho n (gi l sai s d on) cng nh. Khi , tc
dng bit cng c gim nhiu.
Phn bit gia sai s d on v sai s lng t nh trnh by phn trn.
3.2.2. D don cho nh truyn hnh (prediction for television pictures)
D on cho nh truyn hnh c thc hin vi dng d liu nh n thun (khng cha
ng tn hiu m thanh). Phng php qut in hnh trong truyn hnh l qut cch
dng. Cc dng khng c qut lin tip nhau m chia lm hai mnh: mnh chn cha
thng tin ca dng chn, mnh l gm cc dng l xut hin gia hai mnh chn lin tip
nhau. Mt khung (frame) tng ng vi mt nh s gm mt mnh chn v mt mnh l
k nhau.
T phng php qut , c cc phng php to d on nh sau:
a. D on Intrafield (Intrafield Prediction):
Ch s dng cc im thuc na nh (mt mnh) to d on. D on trong mnh
khng tn dng c quan h gia cc im nh ln cn nhau theo chiu ng nn c th
cho sai s d on cao.
b. D on Intraframe (Intraframe Prediction):
Vi s h tr ca mt b nh mnh, d on trong nh s dng tt c cc im thuc c
hai mnh ca mt khung to d on. Nh vy s li dng c quan h tng h ca
cc im ln cn theo c Phng ngang v Phng ng nn d on chnh xc hn, cho
sai s d on nh hn.
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15
c. D on Interfield (Interfield prediction):
Phng php to d on ny s dng c khung hin hnh v khung tham chiu khc. D
on lin mnh ch s dng mt mnh (chn hoc l) cc khung khc nhau.
d. D on interframe (Interframe prediction):
Phng php ny s dng c hai mnh cc nh k nhau.
Hnh 10. a: D bo trong mnh (Intrafield)b: D bo trong nh (Intraframe)
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16
c: D bo lin mnh (Interfield) d: D bo lin nh (Interframe
3.2.3. D on Intra (Intra prediction)
i vi d on intra, gi tr d on ca im hin hnh s l tng gi tr cc im ln
cn a, b, c, d ca n theo mt trng s xc nh.
S(n) = k
a
.s(a) + k
b
.s(b) + k
c
.s(c) + k
d
.s(d)
Thng thng, k
a
+ k
b
+ k
c
+ k
d
= 1 v gi tr im truyn ti thng khng vt qu gi
tr trung bnh xung quanh.
Nu k
a
= 1, k
b
= c
a
= k
d
= 0 ta c d on mt chiu (1_D prediction). D on ny cho
gi tr tt nu nh c ra theo chiu ngang. Nu nh c ra ng (theo chiu ngang gi tr
im nh bin i nhiu) th sai s to ra s ln.
Nh vy, 1_D prediction s cho sai s d on nh nu ra nh ng chiu d on.
Hnh 11. D bo trong mnh 2 chiu n gin
B to d bo hai chiu (2_D prediction) s dng tt c cc gi tr a, b, c, d theo lut
trng s ln nht tp trung cho im st bn tri im cn d bo. D bo 2_D tt cho
nh b mt (tc nh khng c s thay i theo ra). Nu nh c s thay i r rt gi tr
cc im nh theo mt ng ra nht nh th d on 2_D li cho sai s d on ln
hn khi s dng d on 1_D c chiu ph hp.
Chnh v l do ny, trong nn nh s, c mt phng php to tr d on s dng kt hp
tt c cc loi d on intra gi l d on thch nghi.
To d on thch nghi (Adaptive prediction):
Trong Phng php to d on ny, tu thuc c im ca tng vng nh, s c s la
chn b to d on ph hp. i vi vng nh c ra ng, s dng d on 1_D theo
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17
chiu ng, nu vng nh c ra ngang, dng d on 1_D chiu ngang. Cn vng nh b
mt (s bin i gi tr im nh theo hai chiu l nh nhau) th ph hp vi to d on
2 chiu.
Lut to d on ny thch nghi theo tn hiu nn cht lng d on rt cao, sai s d
on nh. Nu quan st nh to bi tn hiu sai s d on thch nghi ta s thy mc en
ca nh rt cao hn khi s dng cc phng php to d on ring r.
Sau y l minh ho cht lng cc phng php to d on. nh quan st c t
ngun tn hiu sai s d on cng en tc tn hiu sai s d on cng nh v qu trnh
d on cng chnh xc.
D on thch nghi n gin nht l trong trng hp ch phi la chn gia hai b to
d on mt chiu theo phng ngang v phng thng ng. Khi , mt php so snh
gi tr im nh theo hai phng c thc hin. Nu s bin i gi tr nh ln cn theo
chiu no ln hn, b to d on theo chiu c s dng.
3.2.4. To d on Inter
Vic to d on s c cht lng cao hn nu s dng nhiu im nh c cng to
(x, y) trong mt chui nh lin tip nhau.
Trong d on Inter cn c khi nim b chuyn ng. To d on Inter c b chuyn
ng c s dng trong cc cng ngh nn nhm t c hiu sut nn cao.
a. Khi nim b chuyn ng
Phng php b chuyn ng l phng php khi phc nh bng cch s dng vecto
chuyn ng v sai s chuyn ng (phn sai lch nh nht gia hai nh).
b. Vai tr ca b chuyn ng
Trong tn hiu video thng thng cc khung lin nhau thng ging nhau. Do vy trong
d bo Interframe mt chiu gi tr d bo l rt gn vi gi tr nh thc t dn n sai s
d bo nh, tc dng bt d liu nh.
Khi c chuyn ng xy ra v d nh cnh di chuyn ca mt qu bng.
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18
Hnh 12. Xem xt di chuyn ca qu bng trong b chuyn ng
Nu chng ta xem xt ni dung ca im nh tng t trong khung hnh k tip, chng
ta s thy rng cc im c cng v tr trong vng chuyn ng trong khung tm
thi v khung trc l rt khc bit. Khng kh khi pht hin im tng ng gia cc
im nh, cc hnh nh khc bit b thu tn hiu ci thin ng k khu vc chuyn ng.
