PHNG PHP DNG LNG LIN HP GII PHNG TRNH V T

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I. Mt s kin thc cn nh:

I.1. Mt s hng ng thc hay s dng:
+ ( )( )
2 2
x y x y x y = +
+
( )( )
3 3 2 2
x y x y x xy y = + +
+
( )( )( )
4 4 2 2
x y x y x y x y = + +

+
( )( )
1 2 2 1
...
n n n n n n
x y x y x x y xy y

= + + + +
S dng nhng hng ng thc ny, ta c th quy phng trnh v t ban u v dng phng trnh
tch bng vic lm xut hin cc nhn t chung. T ta c th d dng gii quyt tip!
Thng th cc bi ton s dng phng php ny th tng tng qut ca ta nh sau:
- Gi s nu ta c phng trnh dng ( ) 0 F x = vi ( ) F x xc nh trn mt min D no v
ta nhm c mt nghim x = a ca phng trnh th ta c th bin i phng trnh cho
li thnh ( ) ( ) 0 x a G x = . n y ta ch vic x l phng trnh G(x) = 0 na l n! (Vic
x l phng trnh G(x)= 0 c th s dng cng c o hm hoc bng bt ng thc).

II. Cc v d minh ha:
Sau y, lm r thm ni dng v tng ca phng php, mi cc bn cng th sc vi cc v
d sau:

II.1. Cc bi ton m u
Cc bn hy th sc mnh vi cc bi ton ny trc nh!

Bi ton 1: Gii phng trnh sau:
1 4 9 16 100 x x x x x + + + + + + + = +
Bi ton 2: Gii cc phng trnh sau:
a)
3
3 3 x x + + =
b)
3 3
2 1 1 x x + + =
c)
2
2 1 3 1 0 x x x + + =
d)
( )
9 4 1 3 2 3 x x x + = +

II. 2. Bi tp minh ha:

V d 1: Gii phng trnh
3 2 2 2
3 8 2 15 x x x + + = + (1)
Gii:
Ta d on c nghim 1 x = , v ta vit li phng trnh nh sau:
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 2 2
1 3 1 8 3 15 4 x x x + + = +
( )
2
2 2
3 3 4 2 2 2
3 1
1 1
1 8 3 15 4
x
x x
x x x x

+ =
+ + + + + +

2
3 3 4 2 2 2
1
1 1 1
1 8 3 15 4
x
x x x x
=

+ =

+ + + + + +

Mt khc, ta c:

2 2 2 2
2 2
1 1
15 8 15 4 8 3
15 4 8 3
x x x x
x x
+ > + + + > + + <
+ + + +

Nn phng trnh thc hai v nghim.
Vy (1) c 2 nghim 1, 1 x x = = .

V d 2: Gii phng trnh sau
( )
2 2 2 2
3 5 1 2 3 1 3 4 x x x x x x x + = + (2)
Gii:
tng:
Trc ht, kim tra ta thy c rng phng trnh cho c mt nghim 2 x = nn ta s c gng a
phng trnh trn v phng trnh tch xut hin nhn t ( ) 2 x . Ta c nhn xt rng:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
3 5 1 3 3 3 2 2 x x x x x + = v
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 3 4 3 2 x x x x + =
Ta i n li gii nh sau:
(2)
( )
2 2 2 2
3 5 1 3 1 2 3 4 x x x x x x x + = +
( )
2 2 2 2
2 4 3 6
2 3 4
3 5 1 3 1
x x
x x x
x x x x
+
=
+ +
+ + +

( )
( )
2 2 2 2
2 3
2 0
2 3 4 3 5 1 3 1
x
x x x x x x x
(
(
+ =
(
+ + + +


Mt khc, ta c:
( )
2 2 2 2
2 3
2 3 4
3 5 1 3 1
x x x
x x x x
+
+ +
+ +
> 0 vi mi x
Vy phng trnh (2) c mt nghim duy nht x = 2.

