Cng thc phn t - Ru no, n chc : - Ru no, a chc : - Ru khng no, n chc : - Ru khng, a chc :

Tu trng hp m vit cng thc ca ru di dng no th ph hp hn. Khi vit phn ng chy th nn dng cng thc dng 2. Khi vit phn ng vi Na th nn vit cng thc dng 1. Dng 1: Phn ng t chy y l bi ton v phn ng chy. T cng thc ca ru ta thy cng thc ca ru c th suy ra t cng thc ca hirocacbon tng ng bng cch cng mt s nguyn t oxi bng s nhm chc ca ru. V d: Hirocacbon no, mch h: Ancol no, n chc, mch h:

Chnh v vy nn ton v phn ng t chy ca ru tng t nh hirocacbon: - Khi t chy hp cht hu c c oxi m thu c v: - Nu t chy ru m = th ru l khng no, c mt ni i. hp cht l ru no (hoc este no)

Trong bi ton t chy, i khi cng s dng bo ton nguyn t vic tnh ton c nhanh chng: V d: C mt hn hp ru A thc hin phn ng tch nc c hn hp cc cht hu c B. Nu thc hin phn ng t chy th th lng thu c khi t B bng lng thu c khi t hn hp ru ban u (Do lng cacbon trong hai hn hp l bng nhau). Dng 2: Phn ng vi Na: y l dng ton v phn ng vi Na, thng dng xc nh s nhm OH. - S nhm OH = - Khi hn hp hai ru tc dng vi Na m ru a chc th hn hp gm mt ru n chc v mt

Nu bi ton cho ru n chc tc dng vi Na, c th s dng biu thc sau:

Dng 3: Phn ng tch nc Hp cht hu c tch nc to anken l ancol no, n chc, mch h c s nguyn t cacbon Hai ru no, n chc tch nc ch thu c mt anken th c hai trng hp xy ra: - Hai ru c cng s nguyn t cacbon - Mt trong hai ru l metanol. Phn ng tch nc to ete: - Hn hp n ru tch nc to ra n(n + 1)/2 ete ng. . S dng biu thc ny c th d dng tnh c s mol ru tham gia phn 2

- Nu cc ete thu c c s mol bng nhau th s mol mi ru phn ng bng nhau. - p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng Dng 4: Ton v phn ng oxi ho Ancol bc 1: Oxi ho to anehit, ri anehit tip tc b oxi ha to axit; do sn phm thng l hn hp ancol d, anehit, axit (tu theo bi). Ancol bc 2: Oxi ho to xeton. Ancol bc 3: Khng b oxi ho trong iu kin bnh thng v th thng khng xt phn ng oxi ho ca ancol bc 3. Thng thng bi ton s l oxi ho ancol thu c hn hp gm ancol d, anehit, axit (hn hp X). Chia hn hp X thnh 3 phn: Phn 1: Cho tc dng vi Na (Ancol v axit u phn ng). Phn 2: Cho tc dng vi NaOH (Ch c axit phn ng). Phn 3: Cho tc dng vi AgNO3/NH3 (Ch c anehit phn ng, nu axit l axit fomic th cng phn ng). Vi bi ton ny, ch cn t n l s mol cc cht trong hn hp X v gii h l tm c kt qu. Trong mt s bi ton dng ny cng c th s dng tng gim khi lng gii nhanh. V d: Oxi ho a gam ancol thu c b gam anehit. Tnh khi lng mol phn t ca ancol? nancol = (a b)/2 Mancol = a/nancol