Kt qu l nhiu d liu d tha phi truyn cho cc khung hnh khc bit. Do vy sai s
d bo tng ln, tc bt tng ln v hiu s nn gim. Do vy vi nh chuyn ng th
phng php d bo trong khung l khng hp l.
Mt phng php d on tm ra cc chi tit nh thay th gia hai khung hnh lin
nhau v to ra mt vector chuyn ng ch r v tr mi ca chi tit nh ny trong khung
hnh tng ng . Theo vector chuyn ng s phi hp tt c cc khi c nn trong
khung hnh trc m khi cc im nh ny li c lp li ti mt v tr mi. Phng
php ny c gi l d on b chuyn ng.
c. K thut b chuyn ng
K thut tin on b chuyn ng c s dng nh l mt trong nhng cng c mnh
lm gim s d tha v khng gian gia cc bc nh. Khi nim v b chuyn ng l
da trn s phn on hng chuyn ng ca cc bc nh tc l cc nh thnh phn
trong dy video s c thay th gn ng. K thut tin on b chuyn ng gia cc
bc nh c xem nh l bin php hn ch bt cc thng s ca chuyn ng bi
vic dng cc vector chuyn ng m t s dch chuyn ca cc im nh. Kt qu
tin on tt nht ca mt im nh l da trn s tin on b chuyn ng t mt bc
nh m ho c truyn pha rc ca n. C hai thng s, sai s chuyn ng (bin
) v cc vectors chuyn ng (hng chuyn ng) u c truyn ti pha bn nhn.
D on chuyn ng c thc hin bng cch s dng cu trc khi cho cc im
chi.Hnh di y minh ha cc phn t ca mt cu trc khi.Vect thay th c d
on cho mi cu trc cc khi (macroblock).Cc vect chuyn ng v cc m ha DCT
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19
khc nhau ca cu trc khi hin ti v cc cu trc khi tham chiu, c ch ra bng
cc vect ny, s c truyn i s to ra mt phng php c hiu qu hn l m ha
trc tip cu trc khi hin ti bng DCT.
Hnh 13. Vect chuyn ng gia 2 khung hnh lin nhau
Cc khi phi hp trong s cc khi ca khung hnh trc s dng nh thnh phn d
on trong b m ha DPCM, thnh phn d on c ly t u vo to ra mt
khung d on sai s t thng tin.Sai lch gia khi hin ti v d on ca n thuc
khung hnh trc s to ra khi d on b chuyn ng.
Vng tm kim c xc nh quanh cu trc cc khi trong khung hnh hin ti bao ph
ton b cc chuyn ng gia hai khung hnh.Cc ta ca vng tm kim xc nh
c truyn i trong khung hnh trc tm ra v tr trc ca cu trc khi ny.
Kch thc vng tm kim c xc nh bng phc tp ca qu trnh phi hp
khi.Trn vng tm kim c kch thc 16x16 im, c v tr khi theo chiu ngang phi
hp vi 16 v tr khi theo chiu ng.
gim qu trnh tnh ton vect chuyn ng, phn gii ca nh c th c gim
xung theo c hai chiu ngang v chiu thng ng.Bng cch ny c th lm gim s bit
cn x l v d on cc phn chnh c thay th trong khung hnh.Chng hn mt nh
vi phn gii y ur 720x480 c th c gim n mc 360x240.nh vi phn
gii thp c th s dng cho vng d on ln hn.Mt d on chuyn ng mc th
(gn ng) u tin s c tin hnh trn cc nh c phn gii thp ny.Sau , mt
php d on vect chuyn ng chnh xc s thc hin tnh ton v tr thay th chnh xc
ca cc i tng gia hai khung hnh.
Qu trnh d bo s c thc hin qua nhiu bc thu c s d bo chnh xc cui
cng.
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20
d. B chuyn ng trong d on inter
o lng chuyn ng l mt phn ca b chuyn ng, trong chuyn ng ca tt c
i tng c sang khung mi c o v bin ca i tng c quy nh. V d hnh
nh mt qu bng di chuyn t tri sang phi, c biu din bi hnh sau:
Hnh 14. B chuyn ng lm gim d liu ca nh khc bit khi c chuyn ng
Sau khi o, bng c chuyn vo trong frame trc lin quan n chuyn ng ca
n, v ta thu c mt khung hnh b chuyn ng.Kt qu ca b chuyn ng ny l
mt hnh nh khc bit rt ti, thm ch cc vng c trong chuyn ng. Ton b qu
trnh truyn tn hiu ca h thng interframe DPCM b chuyn ng c th hin qua
s sau:
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21
Hnh 15. Nn b chuyn ng interframe DPCM
Cc nh d bo trong phn nn bao gm, mt b nh khung hnh, mt khi thc hin
vic o chuyn ng bng cch so snh cc khung c v mi. Tip theo, mt khung hnh
b chuyn ng c to ti u ra ca d bo vi s tr gip ca cc thng tin chuyn
ng (i tng d on v cc vector chuyn ng). Ch rng vic o chuyn ng
thc hin ti u vo s dng khung tm thi m vn cha bit n u ra. Cc thng tin
chuyn ng c truyn thm thng qua mt knh ph. iu c th hin trong s
sau:
Hnh 16. Gii nn b chuyn ng interframe DPCM
4. nh hng ca b d on n cht lng nn
K thut nn nh s ang ng mt vai tr cc k quan trng trong cc h thng vin
thng v multimedia gii quyt vn bng thng ca ng truyn. Cc k thut nn
video u c gng lm gim lng thng tin cn thit cho mt chui cc bc nh m
khng lm gim cht lng ca n i vi ngi xem. Ni chung, tn hiu video thng
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22
cha ng mt lng ln cc thng tin tha, chng thng c chia thnh hai loi:
tha tnh bn trong tng frame (statistical) v tha ng gia cc frame (subjective). Mc
ch ca nn video l nhm lm gim s bit khi lu tr v khi truyn bng cch pht hin
loi b cc lng thng tin d tha ny v dng cc k thut Entropy m ho ti
thiu ho lng tin quan trng cn gi li. V b d on l mt phn quan trng trong
vic ti u ha cht lng nn video
Nh gii thiu trong k thut nn video DPCM, nh hng ca b d on n cht
lng nn video chnh l sai s d on (prediction error) m b d on to ra. Sai s
ny quyt nh hiu sut cng nh cht lng nn.