V d 3: Gii phng trnh
2 2
2 7 10 12 20 x x x x x + = + + (3)
Gii:
Cng bng cch kim tra, ta thy pt (3) nhn x = 1 lm mt nghim nn ta c th a phng trnh (3)
v dng phng trnh tch xut hin nhn t ( ) 1 x .
Ta vit li nh sau:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
3 2 7 10 1 12 20 2 x x x x x x
( (
+ + = + +

(4)
rng hai phng trnh ( )
2
7 10 1 0 x x x + + = v ( )
2
12 20 2 0 x x x + + = v nghim nn
nhn lin hp hai v ca (4) ta c:
( ) ( )
2 2
18 1 16 1
7 10 1 12 20 2
x x
x x x x x x

=
+ + + + + +

2 2
1
9 8
(*)
7 10 1 12 20 2
x
x x x x x x
=

+ + + + + +

Pt (*)
2 2
8 7 10 9 12 20 10 x x x x x + + = +
n y ta c hai hng gii quyt:
Hng 1: bnh phng hai v
Hng 2: kt hp vi pt (3) ta c h sau
2 2
2 2
8 7 10 9 12 20 10
2 7 10 12 20
x x x x x
x x x x x

+ + = +

+ + =

Ly phng trnh th nht tr i 9 ln phng trnh th hai, ta thu c:

2
2
5
15 5 5
5 7 10 4 5 4
2
15 25 0
x
x x x x
x x

>
+
+ = =

+ =

Vy phng trnh cho c 2 nghim
15 5 5
1,
2
x x
+
= = .

V d 4: Gii phng trnh
3 3 2
162 2 27 9 1 1 x x x + + =
Gii:
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi:
( )
( )
3
2
2
3 3 3 3
3 3 1
162 6
0
27 9 1 1
162 2 2 162 2 4
x x
x
x x
x x

=
+ +
+ + + +

( )( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
3 3 3 3
2 3 1 9 3 1
3 3 1
0
27 9 1 1
162 2 2 162 2 4
x x x
x x
x x
x x
+ +

=
+ +
+ + + +

( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
3 3 3 3
2 9 3 1
3
3 1 0
27 9 1 1
162 2 2 162 2 4
x x
x
x
x x
x x
(
+ +
(
=
(
+ +
+ + + + (


Xt phng trnh:
( )
( )
2
2
2
3 3 3 3
2 9 3 1
3
0
27 9 1 1
162 2 2 162 2 4
x x
x
x x
x x
+ +
=
+ +
+ + + +

( )
( )
2
2
3 3
3 3 3 3
2 9 3 1
3
162 2
162 2 2 162 2 4
x x
x
x
x x
+ +
=
+
+ + + +

Ta t
3 3
162 2 a x = + suy ra:

1 4 1 2
2 3 1 2 3 1 1
3 3 2
a
x a x
x a x a
| |
+ + = + + + + = + +
|
\ .
1
3
2 3
a
x x = =
Vy phng trnh cho c mt nghim duy nht
1
3
x = .

V d 5: (Olympic 30/4 ngh)
Gii phng trnh sau:
2 2
12 5 3 5 x x x + + = + +
Gii:

k:
5
3
x >
Ta nhn thy x = 2 l mt nghim ca phng trnh. Nh vy phng trnh cho c th phn tch
c v dng ( ) ( ) 2 0 x Q x = !
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi:
2 2
12 4 3 6 5 3 x x x + = + +
( )
2 2
2 2
4 4
3 2
12 4 5 3
x x
x
x x

= +
+ + + +

( )
2 2
2 2
2 3 0
12 4 5 3
x x
x
x x
| |
+ +
=
|
+ + + +
\ .

2 2
2
2 2
3 0(*)
12 4 5 3
x
x x
x x
=

+ +

+ + + +

Do
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
0
12 4 5 3 12 4 5 3
x x
x x x x
+ +
< <
+ + + + + + + +
nn pt (*) v nghim.
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht x = 2.

V d 6: Gii phng trnh
2 2 2 2
3 7 3 2 3 5 1 3 4 x x x x x x x + = +
Gii:
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi
2 2 2 2
3 5 1 3 7 3 2 3 4 0 x x x x x x x + + + =
Bng cch nhn lin hp, ta c:
( )
2 2 2 2
2 3
2 0
3 5 1 3 7 3 2 3 4
x
x x x x x x x
| |
+ =
|
+ + + +
\ .
.
Do
2 2 2 2
2 3
3 5 1 3 7 3 2 3 4 x x x x x x x
+
+ + + +
nn phng trnh c nghim duy nht x =
2.