Video v bn cht l nhng khung nh c quan h v thi gian, vy nn x l nn video
cng l x l trn tng khung hnh ring bit. Gi tr ca im nh c th c d on t
gi tr hng xm ln cn.
Cc k thut d on thng dng l d on mt chiu (1-dimensional prediction) v d
on hai chiu (2- dimensional prediction).
Hnh 17 : d on ln cn ngang
Trong d on mt chiu, th t ca cc im nh c gi tr tng t s c tm thy
cng mt hng hay ct ca hnh nh. Cn trong d on 2 chiu s gm c d on hng
v ct
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23
Hnh 18 : m hnh d on mt chiu v hai chiu
S nh hng ti cht lng nh ca cc kiu d on trn c th c thy kh r qua
cc v d di y:
Hnh 19 : d on mt chiu v hai chiu
Ta thy nh nh trn th gi tr im nh ban u c k hiu s[x,y]. Vi d on mt
chiu theo chiu ngang (horizontal u
H
[x,y]) c th thy d on ny cho gi tr tt vi
phn nh c ra theo chiu ngang. Phn nh c ra ng (theo chiu ngang gi tr im nh
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24
bin i nhiu) th sai s to ra s ln (ni r hn v khc nhiu hn so vi phn nh c
ra theo chiu ngang).
Cng tng t khi quan st nh c d on mt chiu theo chiu dc (vertical
u
V
[x,y]), cc phn nh c ra theo chiu dc m hn v gn ng vi gi tr nh gc hn l
cc phn nh c ra hng theo chiu ngang.
Cui cng l nh d on hai chiu (2-dimensional u
D
[x,y]), ta c th thy c s
ng nht tng i gia c phn nh chiu ngang v dc.
V d vi mt bc nh khc
Hnh 20 : d on mt chiu v hai chiu
Qu trnh to d on lun tn ti mt sai s d on no
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25
Hnh 21: tn hiu nh v tn hiu sai s d on
Cht lng nn khng n thun da vo sai s d on trong qu trnh m ha, n cn
ph thuc qu trnh ti to cc tn hiu d on b gii m.
Qu trnh nn cn c thc hin c trong qu trnh lng t ha v hiu qu nn cng
c quyt nh bi cch lng t ha mu tn hiu ban u.
Kh nng d on tt s gim s bt phi truyn i, ngc li kh nng d bo km s
khin cho s lng bt phi truyn tng ln, nh hng ti hiu sut nn
Mt s li vi sai s d on lm gim cht lng nh sau sau khi khi phc:
Tn hiu nh Tn hiu sai s d on
nh ban u nh khi phc li Sai s d on Page
26
Hnh 22 : Nhiu ht
Hnh 23 : Nhiu qu ti
Vi s bt khc nhau:
5. B lng t ha v nh hng ca b lng t ha n cht lng nn video
Lng t ha l nh x khng tuyn tnh c tn hao t khong biu din lin tc bin
nh ban u nh khi phc li Sai s d on
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27
tn hiu vo khong biu din bi cc gi tr ri rc ca cc mc gi tr hay cc t m.
Vi R bits chng ta c th biu din 2
R
m khc nhau trn mi mu, mi m c th biu
din mt mc bin ca tn hiu. Bin ca tn hiu c c gi tr m v dng do
chng ta phi nh ngha m miu t c gi tr bin m v dng. Chng ta chn
cc gi tr in hnh sao cho c s cn bng cc mc lng t cho c gi tr m v
dng. C hai cch chn:
Chn s dng c mc lng t bng khng (midtread) hoc khng c mc lng t bng
khng (midrise). Midrise khng c mc khng do vy vi mt tn hiu u vo s cho
mt s chn mc lng t u ra. Ngc li lng t ha midtread s cho ra mt s
l mc lng t u ra. Vi R bits th lng t ha midtread s cho 2
R
-1 gi tr khc
nhau ngc li lng t ha midrise cho 2
R
m. Mc d cho s mc lng t nh hn
nhng lng t ha midtread trong qu trnh x l tn hiu audio cho kt qu tt hn
Hnh 31. Lng t ha kiu Midtread v Midrise
5.1. Lng t ha tuyn tnh
Lng t ha tuyn tnh l mt kiu lng t ha n gin nht. Lng t ha tuyn tnh
l lng t vi cc mc lng t bng nhau. Trong mt kiu lng t, phm vi gi tr
u vo l mt s c biu din bng k php nh phn v m cho mt tn hiu u ra l
mt s nh phn trong khong m gi tr u vo ri vo. nh ngha phm vi v mc
lng t chng ta cn cc thng tin sau:
- lng t ha theo kiu midtread hay midrise
- gi tr ln nht ca gi tr u vo x
max
- mc lng t
Thnh phn d liu th ba nh ngha s bits cn thit biu din mt m v d nh R
bt cho php chng ta biu din 2
R
m khc nhau.
Vi kiu lng t ha midrise, R bits cho php chng ta mt tp cc phm vi u vo
l =2*x
max
/2
R
Kiu lng t ha midtread s c phm vi ln hn mt cht l =2*x
max
/(2
R
-1)
Khong gi tr u vo l t -x
max
n x
max
, vy iu g s xy ra khi gi tr u vo vt
qu khong ny? Vi cc gi tr cao hn gi tr cao nht ca khong th s c gn gi
tr bng gi tr cao nht ca khong, cn cc gi tr nh hn gi tr nh nht ca khong
th s c gn gi tr bng gi tr nh nht ca khong.
Midrise quantizers
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28
Hnh 32. Lng t ha tuyn tnh kiu Midrise dng 2 bit
Hnh trn minh ha lng t ha tuyn tnh kiu midrise 2 bits. Pha tay tri ca hnh
biu din khong bin u vo t -1 n 1. T 2 bits lng t ha midrise, chng ta c
th chia khong gi tr u vo thnh 4 mc. Nh bit th 4 mc ny s c rng
bng nhau. Mi mc c biu din bng gi tr nh phn tng ng: [11], [10], [00],
[01] ln lt tng ng vi cc gi tr -1, -0. +0, +1.
Chng ta lng t ha tn hiu u vo vi 2 bits m, chng ta cng c th chuyn i
chng v dng bin ca tn hiu. V d vi mc [00] l mc nm trong khong bin
t 0.0 n 0.5 ca tn hiu u vo. Gi s rng cc gi tr bin c phn b u
trong mi khong, chn mc u ra vi mc li nh nht s l gi tr trung tm ca
khong ngha l 0.25. Do cc m [11], [10], [00], [01] s ln lt l -0.75, -0.25, 0.25,
0.75
Lng t ha tuyn tnh kiu midrise vi nhiu hn 2 bits cng c lm tng t.
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29
Gii thut lng t ha v lng t ha ngc i vi lng t ha tuyn tnh kiu
Midrise R bit
V d: bin u vo l 0.6 th sau qu trnh lng t 2 bits s l
INT (2*0.6) = INT (1.2) =1
Ta chuyn i ngc li s l
(1+ 0.5)/2 = 1.512 = 0.75
Nh vy ta thy c mt khong chnh lch gia bin ca tn hiu ban u v bin
ca tn hiu sau khi c khi phc li.
Midtread quantizers
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30
Hnh 33. Lng t ha tuyn tnh kiu Midtread dng 2 bit
Hnh trn minh ha lng t ha tuyn tnh kiu midtread 2 bits. Vi 2 bits chng ta ch
biu din c 3 mc bin ca tn hiu u vo. C ngha l chng ta ch c th chia
khong gi tr u vo thnh 3 mc o s c rng ln hn so vi trng hp ca
midrise. Cc mc chng ta c l [11], [00], [01] ln lt tng ng vi cc gi tr -1, 0,
+1, v m [10] khng c s dng. Gi tr lng t ha ngc vn l trung tm ca
khong gi tr trong trng hp ny s ln lt l -2/3, 0, v +2/3. Ch rng gi tr 0
vn c gi. Tn hiu audio thng c khong lng do lng t ha c th biu din
tn hiu vi bin bng 0 rt ph hp trong x l tn hiu audio.
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31
Gii thut lng t ha v lng t ha ngc i vi lng t ha tuyn tnh kiu
Midtread R bit
V d: bin u vo l 0.6 th sau qu trnh lng t 2 bits s l
INT ((3*0.6+1)/2) = INT (1.4) =1
Ta chuyn i ngc li s l
2*1/3 = 2/3
Nh vy ta thy c mt khong chnh lch gia bin ca tn hiu ban u v bin
ca tn hiu sau khi c khi phc li.
Lng t ha tuyn tnh c gi tr lm trn li ln nht bng na rng ca khong gi
tr ti mi ni, mc u vo khng ti chng. Tuy nhin li ny s ch nn nghim trng
i vi cc tn hiu c bin nh
5.2. Lng t ha phi tuyn
Lng t vi cc bc lng t khng yu cu phi bng nhau, vi rng ca mi
bc thay i tng ng vi bin ca tn hiu u vo gi l lng t ha phi tuyn.
Lng t ha phi tuyn thng s dng phng thc co gin
Trong phng thc co gin, c mt u vo x c truyn vo thng qua mt hm n
iu tng
y = c(x)
Lng t ha ngc s c thc hin:
x=c
-1
(y)
Trong hm c(x) khng i xng xung quanh x=0 do gi tr x m s c biu din
bng gi tr m. Chng ta c th nh ngha c(x) thng qua c(|x|). Nu xt tn hiu u vo
v lng t ha tuyn tnh th tn hiu thuc khon -1.0 n 1.0, sau dng hm co gin
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32
c(|x|) s cho mt biu u vo t 0 n 1.0 trn khong t 0 n 1.0. Vi yu cu c(x)
n iu tng do c(x) d dng c th o ngc li.
c mt hnh dung v s co gin nh hng nh th no n lng t ha, chng ta
xem kch c ca cc bc lng t thay i nh th no i vi mc tn hiu u vo x.
Nh chng ta bit cc bc lng t trong lng t ha tuyn tnh l u nhau. Nu
chng ta lng t s dng mt lng ln cc bt th bc lng t s nh, y=c(x) xp x
tuyn tnh v chng ta c
y(x) c(x
0
) + dc/dx(x-x
0
)
Vi x
0
c nh trong mi mc. rng trong x ca mt mc lng t c thu nh bi
t s gia dc v dx t rng trong y. V d, nu chng ta chn mt hm c(x) c dc
cao cho gi tr x nh th chng ta c lng t ha nhiu nh hn so vi lng t ha
tuyn tnh. Tuy nhin, hm c(|x|) phi chy tuyn tnh t 0 n 1.0, dc cao cho gi tr
x thp bao hm dc thp hn v nhiu hn lng t ha nhiu cho cc gi tr x cao
hn. Do , chng ta c s dng hm co gin di chuyn lng t ha nhiu t bin
u vo thp n bin u vo cao hn. Lng t ha phi tuyn c th c s dng
lm gim t l nhiu trn tp m (SNR)
Hnh 34. Hiu ng co gin trn b lng t ha kiu Midtread 4 bit
C hai kiu hm thng c dng trong co gin
- Co gin theo lut hm m
- Co gin theo lut hm logarit
Co gin theo lut hm m
Trong co gin theo lut hm m chng ta s dng cng thc
c
power
(|x|)=|x|
p
Chn tham s p trong khong 0 n 1.0 sao cho dc ca c(x) cao i vi cac gi tr x
nh.
Co gin theo lut hm logarit
Trong co gin theo lut hm logarit chng ta s dng mt hm co gin da trn hm
log(x). Tuy nhin do log (0) bng - do hm ny khng th c dng iu chnh.