V d 7: Gii phng trnh
2 3
5 1 9 2 3 1 x x x x + = +
Gii:
K:
1
5
x >
.
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi:
2 3
5 1 2 9 2 2 3 5 x x x x + = +
( )
( )
( )( )
2
3 3
5 1
1
1 2 5
5 1 2
9 2 9 4
x
x
x x
x
x x

+ = +
+
+ +

( )
( )
2
3 3
5 1
1 2 5 0
5 1 2
9 2 9 4
x x
x
x x
(
(
+ + =
(
+
+ +
(


( )
( )
2
3 3
5 5 1 5 1
1 2 0
5 1 2
9 2 9 4
x
x x
x
x x
(
+
(
+ + =
(
+
+ +
(


Vy phng trnh cho c mt nghim duy nht x = 1.

V d 8: Gii phng trnh
3 2
3 1 8 3 x x x + =
Gii:
k:
2 6 2 6
3 3
x s s ,
bi ny, kh l ch ta khng th nhm ra ngay c nghim ca phng trnh dng lng lin
hp. Tuy nhin vi s h tr c lc ca cng ngh l chic my tnh Casio fx570 Es th mi chuyn
c v d dng hn!
Tht vy, ta s ln lt dng chc nng Shift Solve tm ra 2 nghim ca phng trnh l:
1 2
0, 6180339887...; 1, 618033989... x x = = sau gn hai nghim ny vo hai bin A v B.
By gi ta s th tm xem A v B c mi quan h g vi nhau hay khng bng cch tnh A + B v AB,
ta thu c kt qu p sau: 1, 1 A B AB + = = .
iu chng t A, B l hai nghim ca phng trnh:
2
1 0 X X =
V t y, ta c th d on c
2
1 x x chnh l nhn t ca pt!
Ta vit pt cho li thnh:
( )
3 2
3 1 8 3 0 x x px q x px q + + + + =
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
3
2
8 3
3 1 0 2
8 3
px q x
x x px q
x px q
+
+ + + =
+ +

( )
( )
2 2 2
3
2
3 2 8
3 1 0
8 3
p x pqx q
x p x q
x px q
+ + +
+ + + =
+ +


n y, xut hin nhn t
2
1 x x th
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
3 2 8 1 p x pqx q x x + + + = c vi c l mt
h s. Chn c = 4 th ta c mt cp (p, q) tha mn l (p, q) = (-1; 2). Khi (2) tr thnh:
2
3
2
1
2 1 4 0
8 3 2
x x
x x
x x

+ =
+

( )
2
2
4
1 1 0
8 3 2
x x x
x x
| |
+ + =
|
+
\ .

Xt ( )
2
8 3 2 f x x x = + ta c: ( )
2
3
' 1
8 3
x
f x
x

2
3 2
'( ) 0 1
3
8 3
x
f x x
x

= = =

Ta c bng bin thin:










( )
6 4 6
3
f x
+
s kt hp vi
2 6
3
x s ( )
6 4 6
0
3
f x
+
< s

( )
2
4 4 2 6 4
1 1 1 0
3
6 4 6
8 3 2
3
x x
f x
x x
+ + = + + > + + >
+
+

Vy phng trnh cho c nghim
2
1 5
1 0
2
x x x

= = .
V d 9: Gii phng trnh
( )
2 2
1 2 2 2 x x x x x + = + +
Gii:
Cng bng cch lm nh V d 8 , ta phn tch c nh sau:
( ) ( )
2 2
2 7 3 2 2 2 2 0 x x x x x x + + + + =
( )
( )
2 2
2 7 2 3 2 2 0 x x x x x + + + =
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
1 1 1
2 7 0
2 2 3
x x
x x
x x
| |
+
|
=
|
+ +
\ .