Mt biu thc thng dng cho co gin theo lut hm logarit l lut
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33
) 1 ( log
|) | 1 ( log
|) (|
-
-
=
b
b
x
x c
C s b khng nh hng n hm v tham s quyt nh n dc ca dc/dx n
gn khng. dc ca c(x) gn x=0 bng /ln(1+) v gi tr ca >>1.
Mt dng khc ca co gin theo lut hm logarit l lut A
'
'
'
'
'
'
.
-
-
-
=
A x for x
A
A
A x for
A
x A
x c
A
/ 1 | | | |
) ln( 1
/ 1 | |
) ln( 1
|) | ln( 1
|) (|
A>>1;
C lut v lut A u c nhng ng dng quan trng trong k thut vin thng v
c chun ha bi CCITT.
Cc gi tr v A c chn trong chun l =255 v A=87.56
5.3. Lng t ha sai s d on
Gi tr bin vi sai ph thuc vo tnh cht nh. Trong vng nh thun nht, gi tr ny
thng nh. i vi cc ra nh v nh c nhiu chi tit, gi tr d on s km chnh xc
i dn ti sai s d on s ln ln. Do nhng c im ny, nu s dng b lng t ho
tuyn tnh vi mt bc lng t, s gy ra nhiu li:
- Ti vng nh thun nht, gi tr d on vi sai sp x bng 0. Bc lng t ln
gy ra nhiu ht (granular noise)
- Ti vng nh c ra hoc nhiu chi tit, bc tng phn gia cc im nh cao
dn ti mt gi tr sai s d on ln lm qu ti thang lng t (slope overload).
dc tn hiu gii m khng theo kp dc tn hiu thc t ti cc ra. Bi vy
cc nt nh khng r rng, nho nhot.
Tt c vn ny s gii quyt c nu s dng b lng t phi tuyn c bc lng t
ln dn theo ln mu a vo lng t. Mt khc s dng lng t ho phi tuyn cn
tn dng c c tnh ca mt ngi l km nhy cm vi cc sai s ti vng nh c ra
v nhiu chi tit. Do vy tit kim c s bit cn dng m ho thng tin.
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34
6. Phng php DPCM vi k thut b chuyn ng
6.1. K thut b chuyn ng
K thut b chuyn ng c dng trong b d on DPCM vi phng php to d
on Inter. iu ny gip cho hiu qu nn t hiu sut cao. B to d bo bn thu c
khi nh chung (frame memory hoc frame store ) lu tr d liu khung trc tnh
ton o c chuyn ng bng cch so snh gia khung c v khung mi. T to
khung d bo c b chuyn ng u ra b to d bo.
Vic thc hin o c chuyn ng bn pht cn c vo khung hin ti m bn thu cha
c, bi vy mt php o nh vy khng th ng thi tin hnh c bn thu v bn pht
mc d thng tin vecto chuyn ng l cn cho bn thu to d bo. Cho nn thng tin
v chuyn ng (cc vecto chuyn ng ca cc MB (Macroblock)) c truyn ti bn
thu nh mt knh ph.
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35
K thut tin on b chuyn ng gia cc khung hnh c xem nh l bin php
hn ch bt cc thng s ca chuyn ng bi vic dng cc vector chuyn ng m t
s dch chuyn cc im nh.
K thut tin on b chuyn ng c s dng nh l mt trong nhng cng c mnh
lm gim s d tha v khng gian v thi gian gia cc khung hnh. Kt qu tin
on tt nht ca mt im nh l da trn s tin on b chuyn ng t mt khung
hnh m ha c truyn pha trc ca n. C hai thng s, sai s chuyn ng (bin
) v cc vector chuyn ng ( hng chuyn ng) u c truyn ti pha bn nhn.
Tuy nhin do c mi quan h tng quan cht ch gia cc im nh v khng gian (
trng v khng gian ), mt vector chuyn ng c th c dng cho mt khi cc im
nh gm cc pixel ln cn nhau.
Mt khc phng php DPCM vi b chuyn ng c dng ch yu trong vic nn
video theo chun MPEG. Nn b chuyn ng c coi l cng ngh ci tin ca vic nn
P-frame v B-frame bng vic loi b d tha, thut ton b chuyn ng lm vic mc
Macroblock. Khi macroblock c b chuyn ng, file nn cha cc thng tin sau:
- Vector khng gian gia Macroblock tham chiu v Macroblock c m
ha (Motion vertor).
- S khc nhau gia Macroblock tham chiu v Macroblock c m ha
(Eror term )
Khng phi tt c cc thng tin trong khung hnh c th c d on t khung
hnh trc. Chng hn mt cnh vi ca phng m: cc chi tit ca cn phng khng th
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36
d on c t cc khung hnh trc ( khi ca ng). Trong trng hp ny Macroblock
trong P-frame khng th c miu ta hiu qu bi b chuyn ng.
6.2. Cc kiu khung hnh
C ba kiu khung hnh thng dng: I-frame, B- frame, P-frame
- I-frame (Intra frame - khung hnh c lp) : I-frame l khung hnh c
m ha c lp m khng cn tham kho ti cc khung hnh khc. Hiu qu
nn tn hiu t c do loi b s tha k v khng gian ( khng c yu t
thi gian tham gia qu trnh). I-frame c dng mt cch tun hon to
cc im ta cho dng d liu trong qu trnh gii m. I-frame cung cp kh
nng truy xut ngu nhin cc im trong d liu video nn v cung cp
nn va phi c dng vi 2 bit mi pixel.
- P-frame ( Predicted frame- khung hnh d on): P- frame c th s dng
cc I- frame hay P- frame ngay trc n m ha. Mi Macrobloc trong P-
frame c th c m ha theo kiu tin on (Predicted) hoc c m ha
c lp (intra- coded). Cng nh I-frame, P-frame c dng nh mt tham
chiu cho vic d on B- frane v P- frame k tip. P- frame dng b
chuyn ng v cng cp nhiu kh nng nn hn I-frame do s dng c nn
khng gian v thi gian. P-frame c th sinh ra cc li do P- frame c d
on t I- frame hoc P-frame trc .
- B- frame (Bidirectional frame - khung hnh hai hng ) : B-frame l cc
khung hnh s dng cc khung hnh trong qu kh v tng lai tham
kho. B- frame cung cp kh nng nn ln hn v khng sinh ra li do n
khng c dng cho vic tham chiu.
6.3. Cc k thut b chuyn ng
6.3.1. K thut b chuyn ng mt chiu
K thut b chuyn ng mt chiu c s dng khi d on nh P bng vic loi b d
tha, thut ton b chuyn ng lm vic mc Macroblock. nh P cung cp h s nn
cao hn nh I v c th s dng lm mt nh so snh cho vic b chuyn ng cho cc
nh P v B khc.
Phng php s dng xc sut cc nh lin tc trong chui nh truyn hnh. Nh xc sut
ny, phn ln cc nh trong chui c th nhn bit gn ging nhau trn c s thng tin
cha ng trong nh ( xut hin trong chui trc). Nh vy nh d on trc l cc
frame d bo theo hng thun (ngha l cc d bo t cc pixel ca frame hin th
trc).
Phng php ny rt c hiu qu khi chui nh biu din l nh tnh hon ton. Trong
trng hp ny ch truyn nh u tin l v thng tin ln lt mi nh khng khc
my so vi nh trc. Khi xut hin vt th chuyn ng no trong nh, th cn phi
pht hin cc vt th ny v biu din c trng v s thay i v tr ca n. Bng cch
ny v trn c s phn tch cc nh trc, c th d bo gn ng ni dng nh ang xt.
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37
Trong trng hp khi nh ang xt khc vi d bo ca n, th cn phi truyn thm cc
thng tin v s khc nhau gia cc nh ni trn. Nu tt c cc vt th chuyn ng c
pht hin, th d bo nh s rt gn vi nh thc v truyn thng tin gia chng, ta ch
cn s liu nh l . Tuy nhin, vt th xut hin trong nh c th c nhiu loi v ta
phi tim gii php kt hp t pht hin v xp loi chng.
Khi v tr block c biu din bng vecto biu din s dch block ny so vi v tr
trong nh d on trc. Vecto ny biu din s phi hp ( tng phn hoc tt c) c
gi l vecto chuyn ng.
Hnh 24. D on b chuyn ng mt chiu
Tuy nhin, cc chuyn ng ngoi vng tm kim khng th c thc hin d on b
chuyn ng t khung hnh trc, nh trong hnh trn. Mt khi im nh cho trc
trong khung hnh hin ti nm ngoi vng tm kim nh vy s khng c phi hp khi
trong khung hnh trc.
Hnh sau ch ra qu trnh to nh d bo trc, nh trc (Previous frame) c lu
tr trong b nh vi y phn gii, y d liu.
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Hnh 25. qu trnh to nh d bo trc
Trong khi xc nh vecto chuyn ng, vi vector chuyn ng tnh ton sao cho nh
hin ti c d on mt cch chnh xc nht. Hiu gia nh hin ti v nh d on s
cho nh khc bit u ra.
S liu v vector chuyn ng v nh khc bit s c truyn i. Trong trng hp
vector chuyn ng c xc nh ng, th nh khc bit s cha rt t thng tin v cng
ngh nn t hiu qu mong mun. Tuy nhin, hn ch ca m hnh trn l khng th
biu din phn ln cc chuyn ng c th c nh cc chuyn ng quay, gim hoc tng
ln v cc chuyn ng phc tp khc.
6.3.2. K thut b chuyn ng hai chiu
L k thut loi b cc d tha ca nh d on ( nh B ) bng cch s dng b chuyn
ng t cc nh I hoc P pha trc v pha sau. nh B cho t l nn cao nht.
B chuyn ng hai chiu theo thi gian, hay cn gi l ni suy b chuyn ng, s dng
thng tin trong mt khung hnh trc v mt khung hnh tham chiu xut hin sau khung
hnh hin ti d on khung hnh hin ti gi l khung hnh B ( v d nh hnh sau)
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39
Hnh 26. B chuyn ng hai chiu
B chuyn ng hai chiu cho kh nng nn s liu cao hn so vi b chuyn ng mt
chiu, hiu ng nhiu trong khung hnh hin ti gim bng mc nhiu trung bnh ca
khung hnh trc v khung hnh sau v c kh nng dc on ngoi phm vi ca vng
tm kim nh cc khung hnh tip theo. Tuy nhin, vic thc hin b chuyn ng ngc
ch xy ra khi khung hnh tham chiu xut hin sau c truyn i trc khung hnh hin
ti B.
S khc nhau c bn gia hai mch, mch to nh dc on trc v mch to nh d
on hai chiu, l b nh nh so snh. to nh d on trc ta ch cn nh nh trc
. Trong khi , to c nh d on hai chiu ta phi nh c hai nh : nh trc v
nh sau nh ang xt.
C th coi nh d on hai chiu nh l kt qu ni suy gia hai nh xc nh chun
ca n. V to c nh d on hai chiu, b gii m phi xc nh ni dung ca hai
nh xc nh chun ca n, nn s lm thay i th t truyn ca cc nh. B m ha u
tin phi truyn c hai nh chun, sau mi truyn n nh d on hai chiu.
iu ny dn n kt qu l:
- B m ha v gii m phi nh s li cc frame ln lm tng s cng vic.
- B m ha v gii m phi dng b nh ln ( c th lu tr cc nh
chun).
Hnh sau minh ha qu trnh to v truyn cc khung hnh theo th t. Qu trnh sp xp
li khi m ha v gii m to ra mt thi gian tr ph thuc vo s khung hnh B gia hai
khung tham chiu.
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Hnh 27. qu trnh to v truyn cc khung hnh
C th c nhiu hn mt khung hnh c d on B gia hai khung hnh tham chiu
xut hin trc v sau n. S lng cc khung hnh d on ph thuc vo nhiu yu t.