1 7
1 7
x
x

= +

.
Ta cng c th gii thch theo cch khc ti sao li tm c lng
2
2 7 x x nh sau:
Do x = -2 khng l nghim ca phng trnh nn chia hai v phng trnh cho (x + 2) ta c:
2
2
1
2 2
2
x x
x x
x
+
+ =
+
. Gi s ta cn thm vo hai v ca phng trnh mt lng Ax B + , khi ta
c:
( ) ( )
2
2
1
2 2
2
x x
x x Ax B Ax B
x
+
+ + = +
+

( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
2
1 2 1 2
1 1 2 1 2
2
2 2
A x AB x B
A x A B x B
x
x x Ax B
+ +
+
=
+
+ +

Khi , ta cn chn A, B sao cho
( )
2 2
2 1
1 2
1 2 1 2 1
AB
A B
A A B B
+

= =
+ +
. T ta c: A = 0, B = 3.

V d 10: Gii phng trnh
3 2
3 2 4 4 1 x x x x x x x + + = + + +
Gii:
K: 2 3 x s s .
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi:
( ) ( )
3 2
3 1 2 4 4 x x x x x x x + + = +
( )( )( )
2 2
2 2
2 1 2
3 1 2
x x x x
x x x
x x x x
+ + + +
+ = + +
+ + +

( )( ) ( )
1 1
2 1 2 0
3 1 2
x x x
x x x x
(
+ + + + =
(
+ + +
(


1
2
x
x
=

.

- Vi bi ny, vic xut hin thm cc a thc cha tr tuyt i tng chng nh s gy cho ta thm
kh khn trong vic gii quyt. Nhng nh s dng phng php nhn lng lin hp, bi ton
c gii quyt nhanh chng! Khi y, ta ch cn chuyn cc lng trn v ng v tr v s dng pp
nhn lin hp l .
Sau y l mt s bi ton khc:

V d 11: Gii phng trnh
3 2
2
3
1 3 1 5
6
x
x x x x
x
+
+ + + + = +

Gii:
k: 3 x >
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi:
( ) ( )
( )
3 2
2
3
1 2 3 1 2 3 2
6
x
x x x x
x
+
+ + + + =

( )
( )
2 2
2
2
3 2 2
3
1 8 1 4 15 2
3 3
6
1 2
1 2 1 4
x x x x
x x
x
x
x x
+ +
+ + + =

+ +
+ +

( )
( )
( )
2
2
3 2 2
3
3 3 3 2 5
3
3 1 3 0
6 1 2
1 2 1 4
x x x x
x
x x
x x
x x
(
+ +

(
+ + + + =
(
+ +
+ +
(


3 x = .




III. Bi tp
Gii cc phng trnh sau:

(1)
2
2 1 3 1 0 x x x + + = S: 1, 2 2 x x = =
Hng dn:
2
2 1 1 3 2 0 pt x x x + + = , trc cn thc lm xut hin nhn t chung x 1.

(2)
( )
3 2 2 2 6 x x x + = + + S:
11 3 5
3;
2
x x

= =
Hng dn:
( )
3 2 1 2 6 6 3 pt x x x = + + , sau trc cn thc lm xut hin nhn t
chung x 3.

(3)
2
2
1 2
1
x x x
x x
+
=
+
S:
1
2
x =
Hng dn:
2
2
1 2
1 1
1
x x x
pt
x x
+
=
+
, trc cn thc lm xut hin nhn t chung l 2 1 x .

(4)
( )
9 4 1 3 2 3 x x x + = + S: 6 x =
Hng dn:
( )
9 4 1 5 4 3 2 6 pt x x x + =

(5)
2
2 4 2 5 1 x x x x + = S: 3 x =
Hng dn:
2
2 1 4 1 2 5 3 pt x x x x + = , trc cn thc lm xut hin nhn t chung l x
3.

(6)
3
4 1 3 2
5
x
x x
+
+ = S: 2 x =
Hng dn:
3
4 1 3 2 3 2 1
5
x
pt x x
+
+ + = sau trc cn thc lm xut hin nhn t
chung x 2.

(7)
2 2
2 16 18 1 2 4 x x x x + + + = + S:
32 513
1;
7
x x
+
= =
Hng dn: ( )
2 2
2 16 18 2 4 1 0 pt x x x x + + + + = , trc cn thc lm xut hin nhn t chung
l
2
1 x .