Khi s cc khung hinh B tng ln quan h gia cc khung hinh B v khung tham chiu
gim xung, v do vy s bt cn dng m ha khung B tng ln. Hn na, khi
quan h gia cc khung tham chiu cng gim do chng cch xa nhau. Vi cc chng
trnh video c nhiu cnh ngt s cn c t khung B hn i vi cc chng trnh t cnh
ngt.
M ha d on gia cc khung hnh thng p dng cho cc chng trnh c t s
chuyn ng hoc chuyn ng vi tc chm, v s d tha khng gian gia cc
khung hnh nhiu hn l s d tha khng gian trong cc mnh . Trong khi , m ha
d on theo mnh c hiu qu cao khi ng dng cho nn cc nh c tc chuyn ng
cao, cc vector chuyn ng trong mnh cha ng cc thnh phn tn s cao.
6.3.3. S khc nhau gia b chuyn ng trong B frame v P- frame
S khc nhau gia b chuyn ng trong vic d on hai nh trn l cc Macroblock
trong P-frame ch c tham chiu t cc khung hnh trc cn cc Macroblock trong B-
frame c m ha phi hp gia cc khung hnh tham chiu trc v sau n. Qua ta
thy c hiu qu ca vic d on B- frame tt hn so vi P- frame, gip cho cht
lng nn video c ci tin.
7. Phng php DPCM vi k thut c lng chuyn ng
7.1. K thut c lng chuyn ng
M ha d on chuyn ng trn thc t trong nn video c th c chia thnh ba giai
on. u tin, l giai on phn tch chuyn ng, cc vector c di chuyn trn mi
im nh hoc mt tp cc im nh trong mt phng nh t cc nh lin tip c c
lng. Giai on th hai, khung hin ti c d on bng cch s dng cc vector
chuyn ng c d on v cc khung trc. Sai s d on sau c tnh. Giai
on ny gi l d on v sai khc. Giai on th ba l m ha. Sai s d on (l s sai
khc gia khung hin ti v khung hin ti c d on) v cc vector chuyn ng
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41
c m ha. Thng qua cch tip cn ny, tng s lng d liu cho c vector chuyn
ng v sai s d on c k vng nh hn d liu th tn ti trong cc frame nh v
do s cho chng ta d liu nn. K thut c lng chuyn ng l qu trnh tm ra
vector chuyn ng v tnh sai s d on cho vic m ha video.
V nguyn tc m ha tn hiu video, nu qu o chuyn ng ca mi im nh c
th o c sau ch frame tham chiu ban u v thng tin vector chuyn ng cn
phi c m ha. Theo cch th s d tha interframe s c g b. ti to cc
nh, mt cch n gin c th l truyn tng im nh dc theo qu o chuyn ng ca
n. Bi v cng l chi ph truyn thng tin vector chuyn ng, trong thc t, mt
n v vector chuyn ng c nhm trong cc im nh, m s chia s chi ph
truyn cc thng tin chuyn ng. D nhin cung thi im cc im nh c nhm
cung nhau c gi nh l c cng thng tin chuyn. iu ny khng phi lc no cng
ng v cc im nh trong cng mt khi c th chuyn ng theo nhng hng khc
nhau, hoc mt s im nh thuc di nn. Do c vector chuyn ng v s sai khc
d on phi c truyn ti. Thng thng phng php i snh khi c s dng
cho c lng chuyn ng i vi phn cng km phc tp. Trong phng php i
snh khi, mi khung nh c chia thnh cc khi hnh ch nht nh kch thc 16x16
hoc 8x8 trong m ha video MPEG. Mi khi c gi nh chu s thay i tuyn tnh
v vector chuyn v ca mi khi v d on li c m ha v truyn ti.
7.2. K thut DPCM v c lng chuyn ng trong nn video
Chng ta xem mt chui video to ra trong mt h thng pht sng truyn hnh. Cc tn
hiu truyn hnh c to ra vi mt cnh c qut mt cch c th duy tr mt hnh
nh n nh cho ngi xem cho d c s thay i cnh hay khng. Mc d khng c thay
i t mt khung hnh k tip, cnh vn cn qut lin tc. Do c rt nhiu tng quan
khung ti khung. Khi truyn cc khung hnh, hu ht thi gian m nhng thay i gia
cc khung hnh k tip ch yu l chuyn ng biu kin ca cc i tng trong cnh
din ra trong khong thi gian khung hnh. iu ny cho ta thy mt mi tng quan cao
gia cc bc nh lin tip hay c mt s tha interframe.
C nhiu s tng quan gia cc phn t ca nh dc theo chiu thi gian ca khung hn
l gia cc thnh phn ln cn trong mt khung duy nht dc theo chiu khng gian. iu
cho thy c s tng quan. Li dng s tng quan interframe, tc l, loi b hoc
gim cc khung khng chc chn ca khung hnh k tip, dn ti nn d liu video. iu
ny tng t vi cc trng hp vn cn nh m ha vi DPCM, m c th d on mt
phn ca mt nh bi bit cc phn khc.
V d : Phng php m ha DPCM vi c lng chuyn ng trong nn video MPEG1
v MPEG2
Phng php m ha DPCM thng c s dng cho chun m ha video dng MPEG.
Trong chun m ha MPEG, chui cc video c chia nh nhm cc hnh nh hoc
frame (gi l GOP). Mi GOP gm c ba loi frame l I-frame, P-frame, B-frame. Frame
I l mt frame c sn, chng c s dng c nh cho cc d on trc v sau. Frame
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P c m ha s dng d on b chuyn ng mt chiu t frame c nh trc (c
th l frame I hoc P)
Hnh 28. Nhm cc nh ca video hin th theo th t
khai thc d tha thi gian trong chui video, cc vector chuyn ng cho mi
Macroblock (MB) c c lng t hai nh vi chi ban u bng cch s dng mt
gii thut i snh khi. Tiu chun so snh ph hp nht gia MB hin ti v MB trong
khung c nh l gi tr trung bnh tuyt i ti thiu ca li (mean absolute error - MSE).
Khi cc vector chuyn ng cho mi MB c c lng, gi tr im nh cho MB ti
ch c th c d on t khung gii m trc . Tt c MB trong khung I c m
ho ni suy m khng c b chuyn ng. Cc MB ti khung P v khung B c th c
m ha trong mt s ch . Gia cc ch l m ha ni b trong khung v m ha
gia cc khung vi b chuyn ng. iu ny c thc hin bng cch la chn ch .
Hu ht cc b m ha ph thuc vo cc gi tr ca sai s d on s c quyt nh ny.
Trong thi hn mi nh, cc gi tr ca cc vector chuyn ng v gi tr DC ca mi MB
c m ho bng cch s dng DPCM. Cu trc ca MPEG cho thy rng nu li xy ra
trong d liu ca khung I, n s c lan truyn qua tt c cc khung trong GOP. Tng
t, nu c mt li trong mt khung P s c lin quan v nh hng n nhng khung P v
B khc,trong khi li trong khung B s c c lp.
Trong qu trnh gii nn video, c th sinh ra li d liu (d liu b mt trong qu
trnh truyn ti bn nhn trn h thng v tuyn). Do vic khi phc d liu l rt
quan trng trong qu trnh gii m video. i vi khung I, d liu b h hng c th c
ti to bng cch thay th tm thi t khung c nh c gii m hoc bng cch ni
suy khng gian t nhng MB hng xm tt. i vi cc khung P v khung B, cc chin
lc chnh che giu cc d liu b mt l thay th cc vng vi cc im nh t v tr
tng ng (v c th l b chuyn ng) trong khung c nh gii m trc . Thay th
cc vect chuyn ng ny ng mt vai tr rt quan trng. Ni cch khc, nu c
lng tt v thng tin chuyn ng c th thu c, s dng ca n c th c iu
chnh t nht. V m ha DPCM cho cc vector chuyn ng ch khai thc nhng tng
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quan gia chiu ngang ca cc MB lng ging, s d tha gia cc vng theo chiu dc
vn cn tn ti sau khi m ha. Do , thng tin chuyn ng b mt c th c c tnh
t cc MB lng ging theo chiu dc.
Hnh 29. Che giu li s dng ni suy khng gian vi cc d liu t cc lng ging tt
Ngoi ra, nhng khng gian tng ng trong cc d liu trc c gii m vi b
chuyn ng s thay th cc khi b hng trong khung hin ti nu thng tin chuyn ng
c sn. Phng php ny khai thc thi gian d phng trong cc tn hiu video c xy
dng li v cung cp kt qu kh quan trong khu vc c chuyn ng nh v do vector
chuyn ng c cung cp. Nu thng tin b mt chuyn ng, phng php ny s
khng thnh cng trong cc vng chuyn ng
Hnh 30. Che giu li s dng b sung b chuyn ng
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Hnh 35. nh hng ca lng t ha
Hnh 36. Mt s li trong lng t ha
7.3. Lng t ha thch nghi
Vi cch tip cn nh trn b lng t ha da vo thng k tt c cc s sai khc ca
ton b nh. Tuy nhin, s phn b sai khc trn ton b nh l khc nhau v thng k
cc b c th thay i t vng ny qua vng khc. Do vic thit k mt b lng t
ha lm thch nghi i vi thng k cc b l rt cn thit. Mt nh c th c chia
thnh mt s khi khng giao nhau v da vo phn b cc b, b lng t ha c th
lm thch nghi trn mt khi gn khi c s. Tuy nhin, cn phi truyn s phn b sai
khc cho mi khi khc nh thng tin u.
Mt chin lc thay th cho vic s dng s c nh ca b lng t ha cho s phn b
sai khc nh hnh sau:
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45
Hnh 37, B lng t ha thch nghi dng 4 mc lng t
V d trn s dng 4 mc lng t. Do chng ta phi chn mt trong 4 mc lng t
bng cch so snh gi tr theo 4 mc trn nu gi tr sau lng t no gn vi gi tr gc
nht th ly. S chn la ny quyt nh trc tip n cht lng ca tn hiu sau khi
c lng t ha ngc li..
7.4. nh hng ca IntraFrame v InterFrame trong lng t ha
Nh bit trong phng php lng t ha sai s d on th gi tr sai s d on cng
nh th cht lng sau khi qua b d on cng tt. C hai phng php thng c
dng to d on:
- To d on trong khung (Intraframe Prediction)
- To d on lin khung (Interframe prediction)
7.4.1. To d on trong khung (Intraframe Prediction)
To d on trong khung l phng php to d on s dng tt c cc im thuc c
hai mnh ca mt khung to d on. Nh vy s li dng c quan h tng h ca
cc im ln cn theo c phng ngang v phng ng nn d on chnh xc hn, cho
sai s d on nh hn.
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Hnh 38. To d on trong khung(Intraframe Prediction)
Tuy nhin phng php ny khng khng tn dng c quan h tng h ca cc im
nh trong hai khung lin tip. Do , ta c phng php to d on lin khung
(Interframe prediction)
7.4.2. To d on lin khung (Interframe prediction)
To d on lin khung l phng php to d on da vo im nh cng ta
khung trc to d on. Do cc khung lin tip thng c quan h tng h ln nhau
nn phng php ny cng cho sai s d on nh
Hnh 39. To d on lin khung(Interframe prediction)
Tuy nhin, phng php ny li khng tn dng c quan h tng h ca cc im nh
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trong cng mt khung. Do , trong nn video chng ta thng s dng c hai phng
php ny song song vi nhau v n s h tr nhau trong qu trnh to d on. Gip ta c
c gi tr sai s d on nh nht c th lm cho qu trnh lng t ha sai s tt nht.
Hnh 40. S khi trong k thut nn video s dng c phng php d on
intraframe v intreframe
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48
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPCM
2. http://inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~ee290t/sp04/lectures/dpcm_girod.pdf
3. Stephen J. Solari - Digital Video and Audio Compression
4. TS. Nguyn Thanh Bnh - X l m thanh, hnh nh

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